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Using Rust 1.66.1 Toolset

Red Hat Developer Tools 1

Installing and using Rust 1.66.1 Toolset

Jacob Valdez

Red Hat Developer Group Documentation Team

Abstract

Rust Toolset is a Red Hat offering for developers on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) operating system. Use this guide for an overview of Rust Toolset, to learn how to invoke and use different versions of Rust tools, and to find resources with more in-depth information.

Making open source more inclusive
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Red Hat is committed to replacing problematic language in our code, documentation, and web properties. We are beginning with these four terms: master, slave, blacklist, and whitelist. Because of the enormity of this endeavor, these changes will be implemented gradually over several upcoming releases. For more details, see our CTO Chris Wright’s message.

Chapter 1. Rust Toolset
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Rust Toolset is a Red Hat offering for developers on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It provides the rustc compiler for the Rust programming language, the Rust package manager Cargo, the rustfmt formatting tool, and required libraries.

Rust Toolset is distributed as a part of Red Hat Developer Tools for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. For Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, Rust Toolset is available as a module. Rust Toolset is available as packages for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.

1.1. Rust Toolset components
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The following components are available as part of Rust Toolset:

Expand
NameVersionDescription

rust

1.66.1

The Rust compiler front-end for LLVM.

cargo

1.66.1

A build system and dependency manager for Rust.

rustfmt

1.66.1

A tool for automatic formatting of Rust code.

1.2. Rust Toolset compatibility
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Rust Toolset is available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 on the following architectures:

  • AMD and Intel 64-bit
  • 64-bit ARM (RHEL 8 and RHEL 9)
  • IBM Power Systems, Little Endian
  • IBM Power Systems, Big Endian (Only RHEL 7)
  • 64-bit IBM Z

To be able to install Rust Toolset on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, you must access and enable Red Hat Developer Tools and Red Hat Software Collections repositories.
If these repositories are already attached to your system, see Installing Rust Toolset.

Procedure

  1. Install Wget by running: 

    # yum install wget
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Download the latest subscription data by running: 

    # subscription-manager refresh
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Register your system by running: 

    # subscription-manager register
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    To register your system using a graphical user interface (GUI), follow the Registering and Unregistering a System guide.

  4. Display a list of all available subscriptions and identify the pool ID by running: 

    # subscription-manager list --available
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  5. Find the pool ID on the line beginning with Pool ID.

  6. Attach the subscription that provides access to the Red Hat Developer Tools repository to your system by running: 

    # subscription-manager attach --pool=<pool ID from the subscription>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <pool ID from the subscription> with the pool ID you identified in the previous step.

  7. Verify which subscriptions are attached to your system by running: 

    # sudo subscription-manager list --consumed
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  8. Enable the rhel-7-variant-devtools-rpms repository by running: 

    # subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-7-<variant>-devtools-rpms
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • Replace <variant> with your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system variant: server or workstation.

      Use server to access the widest range of development tools.

  9. Enable the rhel-variant-rhscl-7-rpms repository by running: 

    # subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-<variant>-rhscl-7-rpms
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <variant> with your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system variant: server or workstation.

  10. Add the Red Hat Developer Tools GPG key to your system by running: 

    # cd /etc/pki/rpm-gpg
# wget -O RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-devel https://www.redhat.com/security/data/a5787476.txt
# rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-devel
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.4. Installing Rust Toolset
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Complete the following steps to install Rust Toolset including all development and debugging tools as well as dependent packages. Note that Rust Toolset has a dependency on LLVM Toolset.

Prerequisites

Procedure

On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, install the rust-toolset-1.66 collection by running: 

# yum install rust-toolset-1.66
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, install the rust-toolset module by running: 

# yum module install rust-toolset
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, install the rust-toolset package by running: 

# dnf install rust-toolset
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.5. Installing Rust documentation
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The The Rust Programming Language book is available as installable documentation.

Prerequisites

Procedure

To install the rust-doc package, run the following command:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    # yum install rust-toolset-1.66-rust-doc
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can find the The Rust Programming Language book under the following path: /opt/rh/rust-toolset-1.66/root/usr/share/doc/rust/html/index.html.
    You can find the API documentation for all Rust code packages under the following path: /opt/rh/rust-toolset-1.66/root/usr/share/doc/rust/html/std/index.html.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    # yum install rust-doc
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can find the The Rust Programming Language book under the following path: /usr/share/doc/rust/html/index.html.
    You can find the API documentation for all Rust code packages under the following path: /usr/share/doc/rust/html/std/index.html.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    # dnf install rust-doc
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can find the The Rust Programming Language book under the following path: /usr/share/doc/rust/html/index.html.
    You can find the API documentation for all Rust code packages under the following path: /usr/share/doc/rust/html/std/index.html.

1.6. Installing Cargo documentation
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The Cargo, Rust’s Package Manager book is available as installable documentation for Cargo.

Note

From Rust Toolset 1.66, the cargo-doc package is included in the rust-doc package.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • To install the cargo-doc package, run:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      # yum install rust-toolset-1.66-cargo-doc
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      You can find the Cargo book under the following path: /opt/rh/rust-toolset-1.66/root/usr/share/doc/cargo/html/index.html.

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      # yum install cargo-doc
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      You can find the Cargo, Rust’s Package Manager book under the following path: /usr/share/doc/cargo/html/index.html.

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      # dnf install cargo-doc
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      You can find the Cargo, Rust’s Package Manager book under the following path: /usr/share/doc/cargo/html/index.html.

Chapter 2. The Cargo build tool
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Cargo is a build tool and front end for the Rust compiler rustc as well as a package and dependency manager. It allows Rust projects to declare dependencies with specific version requirements, resolves the full dependency graph, downloads packages, and builds as well as tests your entire project.

Rust Toolset is distributed with Cargo 1.66.1.

The Cargo build tool uses set conventions for defining the directory structure and file placement within a Cargo package. Running the cargo new command generates the package directory structure and templates for both a manifest and a project file. By default, it also initializes a new Git repository in the package root directory.

For a binary program, Cargo creates a directory project_name containing a text file named Cargo.toml and a subdirectory src containing a text file named main.rs.

2.2. Creating a Rust project
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Create a new Rust project that is set up according to the Cargo conventions. For more information on Cargo conventions, see Cargo directory structure and file placements.

Procedure

Create a Rust project by running the following command:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo new --bin <project_name>'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with your project name.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ cargo new --bin <project_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with your project name.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ cargo new --bin <project_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with your project name.
Note

To edit the project code, edit the main executable file main.rs and add new source files to the src subdirectory.

Additional resources

2.3. Creating a Rust library project
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Complete the following steps to create a Rust library project using the Cargo build tool.

Procedure

To create a Rust library project, run the following command:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo new --lib <project_name>'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with the name of your Rust project.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ cargo new --lib <project_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with the name of your Rust project.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ cargo new --lib <project_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <project_name> with the name of your Rust project.
Note

To edit the project code, edit the source file, lib.rs, in the src subdirectory.

Additional resources

2.4. Building a Rust project
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Build your Rust project using the Cargo build tool. Cargo resolves all dependencies of your project, downloads missing dependencies, and compiles it using the rustc compiler.

By default, projects are built and compiled in debug mode. For information on compiling your project in release mode, see Building a Rust project in release mode.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • To build a Rust project managed by Cargo, run in the project directory:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo build'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo build
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo build
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  • To verify that your Rust program can be built when you do not need to build an executable file, run: 
$ cargo check
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

2.5. Building a Rust project in release mode
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Build your Rust project in release mode using the Cargo build tool. Release mode is optimizing your source code and can therefore increase compilation time while ensuring that the compiled binary will run faster. Use this mode to produce optimized artifacts suitable for release and production.
Cargo resolves all dependencies of your project, downloads missing dependencies, and compiles it using the rustc compiler.

For information on compiling your project in debug mode, see Building a Rust project.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • To build the project in release mode, run:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo build --release'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo build --release
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo build --release
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  • To verify that your Rust program can be build when you do not need to build an executable file, run: 
$ cargo check
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

2.6. Running a Rust program
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Run your Rust project using the Cargo build tool. Cargo first rebuilds your project and then runs the resulting executable file. If used during development, the cargo run command correctly resolves the output path independently of the build mode.

Prerequisites

Procedure

To run a Rust program managed as a project by Cargo, run in the project directory:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo run'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ cargo run
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ cargo run
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
Note

If your program has not been built yet, Cargo builds your program before running it.

2.7. Testing a Rust project
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Test your Rust program using the Cargo build tool. Cargo first rebuilds your project and then runs the tests found in the project. Note that you can only test functions that are free, monomorphic, and take no arguments. The function return type must be either () or Result<(), E> where E: Error.

By default, Rust projects are tested in debug mode. For information on testing your project in release mode, see Testing a Rust project in release mode.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • Add the test attribute #[test] in front of your function.

  • To run tests for a Rust project managed by Cargo, run in the project directory:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo test'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo test
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo test
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

2.8. Testing a Rust project in release mode
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Test your Rust program in release mode using the Cargo build tool. Release mode is optimizing your source code and can therefore increase compilation time while ensuring that the compiled binary will run faster. Use this mode to produce optimized artifacts suitable for release and production.
Cargo first rebuilds your project and then runs the tests found in the project. Note that you can only test functions that are free, monomorphic, and take no arguments. The function return type must be either () or Result<(), E> where E: Error.

For information on testing your project in debug mode, see Testing a Rust project.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • Add the test attribute #[test] in front of your function.

  • To run tests for a Rust project managed by Cargo in release mode, run in the project directory:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo test --release'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo test --release
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo test --release
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

2.9. Configuring Rust project dependencies
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Configure the dependencies of your Rust project using the Cargo build tool. To specify dependencies for a project managed by Cargo, edit the file Cargo.toml in the project directory and rebuild your project. Cargo downloads the Rust code packages and their dependencies, stores them locally, builds all of the project source code including the dependency code packages, and runs the resulting executable.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  1. In your project directory, open the file Cargo.toml.

  2. Move to the section labelled [dependencies].
    Each dependency is listed on a new line in the following format: 

    crate_name = version
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Rust code packages are called crates.

  3. Edit your dependencies.

  4. Rebuild your project by running:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo build'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo build
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo build
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Run your project by using the following command:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo run'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo run
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo run
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

2.10. Building documentation for a Rust project
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Use the Cargo tool to generate documentation from comments in your source code that are marked for extraction. Note that documentation comments are extracted only for public functions, variables, and members.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • To mark comments for extraction, use three slashes /// and place your comment in the beginning of the line it is documenting.
    Cargo supports the Markdown language for your comments.

  • To build project documentation using Cargo, run in the project directory:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

      $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo doc --no-deps'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      $ cargo doc --no-deps
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      $ cargo doc --no-deps
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

The generated documentation is located in the .target/doc directory.

Complete the following steps to install the WebAssembly standard library.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  • To install the WebAssembly standard library, run:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      # yum install rust-std-static-wasm32-unknown-unknown
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      # dnf install rust-std-static-wasm32-unknown-unknown
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • To use WebAssembly with Cargo, run:

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

      # cargo <command> --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Replace <command> with the Cargo command you want to run.

    • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

      # cargo <command> --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Replace <command> with the Cargo command you want to run.

2.12. Vendoring Rust project dependencies
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Create a local copy of the dependencies of your Rust project for offline redistribution and reuse using the Cargo build tool. This procedure is called vendoring project dependencies. The vendored dependencies including Rust code packages for building your project on a Windows operating system are located in the vendor directory. Vendored dependencies can be used by Cargo without any connection to the internet.

Prerequisites

Procedure

To vendor your Rust project with dependencies using Cargo, run in the project directory:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo vendor'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ cargo vendor
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ cargo vendor
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Chapter 3. The rustfmt formatting tool
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With the rustfmt formatting tool, you can automatically format the source code of your Rust programs. You can use rusftmt either as a standalone tool or with Cargo.

3.1. Installing rustfmt
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Complete the following steps to install the rustfmt formatting tool.

Prerequisites

Procedure

Run the following command to install rustfmt:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    # yum install rust-toolset-1.66-rustfmt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    # yum install rustfmt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    # dnf install rustfmt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

3.2. Using rustfmt as a standalone tool
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Use rustfmt as a standalone tool to format a Rust source file and all its dependencies. As an alternative, use rustfmt with the Cargo build tool. For more information, see Using rustfmt with Cargo.

Prerequisites

Procedure

To format a Rust source file using rustfmt as a standalone tool, run the following command:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'rustfmt <source-file>'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <source_file> with the name of your source file.
      Alternatively, you can replace <source_file> with standard input. rustfmt then provides its output in standard output.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ rustfmt <source-file>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <source_file> with the name of your source file.
      Alternatively, you can replace <source_file> with standard input. rustfmt then provides its output in standard output.

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ rustfmt <source-file>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • Replace <source_file> with the name of your source file.
      Alternatively, you can replace <source_file> with standard input. rustfmt then provides its output in standard output.
Note

By default, rustfmt modifies the affected files without displaying details or creating backups. To display details and create backups, run rustfmt with the --write-mode value.

3.3. Using rustfmt with the Cargo build tool
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Use the rustfmt tool with Cargo to format a Rust source file and all its dependencies.
As an alternative, use rustfmt as a standalone tool. For more information, see Using rustfmt as a standalone tool.

Prerequisites

Procedure

To format all source files in a Cargo code package, run the following command:

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7: 

    $ scl enable rust-toolset-1.66 'cargo fmt'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8: 

    $ cargo fmt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: 

    $ cargo fmt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
Note

To change the rustfmt formatting options, create the configuration file rustfmt.toml in the project directory and add your configurations to the file.

On RHEL 8, you can build your own Rust Toolset container images on top of Red Hat Universal Base Images (UBI) containers using Containerfiles.

On RHEL 8, Rust Toolset packages are part of the Red Hat Universal Base Images (UBIs) repositories. To keep the container size small, install only individual packages instead of the entire Rust Toolset.

Prerequisites

  • An existing Containerfile.
    For more information on creating Containerfiles, see the Dockerfile reference page.

Procedure

  • Visit the Red Hat Container Catalog.
  • Select a UBI.
  • Click Get this image and follow the instructions.
  • To create a container containing Rust Toolset, add the following lines to your Containerfile: 
FROM registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi:latest

RUN yum install -y rust-toolset
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  • To create a container image containing an individual package only, add the following lines to your Containerfile: 
RUN yum install <package-name>
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  • Replace <package_name> with the name of the package you want to install.

Chapter 5. Changes in Rust 1.66.1 Toolset
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Rust Toolset has been updated from version 1.62.1 to 1.66.1 on RHEL 7, RHEL 8, and RHEL 9.

Notable changes include:

  • The thread::scope API creates a lexical scope in which local variables can be safely borrowed by newly spawned threads, and those threads are all guaranteed to exit before the scope ends.
  • The hint::black_box API adds a barrier to compiler optimization, which is useful for preserving behavior in benchmarks that might otherwise be optimized away.
  • The .await keyword now makes conversions with the IntoFuture trait, similar to the relationship between for and IntoIterator.
  • Generic associated types (GATs) allow traits to include type aliases with generic parameters, enabling new abstractions over both types and lifetimes.
  • A new let-else statement allows binding local variables with conditional pattern matching, executing a divergent else block when the pattern does not match.
  • Labeled blocks allow break statements to jump to the end of the block, optionally including an expression value.
  • rust-analyzer is a new implementation of the Language Server Protocol, enabling Rust support in many editors. This replaces the former rls package, but you might need to adjust your editor configuration to migrate to rust-analyzer .
  • Cargo has a new cargo remove subcommand for removing dependencies from Cargo.toml.

Legal Notice
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Copyright © 2023 Red Hat, Inc.
The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version.
Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
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