Using AMQ Streams on RHEL

AclAuthorizer uses ACL rules to manage access to Kafka brokers.

ACL rules are defined in the format:

For example, a rule might be set so that user:

Host is the IP address of the machine that John is connecting from.

In most cases, the user is a producer or consumer application:

If ACL rules are not present

If ACL rules are not present for a given resource, all actions are denied. This behavior can be changed by setting the property allow.everyone.if.no.acl.found to true in the Kafka configuration file /opt/kafka/config/server.properties.

A principal represents the identity of a user. The format of the ID depends on the authentication mechanism used by clients to connect to Kafka:

The DistinguishedName is the distinguished name from the client certificate.

The Kerberos username is the primary part of the Kerberos principal, which is used by default when connecting using Kerberos. You can use the sasl.kerberos.principal.to.local.rules property to configure how the Kafka principal is built from the Kerberos principal.

To use authorization, you need to have authentication enabled and used by your clients. Otherwise, all connections will have the principal User:ANONYMOUS.

For more information on methods of authentication, see Encryption and authentication.

Super users are allowed to take all actions regardless of the ACL rules.

Super users are defined in the Kafka configuration file using the property super.users.

For example:

super.users=User:admin,User:operator

When authorization is enabled, it is applied to all listeners and all connections. This includes the inter-broker connections used for replication of data between brokers. If enabling authorization, therefore, ensure that you use authentication for inter-broker connections and give the users used by the brokers sufficient rights. For example, if authentication between brokers uses the kafka-broker user, then super user configuration must include the username super.users=User:kafka-broker.

You can apply Kafka ACLs to these types of resource:

AclAuthorizer authorizes operations on resources.

Fields with X in the following table mark the supported operations for each resource.

ACL rules are managed using the bin/kafka-acls.sh utility, which is provided as part of the Kafka distribution package.

Use kafka-acls.sh parameter options to add, list and remove ACL rules, and perform other functions.

The parameters require a double-hyphen convention, such as --add.

TLS client authentication can be used only on connections which are already using TLS encryption. To use TLS client authentication, a truststore with public keys can be provided to the broker. These keys can be used to authenticate clients connecting to the broker. The truststore should be provided in Java Keystore (JKS) format and should contain public keys of the certification authorities. All clients with public and private keys signed by one of the certification authorities included in the truststore will be authenticated. The location of the truststore is set using field ssl.truststore.location. In case the truststore is password protected, the password should be set in the ssl.truststore.password property. For example:

ssl.truststore.location=/path/to/keystore/server-1.jks
ssl.truststore.password=123456

Once the truststore is configured, TLS client authentication has to be enabled using the ssl.client.auth property. This property can be set to one of three different values:

When a client authenticates using TLS client authentication, the authenticated principal name is the distinguished name from the authenticated client certificate. For example, a user with a certificate which has a distinguished name CN=someuser will be authenticated with the following principal CN=someuser,OU=Unknown,O=Unknown,L=Unknown,ST=Unknown,C=Unknown. When TLS client authentication is not used and SASL is disabled, the principal name will be ANONYMOUS.

SASL authentication is configured using Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS). JAAS is also used for authentication of connections between Kafka and ZooKeeper. JAAS uses its own configuration file. The recommended location for this file is /opt/kafka/config/jaas.conf. The file has to be readable by the kafka user. When running Kafka, the location of this file is specified using Java system property java.security.auth.login.config. This property has to be passed to Kafka when starting the broker nodes:

KAFKA_OPTS="-Djava.security.auth.login.config=/path/to/my/jaas.config"; bin/kafka-server-start.sh

SASL authentication is supported both through plain unencrypted connections as well as through TLS connections. SASL can be enabled individually for each listener. To enable it, the security protocol in listener.security.protocol.map has to be either SASL_PLAINTEXT or SASL_SSL.

SASL authentication in Kafka supports several different mechanisms:

The SASL mechanisms are configured via the JAAS configuration file. Kafka uses the JAAS context named KafkaServer. After they are configured in JAAS, the SASL mechanisms have to be enabled in the Kafka configuration. This is done using the sasl.enabled.mechanisms property. This property contains a comma-separated list of enabled mechanisms:

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=PLAIN,SCRAM-SHA-256,SCRAM-SHA-512

In case the listener used for inter-broker communication is using SASL, the property sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol has to be used to specify the SASL mechanism which it should use. For example:

sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=PLAIN

The username and password which will be used for the inter-broker communication has to be specified in the KafkaServer JAAS context using the field username and password.

KafkaServer {
    org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required
    user_admin="123456"
    user_user1="123456"
    user_user2="123456";
};

The JAAS configuration file with the user database should be kept in sync on all Kafka brokers.

When SASL PLAIN is also used for inter-broker authentication, the username and password properties should be included in the JAAS context:

KafkaServer {
    org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required
    username="admin"
    password="123456"
    user_admin="123456"
    user_user1="123456"
    user_user2="123456";
};

KafkaServer {
    org.apache.kafka.common.security.scram.ScramLoginModule required;
};

When enabling SASL authentication in the Kafka configuration file, both SCRAM mechanisms can be listed. However, only one of them can be chosen for the inter-broker communication. For example:

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=SCRAM-SHA-256,SCRAM-SHA-512
sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=SCRAM-SHA-512

User credentials for the SCRAM mechanism are stored in ZooKeeper. The kafka-configs.sh tool can be used to manage them. For example, run the following command to add user user1 with password 123456:

bin/kafka-configs.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --alter --add-config 'SCRAM-SHA-256=[password=123456],SCRAM-SHA-512=[password=123456]' --entity-type users --entity-name user1

To delete a user credential use:

bin/kafka-configs.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --alter --delete-config 'SCRAM-SHA-512' --entity-type users --entity-name user1

KafkaServer {
    com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required
    useKeyTab=true
    storeKey=true
    keyTab="/etc/security/keytabs/kafka_server.keytab"
    principal="kafka/kafka1.hostname.com@EXAMPLE.COM";
};

The domain name in the Kerberos principal has to be always in upper case.

In addition to the JAAS configuration, the Kerberos service name needs to be specified in the sasl.kerberos.service.name property in the Kafka configuration:

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=GSSAPI
sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=GSSAPI
sasl.kerberos.service.name=kafka

KafkaServer {
    org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required
    user_admin="123456"
    user_user1="123456"
    user_user2="123456";

    com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required
    useKeyTab=true
    storeKey=true
    keyTab="/etc/security/keytabs/kafka_server.keytab"
    principal="kafka/kafka1.hostname.com@EXAMPLE.COM";

    org.apache.kafka.common.security.scram.ScramLoginModule required;
};

When multiple mechanisms are enabled, clients will be able to choose the mechanism which they want to use.

You can configure OAuth 2.0 settings using Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) properties or environment variables.

The AMQ Streams OAuth 2.0 libraries use properties that start with:

To configure a Kafka broker to validate the token received during session initiation, the recommended approach is to create an OAuth 2.0 client definition in an authorization server, configured as confidential, with the following client credentials enabled:

To use OAuth 2.0 authentication in the Kafka cluster, you enable an OAuth authentication listener configuration for your Kafka cluster, in the Kafka server.properties file. A minimum configuration is required. You can also configure a TLS listener, where TLS is used for inter-broker communication.

You can configure the broker for token validation by the authorization server using one of the following methods:

You can configure OAUTHBEARER or PLAIN authentication, or both.

The following example shows a minimum configuration that applies a global listener configuration, which means that inter-broker communication goes through the same listener as application clients.

The example also shows an OAuth 2.0 configuration for a specific listener, where you specify listener.name.LISTENER-NAME.sasl.enabled.mechanisms instead of sasl.enabled.mechanisms. LISTENER-NAME is the case-insensitive name of the listener. Here, we name the listener CLIENT, so the property name is listener.name.client.sasl.enabled.mechanisms.

The example uses OAUTHBEARER authentication.

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=OAUTHBEARER 1
listeners=CLIENT://0.0.0.0:9092 2
listener.security.protocol.map=CLIENT:SASL_PLAINTEXT 3
listener.name.client.sasl.enabled.mechanisms=OAUTHBEARER 4
sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=OAUTHBEARER 5
inter.broker.listener.name=CLIENT 6
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.server.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.server.JaasServerOauthValidatorCallbackHandler 7
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \ 8
  oauth.valid.issuer.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS" \ 9
  oauth.jwks.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/jwks" \ 10
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username"  \ 11
  oauth.client.id="kafka-broker" \ 12
  oauth.client.secret="kafka-secret" \ 13
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/token" ; 14
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.login.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.client.JaasClientOauthLoginCallbackHandler 15
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.connections.max.reauth.ms=3600000 16

The following example shows a minimum configuration for a TLS listener, where TLS is used for inter-broker communication.

listeners=REPLICATION://kafka:9091,CLIENT://kafka:9092 1
listener.security.protocol.map=REPLICATION:SSL,CLIENT:SASL_PLAINTEXT 2
listener.name.client.sasl.enabled.mechanisms=OAUTHBEARER
inter.broker.listener.name=REPLICATION
listener.name.replication.ssl.keystore.password=KEYSTORE-PASSWORD 3
listener.name.replication.ssl.truststore.password=TRUSTSTORE-PASSWORD
listener.name.replication.ssl.keystore.type=JKS
listener.name.replication.ssl.truststore.type=JKS
listener.name.replication.ssl.endpoint.identification.algorithm=HTTPS 4
listener.name.replication.ssl.secure.random.implementation=SHA1PRNG 5
listener.name.replication.ssl.keystore.location=PATH-TO-KEYSTORE 6
listener.name.replication.ssl.truststore.location=PATH-TO-TRUSTSTORE 7
listener.name.replication.ssl.client.auth=required 8
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.server.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.server.JaasServerOauthValidatorCallbackHandler
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.valid.issuer.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS" \
  oauth.jwks.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/jwks" \
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username" ; 9

The following example shows a minimum configuration for OAuth 2.0 authentication using the PLAIN authentication mechanism for credentials exchange over SASL. Fast local token validation is used.

listeners=CLIENT://0.0.0.0:9092 1
listener.security.protocol.map=CLIENT:SASL_PLAINTEXT 2
listener.name.client.sasl.enabled.mechanisms=OAUTHBEARER,PLAIN 3
sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=OAUTHBEARER 4
inter.broker.listener.name=CLIENT 5
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.server.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.server.JaasServerOauthValidatorCallbackHandler 6
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \ 7
  oauth.valid.issuer.uri="http://AUTH_SERVER/auth/realms/REALM" \ 8
  oauth.jwks.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH_SERVER/auth/realms/REALM/protocol/openid-connect/certs" \ 9
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username"  \ 10
  oauth.client.id="kafka-broker" \ 11
  oauth.client.secret="kafka-secret" \ 12
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/token" ; 13
listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.login.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.client.JaasClientOauthLoginCallbackHandler 14
listener.name.client.plain.sasl.server.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.server.plain.JaasServerOauthOverPlainValidatorCallbackHandler 15
listener.name.client.plain.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \ 16
  oauth.valid.issuer.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS" \ 17
  oauth.jwks.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/jwks" \ 18
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username"  \ 19
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="http://AUTH_SERVER/auth/realms/REALM/protocol/openid-connect/token" ; 20
connections.max.reauth.ms=3600000 21

Fast local JWT token validation checks a JWT token signature locally.

The local check ensures that a token:

You specify a valid issuer URI when you configure the listener, so that any tokens not issued by the authorization server are rejected.

The authorization server does not need to be contacted during fast local JWT token validation. You activate fast local JWT token validation by specifying a JWKs endpoint URI exposed by the OAuth 2.0 authorization server. The endpoint contains the public keys used to validate signed JWT tokens, which are sent as credentials by Kafka clients.

For a TLS listener, you can configure a certificate truststore and point to the truststore file.

listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.valid.issuer.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS" \ 1
  oauth.jwks.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/jwks" \ 2
  oauth.jwks.refresh.seconds="300" \ 3
  oauth.jwks.refresh.min.pause.seconds="1" \ 4
  oauth.jwks.expiry.seconds="360" \ 5
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username" \ 6
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="PATH-TO-TRUSTSTORE-P12-FILE" \ 7
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="TRUSTSTORE-PASSWORD" \ 8
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" ; 9

Token validation using an OAuth 2.0 introspection endpoint treats a received access token as opaque. The Kafka broker sends an access token to the introspection endpoint, which responds with the token information necessary for validation. Importantly, it returns up-to-date information if the specific access token is valid, and also information about when the token expires.

To configure OAuth 2.0 introspection-based validation, you specify an introspection endpoint URI rather than the JWKs endpoint URI specified for fast local JWT token validation. Depending on the authorization server, you typically have to specify a client ID and client secret, because the introspection endpoint is usually protected.

listener.name.client.oauthbearer.sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.introspection.endpoint.uri="https://AUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/introspection" \ 1
  oauth.client.id="kafka-broker" \ 2
  oauth.client.secret="kafka-broker-secret" \ 3
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="PATH-TO-TRUSTSTORE-P12-FILE" \ 4
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="TRUSTSTORE-PASSWORD" \ 5
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \ 6
  oauth.username.claim="preferred_username" ; 7

Here you can see the communication flows, for different configurations of Kafka clients and brokers, during Kafka session authentication.

This procedure describes how to deploy Red Hat Single Sign-On as an authorization server and configure it for integration with AMQ Streams.

The authorization server provides a central point for authentication and authorization, and management of users, clients, and permissions. Red Hat Single Sign-On has a concept of realms where a realm represents a separate set of users, clients, permissions, and other configuration. You can use a default master realm, or create a new one. Each realm exposes its own OAuth 2.0 endpoints, which means that application clients and application servers all need to use the same realm.

To use OAuth 2.0 with AMQ Streams, you need a deployment of an authorization server to be able to create and manage authentication realms.

For installation and administration instructions, see:

For the Red Hat Single Sign-On deployment:

This procedure describes how to configure Kafka brokers so that the broker listeners are enabled to use OAuth 2.0 authentication using an authorization server.

We advise use of OAuth 2.0 over an encrypted interface through configuration of TLS listeners. Plain listeners are not recommended.

Configure the Kafka brokers using properties that support your chosen authorization server, and the type of authorization you are implementing.

For a description of the properties used in the listener configuration, see:

This procedure describes how to configure Kafka producer and consumer APIs to use OAuth 2.0 for interaction with Kafka brokers.

Add a client callback plugin to your pom.xml file, and configure the system properties.

A Red Hat Single Sign-On authorizer (KeycloakRBACAuthorizer) is provided with AMQ Streams. To be able to use the Red Hat Single Sign-On REST endpoints for Authorization Services provided by Red Hat Single Sign-On, you configure a custom authorizer on the Kafka broker.

The authorizer fetches a list of granted permissions from the authorization server as needed, and enforces authorization locally on the Kafka Broker, making rapid authorization decisions for each client request.

A basic configuration will include the following properties to identify your brokers and provide secure access:

You can find more details on the basic configuration options in Configuring Kafka.

A typical broker configuration will also include settings for properties related to topics, threads and logs.

# ...
num.partitions=1
default.replication.factor=3
offsets.topic.replication.factor=3
transaction.state.log.replication.factor=3
transaction.state.log.min.isr=2
log.retention.hours=168
log.segment.bytes=1073741824
log.retention.check.interval.ms=300000
num.network.threads=3
num.io.threads=8
num.recovery.threads.per.data.dir=1
socket.send.buffer.bytes=102400
socket.receive.buffer.bytes=102400
socket.request.max.bytes=104857600
group.initial.rebalance.delay.ms=0
zookeeper.connection.timeout.ms=6000
# ...

Basic topic properties set the default number of partitions and replication factor for topics, which will apply to topics that are created without these properties being explicitly set, including when topics are created automatically.

# ...
num.partitions=1
auto.create.topics.enable=false
default.replication.factor=3
min.insync.replicas=2
replica.fetch.max.bytes=1048576
# ...

The auto.create.topics.enable property is enabled by default so that topics that do not already exist are created automatically when needed by producers and consumers. If you are using automatic topic creation, you can set the default number of partitions for topics using num.partitions. Generally, however, this property is disabled so that more control is provided over topics through explicit topic creation

For high availability environments, it is advisable to increase the replication factor to at least 3 for topics and set the minimum number of in-sync replicas required to 1 less than the replication factor.

For data durability, you should also set min.insync.replicas in your topic configuration and message delivery acknowledgments using acks=all in your producer configuration.

Use replica.fetch.max.bytes to set the maximum size, in bytes, of messages fetched by each follower that replicates the leader partition. Change this value according to the average message size and throughput. When considering the total memory allocation required for read/write buffering, the memory available must also be able to accommodate the maximum replicated message size when multiplied by all followers. The size must also be greater than message.max.bytes, so that all messages can be replicated.

The delete.topic.enable property is enabled by default to allow topics to be deleted. In a production environment, you should disable this property to avoid accidental topic deletion, resulting in data loss. You can, however, temporarily enable it and delete topics and then disable it again.

# ...
auto.create.topics.enable=false
delete.topic.enable=true
# ...

If you are using transactions to enable atomic writes to partitions from producers, the state of the transactions is stored in the internal __transaction_state topic. By default, the brokers are configured with a replication factor of 3 and a minimum of 2 in-sync replicas for this topic, which means that a minimum of three brokers are required in your Kafka cluster.

# ...
transaction.state.log.replication.factor=3
transaction.state.log.min.isr=2
# ...

Similarly, the internal __consumer_offsets topic, which stores consumer state, has default settings for the number of partitions and replication factor.

# ...
offsets.topic.num.partitions=50
offsets.topic.replication.factor=3
# ...

Do not reduce these settings in production. You can increase the settings in a production environment. As an exception, you might want to reduce the settings in a single-broker test environment.

Network threads handle requests to the Kafka cluster, such as produce and fetch requests from client applications. Produce requests are placed in a request queue. Responses are placed in a response queue.

The number of network threads should reflect the replication factor and the levels of activity from client producers and consumers interacting with the Kafka cluster. If you are going to have a lot of requests, you can increase the number of threads, using the amount of time threads are idle to determine when to add more threads.

To reduce congestion and regulate the request traffic, you can limit the number of requests allowed in the request queue before the network thread is blocked.

I/O threads pick up requests from the request queue to process them. Adding more threads can improve throughput, but the number of CPU cores and disk bandwidth imposes a practical upper limit. At a minimum, the number of I/O threads should equal the number of storage volumes.

# ...
num.network.threads=3 1
queued.max.requests=500 2
num.io.threads=8 3
num.recovery.threads.per.data.dir=1 4
# ...

Configuration updates to the thread pools for all brokers might occur dynamically at the cluster level. These updates are restricted to between half the current size and twice the current size.

If threads are slow or limited due to the number of disks, you can try increasing the size of the buffers for network requests to improve throughput:

# ...
replica.socket.receive.buffer.bytes=65536
# ...

And also increase the maximum number of bytes Kafka can receive:

# ...
socket.request.max.bytes=104857600
# ...

Kafka batches data to achieve reasonable throughput over high-latency connections from Kafka to clients, such as connections between datacenters. However, if high latency is a problem, you can increase the size of the buffers for sending and receiving messages.

# ...
socket.send.buffer.bytes=1048576
socket.receive.buffer.bytes=1048576
# ...

You can estimate the optimal size of your buffers using a bandwidth-delay product calculation, which multiplies the maximum bandwidth of the link (in bytes/s) with the round-trip delay (in seconds) to give an estimate of how large a buffer is required to sustain maximum throughput.

Kafka uses logs to store message data. Logs are a series of segments associated with various indexes. New messages are written to an active segment, and never subsequently modified. Segments are read when serving fetch requests from consumers. Periodically, the active segment is rolled to become read-only and a new active segment is created to replace it. There is only a single segment active at a time. Older segments are retained until they are eligible for deletion.

Configuration at the broker level sets the maximum size in bytes of a log segment and the amount of time in milliseconds before an active segment is rolled:

# ...
log.segment.bytes=1073741824
log.roll.ms=604800000
# ...

You can override these settings at the topic level using segment.bytes and segment.ms. Whether you need to lower or raise these values depends on the policy for segment deletion. A larger size means the active segment contains more messages and is rolled less often. Segments also become eligible for deletion less often.

You can set time-based or size-based log retention and cleanup policies so that logs are kept manageable. Depending on your requirements, you can use log retention configuration to delete old segments. If log retention policies are used, non-active log segments are removed when retention limits are reached. Deleting old segments bounds the storage space required for the log so you do not exceed disk capacity.

For time-based log retention, you set a retention period based on hours, minutes and milliseconds. The retention period is based on the time messages were appended to the segment.

The milliseconds configuration has priority over minutes, which has priority over hours. The minutes and milliseconds configuration is null by default, but the three options provide a substantial level of control over the data you wish to retain. Preference should be given to the milliseconds configuration, as it is the only one of the three properties that is dynamically updateable.

# ...
log.retention.ms=1680000
# ...

If log.retention.ms is set to -1, no time limit is applied to log retention, so all logs are retained. Disk usage should always be monitored, but the -1 setting is not generally recommended as it can lead to issues with full disks, which can be hard to rectify.

For size-based log retention, you set a maximum log size (of all segments in the log) in bytes:

# ...
log.retention.bytes=1073741824
# ...

In other words, a log will typically have approximately log.retention.bytes/log.segment.bytes segments once it reaches a steady state. When the maximum log size is reached, older segments are removed.

A potential issue with using a maximum log size is that it does not take into account the time messages were appended to a segment. You can use time-based and size-based log retention for your cleanup policy to get the balance you need. Whichever threshold is reached first triggers the cleanup.

If you wish to add a time delay before a segment file is deleted from the system, you can add the delay using log.segment.delete.delay.ms for all topics at the broker level or file.delete.delay.ms for specific topics in the topic configuration.

# ...
log.segment.delete.delay.ms=60000
# ...

The method of removing older log data is determined by the log cleaner configuration.

The log cleaner is enabled for the broker by default:

# ...
log.cleaner.enable=true
# ...

You can set the cleanup policy at the topic or broker level. Broker-level configuration is the default for topics that do not have policy set.

You can set policy to delete logs, compact logs, or do both:

# ...
log.cleanup.policy=compact,delete
# ...

The delete policy corresponds to managing logs with data retention policies. It is suitable when data does not need to be retained forever. The compact policy guarantees to keep the most recent message for each message key. Log compaction is suitable where message values are changeable, and you want to retain the latest update.

If cleanup policy is set to delete logs, older segments are deleted based on log retention limits. Otherwise, if the log cleaner is not enabled, and there are no log retention limits, the log will continue to grow.

If cleanup policy is set for log compaction, the head of the log operates as a standard Kafka log, with writes for new messages appended in order. In the tail of a compacted log, where the log cleaner operates, records will be deleted if another record with the same key occurs later in the log. Messages with null values are also deleted. If you’re not using keys, you can’t use compaction because keys are needed to identify related messages. While Kafka guarantees that the latest messages for each key will be retained, it does not guarantee that the whole compacted log will not contain duplicates.

Figure 6.1. Log showing key value writes with offset positions before compaction

Using keys to identify messages, Kafka compaction keeps the latest message (with the highest offset) for a specific message key, eventually discarding earlier messages that have the same key. In other words, the message in its latest state is always available and any out-of-date records of that particular message are eventually removed when the log cleaner runs. You can restore a message back to a previous state.

Records retain their original offsets even when surrounding records get deleted. Consequently, the tail can have non-contiguous offsets. When consuming an offset that’s no longer available in the tail, the record with the next higher offset is found.

Figure 6.2. Log after compaction

If you choose only a compact policy, your log can still become arbitrarily large. In which case, you can set policy to compact and delete logs. If you choose to compact and delete, first the log data is compacted, removing records with a key in the head of the log. After which, data that falls before the log retention threshold is deleted.

Figure 6.3. Log retention point and compaction point

You set the frequency the log is checked for cleanup in milliseconds:

# ...
log.retention.check.interval.ms=300000
# ...

Adjust the log retention check interval in relation to the log retention settings. Smaller retention sizes might require more frequent checks.

The frequency of cleanup should be often enough to manage the disk space, but not so often it affects performance on a topic.

You can also set a time in milliseconds to put the cleaner on standby if there are no logs to clean:

# ...
log.cleaner.backoff.ms=15000
# ...

If you choose to delete older log data, you can set a period in milliseconds to retain the deleted data before it is purged:

# ...
log.cleaner.delete.retention.ms=86400000
# ...

The deleted data retention period gives time to notice the data is gone before it is irretrievably deleted.

To delete all messages related to a specific key, a producer can send a tombstone message. A tombstone has a null value and acts as a marker to tell a consumer the value is deleted. After compaction, only the tombstone is retained, which must be for a long enough period for the consumer to know that the message is deleted. When older messages are deleted, having no value, the tombstone key is also deleted from the partition.

There are many other configuration settings related to log cleanup, but of particular importance is memory allocation.

The deduplication property specifies the total memory for cleanup across all log cleaner threads. You can set an upper limit on the percentage of memory used through the buffer load factor.

# ...
log.cleaner.dedupe.buffer.size=134217728
log.cleaner.io.buffer.load.factor=0.9
# ...

Each log entry uses exactly 24 bytes, so you can work out how many log entries the buffer can handle in a single run and adjust the setting accordingly.

If possible, consider increasing the number of log cleaner threads if you are looking to reduce the log cleaning time:

# ...
log.cleaner.threads=8
# ...

If you are experiencing issues with 100% disk bandwidth usage, you can throttle the log cleaner I/O so that the sum of the read/write operations is less than a specified double value based on the capabilities of the disks performing the operations:

# ...
log.cleaner.io.max.bytes.per.second=1.7976931348623157E308
# ...

The default batch size for messages is 1MB, which is optimal for maximum throughput in most use cases. Kafka can accommodate larger batches at a reduced throughput, assuming adequate disk capacity.

Large message sizes are handled in four ways:

The reference-based messaging and message compression options are recommended and cover most situations. With any of these options, care must be take to avoid introducing performance issues.

Compression also adds additional processing overhead on the producer and decompression overhead on the consumer, but includes more data in a batch, so is often beneficial to throughput when message data compresses well.

Combine producer-side compression with fine-tuning of the batch size to facilitate optimum throughput. Using metrics helps to gauge the average batch size needed.

Figure 6.4. Reference-based messaging flow

As the message passing requires more trips, end-to-end latency will increase. Another significant drawback of this approach is there is no automatic clean up of the data in the external system when the Kafka message gets cleaned up. A hybrid approach would be to only send large messages to the data store and process standard-sized messages directly.

The producing client application has to serialize and then chunk the data if the message is too big. The producer then uses the Kafka ByteArraySerializer or similar to serialize each chunk again before sending it. The consumer tracks messages and buffers chunks until it has a complete message. The consuming client application receives the chunks, which are assembled before deserialization. Complete messages are delivered to the rest of the consuming application in order according to the offset of the first or last chunk for each set of chunked messages. Successful delivery of the complete message is checked against offset metadata to avoid duplicates during a rebalance.

Figure 6.5. Inline messaging flow

Inline messaging has a performance overhead on the consumer side because of the buffering required, particularly when handling a series of large messages in parallel. The chunks of large messages can become interleaved, so that it is not always possible to commit when all the chunks of a message have been consumed if the chunks of another large message in the buffer are incomplete. For this reason, the buffering is usually supported by persisting message chunks or by implementing commit logic.

The broker will reject any message that is greater than the limit set with message.max.bytes. The buffer size for the producers (max.request.size) and consumers (message.max.bytes) must be able to accommodate the larger messages.

Log flush properties control the periodic writes of cached message data to disk. The scheduler specifies the frequency of checks on the log cache in milliseconds:

# ...
log.flush.scheduler.interval.ms=2000
# ...

You can control the frequency of the flush based on the maximum amount of time that a message is kept in-memory and the maximum number of messages in the log before writing to disk:

# ...
log.flush.interval.ms=50000
log.flush.interval.messages=100000
# ...

The wait between flushes includes the time to make the check and the specified interval before the flush is carried out. Increasing the frequency of flushes can affect throughput.

Generally, the recommendation is to not set explicit flush thresholds and let the operating system perform background flush using its default settings. Partition replication provides greater data durability than writes to any single disk as a failed broker can recover from its in-sync replicas.

If you are using application flush management, setting lower flush thresholds might be appropriate if you are using faster disks.

Partitions can be replicated across brokers for fault tolerance. For a given partition, one broker is elected leader and handles all produce requests (writes to the log). Partition followers on other brokers replicate the partition data of the partition leader for data reliability in the event of the leader failing.

Followers do not normally serve clients, though broker.rack allows a consumer to consume messages from the closest replica when a Kafka cluster spans multiple datacenters. Followers operate only to replicate messages from the partition leader and allow recovery should the leader fail. Recovery requires an in-sync follower. Followers stay in sync by sending fetch requests to the leader, which returns messages to the follower in order. The follower is considered to be in sync if it has caught up with the most recently committed message on the leader. The leader checks this by looking at the last offset requested by the follower. An out-of-sync follower is usually not eligible as a leader should the current leader fail, unless unclean leader election is allowed.

You can adjust the lag time before a follower is considered out of sync:

# ...
replica.lag.time.max.ms=30000
# ...

Lag time puts an upper limit on the time to replicate a message to all in-sync replicas and how long a producer has to wait for an acknowledgment. If a follower fails to make a fetch request and catch up with the latest message within the specified lag time, it is removed from in-sync replicas. You can reduce the lag time to detect failed replicas sooner, but by doing so you might increase the number of followers that fall out of sync needlessly. The right lag time value depends on both network latency and broker disk bandwidth.

When a leader partition is no longer available, one of the in-sync replicas is chosen as the new leader. The first broker in a partition’s list of replicas is known as the preferred leader. By default, Kafka is enabled for automatic partition leader rebalancing based on a periodic check of leader distribution. That is, Kafka checks to see if the preferred leader is the current leader. A rebalance ensures that leaders are evenly distributed across brokers and brokers are not overloaded.

You can use Cruise Control for AMQ Streams to figure out replica assignments to brokers that balance load evenly across the cluster. Its calculation takes into account the differing load experienced by leaders and followers. A failed leader affects the balance of a Kafka cluster because the remaining brokers get the extra work of leading additional partitions.

For the assignment found by Cruise Control to actually be balanced it is necessary that partitions are lead by the preferred leader. Kafka can automatically ensure that the preferred leader is being used (where possible), changing the current leader if necessary. This ensures that the cluster remains in the balanced state found by Cruise Control.

You can control the frequency, in seconds, of the rebalance check and the maximum percentage of imbalance allowed for a broker before a rebalance is triggered.

#...
auto.leader.rebalance.enable=true
leader.imbalance.check.interval.seconds=300
leader.imbalance.per.broker.percentage=10
#...

The percentage leader imbalance for a broker is the ratio between the current number of partitions for which the broker is the current leader and the number of partitions for which it is the preferred leader. You can set the percentage to zero to ensure that preferred leaders are always elected, assuming they are in sync.

If the checks for rebalances need more control, you can disable automated rebalances. You can then choose when to trigger a rebalance using the kafka-leader-election.sh command line tool.

Leader election to an in-sync replica is considered clean because it guarantees no loss of data. And this is what happens by default. But what if there is no in-sync replica to take on leadership? Perhaps the ISR (in-sync replica) only contained the leader when the leader’s disk died. If a minimum number of in-sync replicas is not set, and there are no followers in sync with the partition leader when its hard drive fails irrevocably, data is already lost. Not only that, but a new leader cannot be elected because there are no in-sync followers.

You can configure how Kafka handles leader failure:

# ...
unclean.leader.election.enable=false
# ...

Unclean leader election is disabled by default, which means that out-of-sync replicas cannot become leaders. With clean leader election, if no other broker was in the ISR when the old leader was lost, Kafka waits until that leader is back online before messages can be written or read. Unclean leader election means out-of-sync replicas can become leaders, but you risk losing messages. The choice you make depends on whether your requirements favor availability or durability.

You can override the default configuration for specific topics at the topic level. If you cannot afford the risk of data loss, then leave the default configuration.

For consumers joining a new consumer group, you can add a delay so that unnecessary rebalances to the broker are avoided:

# ...
group.initial.rebalance.delay.ms=3000
# ...

The delay is the amount of time that the coordinator waits for members to join. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that all the members will join in time and avoid a rebalance. But the delay also prevents the group from consuming until the period has ended.

Connection and serializer properties are required for every producer. Generally, it is good practice to add a client id for tracking, and use compression on the producer to reduce batch sizes in requests.

In a basic producer configuration:

# ...
bootstrap.servers=localhost:9092 1
key.serializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer 2
value.serializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer 3
client.id=my-client 4
compression.type=gzip 5
# ...

You can apply greater data durability, to minimize the likelihood that messages are lost, using message delivery acknowledgments.

# ...
acks=all 1
# ...

The number of brokers which need to have appended the messages to their logs before the acknowledgment is sent to the producer is determined by the topic’s min.insync.replicas configuration. A typical starting point is to have a topic replication factor of 3, with two in-sync replicas on other brokers. In this configuration, the producer can continue unaffected if a single broker is unavailable. If a second broker becomes unavailable, the producer won’t receive acknowledgments and won’t be able to produce more messages.

# ...
min.insync.replicas=2 1
# ...

Idempotent producers avoid duplicates as messages are delivered exactly once. IDs and sequence numbers are assigned to messages to ensure the order of delivery, even in the event of failure. If you are using acks=all for data consistency, enabling idempotency makes sense for ordered delivery.

# ...
enable.idempotence=true 1
max.in.flight.requests.per.connection=5 2
acks=all 3
retries=2147483647 4
# ...

If you are not using acks=all and idempotency because of the performance cost, set the number of in-flight (unacknowledged) requests to 1 to preserve ordering. Otherwise, a situation is possible where Message-A fails only to succeed after Message-B was already written to the broker.

# ...
enable.idempotence=false 1
max.in.flight.requests.per.connection=1 2
retries=2147483647
# ...

Idempotence is useful for exactly once writes to a single partition. Transactions, when used with idempotence, allow exactly once writes across multiple partitions.

Transactions guarantee that messages using the same transactional ID are produced once, and either all are successfully written to the respective logs or none of them are.

# ...
enable.idempotence=true
max.in.flight.requests.per.connection=5
acks=all
retries=2147483647
transactional.id=UNIQUE-ID 1
transaction.timeout.ms=900000 2
# ...

The choice of transactional.id is important in order that the transactional guarantee is maintained. Each transactional id should be used for a unique set of topic partitions. For example, this can be achieved using an external mapping of topic partition names to transactional ids, or by computing the transactional id from the topic partition names using a function that avoids collisions.

Usually, the requirement of a system is to satisfy a particular throughput target for a proportion of messages within a given latency. For example, targeting 500,000 messages per second with 95% of messages being acknowledged within 2 seconds.

It’s likely that the messaging semantics (message ordering and durability) of your producer are defined by the requirements for your application. For instance, it’s possible that you don’t have the option of using acks=0 or acks=1 without breaking some important property or guarantee provided by your application.

Broker restarts have a significant impact on high percentile statistics. For example, over a long period the 99th percentile latency is dominated by behavior around broker restarts. This is worth considering when designing benchmarks or comparing performance numbers from benchmarking with performance numbers seen in production.

Depending on your objective, Kafka offers a number of configuration parameters and techniques for tuning producer performance for throughput and latency.

At which point the send() method returns. So the time send() is blocked is determined by:

Batches will remain in the queue until one of the following occurs:

Look at the configuration for batching and buffering to mitigate the impact of send() blocking on latency.

# ...
linger.ms=100 1
batch.size=16384 2
buffer.memory=33554432 3
# ...

You can also direct messages to a specified partition by writing a custom partitioner to replace the default.

# ...
delivery.timeout.ms=120000 1
partitioner.class=my-custom-partitioner 2

# ...

Connection and deserializer properties are required for every consumer. Generally, it is good practice to add a client id for tracking.

In a consumer configuration, irrespective of any subsequent configuration:

# ...
bootstrap.servers=localhost:9092 1
key.deserializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer  2
value.deserializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer  3
client.id=my-client 4
group.id=my-group-id 5
# ...

Consumer groups share a typically large data stream generated by one or multiple producers from a given topic. Consumers are grouped using a group.id property, allowing messages to be spread across the members. One of the consumers in the group is elected leader and decides how the partitions are assigned to the consumers in the group. Each partition can only be assigned to a single consumer.

If you do not already have as many consumers as partitions, you can scale data consumption by adding more consumer instances with the same group.id. Adding more consumers to a group than there are partitions will not help throughput, but it does mean that there are consumers on standby should one stop functioning. If you can meet throughput goals with fewer consumers, you save on resources.

Consumers within the same consumer group send offset commits and heartbeats to the same broker. So the greater the number of consumers in the group, the higher the request load on the broker.

# ...
group.id=my-group-id 1
# ...

Kafka brokers receive fetch requests from consumers that ask the broker to send messages from a list of topics, partitions and offset positions.

A consumer observes messages in a single partition in the same order that they were committed to the broker, which means that Kafka only provides ordering guarantees for messages in a single partition. Conversely, if a consumer is consuming messages from multiple partitions, the order of messages in different partitions as observed by the consumer does not necessarily reflect the order in which they were sent.

If you want a strict ordering of messages from one topic, use one partition per consumer.

Control the number of messages returned when your client application calls KafkaConsumer.poll().

Use the fetch.max.wait.ms and fetch.min.bytes properties to increase the minimum amount of data fetched by the consumer from the Kafka broker. Time-based batching is configured using fetch.max.wait.ms, and size-based batching is configured using fetch.min.bytes.

If CPU utilization in the consumer or broker is high, it might be because there are too many requests from the consumer. You can adjust fetch.max.wait.ms and fetch.min.bytes properties higher so that there are fewer requests and messages are delivered in bigger batches. By adjusting higher, throughput is improved with some cost to latency. You can also adjust higher if the amount of data being produced is low.

For example, if you set fetch.max.wait.ms to 500ms and fetch.min.bytes to 16384 bytes, when Kafka receives a fetch request from the consumer it will respond when the first of either threshold is reached.

Conversely, you can adjust the fetch.max.wait.ms and fetch.min.bytes properties lower to improve end-to-end latency.

# ...
fetch.max.wait.ms=500 1
fetch.min.bytes=16384 2
# ...

The fetch.max.bytes property sets a maximum limit in bytes on the amount of data fetched from the broker at one time.

The max.partition.fetch.bytes sets a maximum limit in bytes on how much data is returned for each partition, which must always be larger than the number of bytes set in the broker or topic configuration for max.message.bytes.

The maximum amount of memory a client can consume is calculated approximately as:

NUMBER-OF-BROKERS * fetch.max.bytes and NUMBER-OF-PARTITIONS * max.partition.fetch.bytes

If memory usage can accommodate it, you can increase the values of these two properties. By allowing more data in each request, latency is improved as there are fewer fetch requests.

# ...
fetch.max.bytes=52428800 1
max.partition.fetch.bytes=1048576 2
# ...

The Kafka auto-commit mechanism allows a consumer to commit the offsets of messages automatically. If enabled, the consumer will commit offsets received from polling the broker at 5000ms intervals.

The auto-commit mechanism is convenient, but it introduces a risk of data loss and duplication. If a consumer has fetched and transformed a number of messages, but the system crashes with processed messages in the consumer buffer when performing an auto-commit, that data is lost. If the system crashes after processing the messages, but before performing the auto-commit, the data is duplicated on another consumer instance after rebalancing.

Auto-committing can avoid data loss only when all messages are processed before the next poll to the broker, or the consumer closes.

To minimize the likelihood of data loss or duplication, you can set enable.auto.commit to false and develop your client application to have more control over committing offsets. Or you can use auto.commit.interval.ms to decrease the intervals between commits.

# ...
enable.auto.commit=false 1
# ...

By setting to enable.auto.commit to false, you can commit offsets after all processing has been performed and the message has been consumed. For example, you can set up your application to call the Kafka commitSync and commitAsync commit APIs.

The commitSync API commits the offsets in a message batch returned from polling. You call the API when you are finished processing all the messages in the batch. If you use the commitSync API, the application will not poll for new messages until the last offset in the batch is committed. If this negatively affects throughput, you can commit less frequently, or you can use the commitAsync API. The commitAsync API does not wait for the broker to respond to a commit request, but risks creating more duplicates when rebalancing. A common approach is to combine both commit APIs in an application, with the commitSync API used just before shutting the consumer down or rebalancing to make sure the final commit is successful.

# ...
enable.auto.commit=false
isolation.level=read_committed 1
# ...

Use the session.timeout.ms and heartbeat.interval.ms properties to configure the time taken to check and recover from consumer failure within a consumer group.

The session.timeout.ms property specifies the maximum amount of time in milliseconds a consumer within a consumer group can be out of contact with a broker before being considered inactive and a rebalancing is triggered between the active consumers in the group. When the group rebalances, the partitions are reassigned to the members of the group.

The heartbeat.interval.ms property specifies the interval in milliseconds between heartbeat checks to the consumer group coordinator to indicate that the consumer is active and connected. The heartbeat interval must be lower, usually by a third, than the session timeout interval.

If you set the session.timeout.ms property lower, failing consumers are detected earlier, and rebalancing can take place quicker. However, take care not to set the timeout so low that the broker fails to receive a heartbeat in time and triggers an unnecessary rebalance.

Decreasing the heartbeat interval reduces the chance of accidental rebalancing, but more frequent heartbeats increases the overhead on broker resources.

Use the auto.offset.reset property to control how a consumer behaves when no offsets have been committed, or a committed offset is no longer valid or deleted.

Suppose you deploy a consumer application for the first time, and it reads messages from an existing topic. Because this is the first time the group.id is used, the __consumer_offsets topic does not contain any offset information for this application. The new application can start processing all existing messages from the start of the log or only new messages. The default reset value is latest, which starts at the end of the partition, and consequently means some messages are missed. To avoid data loss, but increase the amount of processing, set auto.offset.reset to earliest to start at the beginning of the partition.

Also consider using the earliest option to avoid messages being lost when the offsets retention period (offsets.retention.minutes) configured for a broker has ended. If a consumer group or standalone consumer is inactive and commits no offsets during the retention period, previously committed offsets are deleted from __consumer_offsets.

# ...
heartbeat.interval.ms=3000 1
session.timeout.ms=10000 2
auto.offset.reset=earliest 3
# ...

If the amount of data returned in a single fetch request is large, a timeout might occur before the consumer has processed it. In this case, you can lower max.partition.fetch.bytes or increase session.timeout.ms.

The rebalancing of a partition between active consumers in a group is the time it takes for:

Clearly, the process increases the downtime of a service, particularly when it happens repeatedly during a rolling restart of a consumer group cluster.

In this situation, you can use the concept of static membership to reduce the number of rebalances. Rebalancing assigns topic partitions evenly among consumer group members. Static membership uses persistence so that a consumer instance is recognized during a restart after a session timeout.

The consumer group coordinator can identify a new consumer instance using a unique id that is specified using the group.instance.id property. During a restart, the consumer is assigned a new member id, but as a static member it continues with the same instance id, and the same assignment of topic partitions is made.

If the consumer application does not make a call to poll at least every max.poll.interval.ms milliseconds, the consumer is considered to be failed, causing a rebalance. If the application cannot process all the records returned from poll in time, you can avoid a rebalance by using the max.poll.interval.ms property to specify the interval in milliseconds between polls for new messages from a consumer. Or you can use the max.poll.records property to set a maximum limit on the number of records returned from the consumer buffer, allowing your application to process fewer records within the max.poll.interval.ms limit.

# ...
group.instance.id=_UNIQUE-ID_ 1
max.poll.interval.ms=300000 2
max.poll.records=500 3
# ...

The primary way of increasing throughput for a topic is to increase the number of partitions for that topic. That works because the partitions allow the load for that topic to be shared between the brokers in the cluster. When the brokers are all constrained by some resource (typically I/O), then using more partitions will not yield an increase in throughput. Instead, you must add brokers to the cluster.

When you add an extra broker to the cluster, AMQ Streams does not assign any partitions to it automatically. You have to decide which partitions to move from the existing brokers to the new broker.

Once the partitions have been redistributed between all brokers, each broker should have a lower resource utilization.

Before you remove a broker from a cluster, you must ensure that it is not assigned to any partitions. You should decide which remaining brokers will be responsible for each of the partitions on the broker being decommissioned. Once the broker has no assigned partitions, you can stop it.

The reassignment JSON file has a specific structure:

{
  "version": 1,
  "partitions": [
    <PartitionObjects>
  ]
}

Where <PartitionObjects> is a comma-separated list of objects like:

{
  "topic": <TopicName>,
  "partition": <Partition>,
  "replicas": [ <AssignedBrokerIds> ],
  "log_dirs": [<LogDirs>]
}

The "log_dirs" property is optional and is used to move the partition to a specific log directory.

The following is an example reassignment JSON file that assigns topic topic-a, partition 4 to brokers 2, 4 and 7, and topic topic-b partition 2 to brokers 1, 5 and 7:

{
  "version": 1,
  "partitions": [
    {
      "topic": "topic-a",
      "partition": 4,
      "replicas": [2,4,7]
    },
    {
      "topic": "topic-b",
      "partition": 2,
      "replicas": [1,5,7]
    }
  ]
}

Partitions not included in the JSON are not changed.

The easiest way to assign all the partitions for a given set of topics to a given set of brokers is to generate a reassignment JSON file using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --generate, command.

bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --zookeeper <ZooKeeper> --topics-to-move-json-file <TopicsFile> --broker-list <BrokerList> --generate

The <TopicsFile> is a JSON file which lists the topics to move. It has the following structure:

{
  "version": 1,
  "topics": [
    <TopicObjects>
  ]
}

where <TopicObjects> is a comma-separated list of objects like:

{
  "topic": <TopicName>
}

For example to move all the partitions of topic-a and topic-b to brokers 4 and 7

bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --zookeeper localhost:2181 --topics-to-move-json-file topics-to-be-moved.json --broker-list 4,7 --generate

where topics-to-be-moved.json has contents:

{
  "version": 1,
  "topics": [
    { "topic": "topic-a"},
    { "topic": "topic-b"}
  ]
}

You can manually create the reassignment JSON file if you want to move specific partitions.