Red Hat SummitIdentity Management Guide
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Managing Identity and Authorization Policies for Linux-Based Infrastructures
Abstract
Identity and policy management — for both users and machines — is a core function for almost any enterprise environment. IPA provides a way to create an identity domain that allows machines to enroll to a domain and immediately access identity information required for single sign-on and authentication services, as well as policy settings that govern authorization and access. This manual covers all aspects of installing, configuring, and managing IPA domains, including both servers and clients. This guide is intended for IT and systems administrators.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Identity Management
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux IdM is a way to create identity stores, centralized authentication, domain control for Kerberos and DNS services, and authorization policies — all on Linux systems, using native Linux tools. While centralized identity/policy/authorization software is hardly new, Identity Management is one of the only options that supports Linux/Unix domains.
Identity Management provides a unifying skin for standards-defined, common network services, including PAM, LDAP, Kerberos, DNS, NTP, and certificate services, and it allows Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems to serve as the domain controllers.
Identity Management defines a domain, with servers and clients that share centrally-managed services, like Kerberos and DNS. This chapter first explains what Identity Management is. This chapter also covers how all of these services work together within the domain and how servers and clients interact with each other.
1.1. IdM v. LDAP: A More Focused Type of Service
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At the most basic level, Red Hat Identity Management is a domain controller for Linux and Unix machines. Identity Management defines the domain, using controlling servers and enrolled client machines. This provides centralized structure that has previously been unavailable to Linux/Unix environments, and it does it using native Linux applications and protocols.
1.1.1. A Working Definition for Identity Management
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Security information frequently relates to identities of users, machines, and services. Once the identity is verified, then access to services and resources can be controlled.
For efficiency, risk management, and ease of administration, IT administrators try to manage identities as centrally as possible and to unite identity management with authentication and authorization policies. Historically, Linux environments have had a very difficult time establishing this centralized management. There are a number of different protocols (such as NIS and Kerberos) which define domains, while other applications store data (such as LDAP) and still others manage access (such as sudo). None of these applications talk to each other or use the same management tools. Every application had to be administered separately and it had to be managed locally. The only way to get a consistent identity policy was to copy configuration files around manually or to try to develop a proprietary application to manage identities and policies.
The goal of Identity Management is to simplify that administrative overhead. Users, machines, services, and polices are all configured in one place, using the same tools. Because IdM creates a domain, multiple machines can all use the same configuration and the same resources simply by joining the domain. Users only have to sign into services once, and administrators only have to manage a single user account.
IdM does three things:
- Create a Linux-based and Linux-controlled domain. Both IdM servers and IdM clients are Linux or Unix machines. While IdM can synchronize data with an Active Directory domain to allow integration with Windows servers, it is not an administrative tool for Windows machines and it does not support Windows clients. Identity Management is a management tool for Linux domains.
- Centralize identity management and identity policies.
- Build on existing, native Linux applications and protocols. While IdM has its own processes and configuration, its underlying technologies are familiar and trusted by Linux administrators and are well established on Linux systems.
In a sense, Identity Management isn't making administrators do something new; it is helping them do it better. There are a few ways to illustrate that.
On one extreme is the low control environment. Little Example Corp. has several Linux and Unix servers, but each one is administered separately. All passwords are kept on the local machine, so there is no central identity or authentication process. Tim the IT Guy just has to manage users on every machine, set authentication and authorization policies separately, and maintain local passwords. With IdM, things come to order. There is a simple way to have central user, password, and policy stores, so Tim the IT Guy only has to maintain the identities on one machine (the IdM server) and users and policies are uniformly applied to all machines. Using host-based access control, delegation, and other rules, he can even set different access levels for laptops and remote users.
In the middle is the medium control environment. Mid-Example Corp. has several Linux and Unix servers, but Bill the IT Guy has tried to maintain a greater degree of control by creating a NIS domain for machines, an LDAP directory for users, and Kerberos for authentication. While his environment is well under control, every application has to be maintained separately, using different tools. He also has to update all of the services manually whenever a new machine is added to his infrastructure or when one is taken offline. In this situation, IdM greatly reduces his administrative overhead because it integrates all of the different applications together seamlessly, using a single and simplified tool set. It also makes it possible for him to implement single sign-on services for all of the machines in his domain.
On the other extreme is the absent control environment. At Big Example Corp., most of the systems are Windows based and are managed in a tightly-knit Active Directory forest. However, development, production, and other teams have many Linux and Unix systems — which are basically excluded from the Windows controlled environment. IdM brings native control to the Linux/Unix servers, using their native tools and applications — something that is not possible in an Active Directory forest. Additionally, because IdM is Windows-aware, data can be synchronized between Active Directory and IdM, preserving a centralized user store.
IdM provides a very simple solution to a very common, very specific problem: identity management.
1.1.2. Contrasting Identity Management with a Standard LDAP Directory
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The closest relative to Identity Management is a standard LDAP directory like 389 Directory Server, but there are some intrinsic differences between what they do and what they're intended to do.
First, it helps to understand what a directory service is. A directory service is a collection of software, hardware, and processes that stores information. While directory services can be highly specific (for example, DNS is a directory service because it stores information on hostnames), a generic directory service can store and retrieve any kind of information. LDAP directories like 389 Directory Server are generic directories. They have a flexible schema that supports entries for users, machines, network entities, physical equipment, and buildings, and that schema can be customized to define entries of almost anything. Because of its extensibility, LDAP servers like 389 Directory Server are frequently used as backends that store data for other applications. 389 Directory Server not only contains information, it organizes information. LDAP directories use a hierarchical structure, a directory tree, that organize entries into root entries (suffixes), intermediate or container entries (subtrees or branches), and leaf entries (the actual data). Directory trees can be very complex, with a lot of branch points, or very simple (flat) with few branch points.
The primary feature of an LDAP directory is its generality. It can be made to fit into a variety of applications.
Identity Management, on the other hand, has a very specific purpose and fits a very specific application. It is not a general LDAP directory, it is not a backend, and it is not a general policy server. It is not generic.
Identity Management focuses on identities (user and machine) and policies that relate to those identities and their interactions. While it uses an LDAP backend to store its data, IdM has a highly-customized and specific set of schema that defines a particular set of identity-related entries and defines them in detail. It has a relatively flat and simple directory tree because it has only a handful of entry types and relationships that are relevant to its purpose. It has rules and limitations on how the IdM server can be deployed because it can only be deployed for a specific purpose: managing identities.
The restrictions on IdM also give it a great deal of administrative simplicity. It has a simple installation process, a unified set of commands, and a clearly defined role in the overall IT infrastructure. An IdM domain is easy to configure, easy to join, and easy to manage, and the functions that it serves — particularly identity/authentication tasks like enterprise-wide single sign-on — are also easier to do with IdM than with a more general-purpose directory service.
| 389 Directory Server | Identity Management | |
|---|---|---|
| Use | General purpose | Single domain, focused on identity management |
| Flexibility | Highly-customizable | Limitations to focus on identity and authentication |
| Schema | Default LDAP schema | Optimized, special schema for identity management |
| Directory Tree | Standard and flexible hierarchy | Flat tree with a fixed hierarchy |
| Authentication | LDAP | Kerberos or Kerberos and LDAP |
| Active Directory Synchronization | Bi-directional | Unidirectional, Active Directory to Identity Management |
| Password Policies | LDAP-based | Kerberos-based |
| User Tools | Java Console and standard LDAP utilities | Web-based UI and special Python command-line tools |
LDAP directories like 389 Directory Server have flexibility and adaptability which makes them a perfect backend to any number of applications. Its primary purpose is to store and retrieve data efficiently.
IdM fills a very different niche. It is optimized to perform a single task very effectively. It stores user information and authentication and authorization policies, as well as other information related to access, like host information. Its single purpose is to manage identities.
1.2. Bringing Linux Services Together
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Identity Management unifies disparate yet related Linux services into a single management environment. From there, it establishes a simple, easy way to bring host machines into the domain of those services.
An IdM server is, at its core, an identity and authentication server. The primary IdM server, essentially a domain controller, uses a Kerberos server and KDC for authentication. An LDAP backend contains all of the domain information, including users, client machines, and domain configuration.
Figure 1.1. The IdM Server: Unifying Services
Other services are included to provide support for the core identity/authentication functions. DNS is used for machine discovery and for connecting to other clients in the domain. NTP is used to synchronize all domain clocks so that logging, certificates, and operations can occur as expected. A certificate service provides certificates for Kerberos-aware services. All of these additional services work together under the control of the IdM server.
The IdM server also has a set of tools which are used to manage all of the IdM-associated services. Rather than managing the LDAP server, KDC, or DNS settings individually, using different tools on local machines, IdM has a single management toolset (CLI and web UI) that allows centralized and cohesive administration of the domain.
1.2.1. Authentication: Kerberos KDC
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Kerberos is an authentication protocol. Kerberos uses symmetric key cryptography to generate tickets to users. Kerberos-aware services check the ticket cache (a keytab) and authenticate users with valid tickets.
Kerberos authentication is significantly safer than normal password-based authentication because passwords are never sent over the network — even when services are accessed on other machines.
In Identity Management, the Kerberos administration server is set up on the IdM domain controller, and all of the Kerberos data are stored in IdM's backend Directory Server. The Directory Server instance defines and enforces access controls for the Kerberos data.
Note
The IdM Kerberos server is managed through IdM tools instead of Kerberos tools because all of its data are stored in the Directory Server instance. The KDC is unaware of the Directory Server, so managing the KDC with Kerberos tools does not affect the IdM configuration.
1.2.2. Data Storage: 389 Directory Server
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Identity Management contains an internal 389 Directory Server instance. All of the Kerberos information, user accounts, groups, services, policy information, DNS zone and host entries, and all other information in IdM is stored in this 389 Directory Server instance.
When multiple servers are configured, they can talk to each other because 389 Directory Server supports multi-master replication. Agreements are automatically configured between the initial server and any additional replicas which are added to the domain.
1.2.3. Authentication: Dogtag Certificate System
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Kerberos can use certificates along with keytabs for authentication, and some services require certificates for secure communication. Identity Management includes a certificate authority, through Dogtag Certificate System, with the server. This CA issues certificates to the server, replicas, and hosts and services within the IdM domain.
The CA can be a root CA or it can have its policies defined by another, external CA (so that it is subordinate to that CA). Whether the CA is a root or subordinate CA is determined when the IdM server is set up.
1.2.4. Server/Client Discovery: DNS
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Identity Management defines a domain — multiple machines with different users and services, each accessing shared resources and using shared identity, authentication, and policy configuration. The clients need to be able to contact each other, as IdM servers. Additionally, services like Kerberos depend on hostnames to identify their principal identities.
Hostnames are associated with IP addresses using the Domain Name Service (DNS). DNS maps hostnames to IP addresses and IP addresses to hostnames, providing a resource that clients can use when they need to look up a host. From the time a client is enrolled in the IdM domain, it uses DNS service discovery to locate IdM servers within the domain and then all of the services and clients within the domain.
The client installation tool automatically configures the local System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) to use the IdM domain for service discovery. SSSD uses DNS already to look for LDAP/TCP and Kerberos / UDP services; the client installation only needs to supply the domain name. SSSD service discovery is covered in the SSSD chapter in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
On the server, the installation script configures the DNS file to set which services the DNS service discovery queries. By default, DNS discovery queries the LDAP service on TCP and different Kerberos services on both UDP and TCP. The DNS file which is created is described in Section 17.2, “Using IdM and DNS Service Discovery with an Existing DNS Configuration”.
Note
While it is technically possible to configure the IdM domain to use DNS service discovery without having an IdM server host the DNS services, this is not recommended.
Multiple DNS servers are usually configured, each one working as an authoritative resource for machines within a specific domain. Having the IdM server also be a DNS server is optional, but it is strongly recommended. When the IdM server also manages DNS, there is tight integration between the DNS zones and the IdM clients and the DNS configuration can be managed using native IdM tools. Even if an IdM server is a DNS server, other external DNS servers can still be used.
1.2.5. Management: SSSD
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The System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) is a platform application that caches credentials. Most system authentication is configured locally, which means that services must check with a local user store to determine users and credentials. SSSD allows a local service to check with a local cache in SSSD; the cache may be taken from any variety of remote identity providers, including Identity Management.
SSSD can cache user names and passwords, Kerberos principals and keytabs, automount maps, sudo rules that are defined on IPA servers, and SSH keys that are used by Identity Management domain users and systems. This allows two significant benefits to administrators: all identity configuration can be centralized in a single application (the IdM server); and, external information can be cached on a local system to continue normal authentication operations, in case the system or the IdM server becomes unavailable.
SSSD is automatically configured by IdM client installation and management scripts, so the system configuration never needs to be manually updated, even as domain configuration changes.
Consistently with Windows Active Directory, SSSD allows the user to log in with either the user name attribute or the User Principal Name (UPN) attribute.
SSSD supports the
true, false, and preserve values for the case_sensitive option. When the preserve value is enabled, the input matches regardless of the case, but the output is always the same case as on the server; SSSD preserves the case for the UID field as it is configured.
SSSD allows certain cached entries to be refreshed in the background, so the entries are returned instantly because the back end keeps them updated at all times. Currently, entries for users, groups, and netgroups are supported.
1.2.6. Management: NTP
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Many services require that servers and clients have the same system time, within a certain variance. For example, Kerberos tickets use time stamps to determine their validity. If the times between the server and client skew outside the allowed range, then any Kerberos tickets are invalidated.
Clocks are synchronized over a network using Network Time Protocol (NTP). A central server acts as an authoritative clock and all of the clients which reference that NTP server sync their times to match.
When the IdM server is the NTP server for the domain, all times and dates are synchronized before any other operations are performed. This allows all of the date-related services — including password expirations, ticket and certificate expirations, account lockout settings, and entry creation dates — to function as expected.
The IdM server, by default, works as the NTP server for the domain. Other NTP servers can also be used for the hosts.
1.3. Relationships Between Servers and Clients
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Identity Management itself defines a domain, a group of machines that have shared configuration, policies, and identity stores. This shared configuration allows the machines (and users) within the domain to be aware of each other and operate together. This awareness can be used to enable cross-platform compatibility, like unifying Windows and Linux systems, or to enable infrastructure-wide single sign-on.
1.3.1. About IdM Servers and Replicas
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Identity Management works by having identified servers which are the master stores of information for user and machine identities and domain-wide policies. These servers host domain-related services such as certificate authorities, NTP, Kerberos, SSH, and DNS. The server also acts as a central repository of identity and policy information.
Clients interact indirectly with IdM servers when they attempt to access domain resources, such as fileshares, services, remote machines, or authentication (through SSSD and Kerberos).
As said, an IdM server is a controller for a lot of associated services. While a number of those services are supported, most of them are not required. For example, a server may have a CA, a DNS server, or an NTP server — or it can be installed without those services.
Once an IdM server is set up, its configuration can be copied and used as the basis for another IdM server. When an IdM server is copied, that copy is called a replica.
Note
The only real difference between an IdM server and an IdM replica is that a server is a new installation — so that it defines the domain configuration — and a replica is based on an existing server and existing domain configuration.
Once an instance is configured, servers and replicas are basically identical in functionality and behavior within the IdM domain.
There is a good deal of flexibility in the IdM server (and replica) topology. For example, Server A can be installed with a CA and DNS services, while Replica A can be based on Server A's configuration but not host either DNS or CA services. Replica B can be added to the domain, also without CA or DNS services. At any time in the future, a CA or DNS service can be created and configured on Replica A or Replica B.
Servers and replicas both use underlying LDAP directories to store user and host entries, configuration data, policy configuration, and keytabs, certificates, and keys. Servers and replicas propagate data among each other through multi-master replication agreements. Replication agreements are configured for all LDAP backends as well as the LDAP subtrees used by Dogtag Certificate System. Both servers and replicas are masters (peers) in the replication topology.
Because the servers within the IdM domain are all LDAP peer servers, the replication topology must conform to the topology limits of a 389 Directory Server domain. This means that there can be no more than 20 peer servers in the IdM domain. Planning the server/replica topology is described more in Section 4.1, “Planning the Server/Replica Topologies”.
Figure 1.2. Server and Replica Interactions
Note
The replication topology essentially creates a cloud of IdM servers. One benefit of a server domain is automatic load balancing, using the SRV records in DNS. The SRV record sets the priority order that servers and replicas are contacted, while weight distributes the load between servers/replicas with the same priority. The server and replica DNS entries can be edited to change the load balancing, which is covered in Example 17.9, “SRV Record” and Section 28.4.3, “Changing Load Balancing for IdM Servers and Replicas”.
1.3.2. About IdM Clients
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A client is simply any machine which is configured to operate within the IdM domain, using its Kerberos and DNS services, NTP settings, and certificate services. That's an important distinction: a client does not require a daemon or (necessarily) an installed product. It requires only system configurations which direct it to use IdM services.
For Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems, a certain number of platform tools are available for IdM to use, such as the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD). IdM-enabled platform applications are aspects of the underlying platform that work with IdM services. Other tools, like certain PAM and NSS modules and IdM command-line utilities, are provided by Identity Management itseld as IdM-specific packages that must be installed on the machine. These are IdM components, rather than platform components used by Identity Management.
Figure 1.3. Server and Client Interactions
IdM uses the local storage (cache) on a client to improve performance in a few ways:
- Store IdM information when the machine is offline.
- Keep information active beyond its normal timeout period if the client cannot access the central server. The cache is persistent even after rebooting the machine.
- Reduce the round-trip time of requests by checking information locally before looking at the server.
Information is stored either in an LDB database (similar to LDAP) or the local filesystem (as XML files), depending on the type of information.
- Identity information (about users, machines, and groups) is stored in the LDB database, which uses the same syntax as an LDAP directory. This identity information is originally stored in the IdM server's 389 Directory Server instance. Because this information changes frequently and is referenced frequently, it is important to be able to call the more current information quickly, which is possible using an LDB database on the client and the Directory Server on the server.
- Policy information is more static than identity information, and it can include configuration for SELinux or sudo. These policies are set globally on the server and then are propagated to the clients. On the client, the policy information is stored in the filesystem in XML files which can be downloaded and converted into a native file for whatever service is being managed.
A specific set of services on the IdM server interact with a subset of services and modules on the IdM client. A client is any machine (a host) which can retrieve a keytab or certificates from the IdM domain.
Figure 1.4. Interactions Between IdM Services
Figure 1.4, “Interactions Between IdM Services” shows that Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses two native daemons to interact with the IdM server:
- SSSD provides the user authentication for the machine and enforces host-based access control rules.
certmongermonitors and renews the certificates on the client. It can request new certificates for the services on the system, including virtual machines.
When a Red Hat Enterprise Linux client is added to the domain (enrolled), its SSSD and
certmonger are configured to connect to the IdM server and the required Kerberos keytab and host certificates are created. (The host certificate is not used directly by IdM; it may be used by other services, such as a web server.)
Part I. Installing Identity Management; Servers and Services
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Chapter 2. Prerequisites for Installation
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Before you install IdM, ensure that the installation environment is suitably configured. You also need to provide certain information during the installation and configuration procedures, including realm names and certain usernames and passwords. This section describes the information that you need to provide.
2.1. Supported Server Platforms
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IdM 3.0 is supported on these platforms:
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 i386
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 x86_64
2.2. Hardware Recommendations
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A basic user entry is about 1 KB in size, as is a simple host entry with a certificate. The most important hardware feature to size properly is RAM. While all deployments are different, depending on the number of users and groups and the type of data stored, there is a rule of thumb to use to help determine how much RAM to use:
- For 10,000 users and 100 groups, have at least 2GB of RAM and 1GB swap space.
- For 100,000 users and 50,000 groups, have at least 16GB of RAM and 4GB of swap space.
Note
For larger deployments, it is more effective to increase the RAM than to increase disk space because much of the data are stored in cache.
The underlying Directory Server instance used by the IdM server can be tuned to increase performance. For tuning information, see the Directory Server documentation.
2.3. Software Requirements
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Most of the packages that an IdM server depends on are installed as dependencies when the IdM packages are installed. There are some packages, however, which are required before installing the IdM packages:
- Kerberos 1.10. This is installed as a dependency if it is not already installed.
- The bind and bind-dyndb-ldap packages for DNS. The bind package is installed as a dependency if it is not already available; however, the bind-dyndb-ldap package must be explicitly installed first or attempting to configure an IdM server with DNS support will fail.
Important
Due to CVE-2014-3566, the Secure Socket Layer version 3 (SSLv3) protocol needs to be disabled in the
mod_nss module. You can ensure that by following these steps:
- Edit the
/etc/httpd/conf.d/nss.conffile and set theNSSProtocolparameter toTLSv1.0(for backward compatibility) andTLSv1.1.NSSProtocol TLSv1.0,TLSv1.1
NSSProtocol TLSv1.0,TLSv1.1Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the
httpdservice.service httpd restart
# service httpd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
2.4. System Prerequisites
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The IdM server is set up using a configuration script, and this script makes certain assumption about the host system. If the system does not meet these prerequisites, then server configuration may fail.
2.4.1. DNS Records
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Proper forward and reverse DNS settings are critical for both IdM servers and replicas (copies of servers) to be configured. DNS is used for replicating data between servers, for identifying servers in SSL certificates, and in Kerberos tickets, among other places. Therefore, servers must be resolvable in both forward and reverse DNS configuration.
The DNS settings for a host can be determined easily used
ifconfig and dig.
- Obtain the hostname.
hostname
[root@server ~]# hostname server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Get the IP address. In this example, the returned IP address is
196.2.3.4.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Verify that forward DNS is properly configured by using
digto query the hostname and check what IP address is returned. In this example, the expected IP address is196.2.3.4.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Verify the reverse DNS configuration using
digwith the-t ptrto query the PTR records (reverse records) for the address. This is the IP address in reverse order, with.in-addr.arpa.appended to the address. This should resolve to the hostname,server.example.com.in this example.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
The DNS records should resolve to whatever hostname is used in the IdM certificates.
Note
If the IdM server is configured to host its own DNS server, the IdM DNS service processes all DNS queries. The IdM DNS records take precedence, and any previous existing DNS configuration is ignored.
All systems within the domain must be configured to use the IdM-managed DNS server.
2.4.2. Hostname and IP Address Requirements
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Regardless of whether the DNS is within the IdM server or external, the server host must have DNS properly configured:
- The hostname must be a fully-qualified domain name. For example,
ipaserver.example.com.Important
This must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures. - The hostname must be all lower-case.
- The server's A record must be set and resolve to its public IP address.The fully-qualified domain name cannot resolve to the loopback address. It must resolve to the machine's public IP address, not to
127.0.0.1. The output of thehostnamecommand cannot belocalhostorlocalhost6.The A adn PTR records do not need to match for the server. - The server's hostname and IP address must be in its own
/etc/hostsfile. The fully-qualified domain name for the IdM server must be listed in thehostsfile before any aliases.Note
A misconfigured file can prevent the IdM command-line tools from functioning correctly and can prevent the IdM web interface from connecting to the IdM server.Additionally, the hostname cannot be part of the localhost entry.For example, this lists the IPv4 and IPv6 localhost entries for the host (properly), then the IdM server IP address and hostname as the first entry.127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 192.168.1.1 ipaserver.example.com ipaserver
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 192.168.1.1 ipaserver.example.com ipaserverCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - It is recommended that a separate DNS domain be allocated for the IdM server to manage. While not required (clients from other domains can still be enrolled in the IdM domain), this is a convenience for overall DNS management.
2.4.3. Directory Server
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There must not be any instances of 389 Directory Server installed on the host machine.
2.4.4. System Files
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The server script overwrites system files to set up the IdM domain. The system should be clean, without custom configuration for services like DNS and Kerberos, before configuring the IdM server.
2.4.5. System Ports
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IdM uses a number of ports to communicate with its services. These ports, listed in Table 2.1, “IdM Ports”, must be open and available for IdM to work. They cannot be in use by another service or blocked by a firewall. To make sure that these ports are available, try the
iptables utility to list the available ports or the nc, telnet, or nmap utilities to connect to a port or run a port scan.
To open a port:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 389 -j ACCEPT
[root@server ~]# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 389 -j ACCEPT
The iptables(8) man page has more information on opening and closing ports on a system.
| Service | Ports | Type |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP/HTTPS | 80, 443 | TCP |
| LDAP/LDAPS | 389, 636 | TCP |
| Kerberos | 88, 464 | TCP and UDP |
| DNS | 53 | TCP and UDP |
| NTP | 123 | UDP |
| Dogtag Certificate System - LDAP | 7389 | TCP |
2.4.6. NTP
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Network time protocol (NTP) synchronizes time between systems on a network. An NTP server centralizes and manages that clock synchronization. By default, Identity Management installs and configures an NTP server which is used by the domain to synchronize clocks for other Identity Management servers, replicas, and systems and services within the IdM domain.
Some sort of NTP server must be running for some domain tasks — such as Kerberos ticket maintenance and data replication between servers and replicas in the topology — to function properly. It is not required that an IdM server host the NTP server, but it is strongly recommended. This is the default configuration.
If a server is being installed on a virtual machine, that server should not run an NTP server. To disable NTP for IdM, use the
--no-ntp option when the IdM server is configured to prevent an NTP server from being installed.
2.4.7. NSCD
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It is strongly recommended that you avoid or restrict the use of
nscd in an IdM deployment. The nscd service is extremely useful for reducing the load on the server, and for making clients more responsive, but there can be problems when a system is also using SSSD, which performs its own caching.
nscd caches authentication and identity information for all services that perform queries through nsswitch, including getent. Because nscd performs both positive and negative caching, if a request determines that a specific IdM user does not exist, it caches this as a negative response. Values stored in the cache remain until the cache expires, regardless of any changes that may occur on the server. The results of such caching is that new users and memberships may not be visible, and users and memberships that have been removed may still be visible.
To avoid clashes with SSSD caches and to prevent locking out users, avoid using
nscd altogether. Alternatively, use a shorter cache time by resetting the time-to-live caching values in the /etc/nscd.conf file:
positive-time-to-live group 3600 negative-time-to-live group 60 positive-time-to-live hosts 3600 negative-time-to-live hosts 20
positive-time-to-live group 3600
negative-time-to-live group 60
positive-time-to-live hosts 3600
negative-time-to-live hosts 20
2.4.8. Networking
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The default networking service used by Red Hat Enterprise Linux is NetworkManager. However, NetworkManager can cause problems with IdM and the KDC. It is highly recommended that you use the
network service to manage the networking requirements in an IdM environment and disable the NetworkManager service.
- Boot the machine into single-user mode.
- Disable off the NetworkManager service in the start list and stop the NetworkManager service.
chkconfig NetworkManager off; service NetworkManager stop
[root@server ~]# chkconfig NetworkManager off; service NetworkManager stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If
NetworkManagerDispatcheris installed, ensure that it is stopped and disabled:chkconfig NetworkManagerDispatcher off; service NetworkManagerDispatcher stop
[root@server ~]# chkconfig NetworkManagerDispatcher off; service NetworkManagerDispatcher stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Then, make sure that the
networkservice is properly started.chkconfig network on; service network start
[root@server ~]# chkconfig network on; service network startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Ensure that static networking is correctly configured.
- Restart the system.
Chapter 3. Installing an IdM Server
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The IdM domain is defined and managed by an IdM server which is essentially a domain controller. There can be multiple domain controllers within a domain for load-balancing and failover tolerance. These additional servers are called replicas of the master IdM server.
Both IdM servers and replicas only run on Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems. For both servers and replicas, the necessary packages must be installed and then the IdM server or replica itself is configured through setup scripts, which configure all of the requisite services.
3.1. Installing the IdM Server Packages
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Installing only the IdM server requires a single package,
ipa-server. If the IdM server will also manage a DNS server, then it requires two additional packages to set up the DNS.
All of these packages can be installed using the
yum command:
yum install ipa-server bind bind-dyndb-ldap
[root@server ~]# yum install ipa-server bind bind-dyndb-ldap
Installing the
ipa-server also installs a large number of dependencies, such as 389-ds-base for the LDAP service and krb5-server for the Kerberos service, along with IdM tools.
After the packages are installed, the server instance must be created using the
ipa-server-install command. The options for configuring the new server instance are described in Section 3.2, “About ipa-server-install”.
3.2. About ipa-server-install
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An IdM server instance is created by running the
ipa-server-install script. This script can accept user-defined settings for services, like DNS and Kerberos, that are used by the IdM instance, or it can supply predefined values for minimal input from the administrator.
The IdM setup script creates a server instance, which includes configuring all of the required services for the IdM domain:
- The network time daemon (ntpd)
- A 389 Directory Server instance
- A Kerberos key distribution center (KDC)
- Apache (httpd)
- An updated SELinux targeted policy
- The Active Directory WinSync plug-in
- A certificate authority
- Optional. A domain name service (DNS) server
The IdM setup process can be minimal, where the administrator only supplies some required information, or it can be very specific, with user-defined settings for many parts of the IdM services. The configuration is passed using arguments with the
ipa-server-install script.
Note
The port numbers and directory locations used by IdM are all defined automatically, as defined in Section 2.4.5, “System Ports” and Section 28.1, “Identity Management Files and Logs”. These ports and directories cannot be changed or customized.
While
ipa-server-install can be run without any options, so that it prompts for the required information, it has numerous arguments which allow the configuration process to be easily scripted or to supply additional information which is not requested during an interactive installation.
Table 3.1, “ipa-server-install Options” lists some common arguments used with
ipa-server-install. The full list of options are in the ipa-server-install manpage. The ipa-server-install options are versatile enough to be customized to the specific deployment environment to install and configure different services as needed.
| Argument | Description |
|---|---|
| -a ipa_admin_password | The password for the IdM administrator. This is used for the admin user to authenticate to the Kerberos realm. |
| --hostname=hostname | The fully-qualified domain name of the IdM server machine.
Important
This must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures.
Additionally, the hostname must be all lower-case. No capital letters are allowed.
|
| -n domain_name | The name of the LDAP server domain to use for the IdM domain. This is usually based on the IdM server's hostname. |
| -p directory_manager_password | The password for the superuser, cn=Directory Manager, for the LDAP service. |
| -P kerberos_master_password | The password for the KDC administrator. This is randomly generated if no value is given. |
| -r realm_name | The name of the Kerberos realm to create for the IdM domain. |
| --subject=subject_DN | Sets the base element for the subject DN of the issued certificates. This defaults to O=realm. |
| --forwarder=forwarder | Gives a DNS forwarder to use with the DNS service. To specify more than one forwarder, use this option multiple times. |
| --no-forwarders | Uses root servers with the DNS service instead of forwarders. |
| --no-reverse | Does not create a reverse DNS zone when the DNS domain is set up. (If a reverse DNS zone is already configured, then that existing reverse DNS zone is used.) If this option is not used, then the default value is true, which assumes that reverse DNS should be configured by the installation script. |
| --setup-dns | Tells the installation script to set up a DNS service within the IdM domain. Using an integrated DNS service is optional, so if this option is not passed with the installation script, then no DNS is configured. |
| --idmax=number | Sets the upper bound for IDs which can be assigned by the IdM server. The default value is the ID start value plus 199999. |
| --idstart=number | Sets the lower bound (starting value) for IDs which can be assigned by the IdM server. The default value is randomly selected. |
| --ip-address | Specifies the IP address of the server. When added to ipa-server-install, this option only accepts IP addresses associated with the local interface. |
The way that an IdM server is installed can be different depending on the network environment, security requirements within the organization, and the desired topology. These examples illustrate some common options when installing the server. These examples are not mutually exclusive; it is entirely possible to use CA options, DNS options, and IdM configuration options in the same server invocation. These are called out separately simply to make it more clear what each configuration area requires.
3.3. Example: Running the Script Interactively and Silently
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3.3.1. Basic Interactive Installation
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All that is required to set up an IdM server is to run the
ipa-server-install script. This launches the script interactively, which prompts for the required information to set up a server, but without more advanced configuration like DNS and CA options.
- Run the
ipa-server-installscript.ipa-server-install
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-installCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the hostname. This is determined automatically using reverse DNS.
Server host name [ipaserver.example.com]:
Server host name [ipaserver.example.com]:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the domain name. This is determined automatically based on the hostname.
Please confirm the domain name [example.com]:
Please confirm the domain name [example.com]:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the new Kerberos realm name. This is usually based on the domain name.
Please provide a realm name [EXAMPLE.COM]:
Please provide a realm name [EXAMPLE.COM]:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the password for the Directory Server superuser,
cn=Directory Manager. There are password strength requirements for this password, including a minimum password length (eight characters).Directory Manager password: Password (confirm):
Directory Manager password: Password (confirm):Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the password for the IdM system user account,
admin. This user is created on the machine.IPA admin password: Password (confirm):
IPA admin password: Password (confirm):Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The script then reprints the hostname, IP address, and domain name. Confirm that the information is correct.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - After that, the script configures all of the associated services for IdM, with task counts and progress bars.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the
SSHservice to retrieve the Kerberos principal and to refresh the name server switch (NSS) configuration file:service sshd restart
[root@server ~]# service sshd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Authenticate to the Kerberos realm using the admin user's credentials to ensure that the user is properly configured and the Kerberos realm is accessible.
kinit admin
[root@server ~]# kinit admin Password for admin@EXAMPLE.COM:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Test the IdM configuration by running a command like
ipa user-find. For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
3.3.2. Silent (Non-Interactive) Installation
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As shown in Section 3.3.1, “Basic Interactive Installation”, only a few pieces of information are required to configure an IdM server. While the setup script can prompt for this information in interactive mode, this information can also be passed with the setup command to allow automated and unattended configuration:
- Passwords for the IdM administrative user and the Directory Server super user (Directory Manager)
- The server hostname
- The Kerberos realm name
- The DNS domain name
This information can be passed with the
ipa-server-install, along with the -U to force it to run without requiring user interaction.
Example 3.1. Basic Installation without Interaction
ipa-server-install -a secret12 --hostname=ipaserver.example.com -r EXAMPLE.COM -p secret12 -n example.com -U
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install -a secret12 --hostname=ipaserver.example.com -r EXAMPLE.COM -p secret12 -n example.com -U
The script then prints the submitted values:
The server name must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures. Additionally, the hostname must be all lower-case. No capital letters are allowed.
Then the script runs through the configuration progress for each IdM service, as in Section 3.3.1, “Basic Interactive Installation”.
3.4. Examples: Installing with Different CA Configurations
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Identity Management uses an integrated certificate authority (CA) to create the certificates and keytabs used by users and hosts within the domain. Even internal domain services, such as the LDAP server and the Apache server for the Identity Management web UI, require server certificates to establish secure connections with each other.
A Dogtag Certificate System CA is almost always installed with the IdM server. That CA uses a CA signing certificate to create and sign all of the server and user certificates created within the IdM domain. That CA certificate itself has to be signed by the CA which issued it, and there are two different ways that a CA can sign the Dogtag Certificate System CA signing certificate:
- The Dogtag Certificate System can sign its own certificate. This means that the Dogtag Certificate System instance is a root CA. There are no higher CAs, and the root CA cna set its own certificate policies.This is the default configuration.
- The Dogtag Certificate System CA can be signed by an externally-hosted CA (such as Verisign). In that case, the external CA is the root CA, and the configured Dogtag Certificate System CA is subordinate to that root. This means that the certificates issued within the IdM domain are potentially subject to restrictions set by the root CA for attributes like the validity period.Referencing an external CA still uses a Dogtag Certificate System instance to issue all of the IdM domain certficates; the only difference is that the initial domain CA certificate is issued by a different CA.
There is one other option: installing without a CA at all. This requires that all certificates used within the IdM domain be created, uploaded, and renewed manually. There may be some environments where the additional maintenance burden is sustainable because of other restrictions within the infrastructure, but, in general, most deployments will use an integrated Dogtag Certificate System instance (and
certmonger) to manage IdM domain certificates.
Important
It is not possible to change the CA configuration after the domain is created and it is not possible to migrate from one configuration to another. It is crucial that the CA requirements be considered before beginning the installation process.
3.4.1. Installing with an Internal Root CA
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The default configuration is to install a Dogtag Certificate System which signs its own root CA certificate. There are no additional parameters or configuration steps required when the
ipa-server-install command is run.
3.4.2. Installing Using an External CA
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The IdM server can use a certificate issued by an external CA. This can be a corporate CA or a third-party CA like Verisign or Thawte. As with a normal setup process, using an external CA still uses a Dogtag Certificate System instance for the IdM server for issuing all of its client and replica certificates; the initial CA certificate is simply issued by a different CA.
When using an external CA, there are two additional steps that must be performed: submit the generated certificate request to the external CA and then load the CA certificate and issued server certificate to complete the setup.
Important
The CA signing certificate generated for the Identity Management server must be a valid CA certificate. This requires either that the
Basic Constraint option be set to CA=TRUE or that the Key Usage Extension be set on the signing certificate to allow it to sign certificates.
Important
It is not possible to change the CA configuration after the domain is created and it is not possible to migrate from one configuration to another. It is crucial that the CA requirements be considered before beginning the installation process.
Example 3.2. Using an External CA
- Run the
ipa-server-installscript, using the--external-caoption.ipa-server-install -a secret12 -r EXAMPLE.COM -P password -p secret12 -n ipaserver.example.com --external-ca
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install -a secret12 -r EXAMPLE.COM -P password -p secret12 -n ipaserver.example.com --external-caCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The script sets up the NTP and Directory Server services as normal.
- The script completes the CA setup and returns information about where the certificate signing request (CSR) is located,
/root/ipa.csr. This request must be submitted to the external CA.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Submit the request to the CA. The process differs for every service.It may be necessary to request the appropriate extensions for the certificate. The CA signing certificate generated for the Identity Management server must be a valid CA certificate. This requires either that the Basic Constraint be set to CA=true or that the Key Usage Extension be set on the signing certificate to allow it to sign certificates.
- Retrieve the issued certificate and the CA certificate chain for the issuing CA. Again, the process differs for every certificate service, but there is usually a download link on a web page or in the notification email that allows administrators to download all the required certificates. Be sure to get the full certificate chain for the CA, not just the CA certificate.
- Rerun
ipa-server-install, specifying the locations and names of the certificate and CA chain files. For example:ipa-server-install --external_cert_file=/tmp/servercert20110601.p12 --external_ca_file=/tmp/cacert.p12
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install --external_cert_file=/tmp/servercert20110601.p12 --external_ca_file=/tmp/cacert.p12Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Complete the setup process and verify that everything is working as expected, as in Section 3.3.1, “Basic Interactive Installation”.
3.4.3. Installing without a CA
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In very rare cases, it may not be possible to install certificate services with the Identity Management server. In that case, it is possible to install Identity Management without an integrated Certificate System instance, as long as all required certificates are created and installed independently.
For installation, three certificates are required:
- An LDAP server certificate
- An Apache server certificate
- An LDAP server certificate
This certificates must be requested from a third-party authority before beginning the installation process.
There are some important limitations with how certificates can be managed when there is no integrated Dogtag Certificate System instance:
certmongeris not used to track certificates, so there is no expiration warning.- There is no way to renew certificates through Identity Management.
- The certificate management tools (
ipa cert-*) cannot be used to view or manage certificates. - All host certificates and any service certificates must be requested, generated, and uploaded manually. This also affects how host management tools like
ipa host-addfunction. - If a certificate is removed from an entry, it is not automatically revoked.
Important
It is not possible to change the CA configuration after the domain is created and it is not possible to migrate from one configuration to another. It is crucial that the CA requirements be considered before beginning the installation process.
Example 3.3. Installing Identity Management Without a CA
There are five options required when installing without a CA, to pass the required certificates directly to the setup process:
- LDAP server certificate
- --dirsrv_pkcs12, with the PKCS#12 certificate file for the LDAP server certificate
- --dirsrv_pin, with the password to access the PKCS#12 file
- Apache server certificate
- --http_pkcs12, with the PKCS#12 certificate file for the Apache server certificate
- --http_pin, with the password to access the PKCS#12 file
- Root CA certificate (to allow the Apache and LDAP server certificates to be trusted across the domain)
ipa-server-install --http_pkcs12 /tmp-http-server.p12 --http_pin secret1 --dirsrv_pkcs12 /tmp/ldap-server.p12 --dirsrv_pin secret2 ...
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install --http_pkcs12 /tmp-http-server.p12 --http_pin secret1 --dirsrv_pkcs12 /tmp/ldap-server.p12 --dirsrv_pin secret2 ...3.5. Example: Configuring DNS Services within the IdM Domain
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IdM can be configured to manage its own DNS or use an existing DNS (which is the default). Running the setup script alone does not configure DNS; this requires the
--setup-dns option.
Warning
DNS records are vital for nearly all IdM domain functions, including running LDAP directory services, Kerberos, and Active Directory integration.
Be extremely cautious and ensure that you have a tested and functional DNS service available if the IdM domain will not use an IdM-hosted DNS server. It is critical that you have properly configured A and PTR records.
As with a basic setup, the DNS setup can either prompt for the required information or the DNS information can be passed with the script to allow an automatic or unattended setup process.
3.5.1. DNS Notes
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- Wildcards cannot be used when configuring DNS names. Only explicit DNS domain names are supported.
- The
rndcservice is not configured by the--setup-dnsoption. This service must be configured manually after the IdM server is configured.
3.5.2. Installing with an Integrated DNS
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Example 3.4. Interactive DNS Setup
- Run the
ipa-server-installscript, using the--setup-dnsoption.ipa-server-install -a secret12 -r EXAMPLE.COM -P password -p secret12 -n ipaserver.example.com --setup-dns
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install -a secret12 -r EXAMPLE.COM -P password -p secret12 -n ipaserver.example.com --setup-dnsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The script configures the hostname and domain name as normal.
- The script then prompts for DNS forwarders. If forwarders will be used, enter yes, and then supply the list of DNS servers. If IdM will manage its own DNS service, then enter no.
Do you want to configure DNS forwarders? [yes]: no No DNS forwarders configured
Do you want to configure DNS forwarders? [yes]: no No DNS forwarders configuredCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The script sets up the NTP, Directory Server, Certificate System, Kerberos, and Apache services.
- Before completing the configuration, the script prompts to ask whether it should configure reverse DNS services. If you select yes, then it configures the
namedservice.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The
ipa-dns-installcommand (which is run with the install script when the--setup-dnsoption is used) does not automatically configure the system'srndcservice. This must be configured manually, after DNS is configured for IdM.- Create the
rndcconfiguration file and key./usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.key
[root@server ~]# /usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a [root@server ~]# /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.keyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This may require some user input to create entropy while the key is being created. - Change the owner and permissions of the
rndckey file.chown root:named /etc/rndc.key chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.key
[root@server ~]# chown root:named /etc/rndc.key [root@server ~]# chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.keyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Verify that everything is working as expected, as in Section 3.3.1, “Basic Interactive Installation”.
If DNS is used with IdM, then two pieces of information are required: any DNS forwarders that will be used and whether to use reverse DNS. To perform a non-interactive setup, this information can be passed using the
--forwarder or --no-forwarders option and --no-reverse option.
Example 3.5. Setting up DNS Non-Interactively
To set up a DNS server and domain for the IdM server, use the
--setup-dns option. To configure additional forwarders, use the --forwarder option; for multiple forwarders, use multiple invocations of --forwarder.
ipa-server-install ... --setup-dns --forwarder=1.2.3.0 --forwarder=1.2.255.0
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install ... --setup-dns --forwarder=1.2.3.0 --forwarder=1.2.255.0
Some kind of forwarder information is required. If no external forwarders will be used with the IdM DNS service, then use the
--no-forwarders option to indicate that only root servers will be used.
The script always assumes that reverse DNS is configured along with DNS, so it is not necessary to use any options to enable reverse DNS. To disable reverse DNS, use the
--no-reverse option; if a reverse DNS zone is already configured, then using the --no-reverse option means that existing reverse DNS zone is used.
ipa-server-install ... --setup-dns --no-reverse
[root@server ~]# ipa-server-install ... --setup-dns --no-reverse
The
ipa-dns-install command (which is run with the install script when the --setup-dns option is used) does not automatically configure the system's rndc service. This must be configured manually, after DNS is configured for IdM.
- Create the
rndcconfiguration file and key./usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.key
[root@server ~]# /usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a [root@server ~]# /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.keyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This may require some user input to create entropy while the key is being created. - Change the owner and permissions of the
rndckey file.chown root:named /etc/rndc.key chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.key
[root@server ~]# chown root:named /etc/rndc.key [root@server ~]# chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.keyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Chapter 4. Setting up IdM Replicas
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Replicas are essentially clones of existin Identity Management servers, and they share identical core configuration. The replica installation process, then, has two major parts: copying the existing, required server configuration and then installing the replica based on that information.
4.1. Planning the Server/Replica Topologies
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In the IdM domain, there are three types of machines:
- Servers, which manage all of the services used by domain members
- Replicas, which are essentially copies of servers (and, once copied, are identical to servers)
- Clients, which belong to the Kerberos domains, receive certificates and tickets issued by the servers, and use other centralized services for authentication and authorization
A replica is a clone of a specific IdM server. The server and replica share the same internal information about users, machines, certificates, and configured policies. These data are copied from the server to the replica in a process called replication. The two Directory Server instances used by an IdM server — the Directory Server instance used by the IdM server as a data store and the Directory Server instance used by the Dogtag Certificate System to store certificate information — are replicated over to corresponding consumer Directory Server instances used by the IdM replica. The different Directory Server instances recognize each other through replication agreements. An initial replication agreement is created between a master server and replica when the replica is created; additional agreements can be added to other servers or replicas using the
ipa-replica-manage command.
Figure 4.1. Server and Replica Agreements
Once they are installed, replicas are functionally identical to servers.
There are some guidelines with multi-master replication which place restrictions on the overall server/replica topology.
- No more than four replication agreements can be configured on a single server/replica.
- No more than 20 servers and replicas should be involved in a single Identity Management domain.
- Every server/replica should have a minimum of two replication agreements to ensure that there are no orphan servers or replicas cut out of the IdM domain if another server fails.
One of the most resilient topologies is to create a cell configuration for the servers/replicas, where there are a small number of servers in a cell which all have replication agreements with each other (a tight cell), and then each server has one replication agreement with another server outside the cell, loosely coupling that cell to every other cell in the overall domain.
Figure 4.2. Example Topology
There are some recommendations on how to accomplish this easily:
- Have at least one IdM server in each main office, data center, or locality. Preferably, have two IdM servers.
- Do not have more than four servers per data center.
- Rather than using a server or replica, small offices can use SSSD to cache credentials and use an off-site IdM server as its data backend.
4.2. Prerequisites for Installing a Replica Server
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Replicas are functionally the same as IdM servers, so they have the same installation requirements and packages. However, replicas are also copies of existing servers, so they must also mirror the originating server configuration.
- Make sure that the machine meets all of the prerequisites listed in Chapter 2, Prerequisites for Installation.
- The replica and the master server must be running the same version of IdM.The replica essentially is a copy of a server, based off the existing server configuration. Therefore, the server and the replica (its copy) must be running the same version of Identity Management so that the configuration can be properly copied from the server to the replica.If the master server is running on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, IdM version 3.0, then the replica must also run on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 and use the IdM 3.0 packages.
Important
Creating a replica of a different version than the master is not supported. Attempting to create a replica using a different version fails when attempting to configure the 389 Directory Server instance. - Apart from the ports listed in Table 2.1, “IdM Ports”, installing a replica also requires
port 22to be free during the replica setup process. This port is required in order to use SSH to connect to the master server.Port 7389must be free if there is an existing Dogtag Certificate System or Red Hat Certificate System instance on the replica machine during and after the replica configuration. This port is used by the master IdM server to communicate with the replica.Note
Theipa-replica-installscript includes theipa-replica-conncheckutility that verifies the status of the required ports. You can also runipa-replica-conncheckseparately for troubleshooting purposes. For information on how to use the utility, see the ipa-replica-conncheck(1) man page. - The replica must use the same CA configuration as the server and must have the same root CA. For example, if the server is its own root CA (using Dogtag Certificate System), then that must be the root CA for the replica. If the server used an external CA to issue its certificates, than the replica must use that same external CA.
4.3. Installing the Replica Packages
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Since the replica is an IdM server (based on the configuration of an existing server), it is installed from the IdM server packages,
ipa-server. If the replica will also host DNS services, then include the bind and bind-dyndb-ldap packages.
yum install ipa-server bind bind-dyndb-ldap
[root@server ~]# yum install ipa-server bind bind-dyndb-ldapImportant
Do not run the
ipa-server-install script.
4.4. Creating the Replica
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- On the master server, create a replica information file. This contains realm and configuration information taken from the master server which will be used to configure the replica server.Run the
ipa-replica-prepareutility on the master IdM server. The utility requires the fully-qualified domain name of the replica machine.Using the--ip-addressoption automatically creates DNS entries for the replica, including the A and PTR records for the replica to the DNS.Important
Only pass the--ip-addressoption if the IdM server was configured with integrated DNS. Otherwise, there is no DNS record to update, and the attempt to create the replica fails when the DNS record operation fails.Note
Theipa-replica-preparescript does not validate the IP address or verify if the IP address of the replica is reachable by other servers.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures. Additionally, the hostname must be all lower-case. No capital letters are allowed.Each replica information file is created in the/var/lib/ipa/directory as a GPG-encrypted file. Each file is named specifically for the replica server for which it is intended, such asreplica-info-ipareplica.example.com.gpg.Note
A replica information file cannot be used to create multiple replicas. It can only be used for the specific replica and machine for which it was created.Warning
Replica information files contain sensitive information. Take appropriate steps to ensure that they are properly protected.For more options withipa-replica-prepare, see the ipa-replica-prepare(1) man page. - Copy the replica information file to the replica server:
scp /var/lib/ipa/replica-info-ipareplica.example.com.gpg root@ipaserver:/var/lib/ipa/
[root@server ~]# scp /var/lib/ipa/replica-info-ipareplica.example.com.gpg root@ipaserver:/var/lib/ipa/Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the replica server, run the replica installation script, referencing the replication information file. There are other options for setting up DNS, much like the server installation script. Additionally, there is an option to configure a CA for the replica; while CA's are installed by default for servers, they are optional for replicas.Some information about DNS forwarders is required. A list can be given of configured DNS forwarders using a
--forwarderoption for each one, or forwarder configuration can be skipped by specifying the--no-forwardersoption.For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The replica installation script runs a test to ensure that the replica file being installed matches the current hostname. If they do not match, the script returns a warning message and asks for confirmation. This could occur on a multi-homed machine, for example, where mismatched hostnames may not be an issue.Additional options for the replica installation script are listed in the ipa-replica-install(1) man page.Note
One of the optionsipa-replica-installaccepts is the--ip-addressoption. When added toipa-replica-install, this option only accepts IP addresses associated with the local interface. - Enter the Directory Manager password when prompted. The script then configures a Directory Server instance based on information in the replica information file and initiates a replication process to copy over data from the master server to the replica, a process called initialization.
- Verify that the proper DNS entries were created so that IdM clients can discover the new server. DNS entries are required for required domain services:
- _ldap._tcp
- _kerberos._tcp
- _kerberos._udp
- _kerberos-master._tcp
- _kerberos-master._udp
- _ntp._udp
If the initial IdM server was created with DNS enabled, then the replica is created with the proper DNS entries. For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow If the initial IdM server was created without DNS enabled, then each DNS entry, including both TCP and UDP entries for some services, should be added manually. For example:kinit admin ipa dnsrecord-add example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 100 389 ipareplica.example.com."
[root@ipareplica ~]# kinit admin [root@ipareplica ~]# ipa dnsrecord-add example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 100 389 ipareplica.example.com."Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Optional. Set up DNS services for the replica. These are not configured by the setup script, even if the master server uses DNS.Use the
ipa-dns-installcommand to install the DNS manually, then use theipa dnsrecord-addcommand to add the required DNS records. For example:ipa-dns-install ipa dnsrecord-add example.com @ --ns-rec ipareplica.example.com.
[root@ipareplica ~]# ipa-dns-install [root@ipareplica ~]# ipa dnsrecord-add example.com @ --ns-rec ipareplica.example.com.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Important
Use the fully-qualified domain name of the replica, including the final period (.), otherwise BIND will treat the hostname as relative to the domain.
4.5. Alternate Options for Creating a Replica
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Much of the core configuration of the replica is identical to that of the server from which it was created, such as the realm name and directory settings. However, while the settings need to match, it is not required that a replica manage the same services as the server. This is true for major services (DNS and CAs) and for minor services (NTP and OpenSSH).
The difference settings can be defined in the
ipa-replica-prepare command or in the ipa-replica-install command.
4.5.1. Different DNS Settings
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For DNS, the
ipa-replica-prepare command can be used to configure DNS settings specific to the replica, meaning its IP address and reverse zone. For example:
ipa-replica-prepare ipareplica.example.com --ip-address=192.68.0.0 --no-reverse
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-prepare ipareplica.example.com --ip-address=192.68.0.0 --no-reverse
If the server does not host any DNS services, then the replica can be set up to host DNS services for the Identity Management domain. As with installing a server, this is done with the
--setup-dns option, and then settings for forward and reverse zones. For example, to configure DNS services for the replica with no forwarders and using an existing reverse zone:
ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --setup-dns --no-forwarders --no-reverse --no-host-dns ...
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --setup-dns --no-forwarders --no-reverse --no-host-dns ...
The DNS options are described in the
ipa-replica-prepare and ipa-replica-install manpages.
4.5.2. Different CA Settings
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The CA configuration of the replica must echo the CA configuration of the server. If the server is configured with an integrated Dogtag Certificate System instance (regardless of whether it is a root CA or whether it is subordinate to an external CA), then the replica can either create its own integrated CA which is subordinate to the server CA or it can forgo having a CA at all, and forward all requests to the server's CA.
If the replica will have its own CA, then it uses the
--setup-ca option. The rest of the configuration is taken from the server's configuration.
ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --setup-ca ...
[root@ipareplica ~]# ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --setup-ca ...
However, if the server was installed without any CA at all, then is nowhere to forward certificate opterations — including the ability to request certificates for the new replica instance. All of the certificates for the replica, as with the server, must be requested and retrieved before installing the replica and then submitted with the installation command. The only exception is the root CA certificate; this is retrieved from the server as part of the replica setup.
ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --dirsrv_pkcs12=/tmp/dirsrv-cert.p12 --dirsrv_pin=secret1 --http_pkcs12=/tmp/http-cert.p12 --http_pin=secret2 ...
[root@ipareplica ~]# ipa-replica-install ipareplica.example.com --dirsrv_pkcs12=/tmp/dirsrv-cert.p12 --dirsrv_pin=secret1 --http_pkcs12=/tmp/http-cert.p12 --http_pin=secret2 ...4.5.3. Different Services
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There are three support services that are installed on both servers and replicas by default: NTP, OpenSS client, and OpenSSH server. Any or all of this can be disabled on a replica. For example:
ipa-replica-install ... --no-ntp --no-ssh --no-sshd ...
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-install ... --no-ntp --no-ssh --no-sshd ...Chapter 5. Setting up Systems as IdM Clients
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A client is any system which is a member of the Identity Management domain. While this is frequently a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system (and IdM has special tools to make configuring Red Hat Enterprise Linux clients very simple), machines with other operating systems can also be added to the IdM domain.
One important aspect of an IdM client is that only the system configuration determines whether the system is part of the domain. (The configuration includes things like belonging to the Kerberos domain, DNS domain, and having the proper authentication and certificate setup.)
Note
IdM does not require any sort of agent or daemon running on a client for the client to join the domain. However, for the best management options, security, and performance, clients should run the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD).
For more information on SSSD, see the SSSD chapter in the Deployment Guidethe SSSD project page.
This chapter explains how to configure a system to join an IdM domain.
Note
Clients can only be configured after at least one IdM server has been installed.
5.1. What Happens in Client Setup
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Whether the client configuration is performed automatically on Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems using the client setup script or manually on other systems, the general process of configuring a machine to serve as an IdM client is mostly the same, with slight variation depending on the platform:
- Retrieve the CA certificate for the IdM CA.
- Create a separate Kerberos configuration to test the provided credentials.This enables a Kerberos connection to the IdM XML-RPC server, necessary to join the IdM client to the IdM domain. This Kerberos configuration is ultimately discarded.Setting up the Kerberos configuration includes specifying the realm and domain details, and default ticket attributes. Forwardable tickets are configured by default, which facilitates connection to the administration interface from any operating system, and also provides for auditing of administration operations. For example, this is the Kerberos configuration for Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Run the
ipa-joincommand to perform the actual join. - Obtain a service principal for the host service and installs it into
/etc/krb5.keytab. For example,host/ipa.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM. - Enable certmonger, retrieve an SSL server certificate, and install the certificate in
/etc/pki/nssdb. - Disable the nscd daemon.
- Configure SSSD or LDAP/KRB5, including NSS and PAM configuration files.
- Configure an OpenSSH server and client, as well as enabling the host to create DNS SSHFP records.
- Configure NTP.
5.2. System Ports
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IdM uses a number of ports to communicate with its services. IdM clients require the same ports as IdM servers, except for port 7389. You do not have to keep port 7389 open and available for clients in most usual deployments.
For the list of ports required by IdM and for information on how to make sure they are available, see Section 2.4.5, “System Ports”.
5.3. Configuring a Linux System as an IdM Client
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There are two elements to prepare before beginning the client setup process for the Red Hat Enterprise Linux client:
- There must be a way to connect the client machine to the Kerberos domain, either by having an available Kerberos identity (such as the admin user) or by manually adding the client machine to the KDC on the server with a one-time password before beginning the enrollment process for the client machine.
- If there is an Active Directory server on the same network that serves DNS records, the Active Directory DNS records could prevent the client from automatically detecting the IdM server address. The
ipa-client-installscript retrieves the Active Directory DNS records instead of any records that were added for IdM.In this case, it is necessary to pass the IdM server address directly to theipa-client-installscript.
5.3.1. Installing the Client (Full Example)
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- Install the client packages. These packages provide a simple way to configure the system as a client; they also install and configure SSSD.For a regular user system, this requires only the
ipa-clientpackage:yum install ipa-client
[root@client ~]# yum install ipa-clientCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow An administrator machine requires theipa-admintoolspackage, as well:yum install ipa-client ipa-admintools
[root@client ~]# yum install ipa-client ipa-admintoolsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the IdM server is configured as the DNS server and is in the same domain as the client, add the server's IP address as the first entry in the list of name servers in the client's
/etc/resolv.conffile.Note
If every machine in the domain will be an IdM client, then add the IdM server address to the DHCP configuration. - Run the client setup command.
ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updates
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updatesCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The--enable-dns-updatesoption updates DNS with the client machine's IP address. This option should only be used if the IdM server was installed with integrated DNS or if the DNS server on the network accepts DNS entry updates with the GSS-TSIG protocol.Options foripa-client-installare listed in theipa-client-installmanpage. - If prompted, enter the domain name for the IdM DNS domain.
DNS discovery failed to determine your DNS domain Please provide the domain name of your IPA server (ex: example.com): example.com
DNS discovery failed to determine your DNS domain Please provide the domain name of your IPA server (ex: example.com): example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If prompted, enter the fully-qualified domain name of the IdM server. Alternatively, use the
--serveroption with the client installation script to supply the fully-qualified domain name of the IdM server.DNS discovery failed to find the IPA Server Please provide your IPA server name (ex: ipa.example.com): server.example.com
DNS discovery failed to find the IPA Server Please provide your IPA server name (ex: ipa.example.com): server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Important
This must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures. - The client script then prompts for a Kerberos identity to use to contact and then join the Kerberos realm. When these credentials are supplied, then the client is able to join the IdM Kerberos domain and then complete the configuration:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Test that the client can connect successfully to the IdM domain and can perform basic tasks. For example, check that the IdM tools can be used to get user and group information:
id getent passwd admin getent group admins
[jsmith@client ~]$ id [jsmith@client ~]$ getent passwd admin [jsmith@client ~]$ getent group adminsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If an NFS server is already configured, then set NFS on the client system to work with Kerberos.An NFS server must already be configured within the domain. This is covered in Section 18.2, “Configuring Automount”.
Note
To help troubleshoot potential NFS setup errors, enable debug information in the/etc/sysconfig/nfsfile.RPCGSSDARGS="-vvv" RPCSVCGSSDARGS="-vvv"
RPCGSSDARGS="-vvv" RPCSVCGSSDARGS="-vvv"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On an IdM server, add an NFS service principal for the NFS client.
kinit admin ipa service-add nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE
[root@client ~]# kinit admin [root@client ~]# ipa service-add nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLECopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
This must be run from a machine with the ipa-admintools package installed so that theipacommand is available. - On the IdM server, obtain a keytab for the NFS service principal.
ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE -k /tmp/krb5.keytab
[root@client ~]# ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE -k /tmp/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the keytab from the IdM server to the IdM client. For example:
scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@client.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytab
[root@client ~]# scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@client.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the
/etc/exportsfile on the NFS server./ipashare gss/krb5p(rw,no_root_squash,subtree_check,fsid=0)
/ipashare gss/krb5p(rw,no_root_squash,subtree_check,fsid=0)Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create the mount point.
mkdir /mnt/ipashare
[root@client ~]# mkdir /mnt/ipashareCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the client, mount the NFS share. Use the same
-o secsetting as is used in the/etc/exportsfile for the NFS server.mount -v -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5p nfs.example.com:/ /mnt/ipashare
[root@client ~]# mount -v -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5p nfs.example.com:/ /mnt/ipashareCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
5.3.2. Examples of Other Client Installation Options
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There are a number of different configuration options with the
ipa-client-install command which can be used to configure the client system in different ways, depending on the infrastructure requirements.
Example 5.1. Enabling DNS Updates
Depending on the DHCP configuration, the IP addresses of clients can change with some regularity. If the IP address changes, this can cause discrepancies between the DNS records in the IdM server and the actual IP addresses in use, which could affect policies set within IdM and communications between clients and services.
The
--enable-dns-updates option sets the System Security Services Daemon to update the DNS entries whenever the IP address for a client changes.
ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updates
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updatesExample 5.2. Specifying Domain Information
When just running the client installation command, the script prompts for required IdM domain information, including the name of an IdM server to register with, the DNS domain name, and the Kerberos realm and principal.
All of the basic information can be passed with the installation command (which is useful for automated installations).
--domainfor the DNS domain name (which is only used if the IdM server is configured to host DNS services)--serverfor the IdM server to register with (which can be any server or replica in the topology)This must be a valid DNS name, which means only numbers, alphabetic characters, and hyphens (-) are allowed. Other characters, like underscores, in the hostname will cause DNS failures.--realmfor the Kerbero realm name and, optionally,-pfor a Kerberos principal name
ipa-client-install --domain EXAMPLE.COM --server server.example.com --realm EXAMPLE -p host/server.example.com
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --domain EXAMPLE.COM --server server.example.com --realm EXAMPLE -p host/server.example.comExample 5.3. Setting a Specific IdM Server
There can be multiple servers and replicas within the IdM server topology. When a client needs to connect to a server for updates or to retrieve user information, it (by default) uses a service scan to discover available servers and replicas in the domain. This means that the actual server to which the client connects is random, depending on the results of the discovery scan.
It is possible to set a specific server within the IdM domain which is used for client updates; if for some reason, connecting to that server fails, then the client can discover another server within the domain for failover.
The preferred server is set in the
--fixed-primary option.
ipa-client-install --fixed-primary server.example.com
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --fixed-primary server.example.comExample 5.4. Disabling System Authentication Tools
Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses the
authconfig tool to set and update authentication clients and settings for a local system. Identity Management uses the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) to store IdM server configuration and to retrieve policy information, users, passwords, and groups configured within the IdM domain.
It is strongly recommended that you use authconfig and SSSD to manage your user, group, and other IdM client configuration.
There may be some situations where an administrator wants to disable dynamic changes to system authentication configuration. In that case, it is possible to disable IdM from making updates to
authconfig or SSSD.
The
--noac option prevents any changes through authconfig. The --no-sssd option prevents IdM from using SSSD.
ipa-client-install --noac --no-sssd
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --noac --no-sssd
A related option is
--preserve-sssd. While this allows the client to change the SSSD configuration file to configure the IdM domain, it saves the old SSSD configuration.
Example 5.5. Disabling Password Caching
One of the primary functions of SSSD is password caching. Normally, when a system uses an external password store, authentication fails if that password store is ever inaccessible. However, SSSD can cache passwords after a successful authentication attempt and store those passwords locally. This allows users to log in and access domain services (which they have previously accessed) even if the IdM server is inaccessible.
In highly-secure environments, it may be necessary to prevent password caching to prevent potentially unauthorized access. In that case, the
--no-krb5-offline-passwords option can be used to prevent passwords from being cached in SSSD.
ipa-client-install --no-krb5-offline-passwords
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --no-krb5-offline-passwords5.4. Manually Configuring a Linux Client
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The
ipa-client-install command automatically configures services like Kerberos, SSSD, PAM, and NSS. However, if the ipa-client-install command cannot be used on a system for some reason, then the IdM client entries and the services can be configured manually.
5.4.1. Setting up an IdM Client (Full Procedure)
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- Install SSSD, if it is not already installed.
- Optional. Install the IdM tools so that administrative tasks can be performed from the host.
yum install ipa-admintools
[root@client ~]# yum install ipa-admintoolsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On an IdM server. Create a host entry for the client.
kinit admin ipa host-add --force --ip-address=192.168.166.31 ipaclient.example.com
[jsmith@client ~]$ kinit admin [jsmith@client ~]$ ipa host-add --force --ip-address=192.168.166.31 ipaclient.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Creating hosts manually is covered in Section 5.4.2, “Other Examples of Adding a Host Entry”. - On an IdM server. Create keytabs for the client.
- Log in as IdM administrator.
kinit admin
[jsmith@client ~]$ kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Set the client host to be managed by the server.
ipa host-add-managedby --hosts=server.example.com ipaclient.example.com
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa host-add-managedby --hosts=server.example.com ipaclient.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Generate the keytab for the client.
ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p host/ipaclient.example.com -k /tmp/ipaclient.keytab
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p host/ipaclient.example.com -k /tmp/ipaclient.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Copy the keytab to the client machine and rename it
/etc/krb5.keytab.Note
If there is an existing/etc/krb5.keytabthat should be preserved, the two files can be combined usingktutil. - Set the correct user permissions for the
/etc/krb5.keytabfile.chown root:root /etc/krb5.keytab chmod 0600 /etc/krb5.keytab
[root@client ~]# chown root:root /etc/krb5.keytab [root@client ~]# chmod 0600 /etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Set the SELinux contexts for the
/etc/krb5.keytabfile.chcon system_u:object_r:krb5_keytab_t:s0 /etc/krb5.keytab
[root@client ~]# chcon system_u:object_r:krb5_keytab_t:s0 /etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure SSSD by editing the
/etc/sssd/sssd.conffile to point to the IdM domain.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure NSS to use SSSD for passwords, groups, users, and netgroups.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the
/etc/krb5.conffile to point to the IdM KDC.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the
/etc/pam.dconfiguration to use thepam_sss.somodules.- For
/etc/pam.d/fingerprint-auth:... account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_sss.so ... session optional pam_sss.so
... account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_sss.so ... session optional pam_sss.soCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - For
/etc/pam.d/system-auth:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - For
/etc/pam.d/password-auth:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enrollment_with_Separation_of_DutiesFor
/etc/pam.d/smartcard-auth:... account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_sss.so ... session optional pam_sss.so
... account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_sss.so ... session optional pam_sss.soCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Install the IdM server's CA certificate.
- Obtain the certificate from the server.
wget -O /etc/ipa/ca.crt http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crt
[root@ipaclient ~]# wget -O /etc/ipa/ca.crt http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Install the certificate in the system's NSS database.
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n "IPA CA" -t CT,C,C -a -i /etc/ipa/ca.crt
[root@ipaclient ~]# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n "IPA CA" -t CT,C,C -a -i /etc/ipa/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Set up a host certificate for the host in IdM.
- Make sure
certmongeris running.service certmonger start
[root@ipaclient ~]# service certmonger startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Configurechkconfigso that thecertmongerservice starts by default.chkconfig certmonger on
[root@ipaclient ~]# chkconfig certmonger onCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use the
ipa-getcertcommand, which creates and manages the certificate throughcertmonger. The options are described more in Section B.1, “Requesting a Certificate with certmonger”.ipa-getcert request -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n Server-Cert -K HOST/ipaclient.example.com -N 'CN=ipaclient.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'
[root@ipaclient ~]# ipa-getcert request -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n Server-Cert -K HOST/ipaclient.example.com -N 'CN=ipaclient.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
If administrative tools were not installed on the client, then the certificate can be generated on an IdM server, copied over to the host, and installed usingcertutil. - Set up NFS to work with Kerberos.
Note
To help troubleshoot potential NFS setup errors, enable debug information in the/etc/sysconfig/nfsfile.RPCGSSDARGS="-vvv" RPCSVCGSSDARGS="-vvv"
RPCGSSDARGS="-vvv" RPCSVCGSSDARGS="-vvv"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On an IdM server, add an NFS service principal for the NFS client.
ipa service-add nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE
[root@ipaclient ~]# ipa service-add nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLECopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
This must be run from a machine with the ipa-admintools package installed so that theipacommand is available. - On the IdM server, obtain a keytab for the NFS service principal.
ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE -k /tmp/krb5.keytab
[root@ipaclient ~]# ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/ipaclient.example.com@EXAMPLE -k /tmp/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Some versions of the Linux NFS implementation have limited encryption type support. If the NFS server is hosted on a version older than Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, use the-e des-cbc-crcoption to theipa-getkeytabcommand for any nfs/<FQDN> service keytabs to set up, both on the server and on all clients. This instructs the KDC to generate only DES keys.When using DES keys, all clients and servers that rely on this encryption type need to have theallow_weak_cryptooption enabled in the[libdefaults]section of the/etc/krb5.conffile. Without these configuration changes, NFS clients and servers are unable to authenticate to each other, and attempts to mount NFS filesystems may fail. The client'srpc.gssdand the server'srpc.svcgssddaemons may log errors indicating that DES encryption types are not permitted. - Copy the keytab from the IdM server to the NFS server. For example, if the IdM and NFS servers are on different machines:
scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@nfs.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytab
[root@ipaclient ~]# scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@nfs.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the keytab from the IdM server to the IdM client. For example:
scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@client.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytab
[root@ipaclient ~]# scp /tmp/krb5.keytab root@client.example.com:/etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the
/etc/exportsfile on the NFS server./ipashare gss/krb5p(rw,no_root_squash,subtree_check,fsid=0)
/ipashare gss/krb5p(rw,no_root_squash,subtree_check,fsid=0)Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the client, mount the NFS share.
- Always specify the share as nfs_server:/ /mountpoint.
- Use the same
-o secsetting as is used in the/etc/exportsfile for the NFS server.
mount -v -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5p nfs.example.com:/ /mnt/ipashare
[root@client ~]# mount -v -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5p nfs.example.com:/ /mnt/ipashareCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
5.4.2. Other Examples of Adding a Host Entry
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Section 5.4.1, “Setting up an IdM Client (Full Procedure)” covers the full procedure for configuring an IdM client manually. One of those steps is creating a host entry, and there are several different ways and options to perform that.
5.4.2.1. Adding Host Entries from the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Hosts subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the hosts list.
- Fill in the machine name and select the domain from the configured zones in the drop-down list. If the host has already been assigned a static IP address, then include that with the host entry so that the DNS entry is fully created.DNS zones can be created in IdM, which is described in Section 17.6.1, “Adding Forward DNS Zones”. If the IdM server does not manage the DNS server, the zone can be entered manually in the menu area, like a regular text field.
Note
Select the Force checkbox to add the host DNS record, even if the hostname cannot be resolved.This is useful for hosts which use DHCP and do not have a static IP address. This essentially creates a placeholder entry in the IdM DNS service. When the DNS service dynamically updates its records, the host's current IP address is detected and its DNS record is updated. - Click the Add and Edit button to go directly to the expanded entry page and fill in more attribute information. Information about the host hardware and physical location can be included with the host entry.
5.4.2.2. Adding Host Entries from the Command Line
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Host entries are created using the
host-add command. This commands adds the host entry to the IdM Directory Server. The full list of options with host-add are listed in the ipa host manpage. At its most basic, an add operation only requires the client hostname to add the client to the Kerberos realm and to create an entry in the IdM LDAP server:
ipa host-add client1.example.com
$ ipa host-add client1.example.com
If the IdM server is configured to manage DNS, then the host can also be added to the DNS resource records using the
--ip-address and --force options.
Example 5.6. Creating Host Entries with Static IP Addresses
ipa host-add --force --ip-address=192.168.166.31 client1.example.com
$ ipa host-add --force --ip-address=192.168.166.31 client1.example.com
Commonly, hosts may not have a static IP address or the IP address may not be known at the time the client is configured. For example, laptops may be preconfigured as Identity Management clients, but they do not have IP addresses at the time they're configured. Hosts which use DHCP can still be configured with a DNS entry by using
--force. This essentially creates a placeholder entry in the IdM DNS service. When the DNS service dynamically updates its records, the host's current IP address is detected and its DNS record is updated.
Example 5.7. Creating Host Entries with DHCP
ipa host-add --force client1.example.com
$ ipa host-add --force client1.example.com
Host records are deleted using the
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host-del command. If the IdM domain uses DNS, then the --updatedns option also removes the associated records of any kind for the host from the DNS.
ipa host-del --updatedns client1.example.com
$ ipa host-del --updatedns client1.example.com5.5. Setting up a Linux Client Through Kickstart
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A kickstart enrollment automatically adds a new system to the IdM domain at the time it is provisioned.
This requires pre-creating the hosts on the IdM server, with a predefined password that can be used to authenticate to complete the enrollment operation.
- Create the host entry on the IdM server and set a temporary Kerberos password for the entry.When the
ipa-client-installscript is run normally (interactively), it prompts for authentication credentials to access the IdM domain. However, when the script is run automatically, the system has to have some way to access the IdM domain without using an existing IdM user; this is done by setting the host principal in the script and using a Kerberos password (configured for the host account) to access the IdM domain.For example:ipa host-add kickstart-server.example.com --password=secret
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa host-add kickstart-server.example.com --password=secretCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The password expires after the first authentication attempt. After enrollment completes, the host is authenticated using its keytab. - Include the ipa-client package with the other install packages.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a post-install instruction that ensures SSH keys are generated before enrollment, runs the
ipa-client-installscript, passes all the required information to access and configure the IdM domain services, and specifies the pre-set password. Use the--unattendedoption to instruct the script to run non-interactively.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Red Hat recommends not to start thesshdservice prior to the kickstart enrollment. While startingsshdbefore enrolling the client generates the SSH keys automatically, using the above script is the preferred solution. - Run the kickstart script.
5.6. Performing a Two-Administrator Enrollment
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Enrolling machines as clients in the IdM domain is a two-part process. A host entry is created for the client (and stored in the 389 Directory Server instance), and then a keytab is created to provision the client.
Both parts are performed automatically by the
ipa-client-install command. It is also possible to perform those steps separately; this allows for administrators to prepare machines and the IdM server configuration in advance of actually configuring the clients. This allows more flexible setup scenarios, including bulk deployments.
When performing a manual enrollment, the host entry is created separately, and then enrollment is completed when the client script is run, which creates the requisite keytab.
Note
There are two ways to set the password. You can either supply your own or have IdM generate a random one.
There may be a situation where an administrator in one group is prohibited from creating a host entry and, therefore, from simply running the
ipa-client-install command and allowing it to create the host. However, that administrator may have the right to run the command after a host entry exists. In that case, one administrator can create the host entry manually, then the second administrator can complete the enrollment by running the ipa-client-install command.
- An administrator creates the host entry, as described in Section 5.4.2, “Other Examples of Adding a Host Entry”.
- The second administrator installs the IdM client packages on the machine, as in Section 5.3, “Configuring a Linux System as an IdM Client”.
- When the second administrator runs the setup script, he must pass his Kerberos password and username (principal) with the
ipa-client-installcommand. For example:ipa-client-install -w secret -p admin2
$ ipa-client-install -w secret -p admin2Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The keytab is generated on the server and provisioned to the client machine, so that the client machine is not able to connect to the IdM domain. The keytab is saved with
root:rootownership and 0600 permissions.
5.7. Manually Unconfiguring Client Machines
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A machine may need to be removed from one IdM domain and moved to another domain or a virtual machine may be copied. There are a number of different situations where an IdM client needs to be reconfigured. The easiest solution is to uninstall the client and then configure it afresh. Use the
--updatedns option, as when installing a client, to update the domain DNS configuration automatically.
ipa-client-install --uninstall --updatedns
[root@server ~]# ipa-client-install --uninstall --updatedns
If it is not possible to uninstall the client directly, then the IdM configuration can be manually removed from the client system.
Warning
When a machine is unenrolled, the procedure cannot be undone. The machine can only be enrolled again.
- On the client, remove the old hostname from the main keytab. This can be done by removing every principal in the realm or by removing specific principals. For example, to remove all principals:
ipa-rmkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -r EXAMPLE.COM
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-rmkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -r EXAMPLE.COMCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow To remove specific principals:ipa-rmkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -p host/server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-rmkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -p host/server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COMCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the client system, disable tracking in
certmongerfor every certificate. Each certificate must be removed from tracking individually.First, list every certificate being tracked, and extract the database and nickname for each certificate. The number of certificates depends on the configured services for the host.ipa-getcert list
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-getcert listCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Then, disable tracking for each. For example:ipa-getcert stop-tracking -n "Server-Cert" -d /etc/httpd/alias
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-getcert stop-tracking -n "Server-Cert" -d /etc/httpd/aliasCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the IdM server, remove the old host from the IdM DNS domain. While this is optional, it cleans up the old IdM entries associated with the system and allows it to be re-enrolled cleanly at a later time.
kinit admin ipa host-del server.example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin [jsmith@server ~]$ ipa host-del server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the system should be re-added to a new IdM domain — such as a virtual machine which was moved from one location to another — then the system can be rejoined to IdM using the
ipa-joincommand on the client system.ipa-join
[jsmith@client ~]$ ipa-joinCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Chapter 6. Upgrading Identity Management
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Identity Management is generally updated whenever a system is upgraded to a new release. Upgrades should be transparent and do not require any user or administrative intervention.
6.1. Upgrade Notes
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Important
Due to CVE-2014-3566, the Secure Socket Layer version 3 (SSLv3) protocol needs to be disabled in the
mod_nss module. You can ensure that by following these steps:
- Edit the
/etc/httpd/conf.d/nss.conffile and set theNSSProtocolparameter toTLSv1.0(for backward compatibility) andTLSv1.1.NSSProtocol TLSv1.0,TLSv1.1
NSSProtocol TLSv1.0,TLSv1.1Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the
httpdservice.service httpd restart
# service httpd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- The update process automatically updates all schema and LDAP configuration, Apache configuration, and other services configuration, and restarts all IdM-associated services.
- When a replica is created, it must be the same version as the master it is based on. This means that replicas should not be created on an older bersion of Identity Management while the servers are in the process of being upgraded. Wait until the upgrade process is completed, and then create new replicas.
- Schema changes are replicated between servers. So once one master server is updated, all servers and replicas will have the updated schema, even if their packages are not yet updated. This ensures that any new entries which use the new schema can still be replicated among all the servers in the IdM domain.The LDAP upgrade operation is logged in the upgrade log at
/var/log/ipaupgrade-log. If any LDAP errors occur, then they are recorded in that log. Once any errors are resolved, the LDAP update process can be manually initiated by running the updater script:ipa-ldap-updater --upgrade
[root@server ~]# ipa-ldap-updater --upgradeCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Clients do not need to have new packages installed. The client packages used to configure a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system do not impact the enrollment of the client within the domain.
- Updating client packages could bring in updated packages for other dependencies, such as
certmongerwhich contain bug fixes, but this is not required to maintain client functionality or behavior within the IdM domain.
6.2. Upgrading Packages
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The IdM server packages are updated when the system packages are updated:
yum update
[root@ipaserver ~]# yum update
This is the easiest way to upgrade the server because it automatically pulls in updates for related services, like SSSD, which provide Identity Management functionality.
To upgrade the IdM server packages specifically, run
yum on the master server:
yum update ipa-server
[root@ipaserver ~]# yum update ipa-server
It can take several seconds for the update process to apply all of the changes.
Note
It is not necessary to update all servers and replicas at precisely the same time; the IdM servers will still work with each other and replicate data successfully. The older IdM servers will simply lack the new features.
6.3. Removing Browser Configuration for Ticket Delegation (For Upgrading from 6.2)
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As part of establishing Kerberos authentication, a principal is given a ticket granting ticket (TGT). Whenever that principal attempts to contact a service or application within the Kerberos domain, the service checks for an active TGT and then requests its own service-specific ticket from the TGT for that principal to access that service.
As part of configuring the web browser used to access the IdM web UI (and any other Kerberos-aware web applications), previous versions of Identity Management required that the TGT delegation be forwarded to the IdM server. This required adding the
delegation-uris parameter to the about:config setup in Firefox:
network.negotiate-auth.delegation-uris .example.com
network.negotiate-auth.delegation-uris .example.com
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3, Identity Management uses the Kerberos Services for User to Proxy (S4U2Proxy), so this additional delegation step is no longer required.
Updating Existing Configured Browsers
For browsers which have already been configured to use the Identity Management web UI, the delegation-uris setting can be cleared after upgrading to ipa-server-3.0.0 or ipa-client-3.0.0.
There is no need to restart the browser after changing the
delegation-uris setting.
Updating configure.jar for New Browser Configuration
The browser configuration is defined in the configure.jar file. This JAR file is generated when the server is installed and it is not updated with other files when IdM is updated. Any browsers configured will still have the delegation-uris parameter set unnecessarily, even after the IdM server is upgraded. However, the configure.jar file can be updated.
The
preferences.html file in configure.jar sets the delegation-uris parameter. The updated preferences.html file can be added to configure.jar, and then configure.jar can be re-signed and re-deployed on the IdM servers.
Note
Only update the
configure.jar file on the initial IdM server. This is the master server, and it is the only server which has a signing certificate. Then propagate the updated file to the other servers and replicas.
- Update the packages on the initial IdM master server (the first instance). This will bring in the 3.0 UI packages, including the
configure.jarfile. - Back up the existing
configure.jarfile.mv /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar.old
[root@ipaserver ~]# mv /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar.oldCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a temporary working directory.
mkdir /tmp/sign
[root@ipaserver ~]# mkdir /tmp/signCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the updated
preferences.htmlfile to the working directory.cp /usr/share/ipa/html/preferences.html /tmp/sign
[root@ipaserver ~]# cp /usr/share/ipa/html/preferences.html /tmp/signCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use the
signtoolcommand (one of the NSS utilities) to add the newpreferences.htmlfile and re-sign theconfigure.jarfile.signtool -d /etc/httpd/alias -k Signing-Cert -Z /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar -e ".html" -p `cat /etc/httpd/alias/pwdfile.txt` /tmp/sign
[root@ipaserver ~]# signtool -d /etc/httpd/alias -k Signing-Cert -Z /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar -e ".html" -p `cat /etc/httpd/alias/pwdfile.txt` /tmp/signCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The-eoption tells the tool to sign only files with a.htmlextension. The-Zoption creates a new JAR file. - Copy the regenerated
configure.jarfile to all other IdM servers and replicas.
6.4. Testing Before Upgrading the IdM Server (Recommended)
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It can be beneficial, and safer, to test newer versions of Identity Management before upgrading production systems. There is a relatively simple way to do this by creating a sacrificial replica and testing on that system.
- Set up a replica based on one of the production servers, with the same version of IdM as is running in production, as described in Chapter 4, Setting up IdM Replicas. For this example, this is called Test Replica. Make sure that Test Replica can successfully connect to the production server and domain.
- After verifying that Test Replica has been successfully added to the production domain, disconnect Test Replica from the network.
- Remove the replication agreements for Test Replica from the original IdM server and from Test Replica.
- Reconnect Test Replica to the network.
- Upgrade the packages on Test Replica using
yumor whatever package update tool is appropriate for your system. For example:yum update ipa*
[root@ipareplica ~]# yum update ipa*Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Test common things on Test Replica, like getting Kerberos credentials, opening the server UI, and running commands.
Chapter 7. Uninstalling IdM Servers and Replicas
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To uninstall both an IdM server and an IdM replica, pass the
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--uninstall option to the ipa-server-install command:
ipa-server-install --uninstall
[root@ipareplica ~]# ipa-server-install --uninstallChapter 8. The Basics of Managing the IdM Server and Services
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All of the access to Identity Management, both through the web UI and through the command line, is done by a user authenticating to the IdM domain. This chapter covers the basics of setting up browsers to handle Kerberos authentication, logging into Identity Management, and troubleshooting some common connection issues.
8.1. Starting and Stopping the IdM Domain
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When an IdM server is installed, there are a number of different services which can be installed and configured with it in any combination, including (but not limited to) a Directory Server, a certificate authority, a web server, DNS, NTP, certmonger, and Kerberos.
All of these serveris work together in concert. Because there are dependencies between the services, the order in which services are started and stopped is critical.
When changes are made to a single service (such as the LDAP directory or the web server), then that individual service can be started and stopped using the
service command. However, when multiple domain services need to be restarted (or the entire IdM server), then use the ipactl command, which always starts and stops services in the appropriate order.
Which services are configured for a specific IdM server are defined in the 389 Directory Server configuration, based on the hostname of the IdM server.[1] The 389 Directory Server service is always the first service started and the last service stopped. The rest of the run order depends on the configured services.
The
ipactl command can start, stop, and restart services.
ipactl start | stop | restart
ipactl start | stop | restart
The
chkconfig command sets what services to start automatically when the system restarts. The ipactl command can be used to start the domain services in the proper order, without having to configure each one individually in the chkconfig run order.
chkconfig ipactl on
[root@server ~]# chkconfig ipactl on8.2. About the IdM Client Tools
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IdM creates a domain of recognized services, host machines, and users with universally-applied authentication sources and common policies. From the perspective of a client machine and an IdM user, the domain itself is fairly transparent after the initial configuration. All users need to do is log into the domain using Kerberos, and that's it.
However, an administrator has two ongoing tasks: add principals to the IdM Kerberos domain and set the domain policies and server configuration that govern domain interactions. Identity Management has both command-line and web-based interfaces for administrators to use to manage the domain, services, and IdM entries.
The most common method to maintain the domain is using the command-line tools. Identity Management has an incredibly broad set of scripts and commands that are available to administrators. The entry management functions of the domain are carried out with a single script:
ipa. This script is a parent or control script for associated subcommands; each subcommand relates to a specific entry type.
The command-line scripts offer a number of benefits:
- The scripts allow management tasks to be automated and performed repeatedly in a consistent way without manual intervention.
- Entries can be added with all possible attributes configured (or a desired subset of attributes) in a single step. The web UI frequently requires two steps to fully configure an entry: the first to create the entry and the next to add optional attributes.
- The command-line scripts support adding additional attributes which may not be available in the UI or even custom attributes to entries, if the schema is configured.
8.2.1. The Structure of the ipa Command
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The
ipa command is essentially a big plug-in container. It supports dozens of subcommands; these subcommands are actually plug-ins which manage specific types of objects in Identity Management.
The first type of a subcommand identifies the object type (such as user, sudo, group, host, or dns), and the second part identifies the operation being performed on that object.
ipa objectType-operation objectName --option=value
ipa objectType-operation objectName --option=value
For example, adding a user is done using the
user-add subcommand:
ipa user-add entryName options
ipa user-add entryName options
Related subcommands are grouped together into plug-in modules. Commands for managing DNS entries like
dnszone-add and dnsrecord-add all belong to the dns module or topic. All of the information for managing a specific area, with all of the supported commands and examples for each, are available by viewing the help for that topic:
ipa help topic
ipa help topicNote
To get a list of all available topics:
ipa help topics
ipa help topics
All topic or command areas follow a consistent pattern for how entries are managed.
8.2.1.1. Adding, Editing, and Deleting Entries with ipa
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New entries are added using an *-add command. For example:
ipa user-add jsmith
$ ipa user-add jsmith
For
add operations, commands usually prompt for any required configuration attributes, which can be passed as command-line options or using --set/addattr options (Section 8.2.3, “Managing Entry Attributes with --setattr, --addattr, and --delattr”).
Likewise, entries are usually edited through a
*-mod commands, and then any new or edited attributes are listed as options after it.
ipa user-mod jsmith --title="Editor III"
$ ipa user-mod jsmith --title="Editor III"
Last, entries can be deleted using the
*-del command and the entry's name.
ipa user-del jsmith
$ ipa user-del jsmith8.2.1.2. Finding and Displaying Entries with ipa
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Entries for an entire type are searched for using the
*-find command and an optional search criterion. The criterion is a string which can either be an exact match or a substring of any of the search attribute values. For example, this searches both for the exact match on the string smith (such as an sn value of Smith) and a substring search for values such as a username of jsmith or a longer surname, such as Smithson.
ipa user-find smith
ipa user-find smith
All searches are automatically substring searches; it is not necessary to specify a wildcard.
With no search criterion, every entry of that type is displayed.
Searches (any
*-find command) have certain limits imposed as part of the server configuration, specifically how many entries are returned (size limits) and how long a search will run (time limits). This is covered in Section 9.11.3.1.2, “Setting IdM Search Limits”. Part of the server configuration is setting global defaults for size and time limits on searches. While these limits are always enforced in the web UI, they can be overridden with any *-find command with the --sizelimit and --timelimit options. For example, if the default time limit is 60 seconds and a search is going to take longer, the time limit can be increased to 120 seconds:
ipa user-find smith --timelimit=120
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa user-find smith --timelimit=120
Not every possible attribute in an entry type can be searched for. A certain subset of attributes are predefined and indexed for searches. (This list is configurable for users and groups, but not for other types of entries.)
When entries are returned, only certain default attributes are displayed with the entry; to return all attributes currently set for entries, use the
--all option.
To display a specific entry, use the
*-show command and the entry name. As with searches, only a subset of attributes is displayed with the entry unless the --all option is used.
8.2.1.3. Adding Members to Groups and Containers with ipa
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Group members are added and removed with separate commands, apart from simply modifying an entry. Member commands essentially create a relationship between different IdM entries. While this is obvious in traditional group-member roles, it is also true for some policy entries (like SELinux and sudo policies) where entries are associated with another entry.
Most commonly, the command format for adding a member entry is
*-add-member, although the command may specify an entry type, such as *-add-user.
Likewise, entries are removed as members (not deleted) using a
*-remove-member or *-remove-type command.
8.2.2. Positional Elements in ipa Commands
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Usually,
ipa subcommands have only two elements: the name of the entry being modified (the object) and then any options available for the subcommand:
ipa command entryName --options=values
ipa command entryName --options=values
With a few types of entries, however, not only the entry name itself needs to be specified; the entry's parent must also be specified. This is the case with
automount commands, for example. With automount, the location must be included whenever a new key or map is created.
The parent entry name is given first, and then the child entry name. For example, for automount, the location is given first, and then the map or key entry name.
ipa command parentEntryName childEntryName --childOptions=childValues
ipa command parentEntryName childEntryName --childOptions=childValues8.2.3. Managing Entry Attributes with --setattr, --addattr, and --delattr
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All identities and configuration in Identity Management are stored as LDAP entries, with standard attribute-value assertions (AVAs). Whether an entry is created through the UI or the CLI, there are certain attributes which are required and others which are available, depending on the default and custom object classes for that entry type.
For the most common attributes, the
ipa command uses specified command-line arguments to set values. For example, adding a mail attribute to a user can be done with the --mail argument; enabling dynamic updates for a DNS zone can be done with the --allow-dynupdate option with zone commands; and a map key for an automount map is given in the --key option.
However, entries can also allow attributes that may not have command-line (or UI) options for setting them. Partially, this is because the underlying LDAP schema is very rich, particularly for user entries, with many possible allowed attributes. Additionally, Identity Management allows schema extensions for users and groups, and those custom schema elements are not necessarily reflected in the UI or command-line tools.
Any supported attribute can be added or edited to an entry using the
--setattr and --addattr options.
Important
The value of the attribute being added is not validated by the modify command or the
--setattr or --addattr options.
Both options have this format:
--setattr=attribute=value
--setattr=attribute=value
The
--setattr option sets one value for the given attribute; any existing values are overwritten, even for multi-valued attributes.
The
--addattr option adds a new value for an attribute; for a multi-valued attribute, it adds the new value while preserving any existing values.
Both
--setattr option and --addattr can be used multiple times in the same command invocation. For example:
ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --addattr=mail=jsmith@example.com --setattr=description="backup IT manager for the east coast branch"
$ ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --addattr=mail=jsmith@example.com --setattr=description="backup IT manager for the east coast branch"
Likewise, an attribute or specific attribute value can be removed from an entry using the
--delattr option. For a single-valued attribute, this removes the attribute; for a multi-valued attribute, it removes only the specified value. For example:
ipa user-mod jsmith --delattr=mail=johnnys@me.com
$ ipa user-mod jsmith --delattr=mail=johnnys@me.comNote
Deleting attributes is evaluated last, after adding or editing attributes. If the same attribute is added and deleted in the same modify operation, it is a no-op.
ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --delattr=mail=johnnys@me.com
$ ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --delattr=mail=johnnys@me.com8.2.4. Using Special Characters with IdM Tools
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The IdM command-line tools are run as any other utilities in a shell. If there are special characters in the command — such as angle brackets (> and <), ampersands (&), asterisks (*), and pipes (|) — the characters must be escaped. Otherwise, the command fails because the shell cannot properly parse the unescaped characters.
8.2.5. Logging into the IdM Domain Before Running
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Before running any IdM commands (with the exception of the installation scripts, such as
ipa-server-install), the user must first authenticate to the IdM domain by obtaining a Kerberos ticket. This is done using kinit:
kinit admin
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
Different login options are described in Section 8.3, “Logging into IdM”.
8.3. Logging into IdM
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Users are authenticated to IdM services, including the command-line tools and the web UI, using Kerberos authentication. This means that logging into Identity Management requires running
kinit.
Running
kinit issues the user a Kerberos ticket. This ticket is checked by any IdM or Kerberos-aware service, so that a user only needs to log in once to access all domain services. Domain services include the IdM web UI, mounted file shares, wikis, or any other application which uses IdM as its identity/authentication store.
8.3.1. Logging into IdM
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Logging into Identity Management requires running
kinit on a client within the IdM domain.
kinit
$ kinit
The
kinit command must be run from a machine which has been configured as a client within the IdM domain, so that the client authenticates with the IdM KDC.
Simply running
kinit logs into IdM as the currently logged-in user account. This user account must also be an IdM user for them to authenticate to the IdM Kerberos domain successfully. For example, if you are logged into the machine as user:
kinit
$ kinit
Password for user@EXAMPLE.COM:
Note
If SSSD or
pam_krb5 is configured on the IdM client machine, then when a user logs into the machine, a ticket is created which can be used for machine services which require authentication, such as sudo.
8.3.2. Logging in When an IdM User Is Different Than the System User
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A person's system user name is different from the IdM user name. To specify an IdM user name or to switch accounts, simply run the
kinit command again and specify the new user. For example:
kinit userName
$ kinit userName
Password for userName@EXAMPLE.COM:
When the server is first set up, an administrative user,
admin, is created to perform normal administrative activities. To authenticate as the admin user, use the name admin when running kinit:
kinit admin
$ kinit adminNote
Only one set of tickets can be stored per logged-in user. The current stored credentials are the ones that will be used when accessing IdM services.
If you were already connected to the IdM web UI as another user, refresh the browser to display the updated details for the new user.
8.3.3. Checking the Current Logged in User
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Use the
klist command to verify the identity and the ticket granting ticket (TGT) from the server:
It's important to know who the authenticated user is because the currently-authenticated user is the only one who can access the IdM services. The Kerberos client libraries for
kinit have some limitation, one of them being that the current ticket is overwritten with any new invocation of kinit. Authenticating as User A and then authenticating as User B overwrites User A's ticket.
To allow there to be multiple authenticated users on a machine, set the
KRB5CCNAME environment variable. This variable keeps credential caches separate in different shells.
8.3.4. Caching User Kerberos Tickets
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Only one set of tickets can be stored per logged-in user. The current stored credentials are the ones that will be used when accessing IdM services.
For example, if you authenticated as
admin, added a new user, set the password, and then tried to authenticate as that user, the administrator's ticket is lost.
To keep separate credential caches in different shells, a special environment variable,
KRB5CCNAME, can be used.
8.4. Using the IdM Web UI
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In order to use the web UI, the user must be authenticated with the IdM Kerberos domain and have an active Kerberos ticket, see Section 8.3, “Logging into IdM”. Generally, the web UI can only be accessed from an IdM server or client machine and the user must be locally authenticated. There are a couple of ways to work around this, either by configuring Kerberos on a non-domain machine to connect to the Kerberos domain, see Section 8.4.4, “Using a Browser on Another System”, or by password authentication to the UI.
8.4.1. About the Web UI
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The web UI has three major functional areas which correspond to each of the major functions of IdM: identity management, policy management, and domain configuration.
| Main Menu Tab | Configuration Areas |
|---|---|
| Identity |
|
| Policy |
|
| IdM Server (access controls within Identity Management) |
|
The main menu at the top of every page has three tabs which correspond to the functional areas listed in Table 8.1, “Configuration Areas Per Tab”. When a tab is selected, there is a submenu of the different configuration areas. Some configuration areas may have multiple possible entries; for example, role-based access controls define user roles/groups, the areas that access can be granted or denied (privileges), and then the permissions granted to those areas. Each separate configuration entry has its own task area beneath the primary configuration area.
Figure 8.1. The Main Menu
8.4.2. Opening the IdM Web UI
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The browser must be properly configured, as described in Section 8.4.3, “Configuring the Browser”, to support Kerberos authentication so that the user can connect to the UI.
To open the web UI:
- Get a valid Kerberos ticket using
kinit, as in Section 8.3, “Logging into IdM”. - Open the IdM URL. The full URL is
https://IPAserver-FQDN/ipa/ui, but this service is also accessed simply by openinghttps://IPAserver-FQDN. For example:https://server.example.com https://server.example.com/ipa/ui
https://server.example.com https://server.example.com/ipa/uiCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
8.4.3. Configuring the Browser
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Supported web browsers for connecting to the web UI are Firefox, starting with version 17, and Google Chrome. For information on the browser configuration, see the appropriate section:
8.4.3.1. Configuring Firefox
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Firefox can use Kerberos credentials to authenticate to the IdM UI, but Kerberos negotiation needs to be configured to use the IdM domain. At the first log-in attempt, if Firefox has not been configured to support Kerberos authentication, then an error message appears.
Figure 8.2. Kerberos Authentication Error
If you see that error, then the IdM web UI can perform the required configuration:
- Click the follow these directions link.
- Click the link to import the CA certificate for the IdM server.
- Set the web site and software developer (first and last) trust bits for the CA certificate.
- Click the Configure Firefox button. This automatically fills out all the
negotiatesettings in the Firefox configuration to use the IdM domain settings.When the process is complete, a success box pops up saying that Firefox has been configured for single sign-on. From there, you are redirected to the IdM web UI.
This procedure can also be done manually:
- Start Firefox.
- Type
about:configin the address bar. - In the Search field, type
negotiateto filter out the Kerberos-related parameters. - On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, enter the domain name for the URI parameters, including the preceding period (.) and set the
gsslibparameter to true:network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris .example.com network.negotiate-auth.using-native-gsslib true
network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris .example.com network.negotiate-auth.using-native-gsslib trueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow On Windows, set the trusted URIs and library path, and disable the built-in Microsoft Kerberos for authentication:network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris .example.com network.auth.use-sspi false network.negotiate-auth.gsslib: C:\Program Files\MIT\Kerberos\bin\gssapi32.dll
network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris .example.com network.auth.use-sspi false network.negotiate-auth.gsslib: C:\Program Files\MIT\Kerberos\bin\gssapi32.dllCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow On a 64-bit system, the library location is inC:\Program Files(x86)\MIT\Kerberos\bin\gssapi32.dll. - Open the web UI by going to the fully-qualified domain name of the IdM server such as
http://ipaserver.example.com. Make sure that you can open the web UI and that there are no Kerberos authentication errors. - Next, download the IdM server's CA certificate from
http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crt. - In the Downloading Certificate window that appears, select the first (Trust this CA to identify web sites) and third (Trust this CA to identify software developers) check boxes.
8.4.3.2. Configuring Chrome
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- Import CA Certificate
- Download the CA certificate from
http://my.ipa.server/ipa/config/ca.crt. Alternatively, if the host is also an IdM client, you can find the certificate in/etc/ipa/ca.crt. - Click the menu button with the
Customize and control Google Chrometooltip, which is by default in the top right-hand corner of Chrome, and click Settings. - Click Show advanced settings to display more options, and then click the Manage certificates button located under the
HTTPS/SSLheading. - In the Authorities tab, click the Import button at the bottom.
- Select the CA certificate file that you downloaded in the first step.
- Enable SPNEGO (Simple and Protected GSSAPI Negotiation Mechanism) to Use Kerberos Authentication in Chrome
- Make sure you have the necessary directory created by running
mkdir -p /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/
[root@client]# mkdir -p /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a new
/etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/mydomain.jsonfile with write privileges limited to the system administrator or root, and include the following line:{ "AuthServerWhitelist": "*.example.com" }{ "AuthServerWhitelist": "*.example.com" }Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow You can do this by runningecho '{ "AuthServerWhitelist": "*.example.com" }' > /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/mydomain.json[root@server]# echo '{ "AuthServerWhitelist": "*.example.com" }' > /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/mydomain.jsonCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
8.4.4. Using a Browser on Another System
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It is possible to connect to the Identity Management web UI from a system which is not a member of the IdM domain. In this case, it is possible to specify an IdM-specific Kerberos configuration file on the external (non-IdM) machine before running
kinit, and then the user can authenticate against the IdM server domain.
This is especially useful there are multiple realms or overlapping domains across your infrastructure.
- Copy the
/etc/krb5.conffile from the IdM server.scp /etc/krb5.conf root@externalmachine.example.com:/etc/krb5_ipa.conf
# scp /etc/krb5.conf root@externalmachine.example.com:/etc/krb5_ipa.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Warning
Do not overwrite the existingkrb5.conffile. - On the external machine, set the terminal session to use the copied IdM Kerberos configuration file:
export KRB5_CONFIG=/etc/krb5_ipa.conf
$ export KRB5_CONFIG=/etc/krb5_ipa.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure Firefox on the external machine as in Section 8.4.3, “Configuring the Browser”.
8.4.5. Logging in with Simple Username/Password Credentials
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If Kerberos authentication fails, then browser login also fails. That prevents access to the IdM web UI. Simple authentication for the UI allows users to log in even if there are problems with the Kerberos service or if the system is outside the IdM domain.
When the IdM server cannot find a valid Kerberos ticket for the user attempting to log into the web UI, it splashes an error message. Since the preferred method of connecting to IdM domain services (including the UI) is using Kerberos authentication, the error first says to renew the Kerberos credentials or to configure the browser to support Kerberos authentication.
The second part of the message offers the alternative of using simple authentication. The form-based authentication link opens a login page.
Figure 8.3. IdM Form-Based Login Option
Then simply supply the UID and password for a configured IdM user.
Figure 8.4. IdM Password Prompt
8.4.6. Using the UI with Proxy Servers
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Proxy servers can be used to access the web UI without any additional configuration in IdM.
Port forwarding is not supported with the IdM server. However, because it is possible to use proxy servers with IdM, an operation similar to port forwarding can be configured using proxy forwarding with OpenSSH and the SOCKS option.
8.5. Configuring an IdM Server to Run in a TLS 1.2 Environment
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See Configuring TLS 1.2 for Identity Management in RHEL 6.9 in Red Hat Knowledgebase for details.
[1]
The hostname used in the directory lookup can be controlled in the
/etc/ipa/default.conf configuration file.
Chapter 9. Identity: Managing Users and User Groups
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Users in Identity Management are able to access services and servers within the domain through Kerberos authentication. This chapter covers general management tasks for users, groups, password policies, and other configuration for users.
9.1. Setting up User Home Directories
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A home directory is required for any IdM user. Without a home directory in the expected location, a user may be unable to log into the domain. While systems administrators can manage home directories outside of IdM, it is also possible to use a PAM module to create home directories automatically on both IdM servers and clients.
9.1.1. About Home Directories
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IdM, as part of managing users, can manage user home directories. However, IdM has certain defined parameters for any managed home directories:
- The default prefix for users' home directories is
/home. - IdM does not automatically create home directories when users log in. Automatically creating home directories requires either the
pam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule or thepam_mkhomedirmodule. This module can be configured as part of client installation or after installation, as described in Section 9.1.2, “Enabling the PAM Home Directory Module”.The home directory process for IdM first attempts to use thepam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule because this requires fewer user privileges and access to create the home directories, as well as integrating smoothly with SELinux. If this module is not available, then the process falls back to thepam_mkhomedirmodule.Note
On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 clients, the client installation script uses thepam_mkhomedirmodule even if thepam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule is available. To use thepam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, edit the PAM configuration manually. - It is possible to use an NFS file server that provides
/homethat can be made available to all machines in the domain and then automounted on the IdM server.There are potential issues when using NFS, such as security issues related to granting root access to the NFS user, performance issues with loading the entire/hometree, and network performance issues for using remote servers for home directories. There are some general guidelines for using NFS with Identity Management:- Use automount to mount only the user's home directory and only when the user logs in, rather than loading the entire
/hometree. - Use a remote user who has limited permissions to create home directories and mount the share on the IdM server as that user. Since the IdM server runs as an
httpdprocess, it is possible to usesudoor a similar program to grant limited access to the IdM server to create home directories on the NFS server. - Use a mechanism, such as the
pam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule, to create the home directory as that user.
Using automounts for home directories is described in Section 9.1.3, “Manually Mounting Home Directories”. - If a suitable directory and mechanism are not available to create home directories, users may not be able to log in.
9.1.2. Enabling the PAM Home Directory Module
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For a home directory to be created automatically when a user logs in, IdM can use either the
pam_oddjob_mkhomedir module or the pam_mkhomedir module. Because it requires fewer permissions and works well with SELinux, IdM preferentially uses the pam_oddjob_mkhomedir module. If that module is not installed, then it falls back to the pam_mkhomedir module.
Note
IdM does not require the
pam_oddjob_mkhomedir module or pam_mkhomedir module. This is because the *_mkhomedir module may try to create home directories even when the shared storage is not available. If the module is unable to create the home directory, then users can be blocked from logging into the IdM domain.
The system administrator must activate this module on each client or server as needed.
There are two ways to enable the
pam_oddjob_mkhomedir (or pam_mkhomedir) module:
- The
--mkhomediroption can be used with theipa-client-installcommand. While this is possible for clients, this option is not available to servers when they are set up. - The
pam_oddjob_mkhomedirmodule can be enabled using the system'sauthconfigcommand. For example:authconfig --enablemkhomedir --update
authconfig --enablemkhomedir --updateCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This option can be used for both server and client machines post-installation.
Note
On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 clients, the client installation script uses the
pam_mkhomedir module even if the pam_oddjob_mkhomedir module is available. To use the pam_oddjob_mkhomedir module on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, edit the PAM configuration manually.
9.1.3. Manually Mounting Home Directories
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While PAM modules can be used to create home directories for users automatically, this may not be desirable behavior in every environment. In that case, home directories can be manually added to the IdM server from separate locations using NFS shares and
automount.
- Create a new location for the user directory maps:
ipa automountlocation-add userdirs
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa automountlocation-add userdirs Location: userdirsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add a direct map to the new location's
auto.directfile. In this example, the mount point is/share:ipa automountkey-add userdirs auto.direct --key=/share --info="-ro,soft, ipaserver.example.com:/home/share"
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa automountkey-add userdirs auto.direct --key=/share --info="-ro,soft, ipaserver.example.com:/home/share" Key: /share Mount information: -ro,soft, ipaserver.example.com:/home/shareCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Using automounts with IdM is described in detail in Chapter 18, Policy: Using Automount.
9.2. Managing User Entries
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9.2.1. About Username Formats
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The default length for usernames is 32 characters.
IdM supports a wide range of username formats, based on this regular expression:
[a-zA-Z0-9_.][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,252}[a-zA-Z0-9_.$-]?
[a-zA-Z0-9_.][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,252}[a-zA-Z0-9_.$-]?Note
The trailing $ symbol is permitted for Samba 3.x machine support.
Any system limits — such as starting a username with a number on Unix systems — apply to the usernames in IdM.
Note
Usernames are case insensitive when they are created, meaning that any case letter can be entered but case is ignored when the username is saved.
Username are automatically normalized to be all lower case, even if the user is created with mixed case or upper case letters.
9.2.2. Adding Users
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9.2.2.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the users list.
- Fill in the user's first and last names. The user login (UID) is automatically generated based on the user's full name, but this can be set manually by clicking the Optional field link.
Note
Usernames are case insensitive when they are created, meaning that case is ignored. Username are automatically normalized to be all lower case, even if the user is created with mixed case or upper case letters. - Click the Add and Edit button to go directly to the expanded entry page and fill in more attribute information, as in Section 9.2.3.1, “From the Web UI”. The user entry is created with some basic information already filled in, based on the given user information and the user entry template.
9.2.2.2. From the Command Line
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New user entries are added with the
user-add command. Attributes (listed in Table 9.2, “Default Identity Management User Attributes”) can be added to the entry with specific values or the command can be run with no arguments.
ipa user-add [username] [attributes]
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-add [username] [attributes]
When no arguments are used, the command prompts for the required user account information and uses the defaults for the other attributes, with the defaults printed below. For example:
Any of the user attributes can be passed with the command. This will either set values for optional attributes or override the default values for default attributes.
ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --manager=bjensen --email=johnls@example.com --homedir=/home/work/johns --password
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --manager=bjensen --email=johnls@example.com --homedir=/home/work/johns --passwordNote
Usernames are case insensitive when they are created, meaning that case is ignored. Username are automatically normalized to be all lower case, even if the user is created with mixed case or upper case letters.
Important
When a user is created without specifying a UID or GID number, then the user account is automatically assigned an ID number that is next available in the server or replica range. (Number ranges are described more in Section 9.9, “Managing Unique UID and GID Number Assignments”.) This means that a user always has a unique number for its UID number and, if configured, for its private group.
If a number is manually assigned to a user entry, the server does not validate that the
uidNumber is unique. It will allow duplicate IDs; this is expected (though discouraged) behavior for POSIX entries.
If two entries are assigned the same ID number, only the first entry is returned in a search for that ID number. However, both entries will be returned in searches for other attributes or with
ipa user-find --all.
9.2.3. Editing Users
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9.2.3.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user to edit.
- There are a number of different types of attributes that can be edited for the user. All of the default attributes are listed in Table 9.2, “Default Identity Management User Attributes”. Most of the attributes in the Identity Settings and Account Settings areas have default values filled in for them, based on the user information or on the user entry template.
- Edit the fields or, if necessary, click the Add link by an attribute to create the attribute on the entry.
- When the edits are done, click the Update link at the top of the page.
9.2.3.2. From the Command Line
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The
user-mod command edits user accounts by adding or changing attributes. At its most basic, the user-mod specifies the user account by login ID, the attribute to edit, and the new value:
ipa user-mod loginID --attributeName=newValue
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-mod loginID --attributeName=newValue
For example, to change a user's work title from Editor II to Editor III:
ipa user-mod jsmith --title="Editor III"
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-mod jsmith --title="Editor III"
Identity Management allows multi-valued attributes, based on attributes in LDAP that are allowed to have multiple values. For example, a person may have two email addresses, one for work and one for personal, that are both stored in the mail attribute. Managing multi-valued attributes can be done using the
--addattr option.
If an attribute allows multiple values — like mail — simply using the command-line argument will overwrite the value with the new value. This is also true for using
--setattr. However, using --addattr will add a new attribute; for a multi-valued attribute, it adds the new value in addition to any existing values.
Example 9.1. Multiple Mail Attributes
A user is created first using his work email account.
ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --email=johnls@example.com
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --email=johnls@example.com
Then, his personal email account is added.
ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-mod jsmith --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com
Both email addresses are listed for the user.
To set two values at the same time, use the
--addattr option twice:
ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --email=johnls@example.com --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --addattr=mail=admin@example.com
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --email=johnls@example.com --addattr=mail=johnnys@me.com --addattr=mail=admin@example.com9.2.4. Deleting Users
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Deleting a user account permanently removes the user entry and all its information from IdM, including group memberships and passwords. External configuration — like a system account and home directory — will still exist on any server or local machine where they were created, but they cannot be accessed through IdM.
Deleting a user account is permanent. The information cannot be recovered; a new account must be created.
Note
If all admin users are deleted, then you must use the Directory Manager account to create a new administrative user.
Alternatively, any user who belongs in the group management role can also add a new admin user.
9.2.4.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Select the checkboxes by the names of the users to delete.
- Click the Delete link at the top of the task area.
- When prompted, confirm the delete action.
9.2.4.2. From the Command Line
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Users are deleted using the
user-del command and then the user login. For example, a single user:
ipa user-del jsmith
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-del jsmith
To delete multiple users, simply list the users, separated by spaces.
ipa user-del jsmith bjensen mreynolds cdickens
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-del jsmith bjensen mreynolds cdickens
When deleting multiple users, use the
--continue option to force the command to continue regardless of errors. A summary of the successful and failed operations is printed to stdout when the command completes. If --continue is not used, then the command proceeds with deleting users until it encounters an error, and then it exits.
9.3. Managing Public SSH Keys for Users
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OpenSSH uses public-private key pairs to authenticate users. A user attempts to access some network resource and presents its key pair. The first time the user authenticates, the administrator on the target machine has to approve the request manually. The machine then stores the user's public key in an
authorized_keys file. Any time that the user attempts to access the resource again, the machine simply checks its authorized_keys file and then grants access automatically to approved users.
There are a couple of problems with this system:
- SSH keys have to be distributed manually and separately to all machines in an environment.
- Administrators have to approve user keys to add them to the configuration, but it is difficult to verify either the user or key issuer properly, which can create security problems.
On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) can be configured to cache and retrieve user SSH keys so that applications and services only have to look in one location for user keys. Because SSSD can use Identity Management as one of its identity information providers, Identity Management provides a universal and centralized repository of keys. Administrators do not need to worry about distributing, updating, or verifying user SSH keys.
9.3.1. About the SSH Key Format
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When keys are uploaded to the IdM entry, the key format can be either an OpenSSH-style key or a raw RFC 4253-style blob. Any RFC 4253-style key is automatically converted into an OpenSSH-style key before it is imported and saved into the IdM LDAP server.
The IdM server can identify the type of key, such as an RSA or DSA key, from the uploaded key blob. However, in a key file such as
id_rsa.pub, a key entry is identified by its type, then the key itself, and then an additional comment or identifier. For example, for an RSA key associated with a specific hostname:
"ssh-rsa ABCD1234...== ipaclient.example.com"
"ssh-rsa ABCD1234...== ipaclient.example.com"
All three parts from the key file can be uploaded to and viewed for the user entry, or only the key itself can be uploaded.
9.3.2. Uploading User SSH Keys Through the Web UI
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- Generate a user key. For example, using the OpenSSH tools:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the public key from the key file. The full key entry has the form type key== comment. Only the key== is required, but the entire entry can be stored.
[jsmith@server ~]$ cat /home/jsmith/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2E...tJG1PK2Mq++wQ== jsmith@example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ cat /home/jsmith/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2E...tJG1PK2Mq++wQ== jsmith@example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user to edit.
- In the Account Settings area of the Settings tab, click the SSH public keys: Add link.
- Click the Add link by the SSH public keys field.
- Paste in the public key for the user, and click the button.The SSH public keys field now shows New: key set. Clicking the Show/Set key link opens the submitted key.
- To upload multiple keys, click the Add link below the list of public keys, and upload the other keys.
- When all the keys have been submitted, click the Update link at the top of the user's page to save the changes.
When the public key is saved, the entry is displayed as the key fingerprint, the comment (if one was included), and the key type[2].
Figure 9.1. Saved Public Key
After uploading the user keys, configure SSSD to use Identity Management as one of its identity domains and set up OpenSSH to use SSSD for managing user keys. This is covered in the Deployment Guide.
9.3.3. Uploading User SSH Keys Through the Command Line
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The
--sshpubkey option uploads the 64 bit-encoded public key to the user entry. For example:
ipa user-mod jsmith --sshpubkey="ssh-rsa 12345abcde= ipaclient.example.com"
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa user-mod jsmith --sshpubkey="ssh-rsa 12345abcde= ipaclient.example.com"
With a real key, the key is longer and usually ends with an equals sign (=).
To upload multiple keys, pass a comma-separated list of keys with a single
--sshpubkey option:
--sshpubkey="12345abcde==,key2==,key3=="
--sshpubkey="12345abcde==,key2==,key3=="
After uploading the user keys, configure SSSD to use Identity Management as one of its identity domains and set up OpenSSH to use SSSD for managing user keys. This is covered in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
9.3.4. Deleting User Keys
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user to edit.
- Open the Account Settings area of the Settings tab.
- Click the Delete link by the fingerprint of the key to remove.
- Click the Update link at the top of the user's page to save the changes.
The command-line tools can be used to remove all keys. This is done by running
ipa user-mod with the --sshpubkey= set to a blank value; this removes all public keys for the user. For example:
kinit admin ipa user-mod --sshpubkey= jsmith
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa user-mod --sshpubkey= jsmith9.4. Changing Passwords
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Password policies (Chapter 19, Policy: Defining Password Policies) and minimal access restrictions can be applied to a password change operation:
- Regular, non-administrative users can change only their personal passwords, and all passwords are constrained by the IdM password policies.This allows administrators to create intro passwords or to reset passwords easily, while still keeping the final password confidential. Since any password sent by an administrator to the user is temporary, there is little security risk.
- Changing a password as the IdM admin user overrides any IdM password policies, but the password expires immediately. This requires the user to change the password at the next login. Similarly, any user who has password change rights can change a password and no password policies are applied, but the other user must reset the password at the next login.
- Changing a password as the LDAP Directory Manager user, using LDAP tools, overrides any IdM password policies.
9.4.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user for whom to reset the password. All users can change their own password; only administrators or users with delegated permissions can change other user's passwords.
- Scroll to the Account Settings area.
- Click the Reset Password link.
- In the pop-up box, enter and confirm the new password.
9.4.2. From the Command Line
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Changing a password — your own or another user's — is done using the
user-mod command, as with other user account changes.
kinit admin ipa user-mod jsmith --password
[bjensen@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
[bjensen@ipaserver ~]$ ipa user-mod jsmith --password9.5. Enabling and Disabling User Accounts
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User accounts can be deactivated or disabled. A disabled user cannot log into IdM or its related services (like Kerberos) and he cannot perform any tasks. However, the user account still exists within Identity Management and all of the associated information remains unchanged.
Note
Any existing connections remain valid until the Kerberos TGT and other tickets expire. Once the ticket expires, the user cannot renew the ticket.
9.5.1. From the Web UI
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Multiple users can be disabled from the full users list by selecting the checkboxes by the desired users and then clicking the Disable link at the top of the list.
Figure 9.2. Disable/Enable Options at the Top of the Users List
A user account can also be disabled from the user's individual entry page.
- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user to deactivate or activate.
- In the actions drop-down menu, select the Disable item.
- Click the Accept button.
When a user account is disabled, it is signified by a minus (-) icon for the user status in the user list and by the username on the entry page. Additionally, the text for the user is gray (to show it is inactive) instead of black.
Figure 9.3. Disable Icon for User Status
9.5.2. From the Command Line
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Users are enabled and disabled using
user-enable and user-disable commands. All that is required is the user login. For example:
ipa user-disable jsmith
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa user-disable jsmith9.6. Unlocking User Accounts After Password Failures
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If a user attempts to log in and uses the wrong password a certain number of times, then that user account is locked. The exact number of failed attempts that locks an account and the duration of the lockout is defined as part of the password policy (Section 19.6, “Setting Account Lockout Policies”).
A password policy can implicitly define a reset period, where the account unlocks naturally after a certain amount of time lapses. However, if the duration is fairly long or if the deployment requires stronger security checks before unlocking an account, then an administrator can unlock an account manually.
An account is unlocked using the
user-unlock command. For example:
kinit admin ipa user-unlock jsmith
[bjensen@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
[bjensen@ipaserver ~]$ ipa user-unlock jsmith9.7. Smart Cards
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Authentication based on smart cards is an alternative to passwords. User credentials are stored on the smart card, and special software and hardware is used to access them. In order to authenticate this way, the user must place the smart card into a reader and then supply the PIN code for the smart card.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients can use local smart card authentication if they run SSSD and are enrolled with an Identity Management server based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 or later.
9.7.1. Smart Card and Smart Card Reader Support in Identity Management
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If your smart card is supported by the coolkey package, the required PKCS #11 module is already present in the central
/etc/pki/nssdb/ NSS database after the installation of these packages.
If your smart card is not supported, run the following steps:
- Add the required PKCS #11 module manually using the
modutilutility. For example:modutil -dbdir /etc/pki/nssdb/ -add "My PKCS#11 module" -libfile libmypkcs11.so
[root@ipaclient ~]# modutil -dbdir /etc/pki/nssdb/ -add "My PKCS#11 module" -libfile libmypkcs11.so ... Module "My PKCS#11 Module" added to database.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For detailed information on usingmodutil, see the modutil(1) man page. - Add all certificate authority (CA) certificates to the NSS database that are required to validate the certificate on the smart card. For example, to add the CA certificate in the
ca_certificate.pemfile to the NSS database:certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -n 'CA certificate' -t CT,C,C -a -i ca_certificate.pem
[root@ipaclient ~]# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -n 'CA certificate' -t CT,C,C -a -i ca_certificate.pemCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For detailed information on usingcertutil, see the certutil(1) man page.
9.7.2. Exporting a Certificate From a Smart Card
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- Place the smart card into the reader.
- Run the following command to list the certificates on the smart card:
certutil -L -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -h all
[user@ipaclient ~]$ certutil -L -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -h all Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI my_certificate CT,C,CCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow In the output, locate the certificate to use for authentication, and note its nickname. - To extract the certificate in Base64 format to
user.crt, use the nickname from the previous step:certutil -L -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -n 'my_certificate' -r | base64 -w 0 > user.crt
[user@ipaclient ~]$ certutil -L -d /etc/pki/nssdb/ -n 'my_certificate' -r | base64 -w 0 > user.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Thebase64utility is part of the coreutils package.
9.7.3. Storing Smart Card Certificates for IdM Users
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To store a smart card certificate for a user, add the certificate on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 server. See Managing Certificates Issued by External CAs in the Linux Domain Identity, Authentication, and Policy Guide.
9.7.4. Smart Card Authentication on Identity Management Clients
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Red Hat Identity Management (IdM) supports two smart card-based authentication options:
- Local authentication
- Text console
- Graphical console, such as the Gnome Display Manager (GDM)
- Local authentication services, like
su, orsudo
- Remote authentication with
ssh - Certificates on a smart card are stored together with the PIN-protected SSH private key.
Note
IdM only supports the above-mentioned local authentication services and
ssh for smart card authentication. Other services, such as FTP, are not supported.
With SSSD-based smart card authentication configured, the system prompts for the smart card PIN code after the user attempts to log in. The user is successfully authenticated if the supplied PIN is correct, the certificate on the smart card is valid,and belongs to the user attempting to log in, and other configurable criteria are met.
9.7.4.1. Configuring Smart Card Authentication on an IdM Client
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To be able to authenticate using smart cards on a client, run the following steps:
- To enable smart card support, allow SSSD to prompt for password, one-time password (OTP), or the smart card PIN. To do this, modify the
authlines of the/etc/pam.d/password-authand/etc/pam.d/system-authPAM configuration files.- Remove the following lines of the default
/etc/pam.d/password-auth:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Replace them with these lines:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Similarly, remove the following lines of the default
/etc/pam.d/system-auth:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Replace them with these lines:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Set the following option in your
/etc/sssd/sssd.conftotrue:[pam] pam_cert_auth=true
[pam] pam_cert_auth=trueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart SSSD:
systemctl restart sssd
[root@ipaclient ~]# systemctl restart sssdCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
9.7.4.2. SSH Log in Using a Smart Card
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If you are logging in with
ssh when authenticating with a smart card, you have to additionally specify the following path to the smart card reader module. For example:
ssh -I /usr/lib/libmypkcs11.so -l user@example.com host.example.com
$ ssh -I /usr/lib/libmypkcs11.so -l user@example.com host.example.com
Enter PIN for 'Smart Card':9.8. Managing User Private Groups
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On Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems, every time a user is created, a corresponding, secret user group is automatically created with that new user as its only member. This is a user private group. Using user private groups makes it simpler and safer to manage file and directory permissions because
umask defaults only have to restrict user access, not group access.
When a new user is created in the IdM domain, it is also created with a corresponding private group, following the Red Hat Enterprise Linux convention. For most environments, this is an acceptable default behavior, but there may be certain users or types of users which do not require a private group or the environment may already have those GIDs[3] assigned to NIS groups or other system groups.
9.8.1. Listing User Private Groups
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User private groups are specific to a single user and are only used by the system. They are private, so they are not viewable in the IdM UI. However, not every user has a private group, depending on the options when a user is created, so it can be useful to get a list of configured private groups within the IdM user domain. Private groups can be searched and listed by using the
--private option with the group-find command. For example:
9.8.2. Disabling Private Groups for a Specific User
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Private group creation can be disabled when a user is created by using the
--noprivate option.
There is one thing to note when adding a user without a private group: the Linux system still expects a user GID for the new user. However, the one default user group (
ipausers) is a non-POSIX group and, therefore, does not have an associated GID. So that the add operation does not fail, it is necessary either to set an explicit user GID with the --gid option or to create a group with a GID and add the user to that group using an automembership rule (covered in Chapter 25, Policy: Defining Automatic Group Membership for Users and Hosts).
ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --noprivate --gid 10000
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa user-add jsmith --first=John --last=Smith --noprivate --gid 100009.8.3. Disabling Private Groups Globally
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User private groups are managed through the Managed Entries Plug-in in 389 Directory Server. This plug-in can be disabled, which effectively disables private group creation for all new users.
This is done using the
ipa-managed-entries command.
- Use the
ipa-managed-entriescommand to list possible Managed Entries Plug-in definitions. By default, there are two, one for new users (UPG) and one for netgroups (NGP).ipa-managed-entries --list -p DMpassword
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-managed-entries --list -p DMpassword Available Managed Entry Definitions: UPG Definition NGP DefinitionCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Disable the desired Managed Entries Plug-in instance. For example:
ipa-managed-entries -e "UPG Definition" -p DMpassword disable
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-managed-entries -e "UPG Definition" -p DMpassword disable Disabling PluginCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the 389 Directory Server to load the new plug-in configuration.
service dirsrv restart
[root@ipaserver ~]# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Managed Entries Plug-in instances can be re-enabled with the
enable option.
9.9. Managing Unique UID and GID Number Assignments
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An IdM server must generate random UID and GID values and simultaneously ensure that replicas never generate the same UID or GID value. The need for unique UID and GID numbers might even cross IdM domains, if a single organization has multiple disparate domains.
9.9.1. About ID Number Ranges
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The UID and GID numbers are divided into ranges. By keeping separate numeric ranges for individual servers and replicas, the chances are minimal that any numbers issued by one server or replica will duplicate those from another. Ranges are updated and shared intelligently between servers and replicas through the Dynamic Numeric Assignment (DNA) Plug-in, as part of the backend 389 Directory Server instance for the domain. The same range is used for user IDs (
uidNumber) and group IDs (gidNumber). A user and a group may have the same ID, but since the ID is set in different attributes, there is no conflict. Using the same ID number for both a user and a group also allows an administrator to configure user private groups, where a unique system group is created for each user and the ID number is the same for both the user and the group.
When a user is created interactively or without specifying a UID or GID number, then the user account is created with an ID number that is next available in the server or replica range. This means that a user always has a unique number for its UID number and, if configured, for its private group.
Important
If a number is manually assigned to a user entry, the server does not validate that the
uidNumber is unique. It will allow duplicate IDs; this is expected (though discouraged) behavior for POSIX entries. The same is true for group entries: a duplicate gidNumber can be manually assigned to the entry.
If two entries are assigned the same ID number, only the first entry is returned in a search for that ID number. However, both entries will be returned in searches for other attributes or with
ipa user-find --all.
9.9.2. About ID Range Assignments During Installation
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The IdM administrator can initially define a range during server installation, using the
--idstart and --idmax options with ipa-server-install. These options are not required, so the setup script can assign random ranges during installation.
If no range is set manually when the first IdM server is installed, a range of 200,000 IDs is randomly selected. There are 10,000 possible ranges. Selecting a random range from that number provides a high probability of non-conflicting IDs if two separate IdM domains are ever merged in the future.
With a single IdM server, IDs are assigned to entries in order through the range. With replicas, the initial server ID range is split and distributed.
When a replica is installed, it is configured with an invalid range. It also has a directory entry (that is shared among replicas) that instructs the replica where it can request a valid range. When the replica starts, or as its current range is depleted so that less than 100 IDs are available, it can contact one of the available servers for a new range allotment. A special extended operation splits the range in two, so that the original server and the replica each have half of the available range.
9.9.3. A Note on Conflicting ID Ranges
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It is possible for an administrator to define an ID number range using the
min_id and max_id options in the sssd.conf file. The default min_id value is 1. However, Red Hat recommends to set this value to 1000 in order to avoid conflicts with UID and GID numbers that are reserved for system use.
9.9.4. Adding New Ranges
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If the range for the entire domain is close to depletion, a new range can be manually selected and assigned to one of the master servers. All replicas then request ID ranges from the master as necessary.
The changes to the range are done by editing the 389 Directory Server configuration to change the DNA Plug-in instance. The range is defined in the
dnaNextRange parameter. For example:
Note
This command only adds the specified range of values; it does not check that the values in that range are actually available. This check is performed when an attempt is made to allocate those values. If a range is added that contains mostly values that were already allocated, the system will cycle through the entire range searching for unallocated values, and then the operation ultimately fails if none are available.
9.9.5. Repairing Changed UID and GID Numbers
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When a user is created, the user is automatically assigned a user ID number and a group ID number.
When the user logs into an IdM system or service, SSSD on that system caches that username with the associated UID/GID numbers. The UID number is then used as the identifying key for the user. If a user with the same name but a different UID attempts to log into the system, then SSSD treats it as two different users with a name collision.
What this means is that SSSD does not recognize UID number changes. It interprets it as a different and new user, not an existing user with a different UID number. If an existing user changes the UID number, that user is prevented from logging into SSSD and associated services and domains. This also has an impact on any client applications which use SSSD for identity information; the user with the conflict will not be found or accessible to those applications.
Important
UID/GID changes are not supported in Identity Management or in SSSD.
If a user for some reason has a changed UID/GID number, then the SSSD cache must be cleared for that user before that user can log in again. For example:
sss_cache -u jsmith
[root@server ~]# sss_cache -u jsmith9.10. Managing User and Group Schema
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When a user entry is created, it is automatically assigned certain LDAP object classes which, in turn, make available certain attributes. LDAP attributes are the way that information is stored in the directory. (This is discussed in detail in the Directory Server Deployment Guide and the Directory Server Schema Reference.)
| Description | Object Classes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IdM object classes |
| |||||
| Person object classes |
| |||||
| Kerberos object classes |
| |||||
| Managed entries (template) object classes | mepOriginEntry |
A number of attributes are available to user entries. Some are set manually and some are set based on defaults if a specific value is not set. There is also an option to add any attributes available in the object classes in Table 9.1, “Default Identity Management User Object Classes”, even if there is not a UI or command-line argument for that attribute. Additionally, the values generated or used by the default attributes can be configured, as in Section 9.10.4, “Specifying Default User and Group Attributes”.
| UI Field | Command-Line Option | Required, Optional, or Default[a] |
|---|---|---|
| User login | username | Required |
| First name | --first | Required |
| Last name | --last | Required |
| Full name | --cn | Optional |
| Display name | --displayname | Optional |
| Initials | --initials | Default |
| Home directory | --homedir | Default |
| GECOS field | --gecos | Default |
| Shell | --shell | Default |
| Kerberos principal | --principal | Default |
| Email address | Optional | |
| Password | --password [b] | Optional |
| User ID number[c] | --uid | Default |
| Group ID number[c] | --gidnumber | Default |
| Street address | --street | Optional |
| City | --city | Optional |
| State/Province | --state | Optional |
| Zip code | --postalcode | Optional |
| Telephone number | --phone | Optional |
| Mobile telephone number | --mobile | Optional |
| Pager number | --pager | Optional |
| Fax number | --fax | Optional |
| Organizational unit | --orgunit | Optional |
| Job title | --title | Optional |
| Manager | --manager | Optional |
| Car license | --carlicense | Optional |
| --noprivate | Optional | |
| SSH Keys | --sshpubkey | Optional |
| Additional attributes | --addattr | Optional |
[a]
Required attributes must be set for every entry. Optional attributes may be set, while default attributes are automatically added with a pre-defined value unless a specific value is given.
[b]
The script prompts for the new password, rather than accepting a value with the argument.
[c]
When a user is created without specifying a UID number, then the user account is automatically assigned an ID number that is next available in the server or replica range. (Number ranges are described more in Section 9.9, “Managing Unique UID and GID Number Assignments”.) This means that a user always has a unique number for its UID number and, if configured, for its private group.
If a number is manually assigned to a user entry, the server does not validate that the uidNumber is unique. It will allow duplicate IDs; this is expected (though discouraged) behavior for POSIX entries.
If two entries are assigned the same ID number, only the first entry is returned in a search for that ID number. However, both entries will be returned in searches for other attributes or with ipa user-find --all.
| ||
9.10.1. About Changing the Default User and Group Schema
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It is possible to add or change the object classes and attributes used for user and group entries (Section 9.10, “Managing User and Group Schema”).
The IdM configuration provides some validation when object classes are changed:
- All of the object classes and their specified attributes must be known to the LDAP server.
- All default attributes that are configured for the entry must be supported by the configured object classes.
There are limits to the IdM schema validation, however. Most important, the IdM server does not check that the defined user or group object classes contain all of the required object classes for IdM entries. For example, all IdM entries require the
ipaobject object class. However, when the user or group schema is changed, the server does not check to make sure that this object class is included; if the object class is accidentally deleted, then future entry add operations will fail.
Also, all object class changes are atomic, not incremental. The entire list of default object classes has to be defined every time there is a change. For example, a company may create a custom object class to store employee information like birthdays and employment start dates. The administrator cannot simply add the custom object class to the list; he must set the entire list of current default object classes plus the new object class. The existing default object classes must always be included when the configuration is updated. Otherwise, the current settings will be overwritten, which causes serious performance problems.
9.10.2. Applying Custom Object Classes to New User Entries
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User and group accounts are created with a pre-defined set of LDAP object classes applied to the entry. Any attributes which belong to the object class can be added to the user entry.
While the standard and IdM-specific LDAP object classes will cover most deployment scenarios, administrators may have custom object classes with custom attributes which should be applied to user entries.
9.10.2.1. From the Web UI
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- Add all of the custom schema elements to the 389 Directory Server instance used by Identity Management. Adding schema elements is described in the schema chapter of the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the User Options area.
- At the bottom of the users area, click the Add link to add a new field for another object class.
Important
Always include the existing default object classes when the configuration is updated. Otherwise, the current settings will be overwritten. If any object classes required by Identity Management are not included, then subsequent attempts to add an entry will fail with object class violations. - When the changes are complete, click the Update link at the top of the Configuration page.
9.10.2.2. From the Command Line
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- Add all of the custom schema elements to the 389 Directory Server instance used by Identity Management. Adding schema elements is described in the schema chapter of the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
- Add the new object class to the list of object classes added to entries. The option for user object classes is
--userobjectclasses.Important
Always include the existing default object classes when the configuration is updated. Otherwise, the current settings will be overwritten. If any object classes required by Identity Management are not included, then subsequent attempts to add an entry will fail with object class violations.For example:ipa config-mod --userobjectclasses=top,person,organizationalperson,inetorgperson,inetuser,posixaccount, krbprincipalaux,krbticketpolicyaux,ipaobject,ipasshuser,employeeinfo
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --userobjectclasses=top,person,organizationalperson,inetorgperson,inetuser,posixaccount, krbprincipalaux,krbticketpolicyaux,ipaobject,ipasshuser,employeeinfoCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
9.10.3. Applying Custom Object Classes to New Group Entries
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As with user entries, administrators may have custom object classes with custom attributes which should be applied to group entries. These can be added automatically by adding the object classes to the IdM server configuration.
9.10.3.1. From the Web UI
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- Add all of the custom schema elements to the 389 Directory Server instance used by Identity Management. Adding schema elements is described in the schema chapter of the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the Group Options area.
- Click the Add link to add a new field for another object class.
Important
Always include the existing default object classes when the configuration is updated. Otherwise, the current settings will be overwritten. If any object classes required by Identity Management are not included, then subsequent attempts to add an entry will fail with object class violations. - When the changes are complete, click the Update link at the top of the Configuration page.
9.10.3.2. From the Command Line
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- Add all of the custom schema elements to the 389 Directory Server instance used by Identity Management. Adding schema elements is described in the schema chapter of the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
- Add the new object class to the list of object classes added to entries. The option for group object classes is
--groupobjectclasses.Important
Always include the existing default object classes when the configuration is updated. Otherwise, the current settings will be overwritten. If any object classes required by Identity Management are not included, then subsequent attempts to add an entry will fail with object class violations.For example:ipa config-mod --groupobjectclasses=top,groupofnames,nestedgroup,ipausergroup,ipaobject,ipasshuser,employeegroup
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --groupobjectclasses=top,groupofnames,nestedgroup,ipausergroup,ipaobject,ipasshuser,employeegroupCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
9.10.4. Specifying Default User and Group Attributes
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Identity Management uses a template when it creates new entries.
For users, the template is very specific. Identity Management uses default values for several core attributes for IdM user accounts. These defaults can define actual values for user account attributes (such as the home directory location) or it can define the format of attribute values, such as the username length. These settings also define the object classes assigned to users.
For groups, the template only defines the assigned object classes.
These default definitions are all contained in a single configuration entry for the IdM server,
cn=ipaconfig,cn=etc,dc=example,dc=com.
The configuration can be changed using the
ipa config-mod command.
| Field | Command-Line Option | Descriptions |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum username length | --maxusername | Sets the maximum number of characters for usernames. The default value is eight. |
| Root for home directories | --homedirectory | Sets the default directory to use for user home directories. The default value is /home. |
| Default shell | --defaultshell | Sets the default shell to use for users. The default value is /bin/sh. |
| Default user group | --defaultgroup | Sets the default group to which all newly created accounts are added. The default value is ipausers, which is automatically created during the IdM server installation process. |
| Default e-mail domain | --emaildomain | Sets the email domain to use to create email addresses based on the new accounts. The default is the IdM server domain. |
| Search time limit | --searchtimelimit | Sets the maximum amount of time, in seconds, to spend on a search before the server returns results. |
| Search size limit | --searchrecordslimit | Sets the maximum number of records to return in a search. |
| User search fields | --usersearch | Sets the fields in a user entry that can be used as a search string. Any attribute listed has an index kept for that attribute, so setting too many attributes could affect server performance. |
| Group search fields | --groupsearch | Sets the fields in a group entry that can be used as a search string. |
| Certificate subject base | Sets the base DN to use when creating subject DNs for client certificates. This is configured when the server is set up. | |
| Default user object classes | --userobjectclasses | Sets a list of object classes that are used to create IdM user accounts. |
| Default group object classes | --groupobjectclasses | Sets a list of object classes that are used to create IdM group accounts. |
| Password expiration notification | --pwdexpnotify | Sets how long, in days, before a password expires for the server to send a notification. |
| Password plug-in features | Sets the format of passwords that are allowed for users. |
9.10.4.1. Viewing Attributes from the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- The complete configuration entry is shown in three sections, one for all search limits, one for user templates, and one for group templates.
9.10.4.2. Viewing Attributes from the Command Line
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The
config-show command shows the current configuration which applies to all new user accounts. By default, only the most common attributes are displayed; use the --all option to show the complete configuration.
9.11. Managing User Groups
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User groups are a way of centralizing control over important management tasks, particularly access control and password policies. Four groups are created during the installation, specifically for use by IdM operations:
- ipausers, which contains all users.
- admins, which contains administrative users. The initial
adminuser belongs to this group. - trusted admins, which contains administrative users used to manage Active Directory trusts.
- editors, which is a special group for users working through the web UI. This group allows users to edit other users' entries, though without all of the rights of the admin user.
Note
Some operating systems limit the number of groups that can be assigned to system users. For example, Solaris and AIX systems both limit users to 16 groups per user. This can be an issue when using nested groups, when a user may be automatically added to multiple groups.
9.11.1. Types of Groups in IdM
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All groups in Identity Management are essentially static groups, meaning that the members of the group are manually and explicitly added to the group. Tangentially, IdM allows nested groups, where a group is a member of another group. In that case, all of the group members of the member group automatically belong to the parent group, as well.
Automembership rules allow new users to be added to groups automatically, using attributes in the user entry to determine what groups the user should belong to. Automembership rules are covered in Chapter 25, Policy: Defining Automatic Group Membership for Users and Hosts.
The way groups are defined in IdM is simple, but there are different configuration options for groups which can change what kinds of members can be added.
Some types of groups in IdM are based not on how members are added, but rather where the member entries originate:
- Internal groups (the default), where all members belong to the IdM domain.
- External groups, where some or all of the members exist in an identity store outside of the IdM domain. This can be a local system, an Active Directory domain, or a directory service.
Another difference is whether groups are created with POSIX attributes. Most Linux users require some kind of POSIX attributes, but groups which interact with Active Directory or Samba must be non-POSIX. By default, IdM creates non-POSIX groups, but there is an explicit option to create a POSIX group (adding the
posixgroup object class).
Because groups are easy to create, it is possible to be very flexible in what groups to create and how they are organized. Groups can be defined around organizational divisions like departments, physical locations, or IdM or infrastructure usage guidelines for access controls.
9.11.2. Group Object Classes
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When a group entry is created, it is automatically assigned certain LDAP object classes. (LDAP object classes and attributes are discussed in detail in the Directory Server Deployment Guide and the Directory Server Schema Reference.) For groups, only two attributes truly matter: the name and the description.
| Description | Object Classes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IdM object classes |
| |||
| Group object classes | groupofnames |
9.11.2.1. Creating User Groups
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9.11.2.1.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the User Groups subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the groups list.
- Enter all of the information for the group.
- A unique name. This is the identifier used for the group in the IdM domain, and it cannot be changed after it is created. The name cannot contain spaces, but other separators like an underscore (_) are allowed.
- A text description of the group.
- Whether the group is a POSIX group, which adds Linux-specific information to the entry. By default, all groups are POSIX groups unless they are explicitly configured not to be. Non-POSIX groups can be created for interoperability with Windows or Samba.
- Optionally, the GID number for the group. All POSIX groups require a GID number, but IdM automatically assigns the GID number.Setting a GID number is not necessary because of the risk of collisions. If a GID number is given manually, IdM will not override the specified GID number, even if it is not unique.
- Click the button to go immediately to the member selection page.
- Select the members, as described in Section 9.11.2.2.1, “With the Web UI (Group Page)”.
9.11.2.1.2. With the Command Line
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New groups are created using the
group-add command. (This adds only the group; members are added separately.)
Two attributes are always required: the group name and the group description. If those attributes are not given as arguments, then the script prompts for them.
ipa group-add groupName --desc="description" [--nonposix]
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa group-add groupName --desc="description" [--nonposix]
Additionally, there is one other configuration option,
--nonposix. (By default, all groups are created as POSIX groups.) To enable interoperability with Windows users and groups and programs like Samba, it is possible to create non-POSIX groups by using the --nonposix option. This option tells the script not to add the posixGroup object class to the entry.
For example:
When no arguments are used, the command prompts for the required group account information:
Important
When a group is created without specifying a GID number, then the group entry is assigned the ID number that is next available in the server or replica range. (Number ranges are described more in Section 9.9, “Managing Unique UID and GID Number Assignments”.) This means that a group always has a unique number for its GID number.
If a number is manually assigned to a group entry, the server does not validate that the
gidNumber is unique. It will allow duplicate IDs; this is expected (though discouraged) behavior for POSIX entries.
If two entries are assigned the same ID number, only the first entry is returned in a search for that ID number. However, both entries will be returned in searches for other attributes or with
ipa group-find --all.
Note
You cannot edit the group name. The group name is the primary key, so changing it is the equivalent of deleting the group and creating a new one.
9.11.2.2. Adding Group Members
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9.11.2.2.1. With the Web UI (Group Page)
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Note
This procedure adds a user to a group. User groups can contain other user groups as their members. These are nested groups.
It can take up to several minutes for the members of the child group to show up as members of the parent group. This is especially true on virtual machines where the nested groups have more than 500 members.
When creating nested groups, be careful not to create recursive groups. For example, if GroupA is a member of GroupB, do not add GroupB as a member of GroupA. Recursive groups are not supported and can cause unpredictable behavior.
- Open the Identity tab, and select the User Groups subtab.
- Click the name of the group to which to add members.
- Click the Add link at the top of the task area.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the users to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the names to the selection box.
- Click the button.
Group members can be users or other user groups. It can take up to several minutes for the members of the child group to show up as members of the parent group. This is especially true on virtual machines where the nested groups have more than 500 members.
9.11.2.2.2. With the Web UI (User's Page)
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Users can also be added to a group through the user's page.
- Open the Identity tab, and select the Users subtab.
- Click the name of the user to edit.
- Open the User Groups tab on the user entry page.
- Click the Add link at the top of the task area.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the groups for the user to join, and click the right arrows button, , to move the groups to the selection box.
- Click the button.
9.11.2.2.3. With the Command Line
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Members are added to a group using the
group-add-member command. This command can add both users as group members and other groups as group members.
The syntax of the
group-add-member command requires only the group name and a comma-separated list of users to add:
ipa group-add-member groupName [--users=list] [--groups=list]
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa group-add-member groupName [--users=list] [--groups=list]
For example, this adds three users to the
engineering group:
Likewise, other groups can be added as members, which creates nested groups:
When displaying nested groups, members are listed as members and the members of any member groups are listed as indirect members. For example:
It can take up to several minutes for the members of the child group to show up as members of the parent group. This is especially true on virtual machines where the nested groups have more than 500 members.
Note
When creating nested groups, be careful not to create recursive groups. For example, if GroupA is a member of GroupB, do not add GroupB as a member of GroupA. Recursive groups are not supported and can cause unpredictable behavior.
A group member is removed using the
group-remove-member command.
9.11.2.2.4. Viewing Direct and Indirect Members of a Group
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User groups can contain other user groups as members. This is called a nested group. This also means that a group has two types of members:
- Direct members, which are added explicitly to the group
- Indirect members, which are members of the group because they are members of another user group which is a member of the group
The IdM web UI has an easy way to view direct and indirect members of a group. The members list is filtered by member type, and this can be toggled by selecting the Direct and Indirect radio buttons at the top right corner of the members list.
Figure 9.4. Indirect and Direct Members
Being able to track indirect members makes it easier to assign group membership properly, without duplicating membership.
9.11.2.3. Deleting User Groups
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When a user group is deleted, only the group is removed. The user accounts of group members (including nested groups) are not affected. Additionally, any access control delegations that apply to that group are removed.
Warning
Deleting a group is immediate and permanent. If any group configuration (such as delegations) is required, it must be assigned to another group or a new group created.
9.11.2.3.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the User Groups subtab.
- Select the checkbox by the name of the group to delete.
- Click the Delete link at the top of the task area.
- When prompted, confirm the delete action.
9.11.2.3.2. With the Command Line
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The
group-del command to deletes the specified group. For example:
ipa group-del examplegroup
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa group-del examplegroup9.11.3. Searching for Users and Groups
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The user searches in IdM can be run against simple (full word) or partial search strings. The range of attributes that are searched is configured as part of the default IdM configuration, as in Section 9.10.4, “Specifying Default User and Group Attributes”.
9.11.3.1. Setting Search Limits
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9.11.3.1.1. Types of Search Limits and Where They Apply
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Some searches can result in a large number of entries being returned, possibly even all entries. Search limits improve overall server performance by limiting how long the server spends in a search and how many entries are returned.
Search limits have a dual purpose to improve server performance by reducing the search load and to improve usability by returning a smaller — and therefore easier to browse — set of entries.
The IdM server has several different limits imposed on searches:
- The search limit configuration for the IdM server. This is a setting for the IdM server itself, which is applied to all requests sent to the server from all IdM clients, the IdM CLI tools, and the IdM web UI for normal page display.By default, this limit is 100 entries.
- The time limit configuration for the IdM server. Much like the search size limit, the time limit sets a maximum amount of time that the IdM server, itself, waits for searches to run. Once it reaches that limit, the server stops the search and returns whatever entries were returned in that time.By default, this limit is two seconds.
- The page size limit. Although not strictly a search limit, the page size limit does limit how many entries are returned per page. The server returns the set of entries, up to the search limit, and then sorts and displays 20 entries per page. Paging results makes the results more understandable and more viewable.This is hard-coded to 20 for all searches.
- The LDAP search limit (--pkey option). All searches performed in the UI, and CLI searches which use the
--pkeyoption, override the search limit set in the IdM server configuration and use the search limit set in the underlying LDAP directory.By default, this limit is 2000 entries. It can be edited by editing the 389 Directory Server configuration.
9.11.3.1.2. Setting IdM Search Limits
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Search limits set caps on the number of records returned or the time spent searching when querying the database for user or group entries. There are two types of search limits: time limits and size (number) limits.
With the default settings, users are limited to two-second searches and no more than 100 records returned per search.
Important
Setting search size or time limits too high can negatively affect IdM server performance.
9.11.3.1.2.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the Search Options area.
- Change the search limit settings.
- Search size limit, the maximum number of records to return in a search.
- Search time limit, the maximum amount of time, in seconds, to spend on a search before the server returns results.
Note
Setting the time limit or size limit value to -1 means that there are no limits on searches. - When the changes are complete, click the Update link at the top of the Configuration page.
9.11.3.1.2.2. With the Command Line
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The search limits can be changed using the
config-mod command.
Note
Setting the time limit or size limit value to -1 means that there are no limits on searches.
9.11.3.1.3. Overriding the Search Defaults
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Part of the server configuration is setting global defaults for size and time limits on searches. While these limits are always enforced in the web UI, they can be overridden with any
*-find command run through the command line.
The
--sizelimit and --timelimit options set alternative size and time limits, respectively, for that specific command run. The limits can be higher or lower, depending on the kinds of results you need.
For example, if the default time limit is 60 seconds and a search is going to take longer, the time limit can be increased to 120 seconds:
ipa user-find smith --timelimit=120
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa user-find smith --timelimit=1209.11.3.2. Setting Search Attributes
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A search for users or groups does not automatically search every possible attribute for that attribute. Rather, it searches a specific subset of attributes, and that list is configurable.
When adding attributes to the user or group search fields, make sure that there is a corresponding index within the LDAP directory for that attribute. Searches are performed based on indexes. Most standard LDAP attributes have indexes, but any custom attributes must have indexes created for them. Creating indexes is described in the indexes chapter in the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
9.11.3.2.1. Default Attributes Checked by Searches
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By default, there are six attributes that are indexed for user searches and two that are indexed for group searches. These are listed in Table 9.5, “Default Search Attributes”. All search attributes are searched in a user/group search.
| User Search Attributes | |
| First name | Last name |
| Login ID | Job title |
| Organizational unit | Phone number |
| Group Search Attributes | |
| Name | Description |
The attributes which are searched in user and group searches can be changed, as described in Section 9.11.3.2, “Setting Search Attributes” and Section 9.11.3.2.3, “Changing Group Search Attributes”.
9.11.3.2.2. Changing User Search Attributes
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9.11.3.2.2.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the User Options area.
- Add any additional search attributes, in a comma-separated list, in the User search fields field.
- When the changes are complete, click the Update link at the top of the Configuration page.
9.11.3.2.2.2. From the Command Line
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To change the search attributes, use the
--usersearch option to set the attributes for user searches.
ipa config-mod --usersearch=uid,givenname,sn,telephonenumber,ou,title
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --usersearch=uid,givenname,sn,telephonenumber,ou,titleNote
Always give the complete list of search attributes. Whatever values are passed with the configuration argument overwrite the previous settings.
9.11.3.2.3. Changing Group Search Attributes
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A search for users or groups does not automatically search every possible attribute for that attribute. Rather, it searches a specific subset of attributes, and that list is configurable.
When adding attributes to the user or group search fields, make sure that there is a corresponding index within the LDAP directory for that attribute. Searches are performed based on indexes. Most standard LDAP attributes have indexes, but any custom attributes must have indexes created for them. Creating indexes is described in the indexes chapter in the Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
9.11.3.2.3.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab.
- Select the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the Group Options area.
- Add any additional search attributes, in a comma-separated list, in the Group search fields field.
- When the changes are complete, click the Update link at the top of the Configuration page.
9.11.3.2.3.2. From the Command Line
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To change the search attributes, use the
--groupsearch options to set the attributes for group searches.
ipa config-mod --groupsearch=cn,description
[bjensen@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --groupsearch=cn,descriptionNote
Always give the complete list of search attributes. Whatever values are passed with the configuration argument overwrite the previous settings.
9.11.3.2.4. Limits on Attributes Returned in Search Results
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Searches can be performed on attributes that are not displayed in the UI. This means that entries can be returned in a search that do not appear to match the given filter. This is especially common if the search information is very short, which increases the likelihood of a match.
9.11.3.3. Searching for Groups Based on Type
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Group definitions are simple, but because it is possible to create automember rules which automatically assign entries to groups, nested groups which include members implicitly, and groups based on member attributes such as POSIX, the reality of the group definitions can be very complex.
There are numerous different options with the group-find command which allow groups to be searched based on who the members are and are not and other attributes of the group definition.
For example, user private groups are never displayed in the IdM UI and are not returned in a regular search. Using the
--private option, however, limits the search results to only private groups.
Group searches can also be based on who does or does not belong to a group. This can mean single users, other groups, or even other configuration entries like roles and host-based access control definitions. For example, the first search shows what groups the user
jsmith belongs to:
The other search shows all the groups that
jsmith does not belong to:
Some useful group search options are listed in Table 9.6, “Common Group Search Options”.
| Option | Criteria Description |
|---|---|
| --private | Displays only private groups. |
| --gid | Displays only the group which matches the complete, specified GID. |
| --group-name | Displays only groups with that name or part of their name. |
| --users, --no-users | Displays only groups which have the given users as members (or which do not include the given user). |
| --in-hbacrules, --not-inhbac-rules | Displays only groups which belong to a given host-based access control rule (or which do not belong to the rule, for the --not-in option). There are similar options to display (or not) groups which belong to a specified sudo rule and role. |
| --in-groups, --not-in-groups | Displays only groups which belong to another, specified group (or which do not belong to the group, for the --not-in option). There are similar options to display (or not) groups which belong to a specified netgroup. |
[2]
The key type is determined automatically from the key itself, if it is not included in the uploaded key.
[3]
See Section 9.9, “Managing Unique UID and GID Number Assignments” for information on changing GID/UID assignment ranges.
Chapter 10. Identity: Managing Hosts
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Both DNS and Kerberos are configured as part of the initial client configuration. This is required because these are the two services that bring the machine within the IdM domain and allow it to identify the IdM server it will connect with. After the initial configuration, IdM has tools to manage both of these services in response to changes in the domain services, changes to the IT environment, or changes on the machines themselves which affect Kerberos, certificate, and DNS services, like changing the client hostname.
This chapter describes how to manage identity services that relate directly to the client machine:
- DNS entries and settings
- Machine authentication
- Hostname changes (which affect domain services)
10.1. About Hosts, Services, and Machine Identity and Authentication
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The basic function of an enrollment process is to create a host entry for the client machine in the IdM directory. This host entry is used to establish relationships between other hosts and even services within the domain. These relationships are part of delegating authorization and control to hosts within the domain.
A host entry contains all of the information about the client within IdM:
- Service entries associated with the host
- The host and service principal
- Access control rules
- Machine information, such as its physical location and operating system
Some services that run on a host can also belong to the IdM domain. Any service that can store a Kerberos principal or an SSL certificate (or both) can be configured as an IdM service. Adding a service to the IdM domain allows the service to request an SSL certificate or keytab from the domain. (Only the public key for the certificate is stored in the service record. The private key is local to the service.)
An IdM domain establishes a commonality between machines, with common identity information, common policies, and shared services. Any machine which belongs to a domain functions as a client of the domain, which means it uses the services that the domain provides. An IdM domain provides three main services specifically for machines:
An IdM domain establishes a commonality between machines, with common identity information, common policies, and shared services. Any machine which belongs to a domain functions as a client of the domain, which means it uses the services that the domain provides. An IdM domain (as described in Section 1.2, “Bringing Linux Services Together”) provides three main services specifically for machines:
- DNS
- Kerberos
- Certificate management
Machines are treated as another identity that is managed by IdM. Clients use DNS to identify IdM servers, services, and domain members — which, like user identities are stored in the 389 Directory Server instance for the IdM server. Like users, machines can be authenticated to the domain using Kerberos or certificates to verify the machine's identity.
From the machine perspective, there are several tasks that can be performed that access these domain services:
- Joining the DNS domain (machine enrollment)
- Managing DNS entries and zones
- Managing machine authentication
Authentication in IdM includes machines as well as users. Machine authentication is required for the IdM server to trust the machine and to accept IdM connections from the client software installed on that machine. After authenticating the client, the IdM server can respond to its requests. IdM supports three different approaches to machine authentication:
- SSH keys. The SSH public key for the host is created and uploaded to the host entry. From there, the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) uses IdM as an identity provider and can work in conjunction with OpenSSH and other services to reference the public keys located centrally in Identity Management. This is described in Section 10.4, “Managing Public SSH Keys for Hosts” and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
- Key tables (or keytabs, a symmetric key resembling to some extent a user password) and machine certificates. Kerberos tickets are generated as part of the Kerberos services and policies defined by the server. Initially granting a Kerberos ticket, renewing the Kerberos credentials, and even destroying the Kerberos session are all handled by the IdM services. Managing Kerberos is covered in Chapter 20, Policy: Managing the Kerberos Domain.
- Machine certificates. In this case, the machine uses an SSL certificate that is issued by the IdM server's certificate authority and then stored in IdM's Directory Server. The certificate is then sent to the machine to present when it authenticates to the server. On the client, certificates are managed by a service called certmonger, which is described in Appendix B, Working with certmonger.
10.2. About Host Entry Configuration Properties
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A host entry can contain information about the host that is outside its system configuration, such as its physical location, its MAC address, and keys and certificates.
This information can be set when the host entry is created if it is created manually; otherwise, most of that information needs to be added to the host entry after the host is enrolled in the domain.
| UI Field | Command-Line Option | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Description | --desc=description | A description of the host. |
| Locality | --locality=locality | The geographic location of the host. |
| Location | --location=location | The physical location of the host, such as its data center rack. |
| Platform | --platform=string | The host hardware or architecture. |
| Operating system | --os=string | The operating system and version for the host. |
| MAC address | --macaddress=address | The MAC address for the host. This is a multi-valued attribute. The MAC address is used by the NIS plug-in to create a NIS ethers map for the host. |
| SSH public keys | --sshpubkey=string | The full SSH public key for the host. This is a multi-valued attribute, so multiple keys can be set. |
| Principal name (not editable) | --principalname=principal | The Kerberos principal name for the host. This defaults to the hostname during the client installation, unless a different principal is explicitly set in the -p. This can be changed using the command-line tools, but cannot be changed in the UI. |
| Set One-Time Password | --password=string | Sets a password for the host which can be used in bulk enrollment. |
| - | --random | Generates a random password to be used in bulk enrollment. |
| - | --certificate=string | A certificate blob for the host. |
| - | --updatedns | An attribute switch which sets whether the host can dynamically update its DNS entries if its IP address changes. |
10.3. Disabling and Re-enabling Host Entries
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Active hosts can be accessed by other services, hosts, and users within the domain. There can be situations when it is necessary to remove a host from activity. However, deleting a host removes the entry and all the associated configuration, and it removes it permanently.
10.3.1. Disabling Host Entries
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Disabling a host prevents domain users from access it without permanently removing it from the domain. This can be done by using the
host-disable command.
For example:
kinit admin ipa host-disable server.example.com
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa host-disable server.example.comImportant
Disabling a host entry not only disables that host. It disables every configured service on that host as well.
10.3.2. Re-enabling Hosts
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Disabling a host essentially kills its current, active keytabs. Removing the keytabs effectively removes the host from the IdM domain without otherwise touching its configuration entry.
To re-enable a host, simply use the
ipa-getkeytab command. The -s option sets which IdM server to request the keytab, -p gives the principal name, and -k gives the file to which to save the keytab.
For example, requesting a new host keytab:
ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p host/server.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytab -D fqdn=server.example.com,cn=computers,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com -w password
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p host/server.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytab -D fqdn=server.example.com,cn=computers,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com -w password
If the
ipa-getkeytab command is run on an active IdM client or server, then it can be run without any LDAP credentials (-D and -w). The IdM user uses Kerberos credentials to authenticate to the domain. To run the command directly on the disabled host, then supply LDAP credentials to authenticate to the IdM server. The credentials should correspond to the host or service which is being re-enabled.
10.4. Managing Public SSH Keys for Hosts
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OpenSSH uses public keys to authenticate hosts. One machine attempts to access another machine and presents its key pair. The first time the host authenticates, the administrator on the target machine has to approve the request manually. The machine then stores the host's public key in a
known_hosts file. Any time that the remote machine attempts to access the target machine again, the target machine simply checks its known_hosts file and then grants access automatically to approved hosts.
There are a few problems with this system:
- The
known_hostsfile stores host entries in a triplet of the host IP address, hostname, and key. This file can rapidly become out of date if the IP address changes (which is common in virtual environments and data centers) or if the key is updated. - SSH keys have to be distributed manually and separately to all machines in an environment.
- Administrators have to approve host keys to add them to the configuration, but it is difficult to verify either the host or key issuer properly, which can create security problems.
On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) can be configured to cache and retrieve host SSH keys so that applications and services only have to look in one location for host keys. Because SSSD can use Identity Management as one of its identity information providers, Identity Management provides a universal and centralized repository of keys. Administrators do not need to worry about distributing, updating, or verifying host SSH keys.
10.4.1. About the SSH Key Format
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When keys are uploaded to the IdM entry, the key format can be either an OpenSSH-style key or a raw RFC 4253-style blob. Any RFC 4253-style key is automatically converted into an OpenSSH-style key before it is imported and saved into the IdM LDAP server.
The IdM server can identify the type of key, such as an RSA or DSA key, from the uploaded key blob. However, in a key file such as
~/.ssh/known_hosts, a key entry is identified by the hostname and IP address of the server, its type, then lastly the key itself. For example:
host.example.com,1.2.3.4 ssh-rsa AAA...ZZZ==
host.example.com,1.2.3.4 ssh-rsa AAA...ZZZ==
This is slightly different than a user public key entry, which has the elements in the order type key== comment:
"ssh-rsa ABCD1234...== ipaclient.example.com"
"ssh-rsa ABCD1234...== ipaclient.example.com"
All three parts from the key file can be uploaded to and viewed for the host entry. In that case, the host public key entry from the
~/.ssh/known_hosts file needs to be reordered to match the format of a user key, type key== comment:
ssh-rsa AAA...ZZZ== host.example.com,1.2.3.4
ssh-rsa AAA...ZZZ== host.example.com,1.2.3.4
The key type can be determined automatically from the content of the public key, and the comment is optional, to make identifying individual keys easier. The only required element is the public key blob itself.
10.4.2. About ipa-client-install and OpenSSH
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The
ipa-client-install script, by default, configures an OpenSSH server and client on the IdM client machine. It also configures SSSD to perform host and user key caching. Essentially, simply configuring the client does all of the configuration necessary for the host to use SSSD, OpenSSH, and Identity Management for key caching and retrieval.
If the SSH service is enabled with the client installation (which is the default), then an RSA key is created when the
ssh service is first started.
Note
When the machine is added as an IdM client using
ipa-client-install, the client is created with two SSH keys, RSA and DSS.
There is an additional client configuration option,
--ssh-trust-dns, which can be run with ipa-client-install and automatically configures OpenSSH to trust the IdM DNS records, where the key fingerprints are stored.
Alternatively, it is possible to disable OpenSSH at the time the client is installed, using the
--no-sshd option. This prevents the install script from configuring the OpenSSH server.
Another option,
--no-dns-sshfp, prevents the host from creating DNS SSHFP records with its own DNS entries. This can be used with or without the --no-sshd option.
10.4.3. Uploading Host SSH Keys Through the Web UI
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- The key for a host can probably be retrieved from a
~/.ssh/known_hosts. For example:server.example.com,1.2.3.4 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEApvjBvSFSkTU0WQW4eOweeo0DZZ08F9Ud21xlLy6FOhzwpXFGIyxvXZ52+siHBHbbqGL5+14N7UvElruyslIHx9LYUR/pPKSMXCGyboLy5aTNl5OQ5EHwrhVnFDIKXkvp45945R7SKYCUtRumm0Iw6wq0XD4o+ILeVbV3wmcB1bXs36ZvC/M6riefn9PcJmh6vNCvIsbMY6S+FhkWUTTiOXJjUDYRLlwM273FfWhzHK+SSQXeBp/zIn1gFvJhSZMRi9HZpDoqxLbBB9QIdIw6U4MIjNmKsSI/ASpkFm2GuQ7ZK9KuMItY2AoCuIRmRAdF8iYNHBTXNfFurGogXwRDjQ==
server.example.com,1.2.3.4 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEApvjBvSFSkTU0WQW4eOweeo0DZZ08F9Ud21xlLy6FOhzwpXFGIyxvXZ52+siHBHbbqGL5+14N7UvElruyslIHx9LYUR/pPKSMXCGyboLy5aTNl5OQ5EHwrhVnFDIKXkvp45945R7SKYCUtRumm0Iw6wq0XD4o+ILeVbV3wmcB1bXs36ZvC/M6riefn9PcJmh6vNCvIsbMY6S+FhkWUTTiOXJjUDYRLlwM273FfWhzHK+SSQXeBp/zIn1gFvJhSZMRi9HZpDoqxLbBB9QIdIw6U4MIjNmKsSI/ASpkFm2GuQ7ZK9KuMItY2AoCuIRmRAdF8iYNHBTXNfFurGogXwRDjQ==Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow If necessary, generate a host key. When using the OpenSSH tools, make sure to use a blank passphrase and to save the key to a different location than the user's~/.ssh/directory, so it will not overwrite any existing keys.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the public key from the key file. The full key entry has the form hostname,IP type key==. Only the key== is required, but the entire entry can be stored. To use all elements in the entry, rearrange the entry so it has the order type key== [hostname,IP]
[jsmith@server ~]$ cat /home/jsmith/.ssh/host_keys.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2E...tJG1PK2Mq++wQ== server.example.com,1.2.3.4
[jsmith@server ~]$ cat /home/jsmith/.ssh/host_keys.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2E...tJG1PK2Mq++wQ== server.example.com,1.2.3.4Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the Identity tab, and select the Hosts subtab.
- Click the name of the host to edit.
- In the Host Settings area of the Settings tab, click the SSH public keys: Add link.
- The UI opens a new link, New: key not set Show/Set key. Click the Show/Set key link.
- Paste in the public key for the host, and click the button.The SSH public keys field now shows New: key set. Clicking the Show/Set key link opens the submitted key.
- To upload multiple keys, click the Add link below the list of public keys, and upload the other keys.
- When all the keys have been submitted, click the Update link at the top of the host's page to save the changes.
When the public key is saved, the entry is displayed as the key fingerprint, the comment (if one was included), and the key type[4].
Figure 10.1. Saved Public Key
After uploading the host keys, configure SSSD to use Identity Management as one of its identity domains and set up OpenSSH to use the SSSD tooling for managing host keys.
After uploading the host keys, configure SSSD to use Identity Management as one of its identity domains and set up OpenSSH to use the SSSD tooling for managing host keys. This is covered in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
10.4.4. Adding Host Keys from the Command Line
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Host SSH keys are added to host entries in IdM, either when the host is created using
host-add or by modifying the entry later.
Note
RSA and DSS host keys are created by the
ipa-client-install command, unless the SSH service is explicitly disabled in the installation script.
- Run the
host-modcommand with the--sshpubkeyoption to upload the 64 bit-encoded public key to the host entry.Adding a host key also changes the DNS SSHFP entry for the host, so also use the--updatednsoption to update the host's DNS entry.For example:ipa host-mod --sshpubkey="ssh-rsa 12345abcde==" --updatedns host1.example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa host-mod --sshpubkey="ssh-rsa 12345abcde==" --updatedns host1.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow With a real key, the key is longer and usually ends with an equals sign (=).To upload multiple keys, pass a comma-separated list of keys with a single--sshpubkeyoption:--sshpubkey="12345abcde==,key2==,key3=="
--sshpubkey="12345abcde==,key2==,key3=="Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
A host can have multiple public keys. - After uploading the host keys, configure SSSD to use Identity Management as one of its identity domains and set up OpenSSH to use the SSSD tooling for managing host keys. This is covered in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
10.4.5. Removing Host Keys
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Host keys can be removed once they expire or are no longer valid.
To remove an individual host key, it is easiest to remove the key through the web UI:
- Open the Identity tab, and select the Hosts subtab.
- Click the name of the host to edit.
- Open the Host Settings area of the Settings tab.
- Click the Delete link by the fingerprint of the key to remove.
- Click the Update link at the top of the host's page to save the changes.
The command-line tools can be used to remove all keys. This is done by running
ipa host-mod with the --sshpubkey= set to a blank value; this removes all public keys for the host. Also, use the --updatedns option to update the host's DNS entry. For example:
kinit admin ipa host-mod --sshpubkey= --updatedns host1.example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa host-mod --sshpubkey= --updatedns host1.example.com10.5. Setting Ethers Information for a Host
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NIS can host an ethers table which can be used manage DHCP configuration files for systems based on their platform, operating system, DNS domain, and MAC address — all information stored in host entries in IdM.
In Identity Management, each system is created with a corresponding ethers entry in the directory, in the
ou=ethers subtree.
cn=server,ou=ethers,dc=example,dc=com
cn=server,ou=ethers,dc=example,dc=com
This entry is used to create a NIS map for the ethers service which can be managed by the NIS compatibility plug-in in IdM.
To configure NIS maps for ethers entries:
- Add the MAC address attribute to a host entry. For example:
kinit admin ipa host-mod --macaddress=12:34:56:78:9A:BC server.example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin [jsmith@server ~]$ ipa host-mod --macaddress=12:34:56:78:9A:BC server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the
nsswitch.conffile. - Add a line for the ethers service, and set it to use LDAP for its lookup.
ethers: ldap
ethers: ldapCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Check that the ethers information is available for the client.
getnt ethers server.example.com
[root@server ~]# getnt ethers server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
10.6. Renaming Machines and Reconfiguring IdM Client Configuration
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The hostname of a system is critical for the correct operation of Kerberos and SSL. Both of these security mechanisms rely on the hostname to ensure that communication is occurring between the specified hosts. Infrastructures which use virtual machines or clustered servers will commonly have hosts which are renamed because systems are copied, moved, or renamed.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux does not provide a simple rename command to facilitate the renaming of an IdM host. Renaming a host in an IdM domain involves deleting the entry in IdM, uninstalling the client software, changing the hostname, and re-enrolling using the new name. Additionally, part of renaming hosts requires regenerating service principals.
To reconfigure the client:
- Identify which services are running on the machine. These need to be re-created when the machine is re-enrolled.
ipa service-find server.example.com
# ipa service-find server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Each host has a default service which does not appear in the list of services. This service can be referred to as the "host service". The service principal for the host service ishost/<hostname>, such ashost/server.example.com. This principal can also be referred to as the host principal. - Identify all host groups to which the machine belongs.
kinit admin ipa hostgroup-find server.example.com
[root@client ~]# kinit admin [root@client ~]# ipa hostgroup-find server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Identify which of the services have certificates associated with them. This can be done using the
ldapsearchcommand to check the entries in the IdM LDAP database directly:ldapsearch -x -b "cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(objectclass=ipaservice)(userCertificate=*))" krbPrincipalName -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389
[root@client ~]# ldapsearch -x -b "cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(objectclass=ipaservice)(userCertificate=*))" krbPrincipalName -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - For any service principals (in addition to the host principal), determine the location of the corresponding keytabs on
server.example.com. The keytab location is different for each service, and IdM does not store this information.Each service on the client system has a Kerberos principal in the form service_name/hostname@REALM, such asldap/server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM. - Unenroll the client machine from the IdM domain:
ipa-client-install --uninstall
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-install --uninstallCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - For each identified keytab other than
/etc/krb5.keytab, remove the old principals:ipa-rmkeytab -k /path/to/keytab -r EXAMPLE.COM
[root@client ~]# ipa-rmkeytab -k /path/to/keytab -r EXAMPLE.COMCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On an IdM server, as an IdM administrator, remove the host entry. This removes all services and revokes all certificates issued for that host:
kinit admin ipa host-del server.example.com
[root@server ~]# kinit admin [root@server ~]# ipa host-del server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow At this point, the host is completely removed from IdM. - Rename the machine.
- Re-enroll the system with IdM:
ipa-client-install
[root@client ~]# ipa-client-installCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This generates a host principal for with the new hostname in/etc/krb5.keytab. - On an IdM server, add a new keytab for every service:
ipa service-add serviceName/new-hostname
[root@server ~]# ipa service-add serviceName/new-hostnameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - To generate certificates for services, use either
certmongeror the IdM administration tools. - Re-add the host to any applicable host groups.
10.7. Managing Host Groups
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Host groups are a way of centralizing control over important management tasks, particularly access control.
All groups in Identity Management are essentially static groups, meaning that the members of the group are manually and explicitly added to the group. Tangentially, IdM allows nested groups, where a group is a member of another group. In that case, all of the group members of the member group automatically belong to the parent group, as well.
Because groups are easy to create, it is possible to be very flexible in what groups to create and how they are organized. Groups can be defined around organizational divisions like departments, physical locations, or IdM or infrastructure usage guidelines for access controls.
10.7.1. Creating Host Groups
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10.7.1.1. Creating Host Groups from the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Host Groups subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the groups list.
- Enter the name and a description for the group.
- Click the button to go immediately to the member selection page.
- Select the members, as described in Section 10.7.2.2, “Adding Host Group Members from the Web UI”.
10.7.1.2. Creating Host Groups from the Command Line
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New groups are created using the
hostgroup-add command. (This adds only the group; members are added separately.)
Two attributes are always required: the group name and the group description. If those attributes are not given as arguments, then the script prompts for them.
ipa hostgroup-add groupName --desc="description"
$ ipa hostgroup-add groupName --desc="description"10.7.2. Adding Host Group Members
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10.7.2.1. Showing and Changing Group Members
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Members can be added to a group through the group configuration. There are tabs for all the member types which can belong to the group, and an administrator picks all of the matching entries and adds them as members.
However, it is also possible for an entity to be added to a group through its own configuration. Each entry has a list of tabs that displays group types that the entry can join. The list of all groups of that type is displayed, and the entity can be added to multiple groups at the same time.
Figure 10.2. Member Of...
10.7.2.2. Adding Host Group Members from the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Host Groups subtab.
- Click the name of the group to which to add members.
- Click the Add link at the top of the task area.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the hosts to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the hosts to the selection box.
- Click the button.
10.7.2.3. Adding Host Group Members from the Command Line
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Members are added to a host group using the
hostgroup-add-member command. This command can add both hosts as group members and other groups as group members.
The syntax of the
hostgroup-add-member command requires only the group name and a comma-separated list of hosts to add:
ipa hostgroup-add-member groupName [--hosts=list] [--hostgroups=list]
$ ipa hostgroup-add-member groupName [--hosts=list] [--hostgroups=list]
For example, this adds three hosts to the
caligroup group:
Likewise, other groups can be added as members, which creates nested groups:
[4]
The key type is determined automatically from the key itself, if it is not included in the uploaded key.
Chapter 11. Identity: Managing Services
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Some services that run on a host can also belong to the IdM domain. Any service that can store a Kerberos principal or an SSL certificate (or both) can be configured as an IdM service. Adding a service to the IdM domain allows the service to request an SSL certificate or keytab from the domain. (Only the public key for the certificate is stored in the service record. The private key is local to the service.)
An IdM domain establishes a commonality between machines, with common identity information, common policies, and shared services. Any machine which belongs to a domain functions as a client of the domain, which means it uses the services that the domain provides. An IdM domain (as described in Section 1.2, “Bringing Linux Services Together”) provides three main services specifically for machines:
- DNS
- Kerberos
- Certificate management
11.1. Adding and Editing Service Entries and Keytabs
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As with host entries, service entries for the host (and any other services on that host which will belong to the domain) must be added manually to the IdM domain. This is a two step process. First, the service entry must be created, and then a keytab must be created for that service which it will use to access the domain.
By default, Identity Management saves its HTTP keytab to
/etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytab.
Note
This keytab is used for the web UI. If a key were stored in
ipa.keytab and that keytab file is deleted, the IdM web UI will stop working, because the original key would also be deleted.
Similar locations can be specified for each service that needs to be made Kerberos aware. There is no specific location that must be used, but, when using
ipa-getkeytab, you should avoid using /etc/krb5.keytab. This file should not contain service-specific keytabs; each service should have its keytab saved in a specific location and the access privileges (and possibly SELinux rules) should be configured so that only this service has access to the keytab.
11.1.1. Adding Services and Keytabs from the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Services subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the services list.
- Select the service type from the drop-down menu, and give it a name.
- Select the hostname of the IdM host on which the service is running. The hostname is used to construct the full service principal name.
- Click the Add button to save the new service principal.
- Use the
ipa-getkeytabcommand to generate and assign the new keytab for the service principal.# ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-cts
[root@ipaserver ~]# # ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-ctsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The realm name is optional. The IdM server automatically appends the Kerberos realm for which it is configured. You cannot specify a different realm.
- The hostname must resolve to a DNS A record for it to work with Kerberos. You can use the
--forceflag to force the creation of a principal should this prove necessary. - The
-eargument can include a comma-separated list of encryption types to include in the keytab. This supersedes any default encryption type.
Warning
Creating a new key resets the secret for the specified principal. This means that all other keytabs for that principal are rendered invalid.
11.1.2. Adding Services and Keytabs from the Command Line
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- Create the service principal. The service is recognized through a name like service/FQDN:
ipa service-add serviceName/hostname
# ipa service-add serviceName/hostnameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create the service keytab file using the
ipa-getkeytabcommand. This command is run on the client in the IdM domain. (Actually, it can be run on any IdM server or client, and then the keys copied to the appropriate machine. However, it is simplest to run the command on the machine with the service being created.)The command requires the Kerberos service principal (-p), the IdM server name (-s), the file to write (-k), and the encryption method (-e). Be sure to copy the keytab to the appropriate directory for the service.For example:ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-cts
# ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-ctsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - The realm name is optional. The IdM server automatically appends the Kerberos realm for which it is configured. You cannot specify a different realm.
- The hostname must resolve to a DNS A record for it to work with Kerberos. You can use the
--forceflag to force the creation of a principal should this prove necessary. - The
-eargument can include a comma-separated list of encryption types to include in the keytab. This supersedes any default encryption type.
Warning
Theipa-getkeytabcommand resets the secret for the specified principal. This means that all other keytabs for that principal are rendered invalid.
11.2. Adding Services and Certificates for Services
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While services can use keytabs, some services require certificates for access. In that case, a service can be added (or modified) to include a certificate with its service entry.
11.2.1. Adding Services and Certificates from the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Services subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the services list.
- Select the service type from the drop-down menu, and give it a name.
- Select the hostname of the IdM host on which the service is running. The hostname is used to construct the full service principal name.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go directly to the service entry page.
- Scroll to the bottom of the page, to the Service Certificate section.
- Click the New Certificate button to create the service certificate.
11.2.2. Adding Services and Certificates from the Command Line
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- Create the service principal. The service is recognized through a name like service/FQDN:
kinit admin ipa service-add serviceName/hostname
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin [jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa service-add serviceName/hostnameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a certificate for the service. Be sure to copy the keytab to the appropriate directory for the service.For example:
ipa cert-request --principal=HTTP/web.example.com example.csr
$ ipa cert-request --principal=HTTP/web.example.com example.csrCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Use the--addoption to create the service automatically when requesting the certificate.Alternatively, use thegetcertcommand, which creates and manages the certificate throughcertmonger. The options are described more in Section B.1, “Requesting a Certificate with certmonger”.ipa-getcert request -d /etc/httpd/alias -n Server-Cert -K HTTP/client1.example.com -N 'CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'
$ ipa-getcert request -d /etc/httpd/alias -n Server-Cert -K HTTP/client1.example.com -N 'CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
11.3. Storing Certificates in NSS Databases
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When services use certificates, the certificates and keys can be stored in NSS databases (which may also be used by the services themselves, as well as Identity Management).
- Create the NSS databases.
certutil -N -d /path/to/database/dir
$ certutil -N -d /path/to/database/dirCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Request the certificate using
certutil, an NSS tool.certutil -R -s "CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM" -d /path/to/database/dir -a > example.csr
$ certutil -R -s "CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM" -d /path/to/database/dir -a > example.csrCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
If the IdM domain is using Certificate System for its CA, only the CN of the subject name is used. With a self-signed CA, the subject must match the configured certificate subject base. The IdM server rejects requests with a subject base that differs from this value.
11.4. Configuring Clustered Services
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The IdM server is not cluster aware. However, it is possible to configure a clustered service to be part of IdM by synchronizing Kerberos keys across all of the participating hosts and configuring services running on the hosts to respond to whatever names the clients use.
- Enroll all of the hosts in the cluster into the IdM domain.
- Create any service principals and generate the required keytabs.
- Collect any keytabs that have been set up for services on the host, including the host keytab at
/etc/krb5.keytab. - Use the
ktutilcommand to produce a single keytab file that contains the contents of all of the keytab files.- For each file, use the
rktcommand to read the keys from that file. - Use the
wktcommand to write all of the keys which have been read to a new keytab file.
- Replace the keytab files on each host with the newly-created combined keytab file.
- At this point, each host in this cluster can now impersonate any other host.
- Some services require additional configuration to accommodate cluster members which do not reset hostnames when taking over a failed service.
- For
sshd, setGSSAPIStrictAcceptorCheck noin/etc/ssh/sshd_config. - For
mod_auth_kerb, setKrbServiceName Anyin/etc/httpd/conf.d/auth_kerb.conf.
Note
For SSL servers, the subject name or a subject alternative name for the server's certificate must appear correct when a client connects to the clustered host. If possible, share the private key among all of the hosts.
If each cluster member contains a subject alternative name which includes the names of all the other cluster members, that satisfies any client connection requirements.
11.5. Using the Same Service Principal for Multiple Services
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Within a cluster, the same service principal can be used for multiple services, spread across different machines.
- Retrieve a service principal using the
ipa-getkeytabcommand.ipa-getkeytab -s kdc.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-cts
# ipa-getkeytab -s kdc.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-ctsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Either direct multiple servers or services to use the same file, or copy the file to individual servers as required.
11.6. Disabling and Re-enabling Service Entries
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Active services can be accessed by other services, hosts, and users within the domain. There can be situations when it is necessary to remove a host or a service from activity. However, deleting a service or a host removes the entry and all the associated configuration, and it removes it permanently.
11.6.1. Disabling Service Entries
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Disabling a service prevents domain users from access it without permanently removing it from the domain. This can be done by using the
service-disable command.
For a service, specify the principal for the service. For example:
kinit admin
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
$ ipa service-disable http/server.example.comImportant
Disabling a host entry not only disables that host. It disables every configured service on that host as well.
11.6.2. Re-enabling and Services
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Disabling a service essentially kills its current, active keytabs. Removing the keytabs effectively removes the service from the IdM domain without otherwise touching its configuration entry.
To re-enable a service, simply use the
ipa-getkeytab command. The -s option sets which IdM server to request the keytab, -p gives the principal name, and -k gives the file to which to save the keytab.
For example, requesting a new HTTP keytab:
ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-cts
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-getkeytab -s ipaserver.example.com -p HTTP/server.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab -e aes256-cts
If the
ipa-getkeytab command is run on an active IdM client or server, then it can be run without any LDAP credentials (-D and -w). The IdM user uses Kerberos credentials to authenticate to the domain. To run the command directly on a disabled host, then supply LDAP credentials to authenticate to the IdM server. The credentials should correspond to the host or service which is being re-enabled.
Chapter 12. Identity: Delegating Access to Hosts and Services
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As discussed in Section 1.3, “Relationships Between Servers and Clients”, within the IdM domain, manage means being able to retrieve a keytab and certificates for another host or service. Every host and service has a
managedby entry which lists what hosts or services can manage it. By default, a host can manage itself and all of its services. It is also possible to allow a host to manage other hosts, or services on other hosts, by updating the appropriate delegations or providing a suitable managedby entry.
An IdM service can be managed from any IdM host, as long as that host has been granted, or delegated, permission to access the service. Likewise, hosts can be delegated permissions to other hosts within the domain.
Figure 12.1. Host and Service Delegation
Note
If a host is delegated authority to another host through a
managedBy entry, it does not mean that the host has also been delegated management for all services on that host. Each delegation has to be performed independently.
12.1. Delegating Service Management
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A host is delegated control over a service using the
service-add-host command. There are two parts to delegating the service: specifying the principal and identifying the hosts (in a comma-separated list) with control:
ipa service-add-host principal --hosts=hostnames
# ipa service-add-host principal --hosts=hostnames
For example:
ipa service-add-host http/web.example.com --hosts=client1.example.com
# ipa service-add-host http/web.example.com --hosts=client1.example.com
Once the host is delegated authority, the host principal can be used to manage the service:
kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/`hostname` ipa-getkeytab -s `hostname` -k /tmp/test.keytab -p http/web.example.com
# kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/`hostname`
# ipa-getkeytab -s `hostname` -k /tmp/test.keytab -p http/web.example.com
Keytab successfully retrieved and stored in: /tmp/test.keytab
To create a ticket for this service, create a certificate request on the host with the delegated authority and use the
cert-request command to create a service entry and load the certification information:
12.2. Delegating Host Management
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Hosts are delegated authority over other hosts through the
host-add-managedby command. This creates a managedby entry. Once the managedby entry is created, then the host can retrieve a keytab for the host it has delegated authority over.
- Log in as the admin user.
kinit admin
# kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the
managedbyentry. For example, this delegates authority over client2 to client1.ipa host-add-managedby client2.example.com --hosts=client1.example.com
# ipa host-add-managedby client2.example.com --hosts=client1.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Obtain a ticket as the host
client1and then retrieve a keytab forclient2:kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/`hostname` ipa-getkeytab -s `hostname` -k /tmp/client2.keytab -p host/client2.example.com
# kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/`hostname` # ipa-getkeytab -s `hostname` -k /tmp/client2.keytab -p host/client2.example.com Keytab successfully retrieved and stored in: /tmp/client2.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
12.3. Delegating Host or Service Management in the Web UI
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Each host and service entry has a configuration tab that indicates what hosts have been delegated management control over that host or service.
- Open the Identity tab, and select the Hosts or Services subtab.
- Click the name of the host or service that you are going to grant delegated management to.
- Click the Hosts subtab on the far right of the host/service entry. This is the tab which lists hosts which can manage the selected host/service.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the hosts to which to delegate management for the host/service. Click the right arrows button, , to move the hosts to the selection box.
- Click the button to close the selection box and to save the delegation settings.
12.4. Accessing Delegated Services
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For both services and hosts, if a client has delegated authority, it can obtain a keytab for that principal on the local machine. For services, this has the format service/hostname@REALM. For hosts, the service is
host.
With
kinit, use the -k option to load a keytab and the -t option to specify the keytab.
For example, to access a host:
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kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/ipa.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
# kinit -kt /etc/krb5.keytab host/ipa.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
To access a service:
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kinit -kt /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab http/ipa.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
# kinit -kt /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.keytab http/ipa.example.com@EXAMPLE.COMChapter 13. Identity: Integrating with NIS Domains and Netgroups
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Network information service (NIS) is one of the most common ways to manage identities and authentication on Unix networks. It is simple and easy to use, but it also has inherent security risks and a lack of flexibility that can make administering NIS domains problematic.
Identity Management supplies a way to integrate netgroups and other NIS data into the IdM domain, which incorporates the stronger security structure of IdM over the NIS configuration. Alternatively, administrators can simply migrate user and host identities from a NIS domain into the IdM domain.
13.1. About NIS and Identity Management
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Network information service (NIS) centrally manages authentication and identity information such as users and passwords, hosts and IP addresses, and POSIX groups. This was originally called Yellow Pages (abbreviated YP) because of its simple focus on identity and authentication lookups.
NIS is considered too insecure for most modern network environments because it provides no host authentication mechanisms and it transmits all of its information over the network unencrypted, including password hashes. Still, while NIS has been falling out of favor with administrators, it is still actively used by many system clients. There are ways to work around those insecurities by integrating NIS with other protocols which offer enhanced security.
In Identity Management, NIS objects are integrated into IdM using the underlying LDAP directory. LDAP services offer support for NIS objects (as defined in RFC 2307), which Identity Management customizes to provide better integration with other domain identities. The NIS object is created inside the LDAP service and then a module like
nss_ldap or SSSD fetches the object using an encrypted LDAP connection.
NIS entities are stored in netgroups. A netgroup allows nesting (groups inside groups), which standard Unix groups don't support. Also, netgroups provide a way to group hosts, which is also missing in Unix group.
NIS groups work by defining users and hosts as members of a larger domain. A netgroup sets a trio of information — host, user, domain. This is called a triple.
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A netgroup triple associates the user or the host with the domain; it does not associate the user and the host with each other. Therefore, a triple usually defines a host or a user for better clarity and management.
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host,user,domain
host,user,domainhost.example.com,,nisdomain.example.com -,jsmith,nisdomain.example.com
host.example.com,,nisdomain.example.com
-,jsmith,nisdomain.example.com
NIS distributes more than just netgroup data. It stores information about users and passwords, groups, network data, and hosts, among other information. Identity Management can use a NIS listener to map passwords, groups, and netgroups to IdM entries.
In IdM LDAP entries, the users in a netgroup can be a single user or a group; both are identified by the
memberUser parameter. Likewise, hosts can be either a single host or a host group; both are identified by the memberHost attribute.
In Identity Management, these netgroup entries are handled using the
netgroup-* commands, which show the basic LDAP entry:
When a client attempts to access the NIS netgroup, then Identity Management translates the LDAP entry into a traditional NIS map and sends it to a client over the NIS protocol (using a NIS plug-in) or it translates it into an LDAP format that is compliant with RFC 2307 or RFC 2307bis.
13.2. Setting the NIS Port for Identity Management
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The IdM server binds to its NIS services over a random port that is selected when the server starts. It sends that port assignment to the portmapper so that NIS clients know what port to use to contact the IdM server.
Administrators may need to open a firewall for NIS clients or may have other services that need to know the port number in advance and need that port number to remain the same. In that case, an administrator can specify the port to use.
Note
Any available port number below 1024 can be used for the NIS Plug-in setting.
The NIS configuration is in the NIS Plug-in in Identity Management's internal Directory Server instance. To specify the port:
- Enable the NIS listener and compatibility plug-ins:
ipa-nis-manage enable ipa-compat-manage enable
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-nis-manage enable [root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-compat-manage enableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Edit the plug-in configuration and add the port number as an argument. For example, to set the port to 514:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the Directory Server to load the new plug-in configuration.
service dirsrv restart
[root@ipaserver ~]# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
13.3. Creating Netgroups
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All netgroups in Identity Management are essentially static groups, meaning that the members of the group are manually and explicitly added to the group. Tangentially, IdM allows nested groups, where a group is a member of another group. In that case, all of the group members of the member group automatically belong to the parent group, as well.
Netgroups are added in two steps: the group itself is created, and then members are added to it.
13.3.1. Adding Netgroups
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13.3.1.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Netgroups subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the netgroups list.
- Enter both a unique name and a description for the netgroup. Both the name and description are required.The group name is the identifier used for the netgroup in the IdM domain, and it cannot be changed after it is created. The name cannot contain spaces, but other separators like an underscore (_) are allowed.
- Click the button to go immediately to the netgroup's edit pages.
- Optionally, set the NIS domain for the netgroup. This defaults to the IdM domain, but it can be changed.
- Click the Settings tab.
- Enter the name of the alternate NIS domain in the NIS domain name field.The NIS domain name field sets the domain that appears in the netgroup triple. It does not affect which NIS domain the Identity Management listener responds to.
- Add members, as described in Section 13.3.2.1, “With the Web UI”.
13.3.1.2. With the Command Line
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New netgroups are added using the
netgroup-add command. This adds only the group; members are added separately. Two attributes are always required: the group name and the group description. If those attributes are not given as arguments, then the script prompts for them. There is also an option to set the NIS domain name to use for the group; this defaults to the IdM domain, but it can be set to something different, depending on the network configuration.
ipa netgroup-add --desc="description" [--nisdomain=domainName] groupName
$ ipa netgroup-add --desc="description" [--nisdomain=domainName] groupName
For example:
ipa netgroup-add --desc="my new netgroup" example-netgroup ipa netgroup-add-member --hosts=ipa.example.com example-netgroup ypcat -d example.com -h ipa.example.com netgroup
# ipa netgroup-add --desc="my new netgroup" example-netgroup
# ipa netgroup-add-member --hosts=ipa.example.com example-netgroup
# ypcat -d example.com -h ipa.example.com netgroup
(ipa.example.com,-,example.com)Note
The
--nisdomain option sets the domain that appears in the netgroup triple. It does not affect which NIS domain the Identity Management listener responds to.
13.3.2. Adding Netgroup Members
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Note
Netgroups can contain user groups, host groups, and other netgroups as their members. These are nested groups.
It can take up to several minutes for the members of the child group to show up as members of the parent group. This is especially true on virtual machines where the nested groups have more than 500 members.
When creating nested groups, be careful not to create recursive groups. For example, if GroupA is a member of GroupB, do not add GroupB as a member of GroupA. Recursive groups are not supported and can cause unpredictable behavior.
13.3.2.1. With the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the Netgroups subtab.
- Click the name of the netgroup to which to add members.
- Select the tab for the type of netgroup member to add. Netgroups can have users, user groups, hosts, host groups, and other netgroups as members.
- Click the Add link at the top of the task area.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the users to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the names to the selection box.
- Click the button.
13.3.2.2. With the Command Line
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Once the group is configured, begin adding netgroup members with the
netgroup-add-member command. Users, groups, hosts, host groups, and other netgroups can all be added to the netgroup entry. The entry name of the NIS group being edited usually comes at the end of the command:
ipa netgroup-add-member --users=users --groups=groups --hosts=hosts --hostgroups=hostGroups --netgroups=netgroups groupName
# ipa netgroup-add-member --users=users --groups=groups --hosts=hosts --hostgroups=hostGroups --netgroups=netgroups groupName
To set more than one member, use a comma-separated list with the option. For example, this sets two users and two hosts with the other configuration:
ipa netgroup-add-member --users=jsmith,bjensen --groups=ITadmin --hosts=host1.example.com,host2.example.com --hostgroups=EngDev --netgroups=nisgroup2 example-group
# ipa netgroup-add-member --users=jsmith,bjensen --groups=ITadmin --hosts=host1.example.com,host2.example.com --hostgroups=EngDev --netgroups=nisgroup2 example-group13.4. Exposing Automount Maps to NIS Clients
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When the NIS service is enabled on a system, the IdM server is automatically configured to set the NIS domain to the IdM domain's name, and to include IdM users, groups, and netgroups as passwd, group, and netgroup maps in the NIS domain.
If any automount maps are already defined, these maps need to be manually added to the NIS configuration in Identity Management for them to be exposed to NIS clients. The NIS server is managed by a special plug-in entry in the IdM LDAP directory; this is a container entry, and each NIS domain and map used by the NIS server is configured as a child entry beneath that container. The NIS domain entry in the must have the name of the NIS domain, the name of the NIS map, how to find the directory entries to use as the NIS map's contents, and which attributes to use as the NIS map's key and value. Most of these settings will be the same for every map.
The IdM server stores the automount maps, grouped by automount location, in the
cn=automount branch of the IdM directory tree.
The NIS domain and map is added using LDAP tools, like
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ldapadd, and editing the directory directly. For example, this adds an automount map that is named auto.example in a location named default and for a server named nisserver:
A similar add operation needs to be run for every map that is configured.
13.5. Migrating from NIS to IdM
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There is no direct migration path from NIS to Identity Management. This is a manual process with three major steps: setting up netgroup entries in IdM, exporting the existing data from NIS, and importing that data into IdM. There are several options for how to set up the IdM environment and how to export data; the best option depends on the type of data and the overall network environment that you have.
13.5.1. Preparing Netgroup Entries in IdM
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The first step is to identify what kinds of identities are being managed by NIS. Frequently, a NIS server is used for either user entries or host entries, but not for both, which can simplify the data migration process.
For user entries
Determine what applications are using the user information in the NIS server. While some clients (like sudo) require NIS netgroups, many clients can use Unix groups instead. If no netgroups are required, then simply create corresponding user accounts in IdM and delete the netgroups entirely. Otherwise, create the user entries in IdM and then create an IdM-managed netgroup and add those users as members. This is described in Section 13.3, “Creating Netgroups”.
For host entries
Whenever a host group is created in IdM, a corresponding shadow NIS group is automatically created. These netgroups can then be managed using the ipa-host-net-manage command.
For a direct conversion
It may be necessary to have an exact conversion, with every NIS user and host having an exact corresponding entry in IdM. In that case, each entry can be created using the original NIS names:
- Create an entry for every user referenced in a netgroup.
- Create an entry for every host referenced in a netgroup.
- Create a netgroup with the same name as the original netgroup.
- Add the users and hosts as direct members of the netgroup. Alternatively, add the users and hosts into IdM groups or other netgroups, and then add those groups as members to the netgroup.
13.5.2. Enabling the NIS Listener in Identity Management
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The IdM Directory Server can function as a limited NIS server. The
slapi-nis plug-in sets up a special NIS listener that receives incoming NIS requests and manages the NIS maps within the Directory Server. Identity Management uses three NIS maps:
- passwd
- group
- netgroup
Using IdM as an intermediate NIS server offers a reasonable way to handle NIS requests while migrating NIS clients and data.
The
slapi-nis plug-in is not enabled by default. To enable NIS for Identity Management:
- Obtain new Kerberos credentials as an IdM admin user.
kinit admin
[root@ipaserver ~]# kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enable the NIS listener and compatibility plug-ins:
ipa-nis-manage enable ipa-compat-manage enable
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-nis-manage enable [root@ipaserver ~]# ipa-compat-manage enableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the DNS and Directory Server service:
service rpcbind restart service dirsrv restart
[root@server ~]# service rpcbind restart [root@server ~]# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
13.5.3. Exporting and Importing the Existing NIS Data
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NIS can contain information for users, groups, DNS and hosts, netgroups, and automount maps. Any of these entry types can be migrated over to the IdM server.
Migration is performed by exporting the data using
ypcat and then looping through that output and creating the IdM entries with the corresponding ipa *-add commands. While this could be done manually, it is easiest to script it. These examples use a shell script.
13.5.3.1. Importing User Entries
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The
/etc/passwd file contains all of the NIS user information. These entries can be used to create IdM user accounts with UID, GID, gecos, shell, home directory, and name attributes that mirror the NIS entries.
For example, this is
nis-user.sh:
This can be run for a given NIS domain:
kinit admin ./nis-user.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com
[root@nis-server ~]# kinit admin
[root@nis-server ~]# ./nis-user.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.comNote
This script does not migrate user passwords. Rather, it creates a temporary password which users are then prompted to change when they next log in.
13.5.3.2. Importing Group Entries
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The
/etc/group file contains all of the NIS group information. These entries can be used to create IdM user group accounts with the GID, gecos, shell, home directory, and name attributes that mirror the NIS entries.
For example, this is
nis-group.sh:
This can be run for a given NIS domain:
kinit admin ./nis-group.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com
[root@nis-server ~]# kinit admin
[root@nis-server ~]# ./nis-group.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com13.5.3.3. Importing Host Entries
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The
/etc/hosts file contains all of the NIS host information. These entries can be used to create IdM host accounts that mirror the NIS entries.
For example, this is
nis-hosts.sh:
This can be run for a given NIS domain:
kinit admin ./nis-hosts.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com
[root@nis-server ~]# kinit admin
[root@nis-server ~]# ./nis-hosts.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.comNote
This script example does not account for special host scenarios, such as using aliases.
13.5.3.4. Importing Netgroup Entries
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The
/etc/netgroup file contains all of the NIS netgroup information. These entries can be used to create IdM netgroup accounts that mirror the NIS entries.
For example, this is
nis-netgroup.sh:
As explained briefly in Section 13.1, “About NIS and Identity Management”, NIS entries exist in a set of three values, called a triple. The triple is host,user,domain, but not every component is required; commonly, a triple only defines a host and domain or user and domain. The way this script is written, the
ipa netgroup-add-member command always adds a host, user, and domain triple to the netgroup.
Any missing element is added as a blank, so the triple is properly migrated. For example, for the triple
server,,domain the options with the member add command are --hosts=server --users="" --nisdomain=domain.
This can be run for a given NIS domain by specifying the NIS domain and NIS server:
kinit admin ./nis-hosts.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com
[root@nis-server ~]# kinit admin
[root@nis-server ~]# ./nis-hosts.sh nisdomain nis-master.example.com13.5.3.5. Importing Automount Maps
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Automount maps are actually a series of nested and inter-related entries that define the location (the parent entry), and then associated keys and maps.
While the data are the same in the NIS and IdM entries, the way that data are defined is different. The NIS information is exported and then used to construct an LDAP entry for the automount location and associated map; it then creates an entry for every configured key for the map.
Unlike the other NIS migration script examples, this script takes options to create an automount location and a map name, along with the migrated NIS domain and server.
This can be run for a given NIS domain:
kinit admin ./nis-hosts.sh location nisdomain nis-master.example.com map
[root@nis-server ~]# kinit admin
[root@nis-server ~]# ./nis-hosts.sh location nisdomain nis-master.example.com map13.5.4. Setting Weak Password Encryption for NIS User Authentication to IdM
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A NIS server can handle CRYPT password hashes. Once an existing NIS server is migrated to IdM (and its underlying LDAP database), it may still be necessary to preserve the NIS-supported CRYPT passwords. However, the LDAP server does not use CRYPT hashes by default. It uses salted SHA (SSHA) or SSHA-256. If the 389 Directory Server password hash is not changed, then NIS users cannot authenticate to the IdM domain, and
kinit fails with password failures.
To set the underlying 389 Directory Server to use CRYPT as the password hash, change the
passwordStorageScheme attribute using ldapmodify:
Note
Changing the password storage scheme only applies the scheme to new passwords; it does not retroactively change the encryption method used for existing passwords.
If weak crypto is required for password hashes, it is better to change the setting as early as possible so that more user passwords use the weaker password hash.
Chapter 14. Identity: Integrating with Active Directory Through Cross-forest Trust (Technology Preview)
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Kerberos implements a concept of a trust. In a trust, a principal from one Kerberos realm can request a ticket to a service in another Kerberos realm. Using this ticket, the principal can authenticate against resources on machines belonging to the other realm.
Kerberos also has the ability to create a relationship between two otherwise separate Kerberos realms: a cross-realm trust. Realms that are part of a trust use a shared pair of a ticket and key; a member of one realm then counts as a member of both realms.
Both Active Directory and Identity Management manage a variety of core services such as Kerberos, LDAP, DNS, or certificate services. Therefore, establishing Kerberos cross-realm trust is not enough to allow users from one realm to access resources in a different realm; support is required at other levels of communication as well. For this purpose, IdM enables configuring a cross-forest trust between an IdM domain and an AD domain. Cross-forest trust is a trust established between two separate forest root domains, allowing users and services from different forests to communicate.
Note
Multiple AD domains can be organized together into an Active Directory forest. A root domain of the forest is the first domain created in the forest. The IdM domain cannot be part of an existing AD forest, thus it is always seen as a separate forest.
Cross-forest Trust As Technology Preview in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, the cross-forest trust feature is offered as a Technology Preview. Note that Red Hat recommends to connect Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 IdM clients to a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 IdM server for cross-forest trust capability. Trusts are fully supported on servers running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. Configuration with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients connected to a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 server for cross-forest trust is fully supported as well. In such setups, it is recommended to use the latest version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 on the client side and the latest version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 on the server side.
Red Hat will not upgrade the cross-forest trust feature within Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 from the Technology Preview status to Supported. If a certain AD deployment does not work with cross-forest trust in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, consider trying the latest Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 IdM version to identify whether a particular configuration requires improvement in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
For documentation on cross-forest trust in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, including a more detailed description of what cross-forest trust is, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Windows Integration Guide.
Overview of Cross-forest Trust in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
The cross-forest trust feature in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 includes the ability to:
- Establish a trust to a single AD forest.
- Allow access to IdM resources for users from the root domain of a trusted AD forest.
The cross-forest trust feature in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 does not include the ability to:
- Override default attributes of AD users, such as the login shell or home directory, in a centralized way. To achieve this, deploy ID views using IdM in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
- Expose AD users and groups using the compatibility tree for legacy clients. To provide legacy clients with access to AD users and groups, use IdM in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
Trusts vs Synchronization
Trusts and synchronization are fundamentally different approaches to integrating an IdM domain and an AD domain. Both approaches offer the advantage of managing Linux systems and policies related to those systems centrally while enabling users from AD domains to transparently access Linux systems and services.
For a comparison of the trust-based and synchronization-based solutions, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Windows Integration Guide. For information on integrating with AD using synchronization in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, see Chapter 15, Identity: Integrating with Microsoft Active Directory Through Synchronization.
Chapter 15. Identity: Integrating with Microsoft Active Directory Through Synchronization
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Identity Management uses active synchronization to integrate user data stored in an Active Directory domain and the user data stored in the IdM domain. Critical user attributes, including passwords, are synchronized between the services.
The capability to sync Active Directory and IdM domains is inherent when an IdM server is first installed. The synchronization process is configured by creating agreements between the IdM server and the Active Directory domain controller.
This chapter describes how to configure synchronization, how to configure Active Directory for integration with IdM, and how to configure Windows systems within the Active Directory domain to be aware of the IdM domain.
15.1. Supported Windows Platforms
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Entry synchronization is performed through a process similar to replication, which uses hooks to connect to and retrieve directory data from the Windows server.
Password synchronization is performed through a Windows service which is installed on the Windows server and then communicates to the Identity Management server.
Both entry and password synchronization are supported with these Windows servers:
- Windows Server 2008 R2
- Windows Server 2012 R2
The version of the password sync service which works with Windows is 1.1.5. This is available in the Red Hat Directory Server downloads part of Red Hat Network.
15.2. About Active Directory and Identity Management
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Within the IdM domain, information is shared among servers and replicas by copying that information, reliably and predictably, between data masters (servers and replicas). This process is replication.
A similar process can be used to share data between the IdM domain and a Microsoft Active Directory domain. This is synchronization.
Synchronization is the process of copying user data back and forth between Active Directory and Identity Management.
Synchronization is defined in an agreement between an IdM server and an Active Directory domain controller. The sync agreement defines all of the information required to identify sync-able user entries (like the subtree to synchronize and requisite object classes in the user entries) as well as defining how account attributes are handled. The sync agreements are created with default values which can be tweaked to meet the needs of a specific domain. When two servers are involved in synchronization, they are called peers.
Synchronization is most commonly bi-directional. Information is sent back and forth between the IdM domain and the Windows domain in a process that is very similar to how IdM servers and replicas share information among themselves. It is possible to configure synchronization to only sync one way. That is uni-directional synchronization.
To prevent the risk of data conflicts, synchronization is configured between one Identity Management server and one Active Directory domain controller. The Identity Management server propagates changes back to the IdM domain, while the domain controller propagates changes back to the Windows domain.
There are some key features to IdM synchronization:
- A synchronization operation runs every five minutes.
- Synchronization can only be configured with one Active Directory domain. Multiple domains are not supported.
- Synchronization can only be configured with one Active Directory domain controller.
- Only user information is synchronized.
- Both user attributes and passwords can be synchronized.
- While modifications are bi-directional (going both from Active Directory to IdM and from IdM to Active Directory), creating or adding accounts are only uni-directional, from Active Directory to Identity Management. New accounts created in Active Directory are synchronized over to IdM automatically. However, user accounts created in IdM must also be created in Active Directory before they will be synchronized.
- Account lock information is synchronized by default, so a user account which is disabled in one domain is disabled in the other.
- Password synchronization changes take effect immediately.
When Active Directory users are synchronized over to IdM, certain attributes (including Kerberos and POSIX attributes) will have IPA attributes are automatically added to the user entries. These attributes are used by IdM within its domain. They are not synchronized back over the corresponding Active Directory user entry.
Some of the data in synchronization can be modified as part of the synchronization process. For examples, certain attributes can be automatically added to Active Directory user accounts when they are synced over to the IdM domain. These attribute changes are defined as part of the synchronization agreement and are described in Section 15.5.3, “Changing the Behavior for Syncing User Account Attributes”.
15.3. About Synchronized Attributes
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Identity Management synchronizes a subset of user attributes between IdM and Active Directory user entries. Any other attributes present in the entry, either in Identity Management or in Active Directory, are ignored by synchronization.
Note
Most POSIX attributes are not synchronized.
Although there are significant schema differences between the Active Directory LDAP schema and the 389 Directory Server LDAP schema used by Identity Management, there are many attributes that are the same. These attributes are simply synchronized between the Active Directory and IdM user entries, with no changes to the attribute name or value format.
User Schema That Are the Same in Identity Management and Windows Servers
- cn[5]
- physicalDeliveryOfficeName
- description
- postOfficeBox
- destinationIndicator
- postalAddress
- facsimileTelephoneNumber
- postalCode
- givenname
- registeredAddress
- homePhone
- sn
- homePostalAddress
- st
- initials
- street
- l
- telephoneNumber
- mail
- teletexTerminalIdentifier
- mobile
- telexNumber
- o
- title
- ou
- usercertificate
- pager
- x121Address
Some attributes have different names but still have direct parity between IdM (which uses 389 Directory Server) and Active Directory. These attributes are mapped by the synchronization process.
| Identity Management | Active Directory |
|---|---|
| cn[a] | name |
| nsAccountLock | userAccountControl |
| ntUserDomainId | sAMAccountName |
| ntUserHomeDir | homeDirectory |
| ntUserScriptPath | scriptPath |
| ntUserLastLogon | lastLogon |
| ntUserLastLogoff | lastLogoff |
| ntUserAcctExpires | accountExpires |
| ntUserCodePage | codePage |
| ntUserLogonHours | logonHours |
| ntUserMaxStorage | maxStorage |
| ntUserProfile | profilePath |
| ntUserParms | userParameters |
| ntUserWorkstations | userWorkstations |
[a]
The cn is mapped directly (cn to cn) when syncing from Identity Management to Active Directory. When syncing from Active Directory cn is mapped from the name attribute in Active Directory to the cn attribute in Identity Management.
| |
15.3.1. User Schema Differences between Identity Management and Active Directory
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Even though attributes may be successfully synced between Active Directory and IdM, there may still be differences in how Active Directory and Identity Management define the underlying X.500 object classes. This could lead to differences in how the data are handled in the different LDAP services.
This section describes the differences in how Active Directory and Identity Management handle some of the attributes which can be synchronized between the two domains.
15.3.1.1. Values for cn Attributes
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In 389 Directory Server, the
cn attribute can be multi-valued, while in Active Directory this attribute must have only a single value. When the Identity Management cn attribute is synchronized, then, only one value is sent to the Active Directory peer.
What this means for synchronization is that,potentially, if a
cn value is added to an Active Directory entry and that value is not one of the values for cn in Identity Management, then all of the Identity Management cn values are overwritten with the single Active Directory value.
One other important difference is that Active Directory uses the
cn attribute as its naming attribute, where Identity Management uses uid. This means that there is the potential to rename the entry entirely (and accidentally) if the cn attribute is edited in the Identity Management. If that cn change is written over to the Active Directory entry, then the entry is renamed, and the new named entry is written back over to Identity Management.
15.3.1.2. Values for street and streetAddress
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Active Directory uses the attribute
streetAddress for a user's postal address; this is the way that 389 Directory Server uses the street attribute. There are two important differences in the way that Active Directory and Identity Management use the streetAddress and street attributes, respectively:
- In 389 Directory Server,
streetAddressis an alias forstreet. Active Directory also has thestreetattribute, but it is a separate attribute that can hold an independent value, not an alias forstreetAddress. - Active Directory defines both
streetAddressandstreetas single-valued attributes, while 389 Directory Server definesstreetas a multi-valued attribute, as specified in RFC 4519.
Because of the different ways that 389 Directory Server and Active Directory handle
streetAddress and street attributes, there are two rules to follow when setting address attributes in Active Directory and Identity Management:
- The synchronization process maps
streetAddressin the Active Directory entry tostreetin Identity Management. To avoid conflicts, thestreetattribute should not be used in Active Directory. - Only one Identity Management
streetattribute value is synced to Active Directory. If thestreetAddressattribute is changed in Active Directory and the new value does not already exist in Identity Management, then allstreetattribute values in Identity Management are replaced with the new, single Active Directory value.
15.3.1.3. Constraints on the initials Attribute
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For the
initials attribute, Active Directory imposes a maximum length constraint of six characters, but 389 Directory Server does not have a length limit. If an initials attribute longer than six characters is added to Identity Management, the value is trimmed when it is synchronized with the Active Directory entry.
15.3.1.4. Requiring the surname (sn) Attribute
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Active Directory allows
person entries to be created without a surname attribute. However, RFC 4519 defines the person object class as requiring a surname attribute, and this is the definition used in Directory Server.
If an Active Directory
person entry is created without a surname attribute, that entry will not be synced over to IdM since it fails with an object class violation.
15.3.2. Active Directory Entries and RFC 2307 Attributes
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Windows uses unique, random security IDs (SIDs) to identify users. These SIDs are assigned in blocks or ranges, identifying different system user types within the Windows domain. When users are synchronized between Identity Management and Active Directory, Windows SIDs for users are mapped to the Unix UIDs used by the Identity Management entry. Another way of saying this is that the Windows SID is the only ID within the Windows entry which is used as an identifier in the corresponding Unix entry, and then it is used in a mapping.
When Active Directory domains interact with Unix-style applications or domains, then the Active Directory domain may use Services for Unix or IdM for Unix to enable Unix-style
uidNumber and gidNumber attributes. This allows Windows user entries to follow the specifications for those attributes in RFC 2307.
However, the
uidNumber and gidNumber attributes are not actually used as the uidNumber and gidNumber attributes for the Identity Management entry. The Identity Management uidNumber and gidNumber attributes are generated when the Windows user is synced over.
Note
The
uidNumber and gidNumber attributes defined and used in Identity Management are not the same uidNumber and gidNumber attributes defined and used in the Active Directory entry, and the numbers are not related.
15.4. Setting up Active Directory for Synchronization
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Synchronizing user accounts alone is enabled within IdM, so all that is necessary is to set up a sync agreement (Section 15.5.2, “Creating Synchronization Agreements”). However, the Active Directory does need to be configured in a way that allows the Identity Management server to connect to it.
15.4.1. Creating an Active Directory User for Sync
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On the Windows server, it is necessary to create the user that the IdM server will use to connect to the Active Directory domain.
The process for creating a user in Active Directory is covered in the Windows server documentation at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732336.aspx. The new user account must have the proper permissions:
- Grant the sync user account Replicating directory changes rights to the synchronized Active Directory subtree. Replicator rights are required for the sync user to perform synchronization operations.Replicator rights are described in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/303972.
- Add the sync user as a member of the Account Operator and Enterprise Read-Only Domain controller groups. It is not necessary for the user to belong to the full Domain Admin group.
15.4.2. Setting up an Active Directory Certificate Authority
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The Identity Management server connects to the Active Directory server using a secure connection. This requires that the Active Directory server have an available CA certificate or CA certificate chain available, which can be imported into the Identity Management security databases, so that the Windows server is a trusted peer.
While this could technically be done with an external (to Active Directory) CA, most deployments should use the Certificate Services available with Active Directory.
The procedure for setting up and configuring certificate services on Active Directory is covered in the Microsoft documentation at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772393(v=WS.10).aspx.
15.5. Managing Synchronization Agreements
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15.5.1. Trusting the Active Directory and IdM CA Certificates
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Both Active Directory and Identity Management use certificates for server authentication. For the Active Directory and IdM SSL server certificates to be trusted by each other, both servers need to trust the CA certificate for the CA which issued those certificates. This means that the Active Directory CA certificate needs to be imported into the IdM database, and the IdM CA certificate needs to be imported into the Active Directory database.
- On the Active Directory server, download the IdM server's CA certificate from
http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crt. - Install the IdM CA certificate in the Active Directory certificate database. This can be done using the Microsoft Management Console or the certutil utility. For example:
certutil -installcert -v -config "ipaserver.example.com\Example Domain CA" c:\path\to\ca.crt
certutil -installcert -v -config "ipaserver.example.com\Example Domain CA" c:\path\to\ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For more details, see the Active Directory documentation. - Export the Active Directory CA certificate.
- In My Network Places, open the CA distribution point.
- Double-click the security certificate file (
.crtfile) to display the Certificate dialog box. - On the Details tab, click to start the Certificate Export Wizard.
- Click , and then select Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER).
- Specify a suitable directory and file name for the exported file. Click to export the certificate, and then click .
- Copy the Active Directory certificate over to the IdM server machine.
- Download the IdM server's CA certificate from
http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crt. - Copy both the Active Directory CA certificate and the IdM CA certificate into the
/etc/openldap/cacerts/directory. - Update the hash symlinks for the certificates.
cacertdir_rehash /etc/openldap/cacerts/
cacertdir_rehash /etc/openldap/cacerts/Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Edit the
/etc/openldap/ldap.conffile, and add the information to point to and use the certificates in the/etc/openldap/cacerts/directory.TLS_CACERTDIR /etc/openldap/cacerts/ TLS_REQCERT allow
TLS_CACERTDIR /etc/openldap/cacerts/ TLS_REQCERT allowCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
15.5.2. Creating Synchronization Agreements
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Synchronization agreements are created on the IdM server using the
ipa-replica-manage connect command because it creates a connection to the Active Directory domain. The options to create the synchronization agreement are listed in Table 15.2, “Synchronization Agreement Options”.
- Make sure that the Active Directory and IdM servers trust each other's CA certificates, as in Section 15.5.1, “Trusting the Active Directory and IdM CA Certificates”.
- Remove any existing Kerberos credentials on the IdM server.
kdestroy
$ kdestroyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use the
ipa-replica-managecommand to create a Windows synchronization agreement. This requires the--winsyncoption. If passwords will be synchronized as well as user accounts, then also use the--passsyncoption and set a password to use for Password Sync.The--binddnand--bindpwdoptions give the username and password of the system account on the Active Directory server that IdM will use to connect to the Active Directory server.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - When prompted, enter the Directory Manager password.
- Optional. Configure Password Synchronization, as in Section 15.6.2, “Setting up Password Synchronization”.
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| --winsync | Identifies this as a synchronization agreement. |
| --binddn | Gives the full user DN of the synchronization identity. This is the user DN that the IdM LDAP server uses to bind to Active Directory. This user must exist in the Active Directory domain and must have replicator, read, search, and write permissions on the Active Directory subtree. |
| --bindpw | Gives the password for the sync user. |
| --passsync | Gives the password for the Windows user account which is involved in synchronization. |
| --cacert | Gives the full path and file name of the Active Directory CA certificate. This certificate is exported in Section 15.5.1, “Trusting the Active Directory and IdM CA Certificates”. |
| --win-subtree | Gives the DN of the Windows subtree containing the users to synchronize. The default value is cn=Users,$SUFFIX. |
| AD_server_name | Gives the hostname of the Active Directory domain controller. |
15.5.3. Changing the Behavior for Syncing User Account Attributes
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When the sync agreement is created, it has certain default behaviors defined for how the synchronization process handles the user account attributes during synchronization. The types of behaviors are things like how to handle lockout attributes or how to handle different DN formats. This behavior can be changed by editing the synchronization agreement. The list of attribute-related parameters are in Table 15.3, “Synced Attribute Settings”.
The sync agreement exists as a special plug-in entry in the LDAP server and each attribute behavior is set through an LDAP attribute. To change the sync behavior, use the
ldapmodify command to modify the LDAP server entry directly.
For example, account lockout attributes are synchronized between IdM and Active Directory by default, but this can be disabled by editing the
ipaWinSyncAcctDisable attribute. (Changing this means that if an account is disabled in Active Directory, it is still active in IdM and vice versa.)
| Parameter | Description | Possible Values |
|---|---|---|
| General User Account Parameters | ||
| ipaWinSyncNewEntryFilter | Sets the search filter to use to find the entry which contains the list of object classes to add to new user entries. | The default is (cn=ipaConfig). |
| ipaWinSyncNewUserOCAttr | Sets the attribute in the configuration entry which actually contains the list of object classes to add to new user entries. | The default is ipauserobjectclasses. |
| ipaWinSyncHomeDirAttr | Identifies which attribute in the entry contains the default location of the POSIX home directory. | The default is ipaHomesRootDir. |
| ipaWinSyncUserAttr | Sets an additional attribute with a specific value to add to Active Directory users when they are synced over from the Active Directory domain. If the attribute is multi-valued, then it can be set multiple times, and the sync process adds all of the values to the entry.
Note
This only sets the attribute value if the entry does not already have that attribute present. If the attribute is present, then the entry's value is used when the Active Directory entry is synced over.
| ipaWinSyncUserAttr: attributeName attributeValue |
| ipaWinSyncForceSync | Sets whether to check existing IdM users which match an existing Active Directory user should be automatically edited so they can be synchronized. If an IdM user account has a uid parameter which is identical to the samAccountName in an existing Active Directory user, then that account is not synced by default. This attribute tells the sync service to add the ntUser and ntUserDomainId to the IdM user entries automatically, which allows them to be synchronized. | true | false |
| User Account Lock Parameters | ||
| ipaWinSyncAcctDisable | Sets which way to synchronize account lockout attributes. It is possible to control which account lockout settings are in effect. For example, to_ad means that when account lockout attribute is set in IdM, its value is synced over to Active Directory and overrides the local Active Directory value. By default, account lockout attributes are synced from both domains. |
|
| ipaWinSyncInactivatedFilter | Sets the search filter to use to find the DN of the group used to hold inactivated (disabled) users. This does not need to be changed in most deployments. | The default is (&(cn=inactivated)(objectclass=groupOfNames)). |
| ipaWinSyncActivatedFilter | Sets the search filter to use to find the DN of the group used to hold active users. This does not need to be changed in most deployments. | The default is (&(cn=activated)(objectclass=groupOfNames)). |
| Group Parameters | ||
| ipaWinSyncDefaultGroupAttr | Sets the attribute in the new user account to reference to see what the default group for the user is. The group name in the entry is then used to find the gidNumber for the user account. | The default is ipaDefaultPrimaryGroup. |
| ipaWinSyncDefaultGroupFilter | Sets the search filter to map the group name to the POSIX gidNumber. | The default is (&(gidNumber=*)(objectclass=posixGroup)(cn=groupAttr_value)). |
| Realm Parameters | ||
| ipaWinSyncRealmAttr | Sets the attribute which contains the realm name in the realm entry. | The default is cn. |
| ipaWinSyncRealmFilter | Sets the search filter to use to find the entry which contains the IdM realm name. | The default is (objectclass=krbRealmContainer). |
15.5.4. Changing the Synchronized Windows Subtree
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Creating a synchronization agreement automatically sets the two subtrees to use as the synchronized user database. In IdM, the default is
cn=users,cn=accounts,$SUFFIX, and for Active Directory, the default is CN=Users,$SUFFIX.
The value for the Active Directory subtree can be set to a non-default value when the sync agreement is created by using the
--win-subtree option. After the agreement is created, the Active Directory subtree can be changed by using the ldapmodify command to edit the nsds7WindowsReplicaSubtree value in the sync agreement entry.
- Get the name of the sync agreement, using
ldapsearch. This search returns only the values for thednandnsds7WindowsReplicaSubtreeattributes instead of the entire entry.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Modify the sync agreement
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
The new subtree setting takes effect immediately. If a sync operation is currently running, then it takes effect as soon as the current operation completes.
15.5.5. Configuring Uni-Directional Sync
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By default, all modifications and deletions are bi-directional. A change in Active Directory is synced over to Identity Management, and a change to an entry in Identity Management is synced over to Active Directory. This is essentially an equitable, multi-master relationship, where both Active Directory and Identity Management are equal peers in synchronization and are both data masters.
However, there can be some data structure or IT designs where only one domain should be a data master and the other domain should accept updates. This changes the sync relationship from a multi-master relationship (where the peer servers are equal) to a master-consumer relationship.
This is done by setting the
oneWaySync parameter on the sync agreement. The possible values are fromWindows (for Active Directory to Identity Management sync) and toWindows (for Identity Management to Active Directory sync).
For example, to sync changes from Active Directory to Identity Management:
Important
Enabling uni-directional sync does not automatically prevent changes on the un-synchronized server, and this can lead to inconsistencies between the sync peers between sync updates. For example, uni-directional sync is configured to go from Active Directory to Identity Management, so Active Directory is (in essence) the data master. If an entry is modified or even deleted on the Identity Management, then the Identity Management information is different then the information and those changes are never carried over to Active Directory. During the next sync update, the edits are overwritten on the Directory Server and the deleted entry is re-added.
15.5.6. Deleting Synchronization Agreements
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Synchronization can be stopped by deleting the sync agreement which disconnects the IdM and Active Directory servers. In the inverse of creating a sync agreement, deleting a sync agreement uses the
ipa-replica-manage disconnect command and then the hostname of the Active Directory server.
- Delete the sync agreement.
ipa-replica-manage disconnect adserver.example.com
# ipa-replica-manage disconnect adserver.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Remove the Active Directory CA certificate from the IdM server database:
certutil -D -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE.COM/ -n "Imported CA"
# certutil -D -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE.COM/ -n "Imported CA"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
15.5.7. Winsync Agreement Failures
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Creating the sync agreement fails because it cannot connect to the Active Directory server.
One of the most common sync agreement failures is that the IdM server cannot connect to the Active Directory server:
"Update failed! Status: [81 - LDAP error: Can't contact LDAP server]
"Update failed! Status: [81 - LDAP error: Can't contact LDAP server]
This can occur if the wrong Active Directory CA certificate was specified when the agreement was created. This creates duplicate certificates in the IdM LDAP database (in the
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/etc/dirsrv/slapd-DOMAIN/ directory) with the name Imported CA. This can be checked using certutil:
To resolve this issue, clear the certificate database:
Copy to Clipboard
Copied!
Toggle word wrap
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certutil -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-DOMAIN-NAME -D -n "Imported CA"
# certutil -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-DOMAIN-NAME -D -n "Imported CA"
This deletes the CA certificate from the LDAP database.
There are errors saying passwords are not being synced because it says the entry exists
For some entries in the user database, there may be an informational error message that the password is not being reset because the entry already exists:
"Windows PassSync entry exists, not resetting password"
"Windows PassSync entry exists, not resetting password"
This is not an error. This message occurs when an exempt user, the Password Sync user, is not being changed. The Password Sync user is the operational user which is used by the service to change the passwords in IdM.
15.6. Managing Password Synchronization
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Synchronizing user entries is configured with the sync agreement. However, passwords in both Active Directory and Identity Management are hashed when they are stored, and cannot be decrypted as part of the user synchronization process. A separate client must be installed on the Active Directory servers to capture passwords as user accounts are created or passwords are changed, and then to forward that password information with the sync updates.
Important
Note that IdM currently does not support initial password synchronization for user accounts. The user first needs to manually change the password before the password can be synchronized over to IdM.
15.6.1. Setting up the Windows Server for Password Synchronization
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Synchronizing passwords requires two things:
The Password Sync Service records password changes and synchronizes them, over a secure connection, to the IdM entry.
- Active Directory must be running in SSL.
- The Password Sync Service must be installed on each Active Directory domain controller.
Note
Install the Microsoft Certificate System in Enterprise Root Mode. Active Directory will then automatically enroll to retrieve its SSL server certificate.
- Make sure that the Active Directory password complexity policies are enabled so that the Password Sync service will run.
- Run
secpol.mscfrom the command line. - Select .
- Open , and then open .
- Enable the
Password must meet complexity requirementsoption and save.
- If SSL is not already enabled, set up SSL on the Active Directory server. Setting up LDAPS is explained in more detail in the Microsoft knowledgebase at http://support.microsoft.com/kb/321051.
- Install a certificate authority in the Windows Components section in Add/Remove Programs.
- Select the Enterprise Root CA option.
- Reboot the Active Directory server. If IIS web services are running, the CA certificate can be accessed by opening
http://servername/certsrv. - Set up the Active Directory server to use the SSL server certificate.
- Create a certificate request
.inf, using the fully-qualified domain name of the Active Directory as the certificate subject. For example:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For more information on the.infrequest file, see the Microsoft documentation, such as http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc783835.aspx. - Generate the certificate request.
certreq -new request.inf request.req
certreq -new request.inf request.reqCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Submit the request to the Active Directory CA. For example:
certreq -submit request.req certnew.cer
certreq -submit request.req certnew.cerCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
If the command-line tool returns an error message, then use the Web browser to access the CA and submit the certificate request. If IIS is running, then the CA URL ishttp://servername/certsrv. - Accept the certificate request. For example:
certreq -accept certnew.cer
certreq -accept certnew.cerCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Make sure that the server certificate is present on the Active Directory server.In the menu, click , then click and .
- Import the CA certificate from Directory Server into Active Directory. Click Trusted Root CA, then Import, and browse for the Directory Server CA certificate.
- Reboot the domain controller.
15.6.2. Setting up Password Synchronization
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Install the Password Sync Service on every domain controller in the Active Directory domain in order to synchronize Windows passwords.
- Download the
PassSync.msifile to the Active Directory machine.- Log into the Customer Portal.
- Click the Downloads tab.
- Click the Red Hat Enterprise Linux downloads button in the middle of the page.
- Filter the downloads by using a search term such as Directory Server, and then expand one of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions.
- Click the Directory Server link.
- On the Directory Server page, download the appropriate version of the WinSync Installer. This is the Password Sync MSI file (
RedHat-PassSync-1.1.5-arch.msi).
Note
Regardless of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux architecture, there are two PassSync packages available, one for 32-bit Windows servers and one for 64-bit. Make sure to select the appropriate packages for your Windows platform. - Double-click the Password Sync MSI file to install it.
- The Password Sync Setup window appears. Hit Next to begin installing.
- Fill in the information to establish the connection to the IdM server.
- The IdM server connection information, including the hostname and secure port number.
- The username of the system user which Active Directory uses to connect to the IdM machine. This account is configured automatically when sync is configured on the IdM server. The default account is
uid=passsync,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,dc=example,dc=com. - The password set in the
--passsyncoption when the sync agreement was created. - The search base for the people subtree on the IdM server. The Active Directory server connects to the IdM server similar to an
ldapsearchor replication operation, so it has to know where in the IdM subtree to look for user accounts. The user subtree iscn=users,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com. - The certificate token is not used at this time, so that field should be left blank.
Hit , then to install Password Sync. - Import the IdM server's CA certificate into the Active Directory certificate store.
- Download the IdM server's CA certificate from
http://ipa.example.com/ipa/config/ca.crt. - Copy the IdM CA certificate to the Active Directory server.
- Open the command prompt, using
Run as Administrator. - Install the IdM CA certificate in the Password Sync database. For example:
cd "C:\Program Files\Red Hat Directory Password Synchronization" certutil.exe -d . -A -n "IPASERVER.EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA" -t CT,, -a -i ipaca.crt
cd "C:\Program Files\Red Hat Directory Password Synchronization" certutil.exe -d . -A -n "IPASERVER.EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA" -t CT,, -a -i ipaca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow cd "C:\Program Files\389 Directory Password Synchronization" certutil.exe -d . -A -n "IPASERVER.EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA" -t CT,, -a -i ipaca.crt
cd "C:\Program Files\389 Directory Password Synchronization" certutil.exe -d . -A -n "IPASERVER.EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA" -t CT,, -a -i ipaca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Reboot the Windows machine to start Password Sync.
Note
The Windows machine must be rebooted. Without the rebooting,PasswordHook.dllis not enabled, and password synchronization will not function.
The first attempt to synchronize passwords, which happened when the Password Sync application is installed, will always fail because of the SSL connection between the Directory Server and Active Directory sync peers. The tools to create the certificate and key databases is installed with the
.msi.
15.6.3. Allowing Users to Change Other Users' Passwords Cleanly
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By default, every time an administrator changes a user password, that user is required to reset the password at the next login. However, this behavior can be changed to allow administrators to reset a password without requiring an immediate password reset.
The
passSyncManagersDNs attribute lists administrator accounts which are allowed to perform password change operations and which will not then require a password reset.
Important
This is required for password synchronization because, otherwise, whenever a password is synchronized, the IdM server would interpret that as a password change operation and then require a password change at the next login.
Edit the password synchronization entry,
cn=ipa_pwd_extop,cn=plugins,cn=config, and add the passSyncManagersDNs attribute with the name of the user. This attribute is multi-valued. For example:
Warning
Be careful to limit the listed DNs only to administrator accounts which require the ability to set user passwords. Any user listed here is given access to all user passwords, which is extremely powerful.
[5]
The
cn is treated differently than other synced attributes. It is mapped directly (cn to cn) when syncing from Identity Management to Active Directory. When syncing from Active Directory to Identity Management, however, cn is mapped from the name attribute on Windows to the cn attribute in Identity Management.
Chapter 16. Identity: ID Views and Migrating Existing Environments to Trust
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The ID Views mechanism that is part of Red Hat Identity Management enables the administrator to specify POSIX attributes for users or groups. When a new ID view is created, the administrator can define what user or group attributes it should override; these newly defined attributes are then applied to the user or group. By allowing this, ID views provide a solution to preserve existing environments during migration from other identity management and system integration solutions.
Important
The client must be enrolled with an IdM server based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 or later to benefit from this functionality.
ID views can only be used on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.7 or later.
The administrator can only manage ID views on the server side; no configuration is available on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients. This chapter describes ID views from the client side. For complete information about ID views including the server-side functionality, see the Windows Integration Guide for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
After running the
ipa-adtrust-install command on the IdM server, the Default Trust View is created. The Default Trust View is always applied to Active Directory users and groups, which allows the administrator to define POSIX attributes for AD users and groups regardless of how AD itself defined them. If you add a host-specific ID view that overrides the AD users or groups, the attributes from the host-specific ID view are applied on top of the Default Trust View. While the new ID view overrides the Default Trust View, the default view itself cannot be deleted. If no specific ID view is applied to a client, the Default Trust View always applies.
Note
If
ipa-adtrust-install is not run, you can still use the ID Views feature in a pure IdM environment to manage ID views and overrides for IdM users.
In a setup with a synchronization-based AD integration, all users are copied to the IdM server with generated POSIX attributes, such as login name, UID, GID, or shell. By enabling the administrator to modify the POSIX attributes that AD previously generated for AD users, the ID Views feature provides a solution to migrate existing environments to a trust-based AD integration.
Note
For a comparison of the synchronization-based and the trust-based approach, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Windows Integration Guide.
Use cases covered by ID Views include:
- Store POSIX attributes and SSH keys for AD users
- Define POSIX attributes or SSH keys and SSH login information for AD users, and let them be applied when an AD user authenticates to clients running SSSD with ID Views support or when the AD user authenticates using a compat LDAP tree, which offers a simplified LDAP tree with user and group data for legacy clients.This capability is useful for migration from a synchronization-based solution or in a situation when a Linux administrator would like to manually define POSIX attributes for AD users but the AD policy does not allow it.
- Migrate from a synchronization-based to a trust-based integration
- Configure the POSIX attributes for users that are in a synchronization-based environment by creating an ID view override specifying previously used UID or other tools. Then move the users back to AD.
- Perform per-host group override of the IdM user POSIX attributes
- NIS-based infrastructure that is being migrated to an IdM integration with AD still often requires that the original POSIX data remain unchanged on some NIS domains or the company policies might prevent setting the original POSIX data in AD directly. In these situations, you can use ID Views to configure the POSIX data directly on the Identity Management server.
- Set different POSIX attributes or SSH keys for different environments
- Set different POSIX attributes or different user SSH public keys for different production environments – such as development, testing, or production – depending on the corresponding host groups.
16.1. User Overrides and Group Overrides
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Every ID view is a collection of user overrides and group overrides that applies to specified hosts. An override provides a new user or group attribute that overrides the previous one; this enables you to, for example, replace a previously generated attribute with a new one. Every override is related to an AD or IdM user or group.
Note
Non-IdM integration systems can generate the UID and GID attributes using an algorithm that is different from the algorithm used in IdM. By overriding the previously generated attributes so that they are in compliance with the IdM system, a client that used to be a member of another integration system can be fully integrated with IdM.
The following user attributes can be overridden in an ID view:
uid: user login nameuidNumber: user UID numbergidNumber: user GID numberloginShell: user login shellgecos: user GECOS entryhomeDirectory: user home directoryipaSshPubkey: user SSH public key or keys
The following group attributes can be overridden in an ID view:
cn: group namegidNumber: group GID number
Note
IdM uses ID ranges to avoid collisions of POSIX IDs from different domains. POSIX IDs in ID Views do not use a special range type because IdM must allow overlaps with other kinds of ID ranges: for example, AD users created through synchronization have POSIX IDs from the same ID range as IdM users. If a collision occurs, it can be easily fixed by changing the conflicting IDs because POSIX IDs are managed manually in ID Views on the IdM side.
16.2. Managing ID Views on the Server Side
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Important
The administrator can only manage ID views on the server side; no configuration is available on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients. This chapter describes ID views from the client side. For complete information about ID views including the server-side functionality, see the Windows Integration Guide for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
From the server, ID views can be added, modified, or deleted. The administrator can define what ID attributes an ID view should override and to which client hosts it should apply.
16.3. ID Views on the Client Side
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Important
ID views can only be used on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 clients running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.7 or later.
The client must be enrolled with an IdM server based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 or later to benefit from this functionality.
On the client side, the client itself determines to which ID view it belongs after the client system is started or restarted. The client then begins to use the data defined by the applied ID view. Because ID views are applied on the client side, clients running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 and earlier versions of IdM only see the Default Trust View. If a client requires a different ID view, update SSSD on the client to a version with ID View support or have the client use the compat LDAP tree.
Whenever the administrator applies another ID view on a client, the client and all the other clients applying this ID view must restart the SSSD service.
Note
Applying an ID view can have a negative impact on SSSD performance because certain optimizations and ID views cannot run at the same time.
For example, ID views prevent SSSD from optimizing the process of looking up groups on the server. With ID views, SSSD must check every member on the returned list of group member names if the group name is overridden. Without ID views, SSSD can only collect the user names from the member attribute of the group object. This negative effect will most likely become apparent when the SSSD cache is empty or when all entries are invalid, that is, after clearing the cache.
16.4. Migrating from the Synchronization-Based to the Trust-Based Solution
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ID views can be used to migrate from the synchronization-based integration to the trust-based integration. The migration can be performed on the IdM server and is described in the Windows Integration Guide for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
Chapter 17. Identity: Managing DNS
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If the IdM server was installed with DNS configured, then all of the DNS entries for the domain — host entries, locations, records — can be managed using the IdM tools.
17.1. About DNS in IdM
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DNS is one of the services that can be configured and maintained by the IdM domain. DNS is critical to the performance of the IdM domain; DNS is used for the Kerberos services and SSL connections for all servers and clients and for connections to domain services like LDAP.
While IdM can use an external DNS service, there is a lot more flexibility and control over IdM — DNS interactions when the DNS service is configured within the domain. For example, DNS records and zones can be managed within the domain using IdM tools, and clients can update their own DNS records dynamically. When a host is added to IdM, a DNS record is automatically created in IdM's DNS service for that host machine.
IdM stores all DNS information as LDAP entries. Every resource record for each machine is stored for the domain. For example, the client1 resource has three IPv4 (A) records and one IPv6 (AAAA) record:
The schema used to define the DNS entries is in the
/usr/share/ipa/60basev2.ldif schema file[6].
The BIND service communicates with the Directory Server using the system
bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in. When Identity Management is configured to manage DNS, IdM creates a dynamic-db configuration section in the /etc/named.conf file for the BIND service. This configures the bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in for the BIND (named) service.
When this plug-in is properly configured, it delivers the DNS records from the Directory Server to the
named service. The configuration can be changed to adapt the behavior of the plug-in and, therefore, the LDAP-BIND interactions.
17.2. Using IdM and DNS Service Discovery with an Existing DNS Configuration
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To help create and configure a suitable DNS setup, the IdM installation script creates a sample zone file. During the installation, IdM displays a message similar to the following:
Sample zone file for bind has been created in /tmp/sample.zone.F_uMf4.db
Sample zone file for bind has been created in /tmp/sample.zone.F_uMf4.db
If a DNS server is already configured in the network, then the configuration in the IdM-generated file can be added to the existing DNS zone file. This allows IdM clients to find . For example, this DNS zone configuration is created for an IdM server with the KDC and DNS servers all on the same machine in the EXAMPLE.COM realm:
Example 17.1. Default IdM DNS File
Note
If DNS services are hosted by a server outside the IdM domain, then an administrator can add the lines in Example 17.1, “Default IdM DNS File” to the existing DNS zone file. This allows IdM clients and servers to continue to use DNS service discovery to find the LDAP and Kerberos servers (meaning, the IdM servers) that are required for them to participate in the IdM domain.
17.3. DNS Notes
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- Wildcards cannot be used when configuring DNS names. Only explicit DNS domain names are supported.
- The
rndcservice is not configured by the--setup-dnsoption. This service must be configured manually after the IdM server is configured.
17.4. Adding or Updating DNS Services After Installation
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DNS can be configured as part of the IdM server installation, simply by using the
--setup-dns option. If DNS is not configured then, it can be configured later using the ipa-dns-install command.
The
ipa-dns-install command also updates the DNS services on the IdM server.
ipa-dns-install -p secret --ip-address=1.2.34.56 --no-forwarders
[root@server ~]# ipa-dns-install -p secret --ip-address=1.2.34.56 --no-forwarders-pgives the password for the Directory Manager user in the 389 Directory Server. All of the DNS entries are stored in the LDAP directory, so this directory must be accessed to add the DNS configuration.--ip-addressgives the IP address for the master DNS server.--no-forwardersmeans that there are no forwarders used with the DNS service, only root servers. Alternatively, use the--forwarderoption to define a forward to use; to specify multiple forwarders, use the--forwarderoption multiple times.- Reverse DNS is configured automatically. It is possible to disable reverse DNS by using the
--no-reverseoption.If an existing reverse DNS zone is already configured, using the--no-reverseoption uses the existing reverse zone rather than creating a new reverse zone. - The IdM server, unless it is explicitly disabled, leaves a persistent search open with its Directory Server and capture any new zone changes immediately.
17.5. Setting up the rndc Service
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The
ipa-dns-install command does not automatically configure the system's rndc service. This must be configured manually, after DNS is configured for IdM.
- Create the
rndcconfiguration file and key./usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.conf
[root@server ~]# /usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a [root@server ~]# /sbin/restorecon /etc/rndc.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This may require some user input to create entropy while the key is being created. - Change the owner and permissions of the
rndckey file.chown root:named /etc/rndc.key chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.key
[root@server ~]# chown root:named /etc/rndc.key [root@server ~]# chmod 0640 /etc/rndc.keyCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
17.6. Managing DNS Zone Entries
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17.6.1. Adding Forward DNS Zones
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17.6.1.1. From the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of DNS zones.
- Fill in the information about the new DNS zone. The Zone Name is required; this is the actual domain name. The other information about the administrator email and the authoritative name server are optional.
Note
If an email is given for the administrator, then replace the at symbol (@) with a period (.) to maintain compatibility with the zone file. - Click the Add and Edit button to go directly to the DNS zone page. In the Settings tab, it is possible to reset the default zone configuration to enable dynamic binds (Section 17.6.5.1, “Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates in the Web UI”) or change other default records information (Section 17.6.2.2, “Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI”). It is also possible to begin adding new DNS resource records (Section 17.7.1.1, “Adding DNS Resource Records from the Web UI”) in the DNS Resource Records tab.
17.6.1.2. From the Command Line
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The
ipa dnszone-add command adds a new zone to the DNS domain. At a minimum, this requires the name of the new subdomain:
ipa dnszone-add domainName
$ ipa dnszone-add domainName
If the name is not given, the script prompts for it. Other command-line options can also be passed with the
ipa dnszone-add command.
To add a zone entry:
- Add the new zone. For example:
ipa dnszone-add newserver.example.com --admin-email=admin@example.com --minimum=3000 --dynamic-update
[root@server ~]# ipa dnszone-add newserver.example.com --admin-email=admin@example.com --minimum=3000 --dynamic-updateCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Reload the name service.
rndc reload
[root@server ~]# rndc reloadCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
To make new resource records immediately resolvable without restarting the name service, enable persistent searches with thenamedservice or configure the BIND service to poll the Directory Server automatically for zone changes. See Section 17.8.2, “Disabling Persistent Searches”.
17.6.2. Adding Additional Configuration for DNS Zones
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A zone is created with a certain amount of configuration for things like its refresh periods, transfer settings, and cache settings, set to default values.
Example 17.2. Default DNS Zone Entry Settings
17.6.2.1. DNS Zone Configuration Attributes
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All of the possible zone settings are listed in Table 17.1, “Zone Attributes”. Along with setting the actual information for the zone, the settings define how the DNS server handles the start of authority (SOA) record entries and how it updates its records from the DNS name server.
| Attribute | Command-Line Option | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Zone name | --name | Sets the name of the zone. |
| Authoritative nameserver | --name-server | Sets the fully-qualified domain name of the DNS name server. |
| Administrator e-mail address | --admin-email | Sets the email address to use for the zone administrator. This defaults to the root account on the host. |
| SOA serial | --serial | Sets a version number for the SOA record file. |
| SOA refresh | --refresh | Sets the interval, in seconds, for a secondary DNS server to wait before requesting updates from the primary DNS server. |
| SOA retry | --retry | Sets the time, in seconds, to wait before retrying a failed refresh operation. |
| SOA expire | --expire | Sets the time, in seconds, that a secondary DNS server will try to perform a refresh update before ending the operation attempt. |
| SOA minimum | --minimum | Sets the minimum amount of time, in seconds, that data are kept in cache. |
| SOA time to live | --ttl | Sets the maximum time, in seconds, that information is kept in the data cache. |
| SOA class | --class | Sets the type of record. This is almost always IN, which stands for Internet. |
| BIND update policy | --update-policy | Sets the permissions allowed to clients in the DNS zone. |
| Dynamic update | --dynamic-update=TRUE|FALSE | Enables dynamic updates to DNS records for clients.
Important
If this is set to false, IdM client machines will not be able to add or update their IP address. See Section 17.6.5, “Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates” for more information.
|
| Name server | --ip-address | Adds the DNS name server by its IP address. |
| Allow transfer | --allow-transfer=string | Gives a semi-colon-separated list of IP addresses or network names which are allowed to transfer the given zone. |
| Allow query | --allow-query | Gives a semi-colon-separated list of IP addresses or network names which are allowed to issue DNS queries. |
| Allow PTR sync | --allow-sync-ptr=1|0 | Sets whether A or AAAA records (forward records) for the zone will be automatically synchronized with the PTR (reverse) records. |
| Zone forwarders | --forwarder=string | Specifies a forwarder specifically configured for the DNS zone. This is separate from any global forwarders used in the IdM domain.
To specificy multiple forwarders, use the option multiple times.
|
| Forward policy | --forward-policy=only|first | Sets whether the zone will only forward requests to configured the DNS name servers (a forward-only zone) or whether it will check the forwarders first for DNS records and then check its own local records. |
17.6.2.2. Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone to edit.
- Open the Settings tab.
- Change any of the DNS zone settings. The full list of attributes is described in Table 17.1, “Zone Attributes”. There are some common attributes to change:
- Authoritative name server, the fully-qualified domain name of the DNS name server.
- Dynamic update, to enable dynamic updates to DNS records for clients.
- SOA refresh, the interval, in seconds, for a secondary DNS server to wait before requesting updates from the primary DNS server.
- Click the Update link at the top of the settings page.
17.6.2.3. Editing the Zone Configuration in the Command Line
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The zone can be created with additional attributes and values different from the default by passing additional options with the
dnszone-add command. Likewise, attributes can be added or modified in the zone entry by passing the same attribute options with the dnszone-mod command. These are listed in Table 17.1, “Zone Attributes”.
If an attribute does not exist in the DNS zone entry, then the
dnszone-mod command adds the attribute. If the attribute exists, then it overwrites the current value with the specified value.
For example, setting a time to live for SOA records, adds a new attribute to the DNS zone entry (since there was no previous default value):
17.6.3. Adding Reverse DNS Zones
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The process to add a reverse zone is the same as for a forward zone, as described in Section 17.6.1, “Adding Forward DNS Zones”. However, the required information is different.
There are two ways to identify a reverse DNS zone:
- By zone name, in the format reverse_ip_address
.in-addr.arpa. - By network address, in the format network_ip_address/subnet_mask_bit_count
When creating a reverse zone by the zone name, set it up exactly as creating a forward zone, only reverse the order of the components of the IP address. For example, if the IP address is 1.2.3.4, then the reverse zone name is 3.2.1.in-addr.arpa. (with the trailing period).
In the web UI, this is set in the Zone name field.
Figure 17.1. Creating a Reverse Zone by Name
With the command-line tools, the zone is created by name like this:
kinit ipa dnszone-add 206.65.10.in-addr.arpa.
[bjensen@server ~]$ kinit
[bjensen@server]$ ipa dnszone-add 206.65.10.in-addr.arpa.
To create the reverse zone by its IP network, set the network information to the (forward-style) IP address, with the subnet mask bit count. The bit count must be a multiple of eight for IPv4 addresses or a multiple of four for IPv6 addresses.
In the web UI, this is set in the Reverse zone IP network field.
Figure 17.2. Creating a Reverse Zone by IP Network
With the command-line tools, the zone is created by IP network like this:
kinit ipa dnszone-add 10.65.206.0/24
[bjensen@server ~]$ kinit
[bjensen@server]$ ipa dnszone-add 10.65.206.0/2417.6.4. Enabling and Disabling Zones
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Active zones can have clients added to them, are available for lookups, and are used by IdM services like Kerberos. Deleting a DNS zone removes the zone entry and all the associated configuration.
There can be situations when it is necessary to remove a zone from activity without permanently removing the zone. This is done by disabling the zone.
17.6.4.1. Disabling Zones in the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone to edit.
- Open the Settings tab.
- Scroll down to the Active zone field. To disable the zone, set the value to Disabled.
- Click the Update link at the top of the settings page.
17.6.4.2. Disabling Zones in the Command Line
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Disabling a zone is done by using the
dnszone-disable command.
For example:
kinit admin ipa dnszone-disable server.example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnszone-disable server.example.com
-----------------------------------------
Disabled DNS zone "server.example.com"
-----------------------------------------
When the zone needs to be brought back online, it can be re-enabled using the
dnszone-enable command.
17.6.5. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates
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Dynamic DNS updates are not enabled by default for new DNS zones in IdM. If dynamic updates are not allowed, then it may not be possible for the
ipa-client-install script to join a client to the domain because it cannot add a DNS record pointing to the new client.
17.6.5.1. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates in the Web UI
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- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone to edit.
- Open the Settings tab.
- Scroll down to the Dynamic update field, and set the value to True.
- Click the Update link at the top of the settings page.
17.6.5.2. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates in the Command Line
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To allow dynamic updates to the DNS zones, set the
--dynamic-update option.
ipa dnszone-mod server.example.com --dynamic-update=TRUE
$ ipa dnszone-mod server.example.com --dynamic-update=TRUE17.6.6. Configuring Forwarders and Forward Policy
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A DNS forwarder is a server which passes DNS queries on to another, external DNS name server for resolution. Within the IdM DNS domain, there are three configuration properties that define how forwarders are used:
- A list of global forwarders which are used by all zones in IdM
- A list of forwarders which are used by a single, specific zone (as part of the zone configuration)
- A policy which defines how the zone sends requests to the forwarders
17.6.6.1. Configuring Forwarders in the UI
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As with the other DNS zone settings (Section 17.6.2.2, “Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI”), the forwarder configuration is in the Settings tab for the given DNS zone.
There are two areas to edit:
- To add a forwarder, fill in the field or click Add to add a new IP address to the forwarder list.
- By default, the zone uses the forwarders only for servicing name resolution requests; this is called a forward-only zone. A forward-only zone does not check its own name records. Only the forwarder server records are checked. If the record does not exist on the configured forwarders, then the zone returns a negative response to the client. Alternatively, the zone can check the forwarder records first, and then fallback on its own resource records. This has a first policy.
Figure 17.3. Forwarders in the DNS Zone Configuration
17.6.6.2. Configuring Forwarders in the Command Line
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The forwarder settings can be edited by using the
dnszone-mod command to update the zone settings. This can be used to set the list of DNS forwarders and the forwarding policy, as in the UI.
Additionally, the
dnsconfig command can be used to set a global list of forwarders for all zones by editing the DNS configuration files.
Example 17.3. Configuring Global Forwarders
Global forwarders are configured as part of the IdM server configuration itself. Forwarders are (optionally) set up when the server is installed with the
setup-dns option or when the ipa-dns-install script is used.
After server configuration, the list of global forwarders can be edited using the
dnsconfig-mod command. For example:
ipa dnsconfig-mod --forwarder=0.9.8.7
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnsconfig-mod --forwarder=0.9.8.7
Global forwarders: 0.9.8.7Example 17.4. Configuring Zone Forwarders
Forwarders can be configured to be used with a specific DNS zone as part of the zone configuration. The
--forwarder option can be used multiple times to create a list of forwarders to use with the zone.
For example:
ipa dnszone-mod --forwarder=192.0.2.0 --forwarder=198.51.100.0 example.com
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnszone-mod --forwarder=192.0.2.0 --forwarder=198.51.100.0 example.com
Zone name: example.com
...
Zone forwarders: 192.0.2.0, 198.51.100.0Note
DNS forwarders must be specified as IP addresses, not as hostnames.
Example 17.5. Configuring Forwarder Policy for a Zone
Once forwarders are configured, there are different ways that the zone can use them to service requests.
The zone can use the forwarders only for servicing name resolution requests; this is called a forward-only zone. A forward-only zone does not check its own name records. Only the forwarder server records are checked. If the record does not exist on the configured forwarders, then the zone returns a negative response to the client.
Alternatively, the zone can check the forwarder records first, and then fallback on its own resource records. This has a first policy.
This configuration is set in the
--forward-policy option, using a policy of either only or first. For example:
17.6.7. Enabling Zone Transfers
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Name servers maintain authoritative data for the zones; as changes are made to the zones, those changes must be sent to and distributed among the name servers for the DNS domain. A zone transfer moves resource records from one name server to another. An authoritative transfer (AXFR) is a zone transfer which includes that authoritative data for the zone (as opposed to an incremental transfer, which only delivers the most immediate zone change).
17.6.7.1. Enabling Zone Transfers in the UI
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As with the other DNS zone settings (Section 17.6.2.2, “Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI”), the zone transfer configuration is in the Settings tab for the given DNS zone.
Set a list of name servers to which the zone records can be transferred. Fill in the field or click Add to add a new IP address to the name server list.
Figure 17.4. DNS Zone Transfer Settings
17.6.7.2. Enabling Zone Transfers in the Command Line
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Zone transfers can be enabled when the zone is created or when it is modified by using the
--allow-transfer option to set a list of name servers to which the zone records can be transferred.
For example:
ipa dnszone-mod --allow-transfer="0.0.0.0;1.2.3.4;5.6.7.8" example-zone
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnszone-mod --allow-transfer="0.0.0.0;1.2.3.4;5.6.7.8" example-zone
The default is
any, which the zone to be transferred anywhere in the DNS domain.
Once it is enabled in the
bind service, IdM DNS zones can be transferred, by name, by clients like dig:
dig @ipa-server zone_name AXFR
[root@server ~]# dig @ipa-server zone_name AXFR17.6.8. Defining DNS Queries
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To resolve hostnames within the DNS domain, a DNS client issues a query to the DNS name server. For some security contexts or for performance, it may be advisable to restrict what clients can query DNS records in the zone.
DNS queries can be configured when the zone is created or when it is modified by using the
--allow-query option to set a list of clients which are allowed to issue queries.
For example:
ipa dnszone-mod --allow-query=0.0.0.0;1.2.3.4;5.6.7.8 example-zone
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnszone-mod --allow-query=0.0.0.0;1.2.3.4;5.6.7.8 example-zone
The default is
any, which allows the zone to be queried by any client.
17.6.9. Synchronizing Forward and Reverse Zone Entries
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Forward entries (A and AAAA) are configured separately from reverse entries (PTR). Because these entries are configured independently, it is possible for forward entries to exist without corresponding reverse entries, and vice versa.
There are some DNS setting requirements for PTR synchronization to work:
- Both forward and reverse zones must be managed by the IdM server.
- Both zones must have dynamic updates enabled.Enabling dynamic updates is covered in Section 17.6.5, “Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates”.
- The PTR record will be updated only if the name of the requesting client matches the name in the PTR record.
Important
Changes made through the IdM web UI, through the IdM command-line tools, or by editing the LDAP entry directly do not update the PTR record. Only changes made by the DNS service itself trigger PTR record synchronization.
Warning
A client system can update its own IP address. This means that a compromised client can be used to overwrite PTR records by changing its IP address.
17.6.9.1. Configuring Zone Entry Sync in the UI
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Note
This is set on the forward zone server, not the reverse DNS server.
As with the other DNS zone settings (Section 17.6.2.2, “Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI”), the zone transfer configuration is in the Settings tab for the given DNS zone.
The PTR synchronization is enabled by selecting the Allow PTR Sync checkbox.
Figure 17.5. DNS Zone Sync Settings
17.6.9.2. Configuring Zone Entry Sync in the Command Line
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A DNS zone can be configured to allow its forward and reverse entries to be synchronized automatically, by setting the
--allow-sync-ptr option to 1. This can be done when the zone is created or when it is edited.
Note
This is set on the forward zone server, not the reverse DNS server.
For example, for editing an existing entry:
ipa dnszone-mod --allow-sync-ptr=1 example-zone
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa dnszone-mod --allow-sync-ptr=1 example-zone
The default is
0, which disables synchronization and has better server performance.
17.6.10. Setting DNS Access Policies
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The IdM DNS domain can define access controls, based on grant/deny rules, for zones. This creates an
update-policy statement in the /etc/named.conf file, which defines the DNS access rule.
Important
If the update policy is set to false, IdM client machines will not be able to add or update their IP address. See Section 17.6.5, “Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates” for more information.
17.6.10.1. Setting DNS Access Policies in the UI
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A zone access policy is an access control instruction which sets a general grant or deny rule over a very specific part of the DNS zone. The full statement covers the zone name and how clients are allowed to edit specific records and record types within the zone.
grant|deny zoneName policyName recordName recordType
grant|deny zoneName policyName recordName recordType
As with the other DNS zone settings (Section 17.6.2.2, “Editing the Zone Configuration in the Web UI”), the zone transfer configuration is in the Settings tab for the given DNS zone.
The access policies are set in a semi-colon separated list in the BIND update policy text box.
Figure 17.6. DNS Update Policy Settings
The full list of supported record types is in Table 17.2, “DNS Record Types”.
17.6.10.2. Setting DNS Access Policies in the Command Line
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When using the command-line tools, the policy is set using the
--update-policy option, with the access control rule in a statement after it.
--update-policy "grant|deny zoneName policyName recordName recordType"
--update-policy "grant|deny zoneName policyName recordName recordType"- zoneName is the IdM DNS zone to which to apply the rule.
- policyName is the name to use for the BIND rule.
- recordName sets the resource records to which to apply the rule. Using an asterisk (*) is used for self rules.
- recordType is the record type the rule applies to. Update access rules are applied individually for each record type, even within the same DNS zone entry.The full list of supported record types is in Table 17.2, “DNS Record Types”.
For example, to grant the
EXAMPLE.COM zone the ability to edit its own A and AAAA resource record entries:
ipa dnszone-mod example.com --update-policy="grant EXAMPLE.COM krb5-self * A; grant EXAMPLE.COM krb5-self * AAAA;"
$ ipa dnszone-mod example.com --update-policy="grant EXAMPLE.COM krb5-self * A; grant EXAMPLE.COM krb5-self * AAAA;"17.7. Managing DNS Record Entries
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17.7.1. Adding Records to DNS Zones
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IdM supports several different types of DNS records, listed in Table 17.2, “DNS Record Types”.
| A | CERT | KX | NS | SIG |
| AAAA | CNAME | LOC | NSEC | SRV |
| A6 | DNAME | MX | PTR | SSHFP |
| AFSDB | DS | NAPTR | RRSIG | TXT |
17.7.1.1. Adding DNS Resource Records from the Web UI
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Note
To make new resource records immediately resolvable without restarting the name service, enable persistent searches with the
named service or configure the BIND service to poll the Directory Server automatically for zone changes. See Section 17.8.2, “Disabling Persistent Searches”.
- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone to which to add records.
- In the DNS Resource Records tab, click the Add link.
- Select the type of record to create in the Record Type drop-down menu. The required data is different, depending on the record type. For example, a CNAME record requires a hostname. The data field name updates automatically to indicate what kind of information to supply.Although IdM supports many different record types, there are four frequent record types that are used:
- A. This is a basic map for a hostname and an ordinary IPv4 address. The Record Name is a hostname, such as www. The IP Address value is a standard IPv4 address, such as 192.168.1.2.More information about A records is in RFC 1035.
- AAAA. This is a basic map for a hostname and an IPv6 address. The Record Name is a hostname, such as www. The IP Address value is a standard hexadecimal IPv6 address, such as fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:a1b3.More information about AAAA records is in RFC 3596.
- SRV. Service (SRV) resource records map service names to the DNS name of the server that is providing that particular service. The Record Name has the format _service._protocol, such as _ldap._tcp. There are individual fields to set the priority, weight, port number, and hostname for the target service.More information about SRV records is in RFC 2782.
- PTR. A pointer record type (PTR) record adds a reverse DNS record, which maps an IP address to a domain name. In this case, the Record Name is the record ID number for the DNS entry of the resource and the Hostname value is the hostname with a terminal period, such as server.example.com..More information about PTR records is in RFC 1035.
- Click the button to save the new resource record.
17.7.1.2. Adding DNS Resource Records from the Command Line
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The same script,
ipa dnsrecord-add, is used to add resource records of any type, but the options for the script and the required data are different, based on the resource record type.
17.7.1.2.1. About the Commands to Add DNS Records
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The
ipa dnsrecord-add command adds records to DNS zones, based on the type. Adding a record has the same basic command format:
ipa dnsrecord-add zoneName recordName --recordType-option=data
$ ipa dnsrecord-add zoneName recordName --recordType-option=data
The zoneName is the name of the DNS zone to which the record is being added. The recordName is an identifier for the new DNS resource record.
Table 17.3, “Common dnsrecord-add Options” lists options for the most common resource record types: A (IPv4), AAAA (IPv6), SRV, and PTR. Options for other supported record types are listed in the
ipa dnsrecord-add help and manpages.
Note
The
ipa dnsrecord-add command only creates forward entries, not reverse entries.
| General Record Options | |
|---|---|
| Option | Description |
| --ttl=number | Sets the time to live for the record. |
| --class=IN | CS | CH | HS | Sets the class of the record. This is usually IN, for Internet protocol. |
| --structured | Parses the raw DNS records and returns them in a structured format. |
| "A" Record Options | |
|---|---|
| Option | Description |
| --a-rec=ARECORD | Passes a comma-separated list of A records. |
| --a-ip-address=string | Gives the IP address for the record. |
| "AAAA" Record Options | |
|---|---|
| Option | Description |
| --aaaa-rec=AAAARECORD | Passes a comma-separated list of AAAA (IPv6) records. |
| --aaaa-ip-address=string | Gives the IPv6 address for the record. |
| "PTR" Record Options | |
|---|---|
| Option | Description |
| --ptr-rec=PTRRECORD | Passes a comma-separated list of PTR records. |
| --ptr-hostname=string | Gives the hostname for the record. |
| "SRV" Record Options | |
|---|---|
| Option | Description |
| --srv-rec=SRVRECORD | Passes a comma-separated list of SRV records. |
| --srv-priority=number | Sets the priority of the record. There can be multiple SRV records for a service type. The priority (0 - 65535) sets the rank of the record; the lower the number, the higher the priority. A service has to use the record with the highest priority first. |
| --srv-weight=number | Sets the weight of the record. This helps determine the order of SRV records with the same priority. The set weights should add up to 100, representing the probability (in percentages) that a particular record is used. |
| --srv-port=number | Gives the port for the service on the target host. |
| --srv-target=string | Gives the domain name of the target host. This can be a single period (.) if the service is not available in the domain. |
17.7.1.2.2. Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
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Note
To make new resource records immediately resolvable without restarting the name service, enable persistent searches with the
named service or configure the BIND service to poll the Directory Server automatically for zone changes. See Section 17.8.2, “Disabling Persistent Searches”.
Example 17.6. IPv4 Record
Type A resource records map hostnames to IPv4 addresses. The record value for these commands, then, is a standard IPv4 address. The URL label is usually www.
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This creates the record
ipa dnsrecord-add example.com www --a-rec 10.64.14.165
$ ipa dnsrecord-add example.com www --a-rec 10.64.14.165www.example.com with the IP address 10.64.14.165.
More information about A records is in RFC 1035.
Example 17.7. Modifying IPv4 Record
There are two options that specify an A record value. When creating a record, the option is
--a-record. However, when modifying an A record, the --a-record option shows the old value for the A record. The new value is set with the --ip-address option.
ipa dnsrecord-mod example.com www --a-rec 10.1.1.1 --ip-address 10.1.1.2
$ ipa dnsrecord-mod example.com www --a-rec 10.1.1.1 --ip-address 10.1.1.2Example 17.8. IPv6 Record
Type AAAA resource records (quad-A records) map hostnames to IPv6 addresses. The record value for these commands is an IPv6 address. As with Type A records, the URL label is usually www.
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This creates the record
ipa dnsrecord-add example.com www --aaaa-rec fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:a1b3
$ ipa dnsrecord-add example.com www --aaaa-rec fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:a1b3www.example.com with the IP address fe80::20c:29ff:fe02:a1b3. More information about AAAA records is in RFC 3596.
Example 17.9. SRV Record
Service (SRV) resource records map service names to the DNS name of the server that is providing that particular service. For example, this record type can map a service like an LDAP directory to the server which manages it.
As with Type A and Type AAAA records, SRV records specify a way to connect to and identify the service, but the record format is different.
The recordName identifies the service type and the connection protocol, in the format _service._protocol.
The record information has the format "priority weight port target".
ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 51 389 server1.example.com." ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="1 49 389 server2.example.com."
[root@server ~]# ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 51 389 server1.example.com."
[root@server ~]# ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="1 49 389 server2.example.com."
The set weights should add up to 100, representing the probability (in percentages) that a particular record is used.
More information about SRV records is in RFC 2782.
Example 17.10. PTR Record
A pointer record type (PTR) record adds a reverse DNS record, which maps an IP address to a domain name.
All reverse DNS lookups for IPv4 addresses use reverse entries that are defined in the
in-addr.arpa. domain. The reverse address, in human-readable form, is the exact reverse of the regular IP address, with the in-addr.arpa. domain appended to it. For example, for the network address 192.0.2.0/24, the reverse zone is 2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.
ipa dnsrecord-add reverseZone recordName --ptr-rec FQDN
$ ipa dnsrecord-add reverseZone recordName --ptr-rec FQDN
The recordName and reverseZone need to create a valid reverse name when concatenated in the following way: recordName.reverseZone
For example, this adds a reverse DNS entry to the
1.0.192.in-addr.arpa. reverse zone for the host server2.example.com with the IP address 192.0.1.2:
ipa dnsrecord-add 1.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 2 --ptr-rec server2.example.com.
$ ipa dnsrecord-add 1.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 2 --ptr-rec server2.example.com.
The next example adds a reverse DNS entry to the
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. IPv6 reverse zone for the host server2.example.com with the IP address 2001:DB8::1111:
ipa dnsrecord-add 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. 1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 --ptr-rec server2.example.com.
$ ipa dnsrecord-add 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. 1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 --ptr-rec server2.example.com.17.7.2. Deleting Records from DNS Zones
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17.7.2.1. Deleting Records with the Web UI
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To delete only a specific record type from the resource record:
- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone.
- In the DNS Resource Records tab, click the name of the resource record.
- Click the checkbox by the name of the record type to delete, and then click the active Delete link at the top of the list.This deletes only that record type while leaving the other configuration intact.
Alternatively, delete all of the records for the resource in the zone:
- Open the Identity tab, and select the DNS subtab.
- Click the name of the DNS zone.
- In the DNS Resource Records tab, select the checkbox by the name of the resource record to delete. This deletes the entire record.
- Click the Delete link at the top of the zone records page.
17.7.2.2. Deleting Records with the Command Line
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Records are removed from the zone using the
ipa dnsrecord-del command. As with adding records, records are deleted using an option that specifies the type of record (--recordType-rec) and the record value.
For example, to remove the A type record:
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ipa dnsrecord-del example.com www --a-rec 10.64.14.213
$ ipa dnsrecord-del example.com www --a-rec 10.64.14.213
If you run the
ipa dnsrecord-del command without any options, the command prompts for information about the record to delete.
Alternatively, using the
--del-all option removes all associated records for the zone.
17.8. Configuring the bind-dyndb-ldap Plug-in
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The
bind-dyndb-ldap system plug-in contains a DNS record cache for zones and a history of successful DNS resolutions. Maintaining the cache improves lookup performance in the Directory Server because it is not necessary to query the directory services every time there is a new DNS request.
When this plug-in is installed and IdM is configured to manage DNS, then a new configuration section is added to the plug-in configuration.
Example 17.11. Default dynamic-db Configuration
This configuration uses implied default values for other plug-in behaviors, like how long it maintains the cache. The assumed, default configuration can be changed by adding arguments to the
dynamic-db "ipa" entry.
arg "argument value";
arg "argument value";
The additional parameters are listed in Table 17.4, “Additional bind-dyndb-ldap Configuration Parameters”.
Note
Both cache updates and new zone detection can be forced by reloading the name server:
rndc reload
# rndc reload| Parameter | Description | Default Value |
|---|---|---|
| cache_ttl | Checks the DNS configuration in the Directory Server for new zones. | 120 (seconds); this is defined in the bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in. |
| zone_refresh | Checks frequency, in seconds, that the server checks the DNS configuration in the Directory Server for new zones. | 0 (disabled) |
| psearch | Enables persistent searches for the Directory Server so the BIND service immediately receives an update notification when a new DNS zone is added. | yes |
17.8.1. Changing the DNS Cache Setting
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To improve DNS performance, it may be necessary to change the cache setting. By default, DNS records are kept in cache and considered valid for 120 seconds. This means that if a DNS record changes, it will not (necessarily) be propagated to the name server for up to 120 seconds. If the Directory Server has a high traffic volume or if records do not change frequently, then the cache time can be increased to improve performance by adding the
cache_ttl parameter.
dynamic-db "ipa" {
...
arg "cache_ttl 1800";
};
dynamic-db "ipa" {
...
arg "cache_ttl 1800";
};17.8.2. Disabling Persistent Searches
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The DNS service receives its information through the
bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in. The plug-in resolves only zones which were configured and enabled in the Directory Server when the name server started. When the name service restarts, the plug-in reloads its configuration and identifies any new zones or any new resource records.
However, the
bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in pulls zone and resource record information from the IdM LDAP directory, and it is possible to pull information from that directory apart from simply restarting the plug-in. The bind-dyndb-ldap plug-in searches for zone changes actively by keeping a persistent connection open to the Directory Server and immediately catching any changes.
Persistent searches provide immediate notification of changes and maintain a local cache of the configuration data.
Note
A persistent search catches updates both to zones and to zone resource records.
Because persistent searches leave an ongoing, open connection with the Directory Server, there can be some performance issues. Performance implications are covered in the Red Hat Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
Persistent searches are enabled by default but can be disabled in the
psearch argument:
dynamic-db "ipa" {
...
arg "psearch no";
};
dynamic-db "ipa" {
...
arg "psearch no";
};17.9. Changing Recursive Queries Against Forwarders
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The
ipa-client-install script sets a configuration statement in the /etc/named.conf file that allows name resolution against hosts that are outside the IdM DNS domain. (This requires that the IdM server be set up with DNS configured and with forwarders configured.) What this means is that any host is permitted to issue recursive queries against configured forwarders.
By default, any host is permitted to issue recursive queries against configured forwarders. The IdM installation script automatically adds a line to the
/etc/named.conf file to allow these recursive queries.
forward first;
forwarders { 10.16.36.29; };
allow-recursion { any; };
forward first;
forwarders { 10.16.36.29; };
allow-recursion { any; };
This behavior can be changed in the
allow-recursion statement.
- Open the
/etc/named.conffile. - Reset the
allow-recursionstatement. This is set toanyby default, which allows all hosts to resolve names against all forwarders.forward first; forwarders { 10.16.36.29; }; allow-recursion { any; };forward first; forwarders { 10.16.36.29; }; allow-recursion { any; };Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the
namedservice.service named restart
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The name server documentation has more details on editing configuration statements.
17.10. Resolving Hostnames in the IdM Domain
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It is possible to check the DNS entries for IdM domain members using the
dns-resolve command. If the record exists and is properly formatted in the DNS configuration, then the command returns the DNS record. If not, the command returns an error, that the hostname is not recognized within the DNS service.
$ipa dns-resolve server1.example.com
$ipa dns-resolve server1.example.com
This can be helpful with troubleshooting connection problems between servers, clients, and services.
[6]
Any updated schema files, included updated DNS schema elements, are located in the
/usr/share/ipa/updates directory.
Chapter 18. Policy: Using Automount
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Automount is a way of making directories on different servers available, automatically, when requested by a user. This works exceptionally well within an IdM domain since it allows directories on clients within the domain to be shared easily. This is especially important with user home directories (Section 9.1, “Setting up User Home Directories”).
In IdM, automount works with the internal LDAP directory and, if it is configured, DNS services.
18.1. About Automount and IdM
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Automount is a way to manage, organize, and access directories across multiple systems. Automount automatically mounts a directory whenever that resource is requested. Automount also provides a coherent structure to the way that these directories are organized. Every single directory, or mount point is called a key. Multiple keys that are grouped together are a map, and maps are associated according to their physical or conceptual location.
The base configuration file for automount is the
auto.master file in the /etc/ directory. There can be multiple auto.master configuration files in separate server locations, if necessary.
When
autofs is configured on a server and that server is a client in an IdM domain, then all of the configuration information for automount is stored in the IdM directory. Rather than being stored in separate text files, the autofs configuration — maps, locations, and keys — are stored as LDAP entries. For example, the default map file, auto.master, is stored as:
dn: automountmapname=auto.master,cn=default,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: automountMap objectClass: top automountMapName: auto.master
dn: automountmapname=auto.master,cn=default,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com
objectClass: automountMap
objectClass: top
automountMapName: auto.masterImportant
Identity Management does not set up or configure autofs. That must be done separately. Identity Management works with an existing autofs deployment.
Each new location is added as a container entry under
cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com, and each map and each key are stored beneath that location.
As with other IdM domain services, automount works with IdM natively. The automount configuration can be managed by IdM tools:
- Locations, using
ipa automountlocation*commands - Both direct and indirect maps, using
ipa automountmap*commands - Keys, using
ipa automountkey*commands
For automount to work within the IdM domain, the NFS server must be configured as an IdM client. Configuring NFS itself is covered in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Storage Administration Guide.
18.2. Configuring Automount
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Configuring automount entries, like locations and maps, in Identity Management requires an existing autofs/NFS server. Creating automount entries does not create the underlying autofs configuration.
Autofs can be configured manually using LDAP or SSSD as a data store, or it can be configured automatically.
Note
Test that the
/home directory can be mounted from the command line successfully before changing the automount configuration. Making sure that NFS is already working properly makes it easier to troubleshoot any potential IdM automount configuration errors later.
18.2.1. Configuring NFS Automatically
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After a system is configured as an IdM client (including IdM servers and replicas, which are configured as domain clients as part of their configuration), autofs can be configured to use the IdM domain as its NFS domain and have autofs services enabled.
By default, the
ipa-client-automount command automatically configures the NFS configuration files (/etc/sysconfig/nfs and /etc/idmapd.conf). It also configures SSSD to manage the credentials for NFS.
If the
ipa-client-automount command is run without any options, then it runs a DNS discovery scan to identify an available IdM server and creates a default location called default.
It is possible to specify an IdM server to use and to create an automount location other than default.
ipa-client-automount --server=ipaserver.example.com --location=raleigh
[root@server ~]# ipa-client-automount --server=ipaserver.example.com --location=raleigh
Along with setting up NFS, the
ipa-client-automount command configures SSSD to cache automount maps, in case the external IdM store is ever inaccessible. Configuring SSSD does two things:
- It adds service configuration information to the SSSD configuration. The IdM domain entry is given settings for the autofs provider and the mount location.
autofs_provider = ipa ipa_automount_location = default
autofs_provider = ipa ipa_automount_location = defaultCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow And NFS is added to the list of supported services (services = nss,pam,autofs...) and given a blank configuration entry ([autofs]). - The Name Service Switch (NSS) service informtion is updated to checl SSSD first for automount information, and then the local files.
automount: sss files
automount: sss filesCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
There may be some instances, such as highly secure environments, where it is not appropriate for a client to cache automount maps. In that case, the
ipa-client-automount command can be run with the --no-sssd option, which changes all of the required NFS configuration files, but does not change the SSSD configuration.
ipa-client-automount --no-sssd
[root@server ~]# ipa-client-automount --no-sssd
All of the required NFS configuration files — but the list of files is slightly different without SSSD:
- The command updates
/etc/sysconfig/autofsinstead of/etc/sysconfig/nfs. - The command configures
/etc/autofs_ldap_auth.confwith the IdM LDAP configuration. - The command configures
/etc/nsswitch.confto use the LDAP services for automount maps.
Note
The
ipa-client-automount command can only be run once. If there is an error in the configuration, than the configuration files need to be edited manually.
18.2.2. Configuring autofs Manually to Use SSSD and Identity Management
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- Edit the
/etc/sysconfig/autofsfile to specify the schema attributes that autofs searches for:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Specify the LDAP configuration. There are two ways to do this. The simplest is to let the automount service discover the LDAP server and locations on its own:
LDAP_URI="ldap:///dc=example,dc=com"
LDAP_URI="ldap:///dc=example,dc=com"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Alternatively, explicitly set which LDAP server to use and the base DN for LDAP searches:LDAP_URI="ldap://ipa.example.com" SEARCH_BASE="cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com"
LDAP_URI="ldap://ipa.example.com" SEARCH_BASE="cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
The default value for location isdefault. If additional locations are added (Section 18.4, “Configuring Locations”), then the client can be pointed to use those locations, instead. - Edit the
/etc/autofs_ldap_auth.conffile so that autofs allows client authentication with the IdM LDAP server.- Change
authrequiredto yes. - Set the principal to the Kerberos host principal for the NFS client server, host/fqdn@REALM. The principal name is used to connect to the IdM directory as part of GSS client authentication.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow If necessary, runklist -kto get the exact host principal information. - Configure autofs as one of the services which SSSD manages.
- Open the SSSD configuration file.
vim /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/sssd/sssd.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the autofs service to the list of services handled by SSSD.
[sssd] services = nss,pam,autofs
[sssd] services = nss,pam,autofsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a new
[autofs]section. This can be left blank; the default settings for an autofs service work with most infrastructures.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Optionally, set a search base for the autofs entries. By default, this is the LDAP search base, but a subtree can be specified in the
ldap_autofs_search_baseparameter.[domain/EXAMPLE] ... ldap_search_base = "dc=example,dc=com" ldap_autofs_search_base = "ou=automount,dc=example,dc=com"
[domain/EXAMPLE] ... ldap_search_base = "dc=example,dc=com" ldap_autofs_search_base = "ou=automount,dc=example,dc=com"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Restart SSSD:
service sssd restart
[root@server ~]# service sssd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Check the
/etc/nsswitch.conffile, so that SSSD is listed as a source for automount configuration:automount: sss files
automount: sss filesCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart autofs:
service autofs restart
[root@server ~]# service autofs restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Test the configuration by listing a user's
/homedirectory:ls /home/userName
[root@server ~]# ls /home/userNameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow If this does not mount the remote file system, check the/var/log/messagesfile for errors. If necessary, increase the debug level in the/etc/sysconfig/autofsfile by setting theLOGGINGparameter todebug.
Note
If there are problems with automount, then cross-reference the automount attempts with the 389 Directory Server access logs for the IdM instance, which will show the attempted access, user, and search base.
It is also simple to run automount in the foreground with debug logging on.
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This prints the debug log information directly, without having to cross-check the LDAP access log with automount's log.
automount -f -d
automount -f -d18.2.3. Configuring Automount on Solaris
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Note
Solaris uses a different schema for autofs configuration than the schema used by Identity Management. Identity Management uses the 2307bis-style automount schema which is defined for 389 Directory Server (and used in IdM's internal Directory Server instance).
- If the NFS server is running on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, specify on the Solaris machine that NFSv3 is the maximum supported version. Edit the
/etc/default/nfsfile and set the following parameter:NFS_CLIENT_VERSMAX=3
NFS_CLIENT_VERSMAX=3Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use the
ldapclientcommand to configure the host to use LDAP:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enable
automount:svcadm enable svc:/system/filesystem/autofs
# svcadm enable svc:/system/filesystem/autofsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Test the configuration.
- Check the LDAP configuration:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - List a user's
/homedirectory:ls /home/userName
# ls /home/userNameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
18.3. Setting up a Kerberized NFS Server
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Identity Management can be used to set up a Kerberized NFS server, which does not need to be running on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
18.3.1. Setting up a Kerberized NFS Server
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- Obtain a Kerberos ticket before running IdM utilites.
kinit admin
[user@server ~]$ kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the NFS host machine has not been added as a client to the IdM domain, then create the host entry in GUI as described in Section 5.4.2, “Other Examples of Adding a Host Entry”, or run a command such as:
ipa host-add --ip-address 192.0.2.10 nfs-server.example.org
[user@server ~]$ ipa host-add --ip-address 192.0.2.10 nfs-server.example.orgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create the NFS service entry in the IdM domain, for example:
ipa service-add nfs/nfs-server.example.com
[user@server ~]$ ipa service-add nfs/nfs-server.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For more information, see Section 11.1, “Adding and Editing Service Entries and Keytabs”. - Generate an NFS service keytab for the NFS server using the
ipa-getkeytabcommand.The NFS server may be on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine in the IdM domain or a different Unix machine. For a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine, theipa-getkeytabcommand can be run on the NFS server machine. Otherwise, theipa-getkeytabcommand should be run on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine in the IdM domain and then copied over to the NFS server.Ifipa-getkeytabcommand is run on the NFS server, then save the keys directly to the host keytab. For example:ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/nfs-server.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytab
[user@server ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/nfs-server.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine, that's all you need to do.When generating keys to copy over to another system, then generate the key but do not save it in the host keytab. The key must be added separately to the keytab after it is copied to the NFS server:- Save the keytab to a temporary file. For example:
ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/nfs-server.example.com -k /root/nfs-server.keytab
[user@server ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -s server.example.com -p nfs/nfs-server.example.com -k /root/nfs-server.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the keytabs over to the NFS server.
- Set the file permissions to
0700. - Add the service key to the keytab file.
( echo rkt /root/nfs-server.keytab; echo wkt /etc/krb5.keytab ) | ktutil
[root@nfs-server ~]# ( echo rkt /root/nfs-server.keytab; echo wkt /etc/krb5.keytab ) | ktutilCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Note
To verify that the NFS service has been properly configured in IdM with its keytab, check the service entry by using the following command:ipa service-show nfs/ipaclient2.example.com
[user@server ~]$ ipa service-show nfs/ipaclient2.example.com Principal: NFS/ipaclient2.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM Keytab: TrueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Install the NFS packages. For example:
yum install nfs-utils
[root@nfs-server ~]# yum install nfs-utilsCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure weak crypto support. This is required for every NFS client if any client (such as a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 client) in the domain uses older encryption options such as DES.
- Edit the
krb5.conffile to include the following line to enable weak crypto:allow_weak_crypto = true
allow_weak_crypto = trueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the IdM server Kerberos configuration to support the DES encryption type.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Run the
ipa-client-automountcommand to configure the NFS settings.By default, this enables secure NFS in the/etc/sysconfig/nfsfile and sets the IdM DNS domain in theDomainparameter in the/etc/idmapd.conffile.Note
If the server is not member of the IdM domain (does not have the ipa-client package installed), this step needs to be done manually. See the NFS configuration section in the Storage Administration Guide for details. - Edit the
/etc/exportsfile and add the Kerberos information:/export *(rw,sec=krb5:krb5i:krb5p)
/export *(rw,sec=krb5:krb5i:krb5p)Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the NFS server and related services.
service nfs restart service rpcsvcgssd restart
[root@nfs-server ~]# service nfs restart [root@nfs-server ~]# service rpcsvcgssd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - To configure the NFS server as an NFS client, see Section 18.3.2, “Setting up a Kerberized NFS Client”.
18.3.2. Setting up a Kerberized NFS Client
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- Obtain a Kerberos ticket before running IdM tools.
kinit admin
[user@server ~]$ kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the NFS client is not enrolled as a client in the IdM domain, then set up the required host entries in GUI as described in Section 5.4.2, “Other Examples of Adding a Host Entry”, or run a command such as:.
ipa host-add --ip-address 192.0.2.20 nfs-client.example.org
[user@server ~]$ ipa host-add --ip-address 192.0.2.20 nfs-client.example.orgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Generate an NFS service keytab for the NFS client using the
ipa-getkeytabutility.The NFS client may be on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine in the IdM domain or a different Unix machine. For a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine, theipa-getkeytabcommand can be run on the NFS client machine. Otherwise, theipa-getkeytabcommand should be run on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine in the IdM domain and then copied over to the NFS client.Ifipa-getkeytabcommand is run on the NFS client, then save the keys directly to the host keytab. For example:ipa-getkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -s ipa-server.example.org -p nfs/nfs-client-server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
[user@server ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -k /etc/krb5.keytab -s ipa-server.example.org -p nfs/nfs-client-server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COMCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For a Red Hat Enterprise Linux machine, that's all you need to do.When generating keys to copy over to another system, then generate the key but do not save it in the host keytab. The key must be added separately to the keytab after it is copied to the NFS server:- Save the keytab to a temporary file. For example:
ipa-getkeytab -s ipa-server.example.org -p host/nfs-client-server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -k /root/nfs-client.keytab
[user@server ~]$ ipa-getkeytab -s ipa-server.example.org -p host/nfs-client-server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -k /root/nfs-client.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Copy the keytabs over to the NFS client.
- Set the file permissions to
0700. - Add the service key to the keytab file.
( echo rkt /root/nfs-client.keytab; echo wkt /etc/krb5.keytab ) | ktutil
[root@nfs-client-server ~]# ( echo rkt /root/nfs-client.keytab; echo wkt /etc/krb5.keytab ) | ktutilCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Run the
ipa-client-automountcommand to configure the NFS settings.By default, this enables secure NFS in the/etc/sysconfig/nfsfile and sets the IdM DNS domain in theDomainparameter in the/etc/idmapd.conffile.Note
If the client is not member of the IdM domain (does not have the ipa-client package installed), this step needs to be done manually. See the NFS configuration section in the Storage Administration Guide for details. - Start the GSS daemon.
service rpcgssd start service rpcbind start service rpcidmapd start
[root@nfs-client-server ~]# service rpcgssd start [root@nfs-client-server ~]# service rpcbind start [root@nfs-client-server ~]# service rpcidmapd startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Mount the directory.
echo "$NFSSERVER:/this /mnt/this nfs4 sec=krb5i,rw,proto=tcp,port=2049" >>/etc/fstab mount -av
[root@nfs-client-server ~]# echo "$NFSSERVER:/this /mnt/this nfs4 sec=krb5i,rw,proto=tcp,port=2049" >>/etc/fstab [root@nfs-client-server ~]# mount -avCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
18.4. Configuring Locations
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A location is a set of maps, which are all stored in
auto.master, and a location can store multiple maps. The location entry only works as a container for map entries; it is not an automount configuration in and of itself.
Important
Identity Management does not set up or configure autofs. That must be done separately. Identity Management works with an existing autofs deployment.
18.4.1. Configuring Locations through the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Automount subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of automount locations.
- Enter the name for the new location.
- Click the button to go to the map configuration for the new location. Create maps, as described in Section 18.5.1.1, “Configuring Direct Maps from the Web UI” and Section 18.5.2.1, “Configuring Indirect Maps from the Web UI”.
18.4.2. Configuring Locations through the Command Line
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To create a map, using the
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For example:
automountlocation-add and give the location name.
ipa automountlocation-add location
$ ipa automountlocation-add locationipa automountlocation-add raleigh
$ ipa automountlocation-add raleigh
----------------------------------
Added automount location "raleigh"
----------------------------------
Location: raleigh
When a new location is created, two maps are automatically created for it,
auto.master and auto.direct. auto.master is the root map for all automount maps for the location. auto.direct is the default map for direct mounts and is mounted on /-.
To view all of the maps configured for a location as if they were deployed on a filesystem, use the
automountlocation-tofiles command:
ipa automountlocation-tofiles raleigh
$ ipa automountlocation-tofiles raleigh
/etc/auto.master:
/- /etc/auto.direct
---------------------------
/etc/auto.direct:18.5. Configuring Maps
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Configuring maps not only creates the maps, it associates mount points through the keys and it assigns mount options that should be used when the directory is accessed. IdM supports both direct and indirect maps.
Note
Different clients can use different map sets. Map sets use a tree structure, so maps cannot be shared between locations.
Important
Identity Management does not set up or configure autofs. That must be done separately. Identity Management works with an existing autofs deployment.
18.5.1. Configuring Direct Maps
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Direct maps define exact locations, meaning absolute paths, to the file mount. In the location entry, a direct map is identified by the preceding forward slash:
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--------------------------- /etc/auto.direct: /shared/man server.example.com:/shared/man
---------------------------
/etc/auto.direct:
/shared/man server.example.com:/shared/man18.5.1.1. Configuring Direct Maps from the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Automount subtab.
- Click name of the automount location to which to add the map.
- In the Automount Maps tab, click the + Add link to create a new map.
- In pop-up window, select the Direct radio button and enter the name of the new map.
- In the Automount Keys tab, click the + Add link to create a new key for the map.
- Enter the mount point. The key defines the actual mount point in the key name. The Info field sets the network location of the directory, as well as any
mountoptions to use. - Click the button to save the new key.
18.5.1.2. Configuring Direct Maps from the Command Line
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The key defines the actual mount point (in the key name) and any options. A map is a direct or indirect map based on the format of its key.
Each location is created with an
auto.direct item. The simplest configuration is to define a direct mapping by adding an automount key the existing direct map entry. It is also possible to create different direct map entries.
Add the key for the direct map to the location's
auto.direct file. The --key option identifies the mount point, and --info gives the network location of the directory, as well as any mount options to use. For example:
ipa automountkey-add raleigh auto.direct --key=/share --info="ro,soft,ipaserver.example.com:/home/share"
$ ipa automountkey-add raleigh auto.direct --key=/share --info="ro,soft,ipaserver.example.com:/home/share"
Key: /share
Mount information: ro,soft,ipaserver.example.com:/home/share
Mount options are described in the mount manpage, http://linux.die.net/man/8/mount.
On Solaris, add the direct map and key using the
ldapclient command to add the LDAP entry directly:
ldapclient -a serviceSearchDescriptor=auto_direct:automountMapName=auto.direct,cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com?one
ldapclient -a serviceSearchDescriptor=auto_direct:automountMapName=auto.direct,cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com?one18.5.2. Configuring Indirect Maps
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An indirect map essentially specifies a relative path for maps. A parent entry sets the base directory for all of the indirect maps. The indirect map key sets a sub directory; whenever the indirect map location is loaded, the key is appended to that base directory. For example, if the base directory is
/docs and the key is man, then the map is /docs/man.
18.5.2.1. Configuring Indirect Maps from the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Automount subtab.
- Click name of the automount location to which to add the map.
- In the Automount Maps tab, click the + Add link to create a new map.
- In pop-up window, select the Indirect radio button and enter the required information for the indirect map:
- The name of the new map
- The mount point. The Mount field sets the base directory to use for all the indirect map keys.
- Optionally, a parent map. The default parent is
auto.master, but if another map exists which should be used, that can be specified in the Parent Map field.
- Click the button to save the new key.
18.5.2.2. Configuring Indirect Maps from the Command Line
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The primary difference between a direct map and an indirect map is that there is no forward slash in front of an indirect key.
--------------------------- /etc/auto.share: man ipa.example.com:/docs/man ---------------------------
---------------------------
/etc/auto.share:
man ipa.example.com:/docs/man
---------------------------- Create an indirect map to set the base entry using the
automountmap-add-indirectcommand. The--mountoption sets the base directory to use for all the indirect map keys. The default parent entry isauto.master, but if another map exists which should be used, that can be specified using the--parentmapoption.For example:ipa automountmap-add-indirect location mapName --mount=directory [--parentmap=mapName]
$ ipa automountmap-add-indirect location mapName --mount=directory [--parentmap=mapName]Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow ipa automountmap-add-indirect raleigh auto.share --mount=/share
$ ipa automountmap-add-indirect raleigh auto.share --mount=/share -------------------------------- Added automount map "auto.share" --------------------------------Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the indirect key for the mount location:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - To verify the configuration, check the location file list using
automountlocation-tofiles:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
On Solaris, add the indirect map using the
ldapclient command to add the LDAP entry directly:
ldapclient -a serviceSearchDescriptor=auto_share:automountMapName=auto.share,cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com?one
ldapclient -a serviceSearchDescriptor=auto_share:automountMapName=auto.share,cn=location,cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com?one18.5.3. Importing Automount Maps
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If there are existing automount maps, these can be imported into the IdM automount configuration.
ipa automountlocation-import location map_file [--continuous]
ipa automountlocation-import location map_file [--continuous]
The only required information is the IdM automount location and the full path and name of the map file. The
--continuous option tells the automountlocation-import command to continue through the map file, even if the command encounters errors.
For example:
ipa automountlocation-import raleigh /etc/custom.map
$ ipa automountlocation-import raleigh /etc/custom.mapChapter 19. Policy: Defining Password Policies
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All users must have a password which they use to authenticate to the Kerberos domain. Identity Management defines and enforces rules about password complexity, password histories, and account lockouts in order to maintain security.
Note
IdM, by default, does not expose passwords to clients, even hashed passwords, for system security.
19.1. About Password Policies and Policy Attributes
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A password policy sets certain standards for passwords, such as the password complexity and the rules for changing passwords. A password policy minimizes the inherent risk of using passwords by ensuring that they meet adequate complexity standards to thwart brute force attacks and they are changed frequently enough to mitigate the risk of someone revealing or discovering a password.
There are three main configuration areas that are defined within the password policy:
- Strength or complexity requirements
- History
- Account lockout
The IdM password policy is enforced jointly by the KDC and the LDAP server. While the password policy is set in the LDAP directory and is based on 389 Directory Server password policy attributes, the policy is ultimately constrained by the KDC password policy framework. The KDC policy is less flexible than the 389 Directory Server policy framework, so the IdM password policy can only implement password policy elements supported in the KDC. Any other policy settings made within the 389 Directory Server are not visible or enforced in Identity Management.
Password policies are assigned either globally or to groups in IdM, not to individual users. The password policy is assigned a priority, so that if a user belongs to multiple groups with different password policies, the policy with the highest priority will take precedence.
The different policy attributes that can be set are listed in Table 19.1, “Password Policy Settings”.
| Configuration Property | Command-Line Option | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Options for both the UI and CLI | ||
| Minimum Password Lifetime | --minlife | Sets the minimum period of time, in hours, that a user's password must be in effect before the user can change it. This can prevent a user from changing a password and then immediately changing it to the original value. The default value is one hour. |
| Maximum Password Lifetime | --maxlife | Sets the maximum period of time, in days, that a user's password can be in effect before it must be changed. The default value is 90 days. |
| Minimum Number of Character Classes | --minclasses | Sets the minimum number of different classes, or types, of character that must exist in a password before it is considered valid. For example, setting this value to 3 requires that any password must have characters from at least three categories in order to be approved. The default value is zero (0), meaning there are no required classes.
There are six character classes:
|
| Minimum Length of Password | --minlength | Sets the minimum number of characters for a password. The default value is eight characters. |
| Password History | --history | Sets the number of previous passwords that are stored and which a user is prevented from using. For example, if this is set to ten, IdM prevents a user from reusing any of their previous ten passwords. The default value is zero (0), which disables password history.
Note
Even with the password history set to zero, users cannot reuse a current password.
|
| Options for the CLI only | ||
| Priority | --priority | Sets the priority which determines which policy is in effect. The lower the number, the higher priority.
Although this priority is required when the policy is first created in the UI, it cannot be reset in the UI. It can only be reset using the CLI.
|
| Maximum Consecutive Failures | --maxfail | Specifies the maximum number of consecutive failures to input the correct password before the user's account is locked. |
| Fail Interval | --failinterval | Specifies the period (in seconds) after which the failure count will be reset. |
| Lockout Time | --lockouttime | Specifies the period (in seconds) for which a lockout is enforced. |
19.2. Viewing Password Policies
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There can be multiple password policies configured in IdM. There is always a global policy, which is set when the server is created. Additional policies can be created for groups in IdM.
The UI lists all of the group password policies and the global policy on the Password Policies page.
Using the CLI, both global and group-level password policies can be viewed using the
pwpolicy-show command. The CLI can also display the password policy in effect for a user.
19.2.1. Viewing the Global Password Policy
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The global password policy is created as part of the initial IdM server setup. This policy applies to every user until a group-level password policy supersedes it.
The default settings for the global password policy are listed in Table 19.2, “Default Global Password Policy”.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Max lifetime | 90 (days) |
| Min lifetime | 1 (hour) |
| History size | 0 (unset) |
| Character classes | 0 (unset) |
| Min length | 8 |
| Max failures | 6 |
| Failure reset interval | 60 |
| Lockout duration | 600 |
19.2.1.1. With the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab, and then click the Password Policies subtab.
- All of the policies in the UI are listed by group. The global password policy is defined by the global_policy group. Click the group link.
- The global policy is displayed.
19.2.1.2. With the Command Line
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To view the global policy, simply run the
pwpolicy-show command with no arguments:
19.2.2. Viewing Group-Level Password Policies
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19.2.2.1. With the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab, and then click the Password Policies subtab.
- All of the policies in the UI are listed by group. Click the name of the group which is assigned the policy.
- The group policy is displayed.
19.2.2.2. With the Command Line
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For a group-level password policy, specify the group name with the command:
19.2.3. Viewing the Password Policy in Effect for a User
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A user may belong to multiple groups, each with their own separate password policies. These policies are not additive. Only one policy is in effect at a time and it applies to all password policy attributes. To see which policy is in effect for a specific user, the
pwpolicy-show command can be run for a specific user. The results also show which group policy is in effect for that user.
19.3. Creating and Editing Password Policies
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A password policy can be selective; it may only define certain elements. A global password policy sets defaults that are used for every user entry, unless a group policy takes priority.
Note
A global policy always exists, so there is no reason to add a global password policy.
Group-level policies override the global policies and offer specific policies that only apply to group members. Password policies are not cumulative. Either a group policy or the global policy is in effect for a user or group, but not both simultaneously.
Group-level policies do not exist by default, so they must be created manually.
Note
It is not possible to set a password policy for a non-existent group.
19.3.1. Creating Password Policies in the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab, and then click the Password Policies subtab.
- All of the policies in the UI are listed by group. The global password policy is defined by the global_policy group. Click the group link.
- Click the Add link at the top.
- In the pop-up box, select the group for which to create the password policy.
- Set the priority of the policy. The higher the number, the lower the priority. Conversely, the highest priority policy has the lowest number.Only one password policy is in effect for a user, and that is the highest priority policy.
Note
The priority cannot be changed in the UI once the policy is created. - Click the button so that the policy form immediately opens.
- Set the policy fields. Leaving a field blank means that attribute is not added the password policy configuration.
- Max lifetime sets the maximum amount of time, in days, that a password is valid before a user must reset it.
- Min lifetime sets the minimum amount of time, in hours, that a password must remain in effect before a user is permitted to change it. This prevents a user from attempting to change a password back immediately to an older password or from cycling through the password history.
- History size sets how many previous passwords are stored. A user cannot re-use a password that is still in the password history.
- Character classes sets the number of different categories of character that must be used in the password. This does not set which classes must be used; it sets the number of different (unspecified) classes which must be used in a password. For example, a character class can be a number, special character, or capital; the complete list of categories is in Table 19.1, “Password Policy Settings”. This is part of setting the complexity requirements.
- Min length sets how many characters must be in a password. This is part of setting the complexity requirements.
19.3.2. Creating Password Policies with the Command Line
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Password policies are added with the
pwpolicy-add command.
kinit admin ipa pwpolicy-add groupName --attribute-value
[root@server ~]# kinit admin
[root@server ~]# ipa pwpolicy-add groupName --attribute-value
For example:
Note
Setting an attribute to a blank value effectively removes that attribute from the password policy.
19.3.3. Editing Password Policies with the Command Line
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As with most IdM entries, a password policy is edited by using a
*-mod command, pwpolicy-mod, and then the policy name. However, there is one difference with editing password policies: there is a global policy which always exists. Editing a group-level password policy is slightly different than editing the global password policy.
Editing a group-level password policy follows the standard syntax of
*-mod commands. It uses the pwpolicy-mod command, the name of the policy entry, and the attributes to change. For example:
ipa pwpolicy-mod exampleGroup --lockouttime=300 --history=5 --minlength=8
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa pwpolicy-mod exampleGroup --lockouttime=300 --history=5 --minlength=8
To edit the global password policy, use the
pwpolicy-mod command with the attributes to change, but without specifying a password policy name. For example:
ipa pwpolicy-mod --lockouttime=300 --history=5 --minlength=8
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa pwpolicy-mod --lockouttime=300 --history=5 --minlength=819.4. Managing Password Expiration Limits
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Password policies are applied at the time a password is changed. So, when a password is set, it conforms to the password policy in effect at that time. If the password policy is changed later, that change is not applied, retroactively, to the password.
Setting password expiration periods is configured as part of the group password policy. Creating and editing password policies (including the expiration attribute in the policy) is covered in Section 19.3, “Creating and Editing Password Policies”.
With password expiration periods, there are two attributes that are related:
- The maximum lifetime setting given in the password policy (
--maxlife) - The actual date that the password for a given user expires (
krbPasswordExpiration)
Changing the password expiration time in the password policy does not affect the expiration date for a user, until the user password is changed. If the password expiration date needs to be changed immediately, it can be changed by editing the user entry.
To force the expiration date to change, reset the
krbPasswordExpiration attribute value for the user. This can only be done using ldapmodify. For example, for a single user:
Multiple entries can be edited simultaneously by referencing an LDIF file in the
-f option with the ldamodify command.
Note
If an administrator resets a password, it expires the previous password and forces the user to update the password. When the user updates the password, it automatically uses the new password policies, including a new expiration date.
19.5. Changing the Priority of Group Password Policies
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A user may belong to multiple groups, each with different password policies. Since only one policy can be in effect for a user, there has to be a method to assign precedence to policies. That is done through priority.
The highest priority is zero (0). The lower the number, the higher the priority.
This is set initially when the password policy is created. It can be modified after the policy is created by resetting the
--priority option.
kinit admin ipa pwpolicy-mod examplegroup --priority=10
[root@server ~]# kinit admin
[root@server ~]# ipa pwpolicy-mod examplegroup --priority=10
When a user belongs to multiple groups, the group password policy with the lowest priority number has the highest priority.
19.6. Setting Account Lockout Policies
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A brute force attack occurs when a malefactor attempts to guess a password by simply slamming the server with multiple login attempts. An account lockout policy prevents brute force attacks by blocking an account from logging into the system after a certain number of login failures — even if the correct password is subsequently entered.
Note
A user account can be manually unlocked by an administrator using the
ipa user-unlock. Refer to Section 9.6, “Unlocking User Accounts After Password Failures”.
19.6.1. In the UI
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These attributes are available in the password policy form when a group-level password policy is created or when any password policy (including the global password policy) is edited.
- Click the Policy tab, and then click the Password Policies subtab.
- Click the name of the policy to edit.
- Set the account lockout attribute values.There are three parts to the account lockout policy:
- The number of failed login attempts before the account is locked (Max Failures).
- The time after a failed login attempt before the counter resets (Failure reset interval). Since mistakes do happen honestly, the count of failed attempts is not kept forever; it naturally lapses after a certain amount of time. This is in seconds.
- How long an account is locked after the max number of failures is reached (Lockout duration). This is in seconds.
19.6.2. In the CLI
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There are three parts to the account lockout policy:
- The number of failed login attempts before the account is locked (
--maxfail). - How long an account is locked after the max number of failures is reached (
--lockouttime). This is in seconds. - The time after a failed login attempt before the counter resets (
--failinterval). Since mistakes do happen honestly, the count of failed attempts is not kept forever; it naturally lapses after a certain amount of time. This is in seconds.
These account lockout attributes can all be set when a password policy is created with
pwpolicy-add or added later using pwpolicy-mod. For example:
kinit admin ipa pwpolicy-mod examplegroup --maxfail=4 --lockouttime=600 --failinterval=30
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa pwpolicy-mod examplegroup --maxfail=4 --lockouttime=600 --failinterval=3019.7. Enabling a Password Change Dialog
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There may be situations when a user exists in Identity Management but does not have a valid Kerberos ticket, meaning he cannot authenticate to the IdM domain. This is possible for new users or for users whose domain passwords have expired. Much like enabling password authentication in the web UI, it is possible to enable password-based authentication to the client. This opens up a password change dialog box to allow the user to reset the expired password.
The password change dialog is enabled by using OpenSSH's challenge-response authentication.
The challenge-response dialog is optional. In many environments, it is not necessary because SSSD can handle changing expired passwords by invoking the required PAM modules. However, using the challenge-response option in OpenSSH makes it possible to do password changes directly in PAM and to support full PAM conversations.
This is not enabled by default, but it can be enabled by editing the OpenSSH configuration.
- Open the
/etc/ssh/sshd_configfile. - Set
ChallengeResponseAuthenticationtoyes.
Chapter 20. Policy: Managing the Kerberos Domain
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Kerberos authentication is the core of authentication within the IdM domain. The IdM server actually runs a Kerberos server within it, and this Kerberos server can be configured for custom policies for managing tickets and keytabs.
For more information on Kerberos concepts, see the MIT Kerberos documentation, http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/.
Important
Identity Management has its own command-line tools to use to manage Kerberos policies. Do not use
kadmin or kadmin.local to manage IdM Kerberos settings.
20.1. About Kerberos
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Kerberos provides an authentication layer between services and users. Kerberos centralizes authentication into a single location; a user authenticates to the Kerberos server, and then when that user attempts to access any resource on the network, that resource can check the key distribution center (KDC) for the stored user credentials. This allows users to access multiple resources without having to supply credentials separately to each and every one.
All of the users and services, combined, and all of the KDCs and Kerberos servers that are aware of each other constitute a realm. Each user, machine, and service within the realm is identified by a unique name called the principal. The user or service uses the principal and a verifying credential (usually a password) to authenticate to the KDC. The credential that is shared with the KDC is a key and it is stored in a file called a key table or keytab.
When the KDC verifies the user's identity, it issues a ticket. The ticket is a long-term pass to any service and machine on the realm. The KDC issues the user a special kind of ticket called a ticket-granting ticket (TGT). Whenever the user tries to access a resource within the Kerberos realm, the resource sends a request for a ticket specifically for it. The TGT is used to issue a resource-specific ticket that the resource then uses to authenticate the user and grant access.
Note
When an IdM client is first configured, the host principal is automatically retrieved by the setup script and stored in the
/etc/krb5.keytab file. This host principal is stored within the host record so that local service commands cannot be used with this principal. This prepares the client to function in the IdM realm.
20.1.1. About Principal Names
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The principal identifies not only the user or service, but also the realm that that entity belongs to. A principal name has two parts, the identifier and the realm:
identifier@REALM
identifier@REALM
For a user, the identifier is only the Kerberos username. For a service, the identifier is a combination of the service name and the hostname of the machine it runs on:
service/FQDN@REALM
service/FQDN@REALM
The service name is a case-sensitive string that is specific to the service type, like
host, ldap, http, and dns. Not all services have obvious principal identifiers; the sshd daemon, for example, uses the host service principal.
The host principal is usually stored in
/etc/krb5.keytab.
When Kerberos requests a ticket, it always resolves the domain name aliases (DNS CNAME records) to the corresponding DNS address (A or AAAA records). The hostname from the address record is then used when service or host principals are created.
For example:
www.example.com CNAME web-01.example.com web-01.example.com A 192.0.2.145
www.example.com CNAME web-01.example.com
web-01.example.com A 192.0.2.145
A service attempts to connect to the host using its CNAME alias:
ssh www.example.com
$ ssh www.example.com
The Kerberos server requests a ticket for the resolved hostname,
web-01.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM, so the host principal must be host/web-01.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM.
20.1.2. About Protecting Keytabs
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To protect keytab files, reset the permissions and ownership to restrict access to the files to only the keytab owner. For example, set the owner of the Apache keytab (
/etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytab) to apache and the mode to 0600.
20.2. Setting Kerberos Ticket Policies
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The Kerberos ticket policy sets basic restrictions on managing tickets within the Kerberos realm, such as the maximum ticket lifetime and the maximum renewal age (the period during which the ticket is renewable).
The Kerberos ticket policy is set globally so that it applies to every ticket issued within the realm. IdM also has the ability to set user-level ticket policies which override the global policies. This can be used, for example, to set extended expiration times for administrators or to set shorter expiration times for some employees.
20.2.1. Setting Global Ticket Policies
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20.2.1.1. From the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab, and then click the Kerberos Ticket Policy subtab.
- Change the ticket lifetime policies.
- Max renew sets the period after a ticket expires that it can be renewed.
- Max life sets the active period (lifetime) of a Kerberos ticket.
- Click the Update link at the top of the policy page.
- Restart the KDC.
service krb5kdc restart
# service krb5kdc restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Important
Any change to the global Kerberos ticket policy requires a restart of the KDC for the changes to take effect.
20.2.1.2. From the Command Line
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The
ipa krbtpolicy-mod command modifies the policy, while the ipa krbtpolicy-reset command resets the policy to the default values.
For example:
ipa krbtpolicy-mod --maxlife=3600 --maxrenew=18000
# ipa krbtpolicy-mod --maxlife=3600 --maxrenew=18000
Max life: 3600
Max renew: 18000Important
Any change to the global Kerberos ticket policy requires a restart of the KDC for the changes to take effect. Restart the KDC:
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service krb5kdc restart
# service krb5kdc restart20.2.2. Setting User-Level Ticket Policies
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User-level Kerberos ticket policies are set using the same commands as global policies, but the user is specified in the command.
For example:
ipa krbtpolicy-mod jsmith --maxlife=3600
# ipa krbtpolicy-mod jsmith --maxlife=3600
Max life: 3600Important
User-level policies take effect immediately on the next requested ticket (such as running
kinit), without having to restart the KDC service.
20.3. Refreshing Kerberos Tickets
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Kerberos keys are analogous to passwords. As with password policies, Kerberos tickets come under security policies which require them to be manually refreshed after a specified interval.
The version of the key is shown in its key version number (KVNO). Refreshing (also called rotating) the principal's key increments the KVNO in the keytab entry. When a key is refreshed, a new entry is added to the keytab with a higher KVNO. The original key remains in the keytab but is no longer used to issue tickets.
Each keytab for the IdM realm has an entry in the IdM LDAP server, which includes its last change time. The principals which need to be refreshed can be regenerated using the
ipa-getkeytab command.
Note
The
ipa-getkeytab command does not delete the old keytab in case it already exists in the file.
- Find all keytabs issued before the requisite date. For example, this looks for any principals created between midnight on January 1, 2010, and 11:59 PM on December 31, 2010:
ldapsearch -x -b "cn=computers,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(krblastpwdchange>=20100101000000)(krblastpwdchange<=20101231235959))" dn krbprincipalname ldapsearch -x -b "cn=services,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(krblastpwdchange>=20100101000000)(krblastpwdchange<=20101231235959))" dn krbprincipalname
# ldapsearch -x -b "cn=computers,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(krblastpwdchange>=20100101000000)(krblastpwdchange<=20101231235959))" dn krbprincipalname # ldapsearch -x -b "cn=services,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(krblastpwdchange>=20100101000000)(krblastpwdchange<=20101231235959))" dn krbprincipalnameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Host (machine) principals are stored under the
cn=computers,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=comsubtree. - Service principals are stored under the
cn=services,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=comsubtree. - Filter by the last change date (
krblastpwdchange). - Limit the search result information to only the entry name and principal by specifying the
dn krbprincipalnameattributes.
Dates are expressed in YYYYMMDD format, and times in HHMMSS format (GMT). - Retrieve a new keytab for the principal using the
ipa-getkeytabcommand. This requires the location of the original keytab for the service or host (-k), the principal (-p), and the IdM server hostname (-s).For example, this refreshes the host principal with a keytab in the default location of/etc/krb5.keytab:ipa-getkeytab -p host/client.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -s ipa.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytab
# ipa-getkeytab -p host/client.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -s ipa.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This refreshes the keytab for the Apache service, with a keytab in the default location of/etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytab:ipa-getkeytab -p HTTP/client.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -s ipa.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytab
# ipa-getkeytab -p HTTP/client.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -s ipa.example.com -k /etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytabCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Regenerate the keytab using
ipa-getkeytabfor every service.
The
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klist command displays the new key version number for the refreshed keytab. The original keytab still exists in the database, and it is listed with the previous KVNO.
Tickets issued against the old keytab continue to work, while new tickets are issued using the key with the highest KVNO. This avoids any disruption to system operations.
Important
Some services, such as NFSv4, only support a limited set of encryption types. Pass the appropriate arguments to the
ipa-getkeytab command to configure the keytab properly.
20.4. Caching Kerberos Passwords
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A machine may not always be on the same network as the IdM domain; for example, a machine may need to be logged into a VPN before it can access the IdM domain. If a user logs into a system when it is offline and then later attempts to connect to IdM services, then the user is blocked because there is no IdM Kerberos ticket for that user. IdM works around that limitation by using SSSD to store the Kerberos passwords in the SSSD cache.
This is configured by default by the
ipa-client-install script. A configuration parameter is added to the /etc/sssd/sssd.conf file which specifically instructs SSSD to store those Kerberos passwords for the IdM domain:
This default behavior can be disabled during the client installation by using the
--no-krb5-offline-passwords option.
This behavior can also be disabled by editing the
/etc/sssd/sssd.conf file and removing the krb5_store_password_if_offline line or changing its value to false.
[domain/example.com] ... krb5_store_password_if_offline = false
[domain/example.com]
...
krb5_store_password_if_offline = false
The SSSD configuration options for Kerberos authentication is covered in the "Configuring Domains" section of the SSSD chapter in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
20.5. Removing Keytabs
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Refreshing Kerberos tickets adds a new key to the keytab, but it does not clear the keytab. If a host is being unenrolled and re-added to the IdM domain or if there are Kerberos connection errors, then it may be necessary to remove the keytab and create a new keytab.
This is done using the
ipa-rmkeytab command. To remove all principals on the host, specify the realm with the -r option:
ipa-rmkeytab -r EXAMPLE.COM -k /etc/krb5.keytab
# ipa-rmkeytab -r EXAMPLE.COM -k /etc/krb5.keytab
To remove the keytab for a specific service, use the
-p option to specify the service principal:
ipa-rmkeytab -p ldap/client.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytab
# ipa-rmkeytab -p ldap/client.example.com -k /etc/krb5.keytabChapter 21. Policy: Using sudo
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Identity Management provides a mechanism for predictably and consistently applying
sudo policies across the IdM domain. The sudo policies apply to domain users and domain hosts.
21.1. About sudo and IPA
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The
sudo utility allows a system administrator to delegate authority to specific users to run specific commands as root or another specified user. The utility provides an audit trail of the commands and their arguments, so access can be tracked.
21.1.1. General sudo Configuration in Identity Management
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The
sudo utility uses a local configuration file, /etc/sudoers, which defines the commands and users with sudo access. While this file can be shared among machines, there is no native way to distribute sudo configuration files among machines.
Identity Management uses its centralized LDAP database to contain the
sudo configuration, which makes it globally available to all domain hosts. Identity Management also has a specialized LDAP schema for sudo entries that allows a lot more flexible and simpler configuration. This schema adds two key features:
- The Identity Management schema supports host groups in addition to netgroups for
sudo, whilesudoonly supports netgroups.For every host group, Identity Management also creates a corresponding shadow netgroup. This allows IdM administrators to createsudorules that reference host groups, while the localsudocommand uses the corresponding netgroup. - Identity Management introduces the concept of a sudo command group. The group contains multiple commands, and the command group can be referenced in the
sudoconfiguration.
As
sudo does not support host groups and command groups, Identity Management translates the IdM sudo configuration into native sudo configuration when the sudo rules are created.
The
sudo information is not available anonymously over LDAP by default. Identity Management therefore defines a default sudo user, uid=sudo,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,$SUFFIX, which can be set in the LDAP/sudo configuration file, /etc/sudo-ldap.conf.
Both
sudo and Identity Management support user groups as part of the sudo configuration. User groups can be either Unix or non-POSIX groups. Creating non-POSIX groups can result in some access issues because any users in the group inherit non-POSIX rights from the group. Having the choice between Unix and non-POSIX groups allows administrators the choice in group formatting and to avoid problems with inherited permissions or GID information.
21.1.2. sudo and Netgroups
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As Section 21.1.1, “General
sudo Configuration in Identity Management” mentions, the LDAP schema used for sudo entries in Identity Management supports host group-style groups in addition to netgroups. Really, Identity Management creates two groups, a visible host group and a shadow netgroup. sudo itself only supports NIS-style netgroups for group formats.
One important thing to consider is that even though
sudo uses NIS netgroups, it is not necessary to have a NIS server installed or a NIS client configured. When any group is created for sudo, the NIS object is created in the Directory Server instance, and then the information is retrieved by NSS_LDAP or by SSSD. The client (in this case, sudo) then extracts the required NIS information from the information provided by Identity Management's Directory Server. [7]
In short,
sudo configuration requires NIS-formatted netgroups. It does not require NIS.
However, in order for IdM
sudo to work with host groups, use the nisdomainname command to set the NIS domain name to be used with the sudo rules. See Section 21.4, “Configuring Hosts to Use IdM sudo Policies” for details on using nisdomainname as well as setting other configuration features.
21.1.3. Supported sudo Clients
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Any system which is supported as an IdM client system can be configured as a
sudo client in IdM.
21.2. Setting up sudo Commands and Command Groups
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Just as in regular
sudo configuration, any command which will be governed by sudo access must be listed in the configuration. Identity Management adds an extra control measure with sudo command groups, which allow a group of commands to be defined and then applied to the sudo configuration as one.
Adding a command or a command group makes it available to IdM to be defined in a
sudo rule; simply adding a command does not automatically include it in a sudo rule.
21.2.1. Adding sudo Commands
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21.2.1.1. Adding sudo Commands with the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Sudo subtab, and then select the Sudo Commands link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of commands.
- Enter the full system path and name of the command and, optionally, a description.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go immediately to the settings pages for the command.
- In the Sudo Command Groups tab, click the Add button to add the sudo command to a command group.
- Click the checkbox by the groups for the command to join, and click the right arrows button, , to move the group to the selection box.
- Click the button.
21.2.1.2. Adding sudo Commands with the Command Line
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To add a single command, use the
sudocmd-add command. This requires the full, local path to the command executable and a description of the command:
ipa sudocmd-add --desc "description" /local/path/to/command
$ ipa sudocmd-add --desc "description" /local/path/to/command
For example:
21.2.2. Adding sudo Command Groups
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21.2.2.1. Adding sudo Command Groups with the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Sudo subtab, and then select the Sudo Command Groups link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of command groups.
- Enter the name and description for the new command group.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go immediately to the settings pages for the group.
- In the Sudo Commands tab, click the Add button to add a sudo command to the group.
- In the Sudo Commands tab, click the Add button to add a sudo command to the group.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the commands to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the command to the selection box.
- Click the button.
21.2.2.2. Adding sudo Command Groups with the Command Line
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Creating a command group requires creating two entries, one for the group and one for the command itself:
- Create the command group using the
sudocmdgroup-addcommand:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create a command entry using the
sudocmd-addcommand:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the command, using its full directory location as its name, to the command group using the
sudocmdgroup-add-membercommand:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
21.3. Defining sudo Rules
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sudo rules are in a sense similar to access control rules: they define users who are granted access, the commands which are within the scope of the rule, and then the target hosts to which the rule applies. In IdM, additional information can be configured in the rule, such as sudoers options and run-as settings, but the basic elements always define who, what (services), and where (hosts).
21.3.1. About External Users
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sudo rules define four elements: who can do what, where, and as whom. The who is the regular user, and the as whom is the system or other user identity which the user uses to perform tasks. Those tasks are system commands that can be run (or specifically not run) on a target machine.
Three of those elements — who, as whom, and where — are identities. They are users. Most of the time, those identities are going to be entities within the IdM domain because there will be overlap between the system users in the environment and the users and hosts belonging to the IdM domain.
However, that is not necessarily the case with all identities that a
sudo policy may realistically cover. For example, sudo rules could be used to grant root access to member of the IT group in IdM, and that root user is not a user in IdM. Or, for another example, administrators may want to block access to certain hosts that are on a network but are not part of the IdM domain.
The
sudo rules in Identity Management support the concept of external users — meaning, users which are stored and exist outside of the IdM configuration.
Figure 21.1. External Entities
When configuring a
sudo rule, the user and run-as settings can point to an external identity to be included and evaluated in the sudo rule.
21.3.2. About sudo Options Format
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The
sudo rule can be configured to use any supported sudoers options. The complete list of options is in the sudoers man page.
However, the
sudo rule configuration in Identity Management does not allow the same formatting as the configuration in the /etc/sudoers file. Specifically, Identity Management does not allow whitespaces in the options parameter, whether it is set in the UI or the CLI.
For example, in the
/etc/sudoers file, it is permissible to list options in a comma-separated list with spaces between:
mail_badpass, mail_no_host, mail_no_perms, syslog = local2
mail_badpass, mail_no_host, mail_no_perms, syslog = local2
However, in Identity Management, that same configuration would be interpreted as different arguments — including the equals sign (=) since it has spaces around it. Instead, each option must be added individually, either through the UI or the command-line tools.
Likewise, linebreaks that are ignored in the
/etc/sudoers file are not allowed in the Identity Management configuration.
For example, the same command in the IdM command line has all of the variables on one line and no spaces around the equals sign.
ipa sudorule-add-option readfiles
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa sudorule-add-option readfiles
Sudo Option: env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY EDITOR HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LESSSECURE LS_COLORS MAIL PATH PS1 PS2 ... XAUTHORITY"
To use multiple
sudoers options in Identity Management, configure each one as a separate option setting, rather than all on one line.
21.3.3. Defining sudo Rules in the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Sudo subtab, and then select the Sudo Rules link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of sudo rules.
- Enter the name for the rule.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go immediately to set the configuration for the rule.There are a number of configuration areas for the rule. The most basic elements are set in the Who, Access This Host, and Run Commands areas; the others are optional and are used to refine the rule.
- Optional. In the Options area, add any
sudoersoptions. The complete list of options is in thesudoersman page.Note
As described in Section 21.3.2, “About sudo Options Format”, do not use options with whitespace in the values. Rather than adding a list of options in one line, add a single option setting for each desired option.- Click the + Add link at the right of the options list.
- Enter the
sudoersoption. - Click .
- In the Who area, select the users or user groups to which the sudo rule is applied.
- Click the + Add link at the right of the users list.
- Click the checkbox by the users to add to the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the users to the selection box.
- Click .
It is possible to configure both IdM users and external system users (Section 21.3.1, “About External Users”). - In the Access This Host area, select the hosts on which the sudo rule is in effect.
- Click the + Add link at the right of the hosts list.
- Click the checkbox by the hosts to include with the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the hosts to the selection box.
- Click .
- In the Run Commands area, select the commands which are included in the sudo rule. The
sudorule can grant access or deny access to commands, and it can grant allow access to one command and also deny access to another.- In the Allow/Deny area, click the + Add link at the right of the commands list.
- Click the checkbox by the commands or command groups to include with the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the commands to the selection box.
- Click .
- Optional. The sudo rule can be configured to run the given commands as a specific, non-root user.
- In the As Whom area, click the + Add link at the right of the users list.
- Click the checkbox by the users to run the command as, and click the right arrows button, , to move the users to the selection box.
- Click .
21.3.4. Defining sudo Rules in the Command Line
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Each element is added to the rule command using a different command (listed in Table 21.1, “sudo Commands”).
The basic outline of a
sudo rule command is:
ipa sudorule-add* options ruleName
$ ipa sudorule-add* options ruleNameExample 21.1. Creating Basic sudo Rules
In the most basic case, the
sudo configuration is going to grant the right to one user for one command on one host.
The first step is to add the initial rule entry.
Next, add the commands to grant access to. This can be a single command, using
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--sudocmds, or a group of commands, using --sudocmdgroups.
Add a host or a host group to the rule.
Last, add the user or group to the rule. This is the user who is allowed to use
sudo as defined in the rule; if no "run-as" user is given, then this user will run the sudo commands as root.
Example 21.2. Allowing and Denying Commands
The
sudo rule can grant access or deny access to commands. For example, this rule would allow read access to files but prevent editing:
kinit admin ipa sudorule-add-allow-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/less" readfiles ipa sudorule-add-allow-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/tail" readfiles ipa sudorule-add-deny-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/vim" readfiles
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa sudorule-add-allow-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/less" readfiles
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa sudorule-add-allow-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/tail" readfiles
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa sudorule-add-deny-command --sudocmds "/usr/bin/vim" readfilesExample 21.3. Using sudoers Options
The
sudoers file has a lot of potential flags that can be set to control the behavior of sudo users, like requiring (or not requiring) passwords to offer a user to authenticate to sudo or using fully-qualified domain names in the sudoers file. The complete list of options is in the sudoers man page.
Any of these options can be set for the IdM
sudo rule using the sudorule-add-option command. When the command is run, it prompts for the option to add:
Note
As described in Section 21.3.2, “About sudo Options Format”, do not use options with whitespace in the values. Rather than adding a list of options in one line, add a single option setting for each desired option.
Example 21.4. Running as Other Users
The
sudo rule also has the option of specifying a non-root user or group to run the commands as. The initial rule has the user or group specified using the --sudorule-add-runasuser or --sudorule-add-runasgroup command, respectively.
ipa sudorule-add-runasuser --users=jsmith readfiles ipa sudorule-add-runasgroup --groups=ITadmins readfiles
$ ipa sudorule-add-runasuser --users=jsmith readfiles
$ ipa sudorule-add-runasgroup --groups=ITadmins readfiles
When creating a rule, the
sudorule-add-runasuser or sudorule-add-runasgroup command can only set specific users or groups. However, when editing a rule, it is possible to run sudo as all users or all groups by using the --runasusercat or --runasgroupcat option. For example:
ipa sudorule-mod --runasgroupcat=all ruleName
$ ipa sudorule-mod --runasgroupcat=all ruleNameNote
The
--sudorule-add-runasuser and --sudorule-add-runasgroup commands do not support an all option, only specific user or group names. Specifying all users or all groups can only be used with options with the sudorule-mod command.
Example 21.5. Referencing External Users
The "who" in a
sudo rule can be an IdM user, but there are many logical and useful rules where one of the referents is a system user. Similarly, a rule may need to grant or deny access to a host machine on the network which is not an IdM client.
In those cases, the
sudo policy can refer to an external user — an identity created and stored outside of IdM (Section 21.3.1, “About External Users”).
The options to add an external identity to a
sudo rule are:
- --externaluser
- --runasexternaluser
For example:
ipa sudorule-add-user --externaluser=ITAdmin readfiles ipa sudorule-add-runasuser --runasexternaluser=root readfiles
$ ipa sudorule-add-user --externaluser=ITAdmin readfiles
$ ipa sudorule-add-runasuser --runasexternaluser=root readfiles| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| sudorule-add | Add a sudo rule entry. |
| sudorule-add-user | Add a user or a user group to the sudo rule. This user (or every member of the group) is then entitled to sudo any of the commands in the rule. |
| sudorule-add-host | Add a target host for the rule. These are the hosts where the users are granted sudo permissions. |
| sudorule-add-runasgroup | Set a group to run the sudo commands as. This must be a specific user; to specify all users, modify the rule using sudo-rule. |
| sudorule-add-runasuser | Set a user to run the sudo commands as. This must be a specific user; to specify all users, modify the rule using sudo-rule. |
| sudorule-add-allow-command | Add a command that users in the rule have sudo permission to run. |
| sudorule-add-deny-command | Add a command that users in the rule are explicitly denied sudo permission to run. |
| sudorule-add-option | Add a sudoers flag to the sudo rule. |
| sudorule-disable | Temporarily deactivate a sudo rule entry. |
| sudorule-enable | Activate a previously suspended sudo rule. |
| sudorule-del | Remove a sudo rule entirely. |
Example 21.6. Adding and Modifying a New sudo Rule from the Command Line
To allow a specific user group to use
sudo with any command on selected servers:
- Obtain a Kerberos ticket for the
adminuser or any other user allowed to managesudorules.kinit admin
$ kinit admin Password for admin@EXAMPLE.COM:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add a new
sudorule to IdM.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Define the who: specify the group of users who will be entitled to use the
sudorule.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Define the where: specify the group of hosts where the users will be granted the
sudopermissions.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Define the what: to allow the users to run any
sudocommand, add theallcommand category to the rule.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - To let the
sudocommands be executed as root, do not specify any run-as users or groups. - Add the
!authenticatesudoersoption to specify that the users will not be required to authenticate when using thesudocommand.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Display the new
sudorule configuration to verify it is correct.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
21.3.5. Suspending and Removing sudo Rules
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Defined
sudo rules can either be temporarily deactivated or entirely deleted from the web UI or from the command line. Suspended rules are removed from the ou=sudoers compat tree without a need for a server restart.
Suspending and Removing sudo Rules from the Web UI
To suspend or completely delete a rule from the web UI, use the or buttons at the top of the list of
sudo rules:
Figure 21.2. Suspending or Deleting a sudo Rule from the Web UI
Suspending and Removing sudo Rules from the Command Line
To suspend a rule from the command line, run a command such as the following:
ipa sudorule-disable files-commands
ipa sudorule-disable files-commands
To completely delete a rule from the command line, run a command such as the following:
ipa sudorule-del files-commands
ipa sudorule-del files-commands21.4. Configuring Hosts to Use IdM sudo Policies
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Actually implementing
sudo policies is more complicated than simply creating the rules in IdM. Those rules need to be applied to every local machine, which means that each system in the IdM domain has to be configured to refer to IdM for its policies.
You can apply
sudo policies to hosts using SSSD or LDAP. Red Hat strongly recommends to use the SSSD-based configuration.
21.4.1. Applying the sudo Policies to Hosts Using SSSD
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- Set up the host and
sudoentries in IdM.- Set up the
sudocommands and command groups, as described in Section 21.2, “Setting up sudo Commands and Command Groups”. - Set up the
sudorules, as described in Section 21.3, “Defining sudo Rules”. - Optional. Set up a host group, as described in Section 10.7, “Managing Host Groups”.
- Optional. Create a user group and add the users, as described in Section 9.11.2.1, “Creating User Groups”.
- Configure every system in the IdM domain to use SSSD for
sudorules.Note
Only perform this step on systems based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5 and earlier. In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.6 and later, theipa-client-installutility configures SSSD as the data provider forsudoautomatically.- Configure
sudoto look to SSSD for thesudoersfile.vim /etc/nsswitch.conf sudoers: files sss
vim /etc/nsswitch.conf sudoers: files sssCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Leaving thefilesoption in place allowssudoto check its local configuration before checking SSSD for the IdM configuration. - Add
sudoto the list of services managed by the local SSSD client.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Set a name for the NIS domain in the
sudoconfiguration.sudouses NIS-style netgroups, so the NIS domain name must be set in the system configuration forsudoto be able to find the host groups used in the IdMsudoconfiguration.- Set the NIS domain name to use with the
sudorules.nisdomainname example.com
[root@server ~]# nisdomainname example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the system authentication settings to persist the NIS domain name. For example:
echo "NISDOMAIN=example.com.com" >> /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@server ~]# echo "NISDOMAIN=example.com.com" >> /etc/sysconfig/networkCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This updates the/etc/sysconfig/networkand/etc/yp.conffiles with the NIS domain.
Note
Even thoughsudouses NIS-style netgroups, it is not necessary to have a NIS server installed. Netgroups require that a NIS domain be named in their configuration, sosudorequires that a NIS domain be named for netgroups. However, that NIS domain does not actually need to exist.
- Optionally, enable debugging in SSSD to show what LDAP settings it is using.
[domain/IPADOMAIN] debug_level = 6 ....
[domain/IPADOMAIN] debug_level = 6 ....Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The LDAP search base used by SSSD for operations is recorded in thesssd_DOMAINNAME.logfile.
21.4.2. Applying the sudo Policies to Hosts Using LDAP
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Important
Only use the LDAP-based configuration for clients running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3 and earlier or clients that do not use SSSD. Red Hat recommends to configure all other clients using the SSSD-based configuration, as described in Section 21.4.1, “Applying the
sudo Policies to Hosts Using SSSD”.
- Set up the host and sudo entries in IdM.
- Optional. Set up a host group, as described in Section 10.7, “Managing Host Groups”.
- Optional. Create a user group and add the users, as described in Section 9.11.2.1, “Creating User Groups”.
- Set up the
sudocommands and command groups, as described in Section 21.2, “Setting up sudo Commands and Command Groups”. - Set up the
sudorules, as described in Section 21.3, “Defining sudo Rules”.
- Set up a bind (authenticated) user by setting a password for the default IdM
sudouser. The user must be able to authenticate to the server; anonymous access is not supported forsudopolicies.Using LDAP tools, set the password for thesudouser,uid=sudo,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,dc=example,dc=com. For example:ldappasswd -Y GSSAPI -S -h ipaserver.example.com uid=sudo,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,dc=example,dc=com
[jsmith@server ~]$ ldappasswd -Y GSSAPI -S -h ipaserver.example.com uid=sudo,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,dc=example,dc=com New password: Re-enter new password: Enter LDAP Password:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure every system in the IdM domain to use SSSD for sudo rules.
- Configure
sudoto look to LDAP for thesudoersfile.vim /etc/nsswitch.conf sudoers: files ldap
vim /etc/nsswitch.conf sudoers: files ldapCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Leaving thefilesoption in place allowssudoto check its local configuration before checking the LDAP-based IdM configuration. - Enable debug logging for
sudooperations in the/etc/ldap.conffile. If this file does not exist, it can be created.vim /etc/ldap.conf sudoers_debug: 1
vim /etc/ldap.conf sudoers_debug: 1Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Adding thesudoers_debugparameter helps with troubleshooting. Valid values for this parameter are 0, 1, and 2. Thesudodocumentation at http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/readme_ldap.html has more information on debugging the process. - Edit the NSS/LDAP configuration file and add the following
sudo-related lines to the/etc/sudo-ldap.conffile:Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Multiple LDAP servers can be configured in a space-separated list, and other options (like SSL and non-standard ports) can be used with the LDAP URL. ThesudoLDAP configuration is covered in the sudooers.ldap(8) man page.Important
Theuridirective must give the fully-qualified domain name of the LDAP server, not an IP address. Otherwise,sudofails to connect to the LDAP server. - Optional. Enable debugging in SSSD to show what LDAP settings it is using.
vim /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/sssd/sssd.conf [domain/LDAPDOMAIN] debug_level = 6 ....Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow The LDAP search base used by SSSD for operations is recorded in thesssd_DOMAINNAME.logfile. - Set a name for the NIS domain in the
sudoconfiguration.sudouses NIS-style netgroups, so the NIS domain name must be set in the system configuration forsudoto be able to find the host groups used in the IdMsudoconfiguration.- Set the NIS domain name to use with the
sudorules.nisdomainname example.com
[root@server ~]# nisdomainname example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the system authentication settings to persist the NIS domain name. For example:
echo "NISDOMAIN=example.com" >> /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@server ~]# echo "NISDOMAIN=example.com" >> /etc/sysconfig/networkCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This updates the/etc/sysconfig/networkand/etc/yp.conffiles with the NIS domain.
Note
Even thoughsudouses NIS-style netgroups, it is not necessary to have a NIS server installed. Netgroups require that a NIS domain be named in their configuration, sosudorequires that a NIS domain be named for netgroups. However, that NIS domain does not actually need to exist.
Chapter 22. Policy: Configuring Host-Based Access Control
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IdM can control access to both machines and the services on those machines within the IdM domain. The rules define who can access what within the domain, not the level of access (which are defined by system or application settings). These access control rules grant access, with all other users and hosts implicitly denied.
This is called host-based access control because the rule defines what hosts (targets) within the domain a user is allowd to access. This access can be further broken down to users and services on those hosts.
Note
Using host-based access control requires SSSD to be installed and configured on the IdM client machine.
22.1. About Host-Based Access Control
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Host-based access control rules (which are described in Chapter 22, Policy: Configuring Host-Based Access Control) can be applied to individual hosts. However, using host groups allows centralized, and potentially simplified, access control management because an access control rule only needs to be defined once and then it is applied immediately and consistently to all the hosts within the group.
Figure 22.1. Host Groups and Host-Based Access Control
Note
While access must be explicitly granted to users and hosts within the IdM domain, IdM servers are configured by default with an
allow all access control rule which allows access for every host within the domain to every host within the domain.
To create an IdM server without the default
allow all rule, run ipa-server-install with the --no_hbac_allow option.
The rule first defines things that can be accessed, and there are two types of entities:
- Hosts, or target hosts, within the IdM domain.
- Services on the target hosts. Multiple services can be combined into service groups. The service group can be modified without having to edit the access control rule itself.
The rule also sets who can have access (the IdM domain user).
Note
It is possible to use categories for users and target hosts instead of adding each one individually to the access control rule. The only supported category is
all.
The entities in host-based access control rules follow the Kerberos principal entries: users, hosts (machines), and services. Users and target hosts can be added directly to host-based access control rules. However, services must be added to the host-based access control configuration first to make it available to rules, and then added to the access control rules.
22.2. Creating Host-Based Access Control Entries for Services and Service Groups
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Any PAM service can be identified as to the host-based access control (HBAC) system in IdM. The service entries used in host-based access control are separate from adding a service to the IdM domain. Adding a service to the domain makes it a recognized resource which is available to other resources. Adding a domain resource to the host-based access control configuration allows administrators to exert defined control over what domain users and what domain clients can access that service.
Some common services are already configured as HBAC services, so they can be used in host-based access control rules. Additional services can be added, and services can be added into service groups for simpler management.
22.2.1. Adding HBAC Services
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22.2.1.1. Adding HBAC Services in the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Host-Based Access Control subtab, and then select the HBAC Services link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of services.
- Enter the service name and a description.
- Click the Add button to save the new service.
- If a service group already exists, then add the service to the desired group, as described in Section 22.2.2.1, “Adding Service Groups in the Web UI”.
22.2.1.2. Adding Services in the Command Line
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The service is added to the access control system using the
hbacsvc-add command, specifying the service by the name that PAM uses to evaluate the service.
For example, this adds the
tftp service:
If a service group already exists, then the service can be added to the group using the
hbacsvcgroup-add-member command, as in Section 22.2.2.2, “Adding Service Groups in the Command Line”.
22.2.2. Adding Service Groups
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Once the individual service is added, it can be added to the access control rule. However, if there is a large number of services, then it can require frequent updates to the access control rules as services change. Identity Management also allows groups of services to be added to access control rules. This makes it much easier to manage access control, because the members of the service group can be changed without having to edit the rule itself.
22.2.2.1. Adding Service Groups in the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Host-Based Access Control subtab, and then select the HBAC Service Groups link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of service groups.
- Enter the service group name and a description.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go immediately to the service group configuration page.
- At the top of the HBAC Services tab, click the Add link.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the services to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the command to the selection box.
- Click the button to save the group membership.
22.2.2.2. Adding Service Groups in the Command Line
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First create the service group entry, then create the service, and then add that service to the service group as a member. For example:
Note
IdM defines two default service groups:
SUDO for sudo services and FTP for services which provide FTP access.
22.3. Defining Host-Based Access Control Rules
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Access controls, at a high level, define who has access to what. The who is an IdM user, and the what can be either a host (target host), service, or service group, or a combination of the three.
22.3.1. Setting Host-Based Access Control Rules in the Web UI
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- Click the Policy tab.
- Click the Host-Based Access Control subtab, and then select the HBAC Rules link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of host-based access control rules.
- Enter the name for the rule.
- Click the Add and Edit button to go immediately to set the configuration for the rule.There are a number of configuration areas for the rule. The three basic elements are who the rule applies to, what hosts allow access (the target), and, optionally, what services can be accessed.
- In the Who area, select the users or user groups to which the access control rule is applied.To apply the rule to all IdM users, select the Anyone radio button.To apply the rule to a specific set of users or user groups:
- Select the Specified Users and Groups radio button.
- Click the + Add link at the right of the users list.
- Click the checkbox by the users to add to the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the users to the selection box.
- Click .
- In the Accessing area, select the target hosts which can be accessed through this access control rule.To apply the rule to all IdM hosts, select the Any Host radio button.To apply the rule to a specific set of hosts or host groups:
- Select the Specified Hosts and Groups radio button.
- Click the + Add link at the right of the hosts list.
- Click the checkbox by the hosts to include with the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the hosts to the selection box.
- Click .
- In the Via Service area, select specific services on the target hosts which the users are allowed to use to access target machines.To apply the rule to all IdM hosts, select the Any Service radio button.To apply the rule to a specific set of hosts or host groups:
- Select the Specified Services and Groups radio button.
- Click the + Add link at the right of the commands list.
- Click the checkbox by the services or groups to include with the rule, and click the right arrows button, , to move the services to the selection box.
- Click .
22.3.2. Setting Host-Based Access Control Rules in the Command Line
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Access control rules are created using the
hbacrule-* commands (listed in Table 22.1, “Host-Based Access Control Command and Options”). The first step is to create a container entry; from there, users, hosts, and services can be added to the access control entry.
The basic outline of all the access control commands is:
ipa hbacrule-add* options ruleName
$ ipa hbacrule-add* options ruleNameNote
To set every user or every host as a target, use the category options, such as
--usercat=all.
Example 22.1. Granting All Access to One Host
One simple rule is to grant every user access to a single server. The first command creates the entry and uses the category options to apply every user.
The second rule adds the target host, using the
hbacrule-add-host command:
Example 22.2. Adding Control for a Single User to a Service
Another access control method is to specify which services users are allowed to use to access the target hosts.
First, for the user to have access to every machine, every host must be added as both a host and target. This can be done using the category options:
ipa hbacrule-add --hostcat=all sshd-jsmith
$ ipa hbacrule-add --hostcat=all sshd-jsmith
Since the access control rule applies to a specific user, the user is added to the rule using the
hbacrule-add-user command:
ipa hbacrule-add-user --users=jsmith sshd-jsmith
$ ipa hbacrule-add-user --users=jsmith sshd-jsmith
Then, the service is added to the access control rule. (The service should have already been added to the access control system using the
hbacsvc-add command.) This is the service that the user can use to connect to the machine.
ipa hbacrule-add-service --hbacsvcs=sshd sshd-jsmith
$ ipa hbacrule-add-service --hbacsvcs=sshd sshd-jsmithExample 22.3. Adding a Service Group to the Rule
While a single service can be added to a rule, it is also possible to add an entire service group. Like a single service, this uses the
hbacrule-add-service command, only with the --hbacsvcgroups option that specifies the group name.
ipa hbacrule-add-service --hbacsvcgroups=login loginRule
$ ipa hbacrule-add-service --hbacsvcgroups=login loginRule| Command | Description | Arguments | Source or Target Entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| hbacrule-add | Adds a new host-based access control rule. |
| |
| hbacrule-add-host | Adds a target host to the access control rule. A target host can be accessed by other servers and users in the domain. |
| Target |
| hbacrule-add-service | Adds a service type to the rule. |
| Target |
| hbacrule-add-user | Adds a user to the access control rule. The user is then able to access any allowed target host or service within the domain. |
| Source |
| hbacrule-disable | hbacrule-enable | Disables or enables a host-based access control rule. Rules can be disabled if their behavior needs to be evaluated (for troubleshooting or to test a new rule). | ruleName, which is the rule to disable or enable |
22.4. Testing Host-Based Access Control Rules
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Implementing host-based access controls effectively can be tricky because it requires that all of the hosts be properly configured and the access is properly applied to users and services.
The
hbactest command can test different host-based access control scenarios to make sure that the rules are working as expected.
Note
The
hbactest command does not work with trusted Active Directory users. Active Directory user/group associations are determined dynamically, as a user logs in, and those data are not stored in the IdM LDAP directory. The hbactest command, then, is unable to resolve the group memberships to check how access control rules will be applied.
22.4.1. The Limits of Host-Based Access Control Configuration
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The access control configuration should always be tested before it is implemented to prevent authorization failures.
Host-based access control rules depend on a lot of interactions — between hosts, services, DNS lookups, and users. If any element is misconfigured, then the rule can behave in unexpected ways.
Identity Management includes a testing tool to verify that access control rules are behaving in the expected way by testing the access in a defined scenario. There are several situations where this testing is useful:
- A new rule needs to be tested before it is implemented.
- There are problems with the existing rules, and the testing tool can identify what rule is behaving badly.
- A subset of existing rules can be tested to see how they are performing.
22.4.2. Test Scenarios for Host-Based Access Control (CLI-Based)
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Note
The
hbactest command does not work with trusted Active Directory users. Active Directory user/group associations are determined dynamically, as a user logs in, and those data are not stored in the IdM LDAP directory. The hbactest command, then, is unable to resolve the group memberships to check how access control rules will be applied.
The
hbactest command tests configured host-based access control rules in very specific situations. A test run defines:
- The user to run the operation as to test the rule performance for that user (
--user). - Using the login client Y (
--service). - To target host Z (
--host). - The rule to test (
--rules); if this is not used, then all enabled rules are tested. - Optional The
hbactestreturns detailed information about which rules were matched, not matched, or invalid. This detailed rule output can be disabled using--nodetail, so the test simply runs and returns whether access was granted.
Note
The
hbactest script does not actually connect to the target host. Instead, it uses the rules within the IdM database to simulate how those rules would be applied in a specific situation as if an SSSD client were connecting to the IdM server.
More briefly, it performs a simulated test run based on the given information and configuration, but it does not actually attempt a service request against the target host.
Example 22.4. Testing All Active Rules
The most basic command checks all active rules. It requires a specific connection scenario, so the user, login service and target host have to be given, and the testing tool checks the connection.
Example 22.5. Testing a Specific Rule
It is possible to check a specific rule (or several rules).
Example 22.6. Testing Specific Rules Plus All Enabled
The
--rules option lists specific rules to test, but it may be useful to test the specified rules against all of the enabled rules in the domain. This can be done by adding the --enabled option, which includes the (unspecified) enabled rules along with the specified rules.
It is possible to run a similar comparison against disabled rules by using the
--disabled option. With the --rules option, the specified rule plus all of the disabled rules are checked. With the --disabled option, all disabled rules are checked.
22.4.3. Testing Host-Based Access Control Rules in the UI
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As Section 22.4.1, “The Limits of Host-Based Access Control Configuration” details, misconfiguring a host-based access-control rule can result in unpredictable behavior when users or services attempt to connect to a remote host.
Testing host-based access control can help confirm that the rule performs as expected before it is deployed or to troubleshoot a rule once it is already active.
Note
The
hbactest command does not work with trusted Active Directory users. Active Directory user/group associations are determined dynamically, as a user logs in, and those data are not stored in the IdM LDAP directory. The hbactest command, then, is unable to resolve the group memberships to check how access control rules will be applied.
By the nature of host-based access control rules, a test must define and verify a very specific set of criteria, A test run defines:
- The user to run the operation as to test the rule performance for that user (Who).
- To target host Z (Accessing).
- Using the login client Y (Via Service).
- The rule to test; if this is not used, then all enabled rules are tested (Rules).
The test environment is defined on the HBAC TEST page in the Host Based Access Control tab under Policy. A series of tabs is set up for each configuration step.
Figure 22.2. The From Tab to Set up an HBAC Test
Once the environment is defined, then the test is run simply by clicking a button on the Run Test page. The results show clearly whether access was granted or denied to the users, and then runs through the rules which matched the given parameters.
Figure 22.3. HBAC Test Results
Note
To change some of the parameters and check for other results, click the button at the bottom of the test results page. If that button is not selected, the form is not reset, so a new test will not run, even if test settings are changed.
Chapter 23. Policy: Group Policy Object Access Control
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Group Policy is a Microsoft Windows feature that enables administrators to centrally manage policies for users and computers in AD environments. A group policy object (GPO) is a collection of policy settings, such as name and value pairs, that are stored on a domain controller (DC) and can be applied to policy targets, such as computers and users.
GPO policy settings related to Windows logon rights are commonly used to manage computer-based access control in AD environments. SSSD can retrieve GPOs applicable to host systems and AD users; based on the retrieved GPO configuration, it determines if a user is allowed to log on to a particular host. Therefore, with the GPO-based access control provided by SSSD, the administrator can define login policies that are honored by both Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Windows clients centrally on the AD DC.
Note
SSSD only allows using GPO for the computer-based access control. Other GPO-related access control options are currently not supported.
Warning
Note that SSSD only handles rules that apply to a whole site, domain, or AD organizational unit (OU). If you want to apply the SSSD-supported GPO-based access control to a specific machine, you can create a new OU in the AD domain, move the machine to the OU, and then link the GPO to this OU.
23.1. Configuring GPO-Based Access Control
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GPO-based access control can be configured in the
/etc/sssd/sssd.conf file. The ad_gpo_access_control option specifies the mode in which the GPO-based access control runs. It can be set to the following values:
ad_gpo_access_control = permissive- The
permissivevalue specifies that GPO-based access control is evaluated but not enforced; asyslogmessage is recorded every time access would be denied. This is the default setting. ad_gpo_access_control = enforcing- The
enforcingvalue specifies that GPO-based access control is evaluated and enforced. ad_gpo_access_control = disabled- The
disabledvalue specifies that GPO-based access control is neither evaluated nor enforced.
Important
Before starting to use the GPO-based access control and setting
ad_gpo_access_control to enforcing mode, it is recommended to ensure that ad_gpo_access_control is set to permissive mode and examine the logs. By reviewing the syslog messages, you can test and adjust the current GPO settings as necessary before finally setting the enforcing mode.
The following parameters related to the GPO-based access control can also be specified in the
sssd.conf file:
- The
ad_gpo_map_*options and thead_gpo_default_rightoption configure which PAM services are mapped to specific Windows logon rights. - The
ad_gpo_cache_timeoutoption specifies the interval during which subsequent access control requests can reuse the files stored in the cache, instead of retrieving them from the DC anew.
For a detailed list of available GPO parameters as well as their descriptions and default values, see the sssd-ad(5) man page.
Chapter 24. Policy: Defining SELinux User Maps
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Security-enhanced Linux (SELinux) sets rules over what system users can access processes, files, directories, and system settings. Both the system administrator and system applications can define security contexts that restrict or allow user access and even access from other applications.
As part of defining centralized security policies in the Identity Management domain, Identity Management provides a way to map IdM users to (existing) SELinux user contexts and grant or restrict access to clients and services within the IdM domain, per host, based on the defined SELinux policies.
24.1. About Identity Management, SELinux, and Mapping Users
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Note
Identity Management does not create or modify the SELinux contexts on a system. Rather, it uses existing contexts as the basis to map IdM users (in the domain) to SELinux users (on a system).
Security-enhanced Linux defines kernel-level, mandatory access controls for how users, processes, and applications can interact with other resources on a system. These rules for interactions, called contexts, look at the data and behavior characteristics of different objects on the system and then set rules, called policies, based on the security implications of each specific object. This is in contrast to higher-level discretionary access controls which are concerned primarily with file ownership and user identity, without accounting for data criticality or applciation behavior. Every resource on a system (users, applications, files, processes) is assigned a context.
System users are associated with an SELinux role. The role is assigned both a multi-layer security context (MLS) a multi-category security context (MCS). The MLS/MCS contexts confine users to what processes, files, and operations they can access on the system.
Figure 24.1. SELinux Users in the SELinux Manager
This is all described in detail in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security-Enhanced Linux.
SELinux users and policies function at the system level, not the network level. This means that SELinux users are configured independently on each system. While this is acceptable in many situations — SELinux has common defined system users and SELinux-aware services define their own policies — it has some issues when dealing with remote users and systems that access local resources. Remote users and services can get shuffled into a default guest context without a lot of intelligence about what their actual SELinux user and role should be.
This is how Identity Management can cleanly integrate an identity domain with local SELinux services. Identity Management can map IdM users to configured SELinux roles per host. Mapping SELinux and IdM users improves user administration:
- Remote users can be granted appropriate SELinux user contexts based on their IdM group assignments. This also allows administrators to consistently apply the same policies to the same users without having to create local accounts or reconfigure SELinux.
- SELinux users are automatically updated as hosts are added to the IT environment or as users are added, removed, or changed, without having to edit local systems.
- SELinux policies can be planned and related to domain-wide security policies through settings like IdM host-based access control rules.
- Administrators gain environment-wide visibility and control over how users and systems are assigned in SELinux.
SELinux user maps are comprised of three parts: the SELinux user for the system, an IdM user, and an IdM host. These define two separate relationships. First, it defines a map for the SELinux user on a specific host (the local or target system). Second, it defines a map for the SELinux user and the IdM user.
This arrangement allows administrators to set different SELinux users for the same IdM users, depending on which host they are accessing.
SELinux user maps work with the Systerm Security Services Daemon (SSSD) and the
pam_selinux module. When a remote user attempts to log into a machine, SSSD checks its IdM identity provider to collect the user information, including any SELinux maps. The PAM module then processes the user and assigns it the appropriate SELinux user context.
The core of an SElinux mapping rule is the SELinux system user. Each map is associated with the SELinux user first. The SELinux users which are available for mapping are configured in the IdM server, so there is a central and universal list. These are SELinux users which are configured on every host in the IdM domain. By default, there are five common SELinux users defined:
- unconfined_u (also used as a default for IdM users)
- guest_u
- xguest_u
- user_u
- staff_u
In the IdM server configuration, each SELinux user is configured with both its username and its MLS/MCS range, SELinux_username:MLS[:MCS], and this format is used to identify the SELinux user when configuring maps.
The IdM user and host configuration is very flexible. Users and hosts can be explicitly and individually assigned to an SELinux user map individually, or user groups or host groups can be explicitly assigned to the map.
An extra layer of security is possible by using host-based access control rules. As long as the host-based access control rule defines a user and a host, it can be used for an SELinux user map. Host-based access control rules (described in Chapter 22, Policy: Configuring Host-Based Access Control) help integrate SELinux user maps with other access controls in IdM and can help limit or allow host-based user access for remote users, as well as defining local security contexts.
Note
If a host-based access control rule is associated with an SELinux user map, the host-based access control rule cannot be deleted until it is removed from the SELinux user map configuration.
24.2. Configuring SELinux User Map Order and Defaults
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SELinux user maps, as the name implies, creates an association between an SELinux user and an IdM user. Before that association can be established, the IdM server has to be aware of the underlying SELinux users configuration on the systems it manages.
The available system SELinux user maps are part of the IdM server configuration. This is a list, in order from most to least confined, of the SELinux users. The SELinux user entry itself has this format:
SELinux_username:MLS[:MCS]
SELinux_username:MLS[:MCS]
The individual user entries are separated with a dollar sign ($).
Since there is no requirement on user entries to have an SELinux map, many entries may be unmapped. The IdM server configuration sets a default SELinux user (one of the users from the total SELinux map list) to use for unmapped IdM user entries. This way, even unmapped IdM users have a functional SELinux context.
Note
This configuration defines the map order of available system SELinux users. This does not define any IdM user SELinux policies. The IdM user - SELinux user map must be defined and then users are added to the map, as in Section 24.3, “Mapping SELinux Users and IdM Users”.
24.2.1. In the Web UI
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- In the top menu, click the IPA Server main tab and the Configuration subtab.
- Scroll to the bottom of the list of server configuration areas, to SELINUX OPTIONS.
- Set the SELinux user configuration.There are two areas that can be edited: the prioritized list of SELinux users and the default SELinux user to use for unmapped IdM users.The SELinux user map order gives the list of SELinux users, defined on the local Linux system , which are available for configuring mapping rules. This is a prioritized list, from most to least confined. Each SELinux user has the format SELinux_user:MLS.The Default SELinux user field sets the SELinux user to use for unmapped IdM users.
- Click the Update link at the top of the page to save the changes.
24.2.2. In the CLI
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Before SELinux mapping rules can be created, there has to be a defined and universal list of SELinux users which are available to be mapped. This is set in the IdM server configuration:
ipa config-show
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa config-show
...
SELinux user map order: guest_u:s0$xguest_u:s0$user_u:s0$staff_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023$unconfined_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023
Default SELinux user: unconfined_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023
The SELinux user settings can be edited using the
config-mod command.
Example 24.1. List of SELinux Users
The complete list of SELinux users is passed in the
--ipaselinuxusermaporder option. This list sets a priority order, from most to least confined users.
The SELinux user entry itself has this format:
SELinux_user:MLS:MCS
SELinux_user:MLS:MCS
The individual user entries are separated with a dollar sign ($).
For example:
ipa config-mod --ipaselinuxusermaporder="unconfined_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023$guest_u:s0$xguest_u:s0$user_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023$staff_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023"
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --ipaselinuxusermaporder="unconfined_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023$guest_u:s0$xguest_u:s0$user_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023$staff_u:s0-s0:c0.c1023"Note
The default SELinux user, used for unmapped entries, must be included in the user map list or the edit operation fails. Likewise, if the default is edited, it must be changed to a user in the SELinux map list or the map list must be updated first.
Example 24.2. Default SELinux User
IdM users are not required to have a specific SELinux user mapped to their account. However, the local system still checks the IdM entry for an SELinux user to use for the IdM user account. The default SELinux user sets the fallback user to use for unmapped IdM user entries; this is, by default, the default SELinux user for system users on Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
unconfined_u.
This default user can be changed with the
--ipaselinuxusermapdefault. For example:
ipa config-mod --ipaselinuxusermapdefault="guest_u:s0"
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa config-mod --ipaselinuxusermapdefault="guest_u:s0"24.3. Mapping SELinux Users and IdM Users
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An SELinux map associates an SELinux user context on a local system with an IdM user (or users) within the domain. An SELinux map has three parts: the SELinux user context and an IdM user/host pairing. That IdM user/host pair can be defined in one of two ways: it can be set for explicit users on explicit hosts (or user and host groups), or it can be defined using a host-based access control rule.
24.3.1. In the Web UI
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- In the top menu, click the Policy main tab and the SELinux User Mappings subtab.
- In the list of mappings, click the button to create a new map.
- Enter the name for the map and the SELinux user exactly as it appears in the IdM server configuration. SElinux users have the format SELinux_username:MLS[:MCS].
- Click to add the IdM user information.
- To set a host-based access control rule, select the rule from the drop-down menu in the General area of the configuration. Using a host-based access control rule also introduces access controls on what hosts a remote user can use to access a target machine. Only one host-based access control rule can be assigned.
Note
The host-based access control rule must contain users and hosts, not just services.Alternatively, scroll down the Users and Hosts areas, and click the Add link to assign users, user groups, hosts, or host groups to the SELinux map.Select the users (or hosts or groups) on the left, click the right arrows button () to move them to the Prospective column, and click the button to add them to the rule.Note
Either a host-based access control rule can be given or the users and hosts can be set manually. Both options cannot be used at the same time. - Click the Update link at the top to save the changes to the SELinux user map.
24.3.2. In the CLI
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An SELinux map rule has three fundamental parts:
- The SELinux user (
--selinuxuser) - The user or user groups which are associated with the SELinux user (
--usersor--groups) - The host or host groups which are associated with the SELinux user (
--hostsor--hostgroups) - Alternatively, a host-based access control rule which specifies both hosts and users in it (
--hbacrule)
A rule can be created with all information at once using the
selinuxusermap-add command. Users and hosts can be added to a rule after it is created by using the selinuxusermap-add-user and selinuxusermap-add-host commands, respectively.
Example 24.3. Creating a New SELinux Map
The
--selinuxuser value must be the SELinux user name exactly as it appears in the IdM server configuration. SElinux users have the format SELinux_username:MLS[:MCS].
Both a user and a host (or appropriate groups) must be specified for the SELinux mapping to be valid. Users, hosts, or groups can be specified in comma-separated lists.
ipa selinuxusermap-add --users=jsmith,bjensen,jrockford --hosts=server.example.com,test.example.com --selinuxuser="xguest_u:s0" selinux1
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa selinuxusermap-add --users=jsmith,bjensen,jrockford --hosts=server.example.com,test.example.com --selinuxuser="xguest_u:s0" selinux1Example 24.4. Creating an SELinux Map with a Host-Based Access Control Rule
The
--hbacrule value identifies the host-based access control rule to use for mapping. Using a host-based access control rule introduces access controls on what hosts a remote user can use to access a target machine, along with applying SELinux contexts after the remote user has logged into the target machine.
The access control rule must specify both users and hosts appropriately so that the SELinux map can construct the SELinux user, IdM user, and host triple.
Only one host-based access control rule can be specified.
ipa selinuxusermap-add --hbacrule=webserver --selinuxuser="xguest_u:s0" selinux1
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa selinuxusermap-add --hbacrule=webserver --selinuxuser="xguest_u:s0" selinux1
Host-based access control rules are described in Chapter 22, Policy: Configuring Host-Based Access Control.
Example 24.5. Adding a User to an SELinux Map
While all of the users and hosts can be added to a map when it is created, users and hosts can also be added after the rule is created. This is done using a specific command, either
selinuxusermap-add-user or selinuxusermap-add-host.
ipa selinuxusermap-add-user --users=jsmith selinux1
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa selinuxusermap-add-user --users=jsmith selinux1
It is not necessary to use a separate command to add a host-based access control rule after the rule is configured because there can only be one. If the
selinuxusermap-mod command is used with the --hbacrule option, it adds the host-based access control rule or overwrites the previous one.
Example 24.6. Removing a User from an SELinux Map
A specific user or host can be removed from an SELinux map by using either the
selinuxusermap-remove-host or selinuxusermap-remove-user command. For example:
ipa selinuxusermap-remove-user --users=jsmith selinux1
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa selinuxusermap-remove-user --users=jsmith selinux1Chapter 25. Policy: Defining Automatic Group Membership for Users and Hosts
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Most of the policies and configuration within the Identity Management domain are based on groups. Settings from sudo rules to automount to access control are defined for groups, and then those settings are applied to group members.
Managing group membership is an important factor in managing users and hosts. Creating automember groups defines rules to add users and hosts to specified groups automatically, as soon as a new entry is added.
25.1. About Automembership
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One of the most critical tasks for managing policies, identities, and security is managing group membership in Identity Management. Groups are the core of most policy configuration.
By default, hosts do not belong to any group when they are created; users are added to the catchall
ipausers group. Even if custom groups are configured and all policy configuration is in place, users and hosts cannot take advantage of those policies until they are joined to groups. Of course, this can be done manually, but it is both more efficient and more consistent if group membership can be assigned automatically.
This is done with automembership groups.
Automembership is essentially an automatic, global entry filter that organizes entries, at least in part, based on specific criteria. An automember rule, then, is the way that that filter is specified.
For example, there can be a lot of different, repeatable ways to categorize identities within the IT and organizational environment:
- Adding all hosts or all users to a single global group.
- Adding employees to specific groups based on their employee type, ID number, manager, or physical location.
- Dividing hosts based on their IP address or subnet.
Automembers provide a way to pre-sort those entries. That makes it easier to configure the actual behavior that you want to configure — like granting different sudo rules to different user types or machines on different subnets or have different automount settings for different users.
Note
Automembership only applies to new users or hosts. Changing the configuration for an existing user or group does not trigger a change group membership.
Automembership is a target set on an existing user group or host group. An automembership rule is created as a policy. This is a sister entry to the actual group entry and it signals that the given group is used for automatic group membership.
Once the rule is created — once the group is identified as being a target — then the next step is to define automember conditions. Conditions are regular expression filters that are used to identify group members. Conditions can be inclusive or exclusive, meaning that matching entries can be added or ignored based on those conditions.
There can be multiple conditions in a single rule. A user or host entry can match multiple rules and be added to multiple groups.
Automembership is a way of imposing reliable order on user and host entries by adding them to groups as they are created.
The key to using automember groups effectively is to plan your overall Identity Management structure — the access control policies, sudo rules, host/service management rules, host groups, and user groups.
Once the structure is in place, then several things are clear:
- What groups will be used in the Identity Management
- What specific groups different types of users and hosts need to belong to to perform their designated functions
- What delineating attributes can be used to filter users and hosts into the appropriate groups
25.2. Defining Automembership Rules (Basic Procedure)
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25.2.1. From the Web UI
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- Create the user group (Section 9.11.2.1, “Creating User Groups”) or host group (Section 10.7.1.1, “Creating Host Groups from the Web UI”).
- Open the Policy tab, and select the Automembers subtab.
- In the top of the Automembers area, select the type of autogroup to create, either USER GROUP RULES or HOST GROUP RULES.
- In the drop-down menu, select the group for which to create the automember rule.
- Click the button.
- In the edit page for the rule, click the + Add by the type of condition to create to identify entries.
- Select the attribute to use as the basis for the search and then set the regular expression to use to match the attribute value.Conditions can look for entries either to include in the group or to explicitly exclude from the group. The format of a condition is a Perl-compatible regular expression (PCRE). For more information on PCRE patterns, see the pcresyntax(3) man page.
Note
Exclude conditions are evaluated first and take precedence over include conditions. - Click to add another condition. A single rule can have multiple include and exclude conditions. When all conditions have been configured, click the Add button to save the last condition and close the dialog window.
25.2.2. From the CLI
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There are two commands used to define an automember rule:
- A command to target the group as an automember group,
automember-add - A command to add regular expression conditions to identify group members,
automember-add-condition
For example:
- Create the user group (Section 9.11.2.1.2, “With the Command Line”) or host group (Section 10.7.1.2, “Creating Host Groups from the Command Line”).
- Create the automember rule entry for the group. Use the
--typeto identify whether the target group is a user group (group) or a host group (hostgroup). This command has the format:ipa automember-add --type=group|hostgroup groupName
ipa automember-add --type=group|hostgroup groupNameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow For example:ipa automember-add --type=group exampleGroup
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-add --type=group exampleGroupCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Create the conditions for the rule. To set multiple patterns, either give a comma-separated list of patterns in the
--inclusive-regex|--exclusive-regexoptions or run the command multiple times.This command has the format:ipa automember-add-condition --type=group|hostgroup --key=attribute --inclusive-regex=regex | --exclusive-regex=regex groupName
ipa automember-add-condition --type=group|hostgroup --key=attribute --inclusive-regex=regex | --exclusive-regex=regex groupNameCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow As with the automember rule, the condition must specify the type of group (--type) and the name of the target group (groupName).The condition must also specify the attribute (the key) and any patterns for the attribute value. The--keyis the attribute name that is the focus of the condition. Then, there is a regular expression pattern to identify matching values; matching entries can either be included (--inclusive-regex) or excluded (--exclusive-regex) from the group. Exclusion rules take precedence.For example, to include all employees with Barbara Jensen as a manager, but excluding the temporary employees:ipa automember-add-condition --type=group --key=manager --inclusive-regex=^uid=bjensen$ exampleGroup ipa automember-add-condition --type=group --key=employeetype --exclusive-regex=^temp exampleGroup
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-add-condition --type=group --key=manager --inclusive-regex=^uid=bjensen$ exampleGroup [jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-add-condition --type=group --key=employeetype --exclusive-regex=^temp exampleGroupCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
The regular expression can match any part of the string. Using a caret (^) means that it must match at the beginning, and using a dollar sign ($) means that it must match at the end. Wrapping the pattern in ^ and $ means that the string as a whole must match.For more information on Perl-compatible regular expression (PCRE) patterns, see the pcresyntax(3) man page.
To remove a condition for a rule, pass the full condition information, both the key and the regular expression:
ipa automember-remove-condition --key=fqdn --type=hostgroup --inclusive-regex=^web[1-9]+\.example\.com webservers
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-remove-condition --key=fqdn --type=hostgroup --inclusive-regex=^web[1-9]+\.example\.com webservers
To remove the entire rule, simply run the
automember-del command.
25.3. Examples of Using Automember Groups
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Note
These examples are shown using the CLI; the same configuration can be performed in the web UI.
A Note on Creating Default Groups
One common environment requirement is to have some sort of default group that users or hosts are added to. There are a couple of different ways to approach that.
- All entries can be added to a single, global group regardless of what other groups they are also added to.
- Entries can be added to specific automember groups. If the new entry does not match any autogroup, then it is added to a default or fallback group.
These strategies are mutually exclusive. If an entry matches a global group, then it does match an automember group and would, therefore, not be added to the fallback group.
25.3.1. Setting an All Users/Hosts Rule
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To add all users or all hosts to a single group, use an inclusive regular expression for some attribute (such as
cn or fqdn) which all entries will contain.
A regular expression to match all entries is simply
.*. For example, to add all hosts to the same host group:
Every host added after that is automatically added to the
allhosts group:
For more information on PCRE patterns, see the pcresyntax(3) man page.
25.3.2. Defining Default Automembership Groups
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There is a special command to set a default group,
automember-default-group-set. This sets the group name (--default-group) and group type(--type), similar to an automember rule, but there is no condition to match. By definition, default group members are unmatched entries.
For example:
ipa automember-default-group-set --default-group=ipaclients --type=hostgroup ipa automember-default-group-set --default-group=ipausers --type=group
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-default-group-set --default-group=ipaclients --type=hostgroup
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-default-group-set --default-group=ipausers --type=group
A default group rule can be removed using the
automember-default-group-remove command. Since there is only one default group for a group type, it is only necessary to give the group type, not the group name:
ipa automember-default-group-remove --type=hostgroup
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-default-group-remove --type=hostgroup25.3.3. Using Automembership Groups with Windows Users
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When a user is created in IdM, that user is automatically added as a member to the
ipausers group (which is the default group for all new users, apart from any automember group). However, when a Windows user is synced over from Active Directory, that user is not automatically added to the ipausers group.
New Windows users can be added to the
ipausers group, as with users created in Identity Management, by using an automember group. Every Windows user is added with the ntUser object class; that object class can be used as an inclusive filter to identify new Windows users to add to the automember group.
First, define the
ipausers group as an automember group:
ipa automember-add --type=group ipausers
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-add --type=group ipausers
Then, use the
ntUser object class as a condition to add users:
ipa automember-add-condition ipausers --key=objectclass --type=group --inclusive-regex=ntUser
[jsmith@server ~]$ ipa automember-add-condition ipausers --key=objectclass --type=group --inclusive-regex=ntUserChapter 26. Policy: Restricting Domains for PAM services
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Some environments require that different PAM applications access a different set of SSSD domains. Legacy PAM modules, such as
pam_ldap were able to use a separate configuration file as a parameter for a PAM module. This chapter describes a similar feature for SSSD.
One example use case may be an environment that allows external users to authenticate to an FTP server. The server runs as a separate non-privileged user which should only be able to authenticate to a selected SSSD domain, separate from internal company accounts. With this feature, the administrator can allow the FTP user to only authenticate to selected domains specified in the FTP PAM configuration file.
The following options are available for PAM modules and SSSD to restrict access to selected domains in a secure way:
- pam_trusted_users (for
sssd.conf) - This option accepts a list of numerical UIDs or user names that are to be trusted by the SSSD daemon. The default value is the special keyword
all, which means all users are trusted. This is in line with the current behavior where any user can access any domain. - pam_public_domains (for
sssd.conf) - This option accepts a comma-separated list of SSSD domains accessible even for untrusted users. Two special keywords,
allandnone, are also available. The default value isnoneto make sure that when the administrator starts differentiating between trusted and untrusted domains, he or she is required to manually specify the domains that can be accessed by an untrusted client. - domains (for individual PAM module configuration)
- This option accepts a list of domains to which a PAM service will be restricted to authenticate against. The setting interacts with the
domains=option in the/etc/sssd/sssd.conffile, which specifies the list of domains in the order SSSD will query. The PAM module configuration cannot add to this list but can restrict it by specifying a shorter list.
Example 26.1. Sample PAM Module Configuration
A general configuration line of a
/etc/pam.d/ configuration file has the following form:
module-type control-flag module-path arguments
module-type control-flag module-path arguments
In this example, sample configuration for a test module is shown. Arguments to restrict domain access are added at the end of each line. The test module is restricted to only the
openldap domain and the pam_env module to set/unset environment variables is allowed for all users.
In addition to PAM configuration, the relevant snippets
/etc/sssd/sssd.conf can look like this:
Chapter 27. Configuration: Defining Access Control for IdM Users
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Access control is a security system which defines who can access certain resources — from machines to services to entries — and what kinds of operations they are allowed to perform. Identity Management provides several access control areas to make it very clear what kind of access is being granted and to whom it is granted. As part of this, Identity Management draws a distinction between access controls to resources within the domain and access control to the IdM configuration itself.
This chapter details the different internal access control mechanisms that are available for users within IdM to the IdM server and other IdM users.
27.1. About Access Controls for IdM Entries
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Access control defines the rights or permissions users have been granted to perform operations on other users or objects.
27.1.1. A Brief Look at Access Control Concepts
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The Identity Management access control structure is based on standard LDAP access controls. Access within the IdM server is based on the IdM users (who are stored in the backend Directory Server instance) who are allowed to access other IdM entities (which are also stored as LDAP entries in the Directory Server instance).
An access control instruction (ACI) has three parts:
- Who can perform the operation. This is the entity who is being granted permission to do something; this is the actor. In LDAP access control models, this is called the bind rule because it defines who the user is (based on their bind information) and can optionally require other limits on the bind attempt, such as restricting attempts to a certain time of day or a certain machine.
- What can be accessed. This defines the entry which the actor is allowed to perform operations on. This is the target of the access control rule.
- What type of operation can be performed. The last part is determining what kinds of actions the user is allowed to perform. The most common operations are add, delete, write, read, and search. In Identity Management, all users are implicitly granted read and search rights to all entries in the IdM domain, with restrictions only for sensitive attributes like passwords and Kerberos keys. (Anonymous users are restricted from seeing security-related configuration, like
sudorules and host-based access control.)The only rights which can be granted are add, delete, and write — the permissions required to modify an entry.
When any operation is attempted, the first thing that the IdM client does is send user credentials as part of the bind operation. The backend Directory Server checks those user credentials and then checks the user account to see if the user has permission to perform the requested operation.
27.1.2. Access Control Methods in Identity Management
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To make access control rules simple and clear to implement, Identity Management divides access control definitions into three categories:
- Self-service rules, which define what operations a user can perform on his own personal entry. The access control type only allows write permissions to attributes within the entry; it does not allow add or delete operations for the entry itself.
- Delegation rules, which allow a specific user group to perform write (edit) operations on specific attributes for users in another user group. Like self-service rules, this form of access control rule is limited to editing the values of specific attributes; it does not grant the ability to add or remove whole entries or control over unspecified attributes.
- Role-based access control, which creates special access control groups which are then granted much broader authority over all types of entities in the IdM domain. Roles can be granted edit, add, and delete rights, meaning they can be granted complete control over entire entries, not just selected attributes.Some roles are already created and available within Identity Management. Special roles can be created to manage any type of entry in specific ways, such as hosts, automount configuration, netgroups, DNS settings, and IdM configuration.
27.2. Defining Self-Service Settings
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Self-service access control rules define the operations that an entity can perform on itself. These rules define only what attributes a user (or other IdM entity) can edit on their personal entries.
Three self-service rules exist by default:
- A rule for editing some general attributes in the personal entry, including given name and surname, phone numbers, and addresses.
- A rule to edit personal passwords, including two Samba passwords, the Kerberos password, and the general user password.
- A rule to manage personal SSH keys.
27.2.1. Creating Self-Service Rules from the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab in the top menu, and select the Self Service Permissions subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of self-service ACIs.
- Enter the name of the rule in the pop-up window. Spaces are allowed.
- Select the checkboxes by the attributes which this ACI will permit users to edit.
- Click the Add button to save the new self-service ACI.
27.2.2. Creating Self-Service Rules from the Command Line
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A new self-service rule can be added using the
selfservice-add command. There are two required options, --permissions to set whether the ACI grants write, add, or delete permission and --attrs to give the full list of attributes which this ACI grants permission to.
27.2.3. Editing Self-Service Rules
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In the self-service entry in the web UI, the only element that can be edited is the list of attributes that are included in the ACI. The checkboxes can be selected or deselected.
Figure 27.1. Self-Service Edit Page
With the command line, self-service rules are edited using the
ipa selfservice-mod command. The --attrs option overwrites whatever the previous list of supported attributes was, so always include the complete list of attributes along with any new attributes.
Important
Include all of the attributes when modifying a self-service rule, including existing ones.
27.3. Delegating Permissions over Users
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Delegation is very similar to roles in that one group of users is assigned permission to manage the entries for another group of users. However, the delegated authority is much more similar to self-service rules in that complete access is granted but only to specific user attributes, not to the entire entry. Also, the groups in delegated authority are existing IdM user groups instead of roles specifically created for access controls.
27.3.1. Delegating Access to User Groups in the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab in the top menu, and select the Delegations subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of delegation ACIs.
- Name the new delegation ACI.
- Set the permissions by selecting the checkboxes whether users will have the right to view the given attributes (read) and add or change the given attributes (write).Some users may have a need to see information, but should not be able to edit it.
- In the User group drop-down menu, select the group who is being granted permissions to the entries of users in the user group.
- In the Member user group drop-down menu, select the group whose entries can be edited by members of the delegation group.
- In the attributes box, select the checkboxes by the attributes to which the member user group is being granted permission.
- Click the Add button to save the new delegation ACI.
27.3.2. Delegating Access to User Groups in the Command Line
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A new delegation access control rule is added using the
delegation-add command. There are three required arguments:
--group, the group who is being granted permissions to the entries of users in the user group.--membergroup, the group whose entries can be edited by members of the delegation group.--attrs, the attributes which users in the member group are allowed to edit.
For example:
Delegation rules are edited using the
delegation-mod command. The --attrs option overwrites whatever the previous list of supported attributes was, so always include the complete list of attributes along with any new attributes.
Important
Include all of the attributes when modifying a delegation rule, including existing ones.
27.4. Defining Role-Based Access Controls
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Role-based access control grants a very different kind of authority to users compared to self-service and delegation access controls. Role-based access controls are fundamentally administrative, with the potential to add, delete, and significantly modify entries.
There are three parts to role-based access controls:
- The permission. The permission defines a specific operation or set of operations (write, add, or delete) and the target entries within the IdM LDAP directory to which those operations apply. Permissions are building blocks; they can be assigned to multiple privileges as needed.
- The privileges available to a role. A privilege is essentially a group of permissions. Permissions are not applied directly to a role. Permissions are added to a privilege so that the privilege creates a coherent and complete picture of a set of access control rules. For example, a permission can be created to add, edit, and delete automount locations. Then that permission can be combined with another permission relating to managing FTP services, and they can be used to create a single privilege that relates to managing filesystems.
- The role. This is the list of IdM users who are able to perform the actions defined in the privileges.
It is possible to create entirely new permissions, as well as to create new privileges based on existing permissions or new permissions.
27.4.1. Creating Roles
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27.4.1.1. Creating Roles in the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab in the top menu, and select the Role Based Access Control subtab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of role-based ACIs.
- Enter the role name and a description.
- Click the button to save the new role and go to the configuration page.
- At the top of the Users tab, or in the Users Groups tab when adding groups, click the Add link.
- Select the users on the left and use the button to move them to the assigned box.
- Open the Privileges tab in the role configuration page.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of privileges to add a new privilege.
- Select the privileges on the left and use the button to move them to the assigned box.
- Click the button to save.
27.4.1.2. Creating Roles in the Command Line
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- Add the new role:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the required privileges to the role:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the required groups to the role. In this case, we are adding only a single group,
useradmin, which already exists.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
27.4.2. Creating New Permissions
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27.4.2.1. Creating New Permissions from the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab in the top menu, and select the Role Based Access Control subtab.
- Select the Permissions task link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of permissions.
- Enter the name of the new permission.
- Select the checkboxes next to the allowed operations for this permission.
- Select the method to use to identify the target entries from the Target drop-down menu. There are four different methods:
- Type looks for an entry type like user, host, or service and then provides a list of all possible attributes for that entry type. The attributes which will be accessible through this ACI are selected from the list.
- Filter uses an LDAP filter to identify which entries the permission applies to.
- Subtree targets every entry beneath the specified subtree entry. All attributes within the matching entries can be modified.
- Target group specifies a user group, and all the user entries within that group are available through the ACI. All attributes within the matching entries can be modified.
- Fill in the required information to identify the target entries, depending on the selected type.
- For Filter, Subtree, and Target group targets, click the Add link to add attributes that are included in the permission. A single attribute is added at a time; to add multiple attributes, click the Add again to add another field.If no attributes are set for the permission then, by default, all attributes are excluded.
- Click the button to save the permission.
27.4.2.2. Creating New Permissions from the Command Line
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A new permission is added using the
permission-add command. All permissions require a list of attributes over which permission is granted (--attr), a list of allowed actions (--permissions), and the target entries for the ACI. There are four methods to identify the target entries:
- --type looks for an entry type like user, host, or service and then provides a list of all possible attributes for that entry type.
- --filter uses an LDAP filter to identify which entries the permission applies to.
- --subtree targets every entry beneath the specified subtree entry.
- --targetgroup specifies a user group, and all the user entries within that group are available through the ACI.
Example 27.1. Adding a Permission with a Filter
A filter can be any valid LDAP filter.
ipa permission-add "manage Windows groups" --filter="(!(objectclass=posixgroup))" --permissions=write --attrs=description
$ ipa permission-add "manage Windows groups" --filter="(!(objectclass=posixgroup))" --permissions=write --attrs=descriptionNote
The
permission-add command does not validate the given LDAP filter. Verify that the filter returns the expected results before configuring the permission.
Example 27.2. Adding a Permission for a Subtree
All a subtree filter requires is a DN within the directory. Since IdM uses a simplified, flat directory tree structure, this can be used to target some types of entries, like automount locations, which are containers or parent entries for other configuration.
ipa permission-add "manage automount locations" --subtree="ldap://ldap.example.com:389/cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com" --permissions=write --attrs=automountmapname,automountkey,automountInformation
$ ipa permission-add "manage automount locations" --subtree="ldap://ldap.example.com:389/cn=automount,dc=example,dc=com" --permissions=write --attrs=automountmapname,automountkey,automountInformationExample 27.3. Adding a Permission Based on Object Type
There seven object types that can be used to form a permission:
- user
- group
- host
- service
- hostgroup
- netgroup
- dnsrecord
Each type has its own set of allowed attributes, in a comma-separated list.
ipa permission-add "manage service" --permissions=all --type=service --attrs=krbprincipalkey,krbprincipalname,managedby
$ ipa permission-add "manage service" --permissions=all --type=service --attrs=krbprincipalkey,krbprincipalname,managedby
The attributes (
--attrs) must exist and be allowed attributes for the given object type, or the permission operation fails with schema syntax errors.
27.4.3. Creating New Privileges
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27.4.3.1. Creating New Privileges from the Web UI
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- Open the IPA Server tab in the top menu, and select the Role Based Access Control subtab.
- Select the Privileges task link.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of privileges.
- Enter the name and a description of the privilege.
- Click the button to go to the privilege configuration page to add permissions.
- Select the Permissions tab.
- Click the Add link at the top of the list of permissions to add permission to the privilege.
- Click the checkbox by the names of the permissions to add, and click the right arrows button, , to move the permissions to the selection box.
- Click the button.
27.4.3.2. Creating New Privileges from the Command Line
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Privilege entries are created using the
privilege-add command, and then permissions are added to the privilege group using the privilege-add-permission command.
- Create the privilege entry.
ipa privilege-add "managing filesystems" --desc="for filesystems"
$ ipa privilege-add "managing filesystems" --desc="for filesystems"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Assign the desired permissions. For example:
ipa privilege-add-permission "managing filesystems" --permissions="managing automount","managing ftp services"
$ ipa privilege-add-permission "managing filesystems" --permissions="managing automount","managing ftp services"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Chapter 28. Configuration: Configuring IdM Servers and Replicas
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The IdM servers and backend services are configured with default settings that are applicable in most environments.
There are some configuration areas where the IdM server configuration can be tweaked to improve security or performance in certain situations.
This chapter covers information about the IdM configuration, including files and logs used by the IdM server, and procedures for updating the IdM server configuration itself.
28.1. Identity Management Files and Logs
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Identity Management is a unifying framework that combines disparate Linux services into a single management context. However, the underlying technologies — such as Kerberos, DNS, 389 Directory Server, and Dogtag Certificate System — retain their own configuration files and log files. Identity Management directly manages each of these elements through their own configuration files and tools.
This section covers the directories, files, and logs used specifically by IdM. For more information about the configuration files or logs for a specific server used within IdM, see the product documentation.
28.1.1. A Reference of IdM Server Configuration Files and Directories
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| Directory or File | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Server Configuration | |||
| /etc/ipa/ | The main IdM configuration directory. | ||
| /etc/ipa/default.conf | The primary configuration file for IdM. | ||
| /etc/ipa/server.conf | An optional configuration file for IdM. This does not exist by default, but can be created to load custom configuration when the IdM server is started. | ||
| /etc/ipa/cli.conf | An optional configuration file for IdM command-line tools. This does not exist by default, but can be created to apply custom configuration when the ipa is used. | ||
| /etc/ipa/ca.crt | The CA certificate issued by the IdM server's CA. | ||
| ~/.ipa/ | A user-specific IdM directory that is created on the local system in the system user's home directory the first time the user runs an IdM command. | ||
| IdM Logs | |||
| ~/.ipa/log/cli.log | The log file for errors returned by XML-RPC calls and responses by the IdM command-line tools. This is created in the home directory for the system user who runs the tools, who may have a different name than the IdM user. | ||
| /var/log/ipaclient-install.log | The installation log for the client service. | ||
| /var/log/ipaserver-install.log | The installation log for the IdM server. | ||
| /etc/logrotate.d/ | The log rotation policies for DNS, SSSD, Apache, Tomcat, and Kerberos. | ||
| System Services | |||
| /etc/rc.d/init.d/ipa/ | The IdM server init script. | ||
| Web UI | |||
| /etc/ipa/html/ | A symlink directory in the main configuration directory for the HTML files used by the IdM web UI. | ||
| The configuration files used by the Apache host for the web UI application. | ||
| /etc/httpd/conf/ipa.keytab | The keytab file used by the web UI service. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/ | The main directory for all of the HTML files, scripts, and stylesheets used by the web UI. | ||
| The configuration files used by the Apache host for the web UI application. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/updates/ | Contains any updated files, schema, and other elements for Identity Management. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/html/ | Contains the HTML files, JavaScript files, and stylesheets used by the web UI. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/ipaclient/ | Contains the JavaScript files used to access Firefox's autoconfiguration feature and set up the Firefox browser to work in the IdM Kerberos realm. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/migration/ | Contains HTML pages, stylesheets, and Python scripts used for running the IdM server in migration mode. | ||
| /usr/share/ipa/ui/ | Contains all of the scripts used by the UI to perform IdM operations. | ||
| /var/log/httpd/ | The log files for the Apache web server. | ||
| Kerberos | |||
| /etc/krb5.conf | The Kerberos service configuration file. | ||
| SSSD | |||
| /usr/share/sssd/sssd.api.d/sssd-ipa.conf | The configuration file used to identify the IdM server, IdM Directory Server, and other IdM services used by SSSD. | ||
| /var/log/sssd/ | The log files for SSSD. | ||
| 389 Directory Server | |||
| /var/lib/dirsrv/slapd-REALM_NAME/ | All of the schema, configuration, and database files associated with the Directory Server instance used by the IdM server. | ||
| /var/log/dirsrv/slapd-REALM_NAME/ | Log files associated with the Directory Server instance used by the IdM server. | ||
| Dogtag Certificate System | |||
| /etc/pki-ca/ | The main directory for the IdM CA instance. | ||
| /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfg | The main configuration file for the IdM CA instance. | ||
| /var/lib/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA/ | All of the schema, configuration, and database files associated with the Directory Server instance used by the IdM CA. | ||
| /var/log/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA/ | Log files associated with the Directory Server instance used by the IdM CA. | ||
| Cache Files | |||
| /var/cache/ipa/ | Cache files for the IdM server and the IdM Kerberos password daemon. | ||
| System Backups | |||
| /var/lib/ipa/sysrestore/ | Contains backups of all of the system files and scripts that were reconfigured when the IdM server was installed. These include the original .conf files for NSS, Kerberos (both krb5.conf and kdc.conf), and NTP. | ||
| /var/lib/ipa-client/sysrestore/ | Contains backups of all of the system files and scripts that were reconfigured when the IdM client was installed. Commonly, this is the sssd.conf file for SSSD authentication services. | ||
28.1.2. IdM Domain Services and Log Rotation
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The 389 Directory Server instances used by IdM as a backend and by the Dogtag Certificate System have their own internal log rotation policies. Log rotation settings such as the size of the file, the period between log rotation, and how long log files are preserved can all be configured by editing the 389 Directory Server configuration. This is covered in the Red Hat Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
Several IdM domain services use the system
logrotate service to handle log rotation and compression:
- named (DNS)
- httpd (Apache)
- tomcat6
- sssd
- krb5kdc (Kerberos domain controller)
Most of these policies use the
logrotate defaults for the rotation schedule (weekly) and the archive of logs (four, for four weeks' worth of logs).
The individual policies set post-rotation commands to restart the service after log rotation, that a missing log file is acceptable, and compression settings.
Example 28.1. Default httpd Log Rotation File
There are other potential log settings, like compress settings and the size of the log file, which can be edited in either the global
logrotate configuration or in the individual policies. The logrotate settings are covered in the logrotate manpage.
Warning
Two policies set special
create rules. All of the services create a new log file with the same name, default owner, and default permissions as the previous log. For the named and tomcat6 logs, the create is set with explicit permissions and user/group ownership.
Do not change the permissions or the user and group which own the log files. This is required for both IdM operations and SELinux settings. Changing the ownership of the log roation policy or of the files can cause the IdM domains services to fail or to be unable to start.
28.1.3. About default.conf and Context Configuration Files
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Certain global defaults — like the realm information, the LDAP configuration, and the CA settings — are stored in the
default.conf file. This configuration file is referenced when the IdM client and servers start and every time the ipa command is run to supply information as operations are performed.
The parameters in the
default.conf file are simple attribute=value pairs. The attributes are case-insensitive and order-insensitive.
When adding more configuration attributes or overriding the global values, users can create additional context configuration files. A
server.conf and cli.conf file can be created to create different options when the IdM server is started or when the ipa command is run, respectively. The IdM server checks the server.conf and cli.conf files first, and then checks the default.conf file.
Any configuration files in the
/etc/ipa directory apply to all users for the system. Users can set individual overrides by creating default.conf, server.conf, or cli.conf files in their local IdM directory, ~/.ipa/. This optional file is merged with default.conf and used by the local IdM services.
28.1.4. Checking IdM Server Logs
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Identity Management unifies several different Linux services, so it relies on those services' native logs for tracking and debugging those services.
The other services (Apache, 389 Directory Server, and Dogtag Certificate System) all have detailed logs and log levels. See the specific server documentation for more information on return codes, log formats, and log levels.
| Service | Log File | Description | Additional Information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IdM server | /var/log/ipaserver-install.log | Server installation log | |||||
| IdM server | ~/.ipa/log/cli.log | Command-line tool log | |||||
| IdM client | /var/log/ipaclient-install.log | Client installation log | |||||
| Apache server |
| These are standard access and error logs for Apache servers. Both the web UI and the XML-RPC command-line interface use Apache, so some IdM-specific messages will be recorded in the error log along with the Apache messages. | Apache log chapter | ||||
| Dogtag Certificate System | /var/log/pki-ca-install.log | The installation log for the IdM CA. | |||||
| Dogtag Certificate System |
| These logs mainly relate to certificate operations. In IdM, this is used for service principals, hosts, and other entities which use certificates. | Logging chapter | ||||
| 389 Directory Server |
| The access and error logs both contain detailed information about attempted access and operations for the domain Directory Server instance. The error log setting can be changed to provide very detailed output. | The access log is buffered, so the server only writes to the log every 30 seconds, by default. | ||||
| 389 Directory Server |
| This directory server instance is used by the IdM CA to store certificate information. Most operational data here will be related to server-replica interactions. | The access log is buffered, so the server only writes to the log every 30 seconds, by default. | ||||
| Kerberos | /var/log/krb5libs.log | This is the primary log file for Kerberos connections. | This location is configured in the krb5.conf file, so it could be different on some systems. | ||||
| Kerberos | /var/log/krb5kdc.log | This is the primary log file for the Kerberos KDC server. | This location is configured in the krb5.conf file, so it could be different on some systems. | ||||
| Kerberos | /var/log/kadmind.log | This is the primary log file for the Kerberos administration server. | This location is configured in the krb5.conf file, so it could be different on some systems. | ||||
| DNS | /var/log/messages | DNS error messages are included with other system messages. | DNS logging is not enabled by default. DNS logging is enabled by running the querylog command:
/usr/sbin/rndc querylog /var/log/messages file. To turn off logging, run the querylog command again. |
28.1.4.1. Enabling Server Debug Logging
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Debug logging for the IdM server is set in the
server.conf file.
Note
Editing the
default.conf configuration file affects all IdM components, not only the IdM server.
- Edit or create the
server.conffile.vim server.conf
vim server.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the
debugline and set its value to true.[global] debug=True
[global] debug=TrueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the Apache daemon to load the changes.
service httpd restart
service httpd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.1.4.2. Debugging Command-Line Operations
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Any command-line operation with the
ipa command can return debug information by using the -v option. For example:
Using the option twice,
Copy to Clipboard
Copied!
Toggle word wrap
Toggle overflow
-vv, displays the XML-RPC exchange:
Important
The
-v and -vv options are global options and must be used before the subcommand when running ipa.
28.2. Managing Certificates and Certificate Authorities
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Almost every IdM topology will include an integrated Dogtag Certificate System to manage certificates for servers/replicas, hosts, users, and services within the IdM domain.
The Dogtag Certificate System configuration itself may require changes as the domain and the physical machines change.
Note
Using more than one certificate authority (CA) signing certificate within your IdM environment is not supported in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. To support this configuration, upgrade your IdM systems to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
28.2.1. Renewing CA Certificates Issued by External CAs
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All certificates issued by the IdM servers, such as host and user certificates (including subsystem and server certificates used by internal IdM services), are tracked by the
certmonger utility and automatically renewed as they near expiration.
There is one exception: the CA certificate itself. This certificate is not automatically renewed when it expires.
Warning
Make sure to always renew the CA certificate in time before it expires. Note that you must monitor the expiration date of the CA certificate yourself. IdM does not monitor the expiration date automatically in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
The CA certificate must be renewed through the exernal CA which issued it, and then manually updated in the certificate databases (also called NSS databases). This is done using the
certutil NSS security utility. [8]
Note
It is not possible to renew the CA certificate using the IdM web UI or IdM command-line utilities.
There are some requirements for renewing the certificate:
- The external CA which issued the certificate must allow renewals.
- The CA's private key must not change.
- The new certificate should have the same subject name as the original certificate.
You need the original CSR (Certificate Signing Request) in order to obtain a new certificate. You may be able to find this in one of three places:
- The external CA may still have a copy of it,
- in the
/root/ipa.csrfile on the first-installed IdM server, - in the
ca.signing.certreqsection of the/etc/pki-ca/CS.cfgfile on the first-installed IdM server. This will need to be converted to the PEM format.
You also need to know the nickname of your CA in the NSS databases. It is usually
<REALM> IPA CA. We use EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA here. You can query the Apache database to find out the current nickname by running the following command:
certutil -L -d /etc/httpd/alias
# certutil -L -d /etc/httpd/alias28.2.1.1. The Renewal Procedure
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The renewal must take place in the period in which your other certificates are still valid. Your CA needs to be running in order to renew its own subsystem certificates. If you try to renew the CA certificate after it has expired such that its validity dates are past the expiration date of the CA subsystem certificates, your IdM server will not work.
Renew the Certificate
Give the CSR to your external CA and have them issue you a new certificate. We assume that the resulting certificate is saved into the
/root/ipa.crt file. We also assume that the /root/external-ca.pem file contains the external CA certificate chain in the PEM format. The renewal needs to be done on the IdM CA designated for managing renewals. One way to identify the first-installed IdM server is to see if the value for subsystem.select is New:
grep subsystem.select /etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg
# grep subsystem.select /etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg
subsystem.select=New
An alternative method is to look for the
renew_ca_cert post-save command in the output of the getcert list command.
Install the new CA certificate on your first-installed IdM server
- The CA needs to be shut down in order to update its certificate:
service ipa stop
# service ipa stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate NSS database:
certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Replace the value of
ca.signing.certin/etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg. This is the base64 value of the certificate. You can obtain this by removing the BEGIN/END blocks fromipa.crtand compressing it into a single line. - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
service ipa start
# service ipa startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in LDAP. First, convert the certificate to the DER format:
openssl x509 -outform DER -in /root/ipa.crt -out /tmp/ipa.der
# openssl x509 -outform DER -in /root/ipa.crt -out /tmp/ipa.derCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the certificate to LDAP:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Install the new CA certificate on other IdM servers with a CA
- Copy the updated certificate to the machine and stop the service. Let's assume the file is
/root/ipa.crt.service ipa stop
# service ipa stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Replace the value of
ca.signing.certin/etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg. This is the base64 value of the certificate. You can obtain this by removing the BEGIN/END blocks fromipa.crtand compressing it into a single line. - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
service ipa start
# service ipa startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Install the new CA certificate on other IdM masters without a CA
- Copy the updated certificate to the machine and stop the service. Let's assume the file is
/root/ipa.crt.service ipa stop
# service ipa stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
service ipa start
# service ipa startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Install the new CA certificate on all IdM client machines
Retrieve the updated IdM CA certificate. Let's assume the file is
/tmp/ipa.crt.
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /tmp/ipa.crt cp /tmp/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /tmp/ipa.crt
# cp /tmp/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt28.2.2. Renewing CA Certificates Issued by the IdM CA
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All certificates issued by the IdM servers, such as host and user certificates (including subsystem and server certificates used by internal IdM services), are tracked by the
certmonger utility and automatically renewed as they near expiration.
There is one exception: the CA certificate itself. This certificate is not automatically renewed when it expires.
Warning
Make sure to always renew the CA certificate in time before it expires. Note that you must monitor the expiration date of the CA certificate yourself. IdM does not monitor the expiration date automatically in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
28.2.2.1. The Renewal Procedure
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The renewal must take place in the period in which your other certificates are still valid. Your CA needs to be running in order to renew its own subsystem certificates. If you try to renew the CA certificate after it has expired such that its validity dates are past the expiration date of the CA subsystem certificates, your IdM server will not work.
Renew the Signing Certificate of your IdM CA and install the new CA certificate on your first-installed IdM server
- Ensure IPA is stopped:
ipactl status ipactl stop
# ipactl status # ipactl stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Ensure
ntpdis not running:service ntpd status service ntpd stop
# service ntpd status # service ntpd stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Start the Directory Server and ensure it is running:
service dirsrv start service dirsrv status
# service dirsrv start # service dirsrv statusCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Start the Dogtag CA and ensure it is running:
service pki-cad start service pki-cad status
# service pki-cad start # service pki-cad statusCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enter the following command to attempt to renew the Dogtag CA signing certificate directly via the certmonger helper,
dogtag-ipa-renew-agent-submit:/usr/libexec/certmonger/dogtag-ipa-renew-agent-submit -D 1 -T caCACert | tail -n 1 | xargs /usr/libexec/certmonger/dogtag-ipa-renew-agent-submit -d /etc/httpd/alias -n ipaCert -p /etc/httpd/alias/pwdfile.txt -v -S
# /usr/libexec/certmonger/dogtag-ipa-renew-agent-submit -D 1 -T caCACert | tail -n 1 | xargs /usr/libexec/certmonger/dogtag-ipa-renew-agent-submit -d /etc/httpd/alias -n ipaCert -p /etc/httpd/alias/pwdfile.txt -v -SCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate NSS database:
certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Replace the value of
ca.signing.certin/etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg. This is the base64 value of the certificate. You can obtain this by removing the BEGIN/END blocks fromipa.crtand compressing it into a single line. - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
ipactl start
# ipactl startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in LDAP. First, convert the certificate to the DER format:
openssl x509 -outform DER -in /root/ipa.crt -out /tmp/ipa.der
# openssl x509 -outform DER -in /root/ipa.crt -out /tmp/ipa.derCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Add the certificate to LDAP:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use
ipa-getcert listto list all requests tracked by certmonger:ipa-getcert list
# ipa-getcert listCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the output shows that any of the subsystem certificates are already expired, use
ipa-getcert resubmiton each of them one by one to renew the certificates. For more details, see the Dealing with expiring IDM CA certificates on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 and 7 Knowledgebase solution.
Install the new CA certificate on other IdM servers with a CA
- Copy the updated certificate to the machine and stop the service. Let's assume the file is
/root/ipa.crt.service ipa stop
# service ipa stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n 'caSigningCert cert-pki-ca' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Replace the value of
ca.signing.certin/etc/pki-ca/CS.cfg. This is the base64 value of the certificate. You can obtain this by removing the BEGIN/END blocks fromipa.crtand compressing it into a single line. - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
service ipa start
# service ipa startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Install the new CA certificate on other IdM masters without a CA
- Copy the updated certificate to the machine and stop the service. Let's assume the file is
/root/ipa.crt.service ipa stop
# service ipa stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the Apache NSS database:
certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/httpd/alias -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the LDAP server instances:
certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-EXAMPLE-COM -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt # certutil -A -d /etc/dirsrv/slapd-PKI-IPA -n 'EXAMPLE.COM IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the CA certificate in the file system:
cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt
# cp /root/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt # cat /root/ipa.crt /root/external-ca.pem >/etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc # cp /etc/httpd/alias/cacert.asc /usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the shared system database:
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /root/ipa.crtCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the service:
service ipa start
# service ipa startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Install the new CA certificate on all IdM client machines
Retrieve the updated IdM CA certificate. Let's assume the file is
/tmp/ipa.crt.
certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /tmp/ipa.crt
# certutil -A -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n 'IPA CA' -t CT,C,C -a -i /tmp/ipa.crt
# cp /tmp/ipa.crt /etc/ipa/ca.crt28.2.3. Configuring Alternate Certificate Authorities
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IdM creates a Dogtag Certificate System certificate authority (CA) during the server installation process. To use an external CA, it is possible to create the required server certificates and then import them into the 389 Directory Server and the HTTP server, which require IdM server certificates.
Note
Save an ASCII copy of the CA certificate as
/usr/share/ipa/html/ca.crt. This allows users to download the correct certificate when they configure their browsers.
- Use the
ipa-server-certinstallcommand to install the certificate./usr/sbin/ipa-server-certinstall -d /path/to/pkcs12.p12
# /usr/sbin/ipa-server-certinstall -d /path/to/pkcs12.p12Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - To keep using browser autoconfiguration in Firefox, regenerate the
/usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jarfile.- Create a directory, and then create the new security databases in that directory.
mkdir /tmp/signdb certutil -N -d /tmp/signdb
# mkdir /tmp/signdb # certutil -N -d /tmp/signdbCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Import the PKCS #12 file for the signing certificate into that directory.
pk12util -i /path/to/pkcs12.p12 -d /tmp/signdb
# pk12util -i /path/to/pkcs12.p12 -d /tmp/signdbCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Make a temporary signing directory, and copy the IdM JavaScript file to that directory.
mkdir /tmp/sign cp /usr/share/ipa/html/preferences.html /tmp/sign
# mkdir /tmp/sign # cp /usr/share/ipa/html/preferences.html /tmp/signCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Use the object signing certificate to sign the JavaScript file and to regenerate the
configure.jarfile.signtool -d /tmp/signdb -k Signing_cert_nickname -Z /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar -e .html /tmp/sign
# signtool -d /tmp/signdb -k Signing_cert_nickname -Z /usr/share/ipa/html/configure.jar -e .html /tmp/signCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.2.4. Changing Which Server Generates CRLs
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The master CA is the authoritative CA; it has the root CA signing key and generates CRLs which are distributed among the other servers and replicas in the topology. In general, the first IdM server installed owns the master CA in the PKI hierarchy. All subsequent replica databases are cloned (or copied) directly from that master database as part of running
ipa-replica-install.
Note
The only reason to replace the master server is if the master server is being taken offline. There has to be a root CA which can issue CRLs and ultimately validate certificate checks.
As explained in Section 1.3.1, “About IdM Servers and Replicas”, all servers and replicas work together to share data. This arrangement is the server topology.
Servers (created with
ipa-server-install) is almost always created to host certificate authority services[9]. These are the original CA services. When a replica is created (with ipa-replica-install), it is based on the configuration of an existing server. A replica can host CA services, but this is not required.
After they are created, servers and replicas are equal peers in the server topology. They are all read-write data masters and replicate information to each other through multi-master replication. Servers and replicas which host a CA are also equal peers in the topology. They can all issue certificates and keys to IdM clients, and they all replicate information amongst themselves.
The only difference between a server and a replica is which IdM instance issues the CRL.
When the first server is installed, it is configured to issue CRLs. In its CA configuration file (
/var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfg), it has CRL generation enabled:
ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLCache=true ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLUpdates=true ca.listenToCloneModifications=false
ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLCache=true
ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLUpdates=true
ca.listenToCloneModifications=false
All replicas point to that master CA as the source for CRL information and disable the CRL settings:
ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLUpdates=false
ca.crl.issuingPointId.enableCRLUpdates=false
There must be one instance somewhere in the IdM topology which issues CRLs. If the original server is going to be taken offline or decommissioned, a replica needs to be configured to take its place. Promoting a replica to a master server changes its configuration and enables it to issue CRLs and function as the root CA.
To move CRL generation from a server to a replica, first decommission the original master CA.
- Identify which server instance is the master CA server. Both CRL generation and renewal operations are handled by the same CA server. So, the master CA can be identified by having the
renew_ca_certcertificate being tracked bycertmonger.getcert list -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n "subsystemCert cert-pki-ca" | grep post-save
[root@server ~]# getcert list -d /var/lib/pki-ca/alias -n "subsystemCert cert-pki-ca" | grep post-save post-save command: /usr/lib64/ipa/certmonger/renew_ca_cert "subsystemCert cert-pki-ca"Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the original master CA, disable tracking for all of the original CA certificates.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Reconfigure the original master CA to retrieve renewed certificates from a new master CA.
- Copy the renewal helper into the
certmongerdirectory, and set the appropriate permissions.cp /usr/share/ipa/ca_renewal /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewal chmod 0600 /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewal
[root@server ~]# cp /usr/share/ipa/ca_renewal /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewal [root@server ~]# chmod 0600 /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewalCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the SELinux configuration.
/sbin/restorecon /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewal
[root@server ~]# /sbin/restorecon /var/lib/certmonger/cas/ca_renewalCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart
certmonger.service certmonger restart
[root@server ~]# service certmonger restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Check that the CA is listed to retrieve certificates. This is printed in the CA configuration.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Get the CA certificate database PIN.
grep internal= /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/password.conf
[root@server ~]# grep internal= /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/password.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure
certmongertrack the certificates for external renewal. This requires the database PIN.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Stop CRL generation on the original master CA.
- Stop CA service:
service pki-cad stop
[root@server ~]# service pki-cad stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the CA configuration file.
vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfg
[root@server ~]# vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Change the values of the
ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCacheandca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdatesparameters tofalseto disable CRL generation.ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCache=false ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdates=false
ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCache=false ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdates=falseCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Start CA service:
service pki-cad start
[root@server ~]# service pki-cad startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Configure Apache to redirect CRL requests to the new master.
- Open the CA proxy configuration.
vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ipa-pki-proxy.conf
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ipa-pki-proxy.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Uncomment the
RewriteRuleon the last line:RewriteRule ^/ipa/crl/MasterCRL.bin https://server.example.com/ca/ee/ca/getCRL?op=getCRL&crlIssuingPoint=MasterCRL [L,R=301,NC]
RewriteRule ^/ipa/crl/MasterCRL.bin https://server.example.com/ca/ee/ca/getCRL?op=getCRL&crlIssuingPoint=MasterCRL [L,R=301,NC]Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart Apache:
service httpd restart
[root@server ~]# service httpd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
Then, set up a replica as a new master:
- Stop tracking the CA's certificates to change the renewal settings. As a clone, the CA was configured to retrieve its renewed certificates from the master; as the master CA, it will issue the renewed certificates.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Get the PIN for the CA certificate database.
grep internal= /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/password.conf
[root@server ~]# grep internal= /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/password.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Set up the certificates to be tracked in
certmongerusing the renewal agent profile.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure the new master CA to generate CRLs.
- Stop CA service:
service pki-cad stop
[root@server ~]# service pki-cad stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the CA configuration file.
vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfg
[root@server ~]# vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Change the values of the
ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCacheandca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdatesparameters totrueto enable CRL generation.ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCache=true ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdates=true
ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLCache=true ca.crl.MasterCRL.enableCRLUpdates=trueCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Start CA service:
service pki-cad start
[root@server ~]# service pki-cad startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
- Configure Apache to disable redirect CRL requests. As a clone, all CRL requests were routed to the original master. As the new master, this instance will respond to CRL requests.
- Open the CA proxy configuration.
vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ipa-pki-proxy.conf
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ipa-pki-proxy.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Comment out the
RewriteRuleargument on the last line:#RewriteRule ^/ipa/crl/MasterCRL.bin https://server.example.com/ca/ee/ca/getCRL?op=getCRL&crlIssuingPoint=MasterCRL [L,R=301,NC]
#RewriteRule ^/ipa/crl/MasterCRL.bin https://server.example.com/ca/ee/ca/getCRL?op=getCRL&crlIssuingPoint=MasterCRL [L,R=301,NC]Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart Apache:
service httpd restart
[root@server ~]# service httpd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.2.5. Configuring OCSP Responders
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A certificate is created with a validity period, meaning it has a point where it expires and is no longer valid. The expiration date is contained in the certificate itself, so a client always checks the validity period in the certificate to see if the certificate is still valid.
However, a certificate can also be revoked before its validity period is up, but this information is not contained in the certificate. A CA publishes a certificate revocation list (CRL), which contains a complete list of every certificate that was issued by that CA and subsequently revoked. A client can check the CRL to see if a certificate within its validity period has been revoked and is, therefore, invalid.
Validity checks are performed using the online certificate status protocol (OCSP), which sends a request to an OCSP responder. Each CA integrated with the IdM server uses an internal OCSP responder, and any client which runs a validity check can check the IdM CA's internal OCSP responder.
Every certificate issued by the IdM CA puts its OCSP responder service URL in the certificate. For example:
http://ipaserver.example.com:9180/ca/ocsp
http://ipaserver.example.com:9180/ca/ocspNote
For the IdM OCSP responder to be available, port 9180 needs to be open in the firewall.
28.2.5.1. Using an OSCP Responder with SELinux
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Clients can use the Identity Management OCSP responder to check certificate validity or to retrieve CRLs. A client can be a number of different services, but is most frequently an Apache server and the mod_revocator module (which handles CRL and OCSP operations).
The Identity Management CA has an OCSP responder listening over port 9180, which is also the port available for CRL retrieval. This port is protected by default SELinux policies to prevent unauthorized access. If an Apache server attempts to connect to the OCSP port, then it may be denied access by SELinux.
The Apache server, on the local machine, must be granted access to port 9180 for it to be able to connect to the Identity Management OCSP responder. There are two ways to work around this by changing the SELinux policies:
- Edit the SELinux policy to allow Apache servers using the mod_revocator module to connect to port 9180:
semodule -i revoker.pp
semodule -i revoker.ppCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Generate a new SELinux policy to allow access based on the SELinux error logs for the mod_revocator connection attempt.
audit2allow -a -M revoker
audit2allow -a -M revokerCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.2.5.2. Changing the CRL Update Interval
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The CRL file is automatically generated by the Dogtag Certificate System CA every four hours. This interval can be changed by editing the Dogtag Certificate System configuration.
- Stop the CA server.
service pki-ca stop
[root@server ~]# service pki-ca stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Open the
CS.cfgfile.vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfg
[root@server ~]# vim /var/lib/pki-ca/conf/CS.cfgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Change the
ca.crl.MasterCRL.autoUpdateIntervalto the new interval setting. - Restart the CA server.
service pki-ca start
[root@server ~]# service pki-ca startCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.2.5.3. Changing the OCSP Responder Location
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Each IdM server generates its own CRL. Likewise, each IdM server uses its own OCSP responder, with its own OCSP responder URL in the certificates it issues.
A DNS CNAME can be used by IdM clients, and then from there be redirected to the appropriate IdM server OCSP responder.
- Open the certificate profile.
vim /var/lib/pki-ca/profiles/ca/caIPAserviceCert.cfg
[root@server ~]# vim /var/lib/pki-ca/profiles/ca/caIPAserviceCert.cfgCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Change the
policyset.serverCertSet.9.default.params.crlDistPointsPointName_0parameter to the DNS CNAME hostname. - Restart the CA server.
service pki-ca restart
service pki-ca restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
That change must be made on every IdM server, with the
crlDistPointsPointName_0 parameter set to the same hostname.
28.3. Disabling Anonymous Binds
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Accessing domain resources and running client tools always require Kerberos authentication. However, the backend LDAP directory used by the IdM server allows anonymous binds by default. This potentially opens up all of the domain configuration to unauthorized users, including information about users, machines, groups, services, netgroups, and DNS configuration.
It is possible to disable anonymous binds on the 389 Directory Server instance by using LDAP tools to reset the
nsslapd-allow-anonymous-access attribute.
- Change the
nsslapd-allow-anonymous-accessattribute torootdse.Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Important
Anonymous access can be completely allowed (on) or completely blocked (off). However, completely blocking anonymous access also blocks external clients from checking the server configuration. LDAP and web clients are not necessarily domain clients, so they connect anonymously to read the root DSE file to get connection information.Therootdseallows access to the root DSE and server configuration without any access to the directory data. - Restart the 389 Directory Server instance to load the new setting.
service dirsrv restart
service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.4. Changing Domain DNS Configuration
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28.4.1. Setting DNS Entries for Multi-Homed Servers
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Some server machines may support multiple network interface cards (NICs). Multi-homed machines typically have multiple IPs, all assigned to the same hostname. This works fine in IdM most of the time because it listens on all available interfaces, except localhost. For a server to be available through any NIC, edit the DNS zone file and add entries for each IP address. For example:
ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.100 ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.101 ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.102
ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.100
ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.101
ipaserver IN A 192.168.1.102
28.4.2. Setting up Additional Name Servers
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The list of configured nameservers in
/etc/resolv.conf only contains the IdM server itself when configuration is finished. If the local named service ever crashes, then the IdM server is unable to run and DNS services for the entire domain are no longer available.
Other DNS servers should be added manually to the IdM server's
/etc/resolv.conf file.
Note
A default limit of three servers is set for the
/etc/resolv.conf file.
Other information about configuring the
/etc/resolv.conf file is given in the resolv.conf manpage.
28.4.3. Changing Load Balancing for IdM Servers and Replicas
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As Section 1.3.1, “About IdM Servers and Replicas” touches on, IdM servers and replicas in the domain automatically share the load among instances to maintain performance. The load balancing is defined first by the priority set for the server or replica in its SRV entry, and then by the weight of that instance for servers/replicas with the same priority. Clients contact servers/replicas with the highest priority and then work their way down.
Load balancing is done automatically by servers, replicas, and clients. The configuration used for load balancing can be altered by changing the priority and the weight given to a server or replica.
(All replicas are initially created with the same priority.)
For example, this gives server1 a higher priority than server 2, meaning it will be contacted first:
ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 100 389 server1.example.com." ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="1 100 389 server2.example.com."
$ ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="0 100 389 server1.example.com."
$ ipa dnsrecord-add server.example.com _ldap._tcp --srv-rec="1 100 389 server2.example.com."
More information about SRV records is in RFC 2782.
28.5. Managing Replication Agreements Between IdM Servers
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Information is shared between the IdM servers and replicas using multi-master replication. What this means is that servers and replicas all receive updates and, therefore, are data masters. The domain information is copied between the servers and replicas using replication.
As replicas are added to the domain, mutual replication agreements are automatically created between the replica and the server it is based on. Additional replication agreements can be created between other replicas and servers or the configuration of the replication agreement can be changed using the
ipa-replica-manage command.
When a replica is created, the replica install script creates two replication agreements: one going from the master server to the replica and one going from the replica to the master server.
Figure 28.1. Server and Replica Agreements
As more replicas and servers are added to the domain, there can be replicas and servers that have replication agreements to other servers and replicas but not between each other. For example, the first IdM server is Server A. Then, the admin creates Replica B, and the install script creates a Server A => Replica B replication agreement and a Replica B => Server A replication agreement. Next, the admin creates Replica C based on Server A. The install script creates a Server A => Replica C replication agreement and a Replica C => Server A replication agreement. Replica B and Replica C both have replication agreements with Server A — but they do not have agreements with each other. For data availability, consistency, failover tolerance, and performance, it can be beneficial to create a pair of replication agreements between Replica B and Replica C, even though their data will eventually be replicated over to each other through replication with Server A.
28.5.1. Listing Replication Agreements
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The
ipa-replica-manage command can list all of the servers and replicas in the replication topology, using the list command:
ipa-replica-manage list
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage list
srv1.example.com
srv2.example.com
srv3.example.com
srv4.example.com
After getting the server/replica list, then it is possible to list the replication agreements for the server. These are the other servers/replicas to which the specified server sends updates.
ipa-replica-manage list srv1.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage list srv1.example.com
srv2.example.com
srv3.example.com28.5.2. Creating and Removing Replication Agreements
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Replication agreements are created by connecting one server to another server.
ipa-replica-manage connect server1 server2
ipa-replica-manage connect server1 server2
If only one server is given, the replication agreements are created between the local host and the specified server.
For example:
ipa-replica-manage connect srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage connect srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
Replication occurs over standard LDAP; to enable SSL, then include the CA certificate for the local host (or the specified server1). The CA certificate is then installed in the remote server's certificate database to enable TLS/SSL connections. For example:
ipa-replica-manage connect --cacert=/etc/ipa/ca.crt srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage connect --cacert=/etc/ipa/ca.crt srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
To remove a replication agreement between specific servers/replicas, use the
disconnect command:
ipa-replica-manage disconnect srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage disconnect srv2.example.com srv4.example.com
Using the
disconnect command removes that one replication agreement but leaves both the server/replica instances in the overall replication topology. To remove a server entirely from the IdM replication topology, with all its data, (and, functionally, removing it from the IdM domain as a server), use the del command:
ipa-replica-manage del srv2.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage del srv2.example.com28.5.3. Forcing Replication
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Replication between servers and replicas occurs on a schedule. Although replication is frequent, there can be times when it is necessary to initiate the replication operation manually. For example, if a server is being taken offline for maintenance, it is necessary to flush all of the queued replication changes out of its changelog before taking it down.
To initiate a replication update manually, use the
force-sync command. The server which receives the update is the local server; the server which sends the updates is specified in the --from option.
ipa-replica-manage force-sync --from srv1.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage force-sync --from srv1.example.com28.5.4. Reinitializing IdM Servers
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When a replica is first created, the database of the master server is copied, completely, over to the replica database. This process is called initialization. If a server/replica is offline for a long period of time or there is some kind of corruption in its database, then the server can be re-initialized, with a fresh and updated set of data.
This is done using the
re-initialize command. The target server being initialized is the local host. The server or replica from which to pull the data to initialize the local database is specified in the --from option:
ipa-replica-manage re-initialize --from srv1.example.com
[root@server ~]# ipa-replica-manage re-initialize --from srv1.example.com28.5.5. Resolving Replication Conflicts
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Changes — both for IdM domain data and for certificate and key data — are replicated between IdM servers and replicas (and, in similar paths, between IdM and Active Directory servers).
Even though replication operations are run continuously, there is a chance that changes can be made on one IdM server at the same time different changes are made to the same entry on a different IdM server. When replication begins to process those entries, the changes collide — this is a replication conflict.
Every single directory modify operation is assigned a server-specific change state number (CSN) to track how those modifications are propagated during replication. The CSN also contains a modify timestamp. When there is a replication conflict, the timestamp is checked and the last change wins.
Simply accepting the most recent change is effective for resolving conflicts with attribute values. That method is too blunt for some types of operations, however, which affect the directory tree. Some operations, like modrdn, DN changes, or adding or removing parent and child entries, require administrator review before the conflict is resolved.
Note
Replication conflicts are resolved by editing the entries directory in the LDAP database.
When there is a replication conflict, both entries are added to the directory and are assigned a
nsds5ReplConflict attribute. This makes it easy to search for entries with a conflict:
ldapsearch -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w password -b "dc=example,dc=com" "nsds5ReplConflict=*" \* nsds5ReplConflict
ldapsearch -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w password -b "dc=example,dc=com" "nsds5ReplConflict=*" \* nsds5ReplConflict28.5.5.1. Solving Naming Conflicts
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When two entries are added to the IdM domain with the same DN, both entries are added to the directory, but they are renamed to use the
nsuniqueid attribute as a naming attribute. For example:
nsuniqueid=0a950601-435311e0-86a2f5bd-3cd26022+uid=jsmith,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com
nsuniqueid=0a950601-435311e0-86a2f5bd-3cd26022+uid=jsmith,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com
Those entries can be searched for and displayed in the IdM CLI, but they cannot be edited or deleted until the conflict is resolved and the DN is updated.
To resolve the conflict:
- Rename the entry using a different naming attribute, and keep the old RDN. For example:
ldapmodify -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389 dn: nsuniqueid=66446001-1dd211b2+uid=jsmith,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com changetype: modrdn newrdn: cn=TempValue deleteoldrdn: 0
ldapmodify -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389 dn: nsuniqueid=66446001-1dd211b2+uid=jsmith,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com changetype: modrdn newrdn: cn=TempValue deleteoldrdn: 0Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Remove the old RDN value of the naming attribute and the conflict marker attribute. For example:
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
The unique identifier attributensuniqueidcannot be deleted. - Rename the entry with the intended attribute-value pair. For example:
ldapmodify -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389 dn: cn=TempValue,dc=example,dc=com changetype: modrdn newrdn: uid=jsmith deleteoldrdn: 1
ldapmodify -x -D "cn=directory manager" -w secret -h ipaserver.example.com -p 389 dn: cn=TempValue,dc=example,dc=com changetype: modrdn newrdn: uid=jsmith deleteoldrdn: 1Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Setting the value of thedeleteoldrdnattribute to1deletes the temporary attribute-value paircn=TempValue. To keep this attribute, set the value of thedeleteoldrdnattribute to0.
28.5.5.2. Solving Orphan Entry Conflicts
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When a delete operation is replicated and the consumer server finds that the entry to be deleted has child entries, the conflict resolution procedure creates a
glue entry to avoid having orphaned entries in the directory.
In the same way, when an add operation is replicated and the consumer server cannot find the parent entry, the conflict resolution procedure creates a glue entry representing the parent so that the new entry is not an orphan entry.
Glue entries are temporary entries that include the object classes
glue and extensibleObject. Glue entries can be created in several ways:
- If the conflict resolution procedure finds a deleted entry with a matching unique identifier, the glue entry is a resurrection of that entry, with the addition of the
glueobject class and thensds5ReplConflictattribute.In such cases, either modify the glue entry to remove theglueobject class and thensds5ReplConflictattribute to keep the entry as a normal entry or delete the glue entry and its child entries. - The server creates a minimalistic entry with the
glueandextensibleObjectobject classes.
In such cases, modify the entry to turn it into a meaningful entry or delete it and all of its child entries.
28.6. Removing a Replica
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Deleting or demoting a replica removes the IdM replica from the server/replica topology so that it no longer processes IdM requests and it also removes the host machine itself from the IdM domain.
- On an IdM server, obtain a Kerberos ticket before running IdM tools.
kinit admin
[root@replica ~]# kinit adminCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - List all of the configured replication agreements for the IdM domain.
Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Removing the replica from the topology involves deleting all the agreements between the replica and the other servers in the IdM domain and all of the data about the replica in the domain configuration.
ipa-replica-manage del replica.example.com
[root@replica ~]# ipa-replica-manage del replica.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - If the replica was configured with its own CA, then also use the
ipa-csreplica-managecommand to remove all of the replication agreements between the certificate databases for the replica.This is required if the replica itself was configured with a Dogtag Certificate System CA. It is not required if only the master server or other replicas were configured with a CA.ipa-csreplica-manage del replica.example.com
[root@replica ~]# ipa-csreplica-manage del replica.example.comCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - On the replica, uninstall the replica packages.
ipa-server-install --uninstall -U
[root@replica ~]# ipa-server-install --uninstall -UCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow
28.7. Renaming a Server or Replica Host System
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There is no way to change the hostname for an IdM server or replica machine. The Kerberos keys and certificate management is too complex to allow the hostname to change.
Rather, if a server or replica needs to be renamed, it is easier to replace the instance.
- Create a new replica, with a CA, with the new hostname or IP address. This is described in Chapter 4, Setting up IdM Replicas.
- Stop the original IdM server instance.
ipactl stop
[root@oldserver ~]# ipactl stopCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Verify that all other servers/replicas and clients are working as before.
- Uninstall the IdM server, as in Chapter 7, Uninstalling IdM Servers and Replicas
[9]
The only exception to this is if system certificates are manually loaded during the installation for a CA-less installation. Otherwise, a Dogtag Certificate System instance is installed and configured.
Chapter 29. Migrating from an LDAP Directory to IdM
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When an infrastructure has previously deployed an LDAP server for authentication and identity lookups, it is possible to migrate the user data, including passwords, to a new Identity Management instance, without losing user or password data.
Identity Management has migration tools to help move directory data and only requires minimal updates to clients. However, the migration process assumes a simple deployment scenario (one LDAP namespace to one IdM namespace). For more complex environments, such as ones with multiple namespaces or custom schema, contact Red Hat support services for assistance.
Identity Management has migration tools to help move directory data and only requires minimal updates to clients. However, the migration process assumes a very simple deployment scenario (one LDAP directory namespace to one IdM namespace).
29.1. An Overview of LDAP to IdM Migration
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The actual migration part of moving from an LDAP server to Identity Management — the process of moving the data from one server to the other — is fairly straightforward. The process is simple: move data, move passwords, and move clients.
The crucial part of migration is not data migration; it is deciding how clients are going to be configured to use Identity Management. For each client in the infrastructure, you need to decide what services (such as Kerberos and SSSD) are being used and what services can be used in the final, IdM deployment.
A secondary, but significant, consideration is planning how to migrate passwords. Identity Management requires Kerberos hashes for every user account in addition to passwords. Some of the considerations and migration paths for passwords are covered in Section 29.1.2, “Planning Password Migration”.
29.1.1. Planning the Client Configuration
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Identity Management can support a number of different client configurations, with varying degrees of functionality, flexibility, and security. Decide which configuration is best for each individual client based on its operating system, functional area (such as development machines, production servers, or user laptops), and your IT maintenance priorities.
Important
The different client configurations are not mutually exclusive. Most environments will have a mix of different ways that clients use to connect to the IdM domain. Administrators must decide which scenario is best for each individual client.
29.1.1.1. Initial Client Configuration (Pre-Migration)
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Before deciding where you want to go with the client configuration in Identity Management, first establish where you are before the migration.
The initial state for almost all LDAP deployments that will be migrated is that there is an LDAP service providing identity and authentication services.
Figure 29.1. Basic LDAP Directory and Client Configuration
Linux and Unix clients use PAM_LDAP and NSS_LDAP libraries to connect directly to the LDAP services. These libraries allow clients to retrieve user information from the LDAP directory as if the data were stored in
/etc/passwd or /etc/shadow. (In real life, the infrastructure may be more complex if a client uses LDAP for identity lookups and Kerberos for authentication or other configurations.)
There are structural differences between an LDAP directory and an IdM server, particularly in schema support and the structure of the directory tree. (For more background on those differences, see Section 1.1, “IdM v. LDAP: A More Focused Type of Service”.) While those differences may impact data (especially with the directory tree, which affects entry names), they have little impact on the client configuration, so it really has little impact on migrating clients to Identity Management.
29.1.1.2. Recommended Configuration for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Clients
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux has a service called the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD). SSSD uses special PAM and NSS libraries (
pam_sss and nss_sss, respectively) which allow SSSD to be integrated very closely with Identity Management and leverage the full authentication and identity features in Identity Management. SSSD has a number of useful features, like caching identity information so that users can log in even if the connection is lost to the central server; these are described in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
Unlike generic LDAP directory services (using
pam_ldap and nss_ldap), SSSD establishes relationships between identity and authentication information by defining domains. A domain in SSSD defines four backend functions: authentication, identity lookups, access, and password changes. The SSSD domain is then configured to use a provider to supply the information for any one (or all) of those four functions. An identity provider is always required in the domain configuration. The other three providers are optional; if an authentication, access, or password provider is not defined, then the identity provider is used for that function.
SSSD can use Identity Management for all of its backend functions. This is the ideal configuration because it provides the full range of Identity Management functionality, unlike generic LDAP identity providers or Kerberos authentication. For example, during daily operation, SSSD enforces host-based access control rules and security features in Identity Management.
Note
During the migration process from an LDAP directory to Identity Management, SSSD can seamlessly migrate user passwords without additional user interaction.
Figure 29.2. Clients and SSSD with an IdM Backend
The
ipa-client-install script automatically configured SSSD to use IdM for all four of its backend services, so Red Hat Enterprise Linux clients are set up with the recommended configuration by default.
Note
This client configuration is only supported for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1 and later and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.7 later, which support the latest versions of SSSD and
ipa-client. Older versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux can be configured as described in Section 29.1.1.3, “Alternative Supported Configuration”.
Note
This client configuration is only supported for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 15 and later, which supports the latest versions of SSSD and
ipa-client. Older versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux can be configured as described in Section 29.1.1.3, “Alternative Supported Configuration”.
29.1.1.3. Alternative Supported Configuration
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Unix and Linux systems such as Mac, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, and Scientific Linux support all of the services that IdM manages but do not use SSSD. Likewise, older Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions (6.1 and 5.6) support SSSD but have an older version, which does not support IdM as an identity provider.
Unix and Linux systems such as Mac, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, and Scientific Linux support all of the services that IdM manages but do not use SSSD. Likewise, older Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions (15) support SSSD but have an older version, which does not support IdM as an identity provider.
When it is not possible to use a modern version of SSSD on a system, then clients can be configured to connect to the IdM server as if it were an LDAP directory service for identity lookups (using
nss_ldap) and to IdM as if it were a regular Kerberos KDC (using pam_krb5).
Figure 29.3. Clients and IdM with LDAP and Kerberos
If a Red Hat Enterprise Linux client is using an older version of SSSD, SSSD can still be configured to use the IdM server as its identity provider and its Kerberos authentication domain; this is described in the SSSD configuration section of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
Any IdM domain client can be configured to use
nss_ldap and pam_krb5 to connect to the IdM server. For some maintenance situations and IT structures, a scenario that fits the lowest common denominator may be required, using LDAP for both identity and authentication (nss_ldap and pam_ldap). However, it is generally best practice to use the most secure configuration possible for a client (meaning SSSD and Kerberos or LDAP and Kerberos).
29.1.2. Planning Password Migration
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Probably the most visible issue that can impact LDAP-to-Identity Management migration is migrating user passwords.
Identity Management (by default) uses Kerberos for authentication and requires that each user has Kerberos hashes stored in the Identity Management Directory Server in addition to the standard user passwords. To generate these hashes, the user password needs to be available to the IdM server in cleartext. This is the case when the user is created in Identity Management. However, when the user is migrated from an LDAP directory, the associated user password is already hashed, so the corresponding Kerberos key cannot be generated.
Important
Users cannot authenticate to the IdM domain or access IdM resources until they have Kerberos hashes.
If a user does not have a Kerberos hash[10], that user cannot log into the IdM domain even if he has a user account. There are three options for migrating passwords: forcing a password change, using a web page, and using SSSD.
Migrating users from an existing system provides a smoother transition but also requires parallel management of LDAP directory and IdM during the migration and transition process. If you do not preserve passwords, the migration can be performed more quickly but it requires more manual work by administrators and users.
29.1.2.1. Method 1: Using Temporary Passwords and Requiring a Change
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When passwords are changed in Identity Management, they will be created with the appropriate Kerberos hashes. So one alternative for administrators is to force users to change their passwords by resetting all user passwords when user accounts are migrated. (This can also be done simply by re-creating the LDAP directory accounts in IdM, which automatically creates accounts with the appropriate keys.) The new users are assigned a temporary password which they change at the first login. No passwords are migrated.
29.1.2.2. Method 2: Using the Migration Web Page
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When it is running in migration mode, Identity Management has a special web page in its web UI that will capture a cleartext password and create the appropriate Kerberos hash.
https://ipaserver.example.com/ipa/migration
https://ipaserver.example.com/ipa/migration
Administrators could tell users to authenticate once to this web page, which would properly update their user accounts with their password and corresponding Kerberos hash, without requiring password changes.
29.1.2.3. Method 3: Using SSSD (Recommended)
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SSSD can work with IdM to mitigate the user impact on migrating by generating the required user keys. For deployments with a lot of users or where users shouldn't be burdened with password changes, this is the best scenario.
- A user tries to log into a machine with SSSD.
- SSSD attempts to perform Kerberos authentication against the IdM server.
- Even though the user exists in the system, the authentication will fail with the error key type is not supported because the Kerberos hashes do not yet exist.
- SSSD then performs a plaintext LDAP bind over a secure connection.
- IdM intercepts this bind request. If the user has a Kerberos principal but no Kerberos hashes, then the IdM identity provider generates the hashes and stores them in the user entry.
- If authentication is successful, SSSD disconnects from IdM and tries Kerberos authentication again. This time, the request succeeds because the hash exists in the entry.
That entire process is entirely transparent to the user; as far as users known, they simply log into a client service and it works as normal.
29.1.2.4. Migrating Cleartext LDAP Passwords
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Although in most deployments LDAP passwords are stored encrypted, there may be some users or some environments that use cleartext passwords for user entries.
When users are migrated from the LDAP server to the IdM server, their cleartext passwords are not migrated over. Identity Management does not allow cleartext passwords. Instead, a Kerberos principle is created for the user, the keytab is set to true, and the password is set as expired. This means that Identity Management requires the user to reset the password at the next login.
Note
If passwords are hashed, the password is successfully migrated through SSSD and the migration web page, as in Section 29.1.2.3, “Method 3: Using SSSD (Recommended)”.
29.1.2.5. Automatically Resetting Passwords That Do Not Meet Requirements
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If user passwords in the original directory do not meet the password policies defined in Identity Management, then the passwords must be reset after migration.
Password resets are done automatically the first time the users attempts to
kinit into the IdM domain.
kinit
[jsmith@server ~]$ kinit
Password for jsmith@EXAMPLE.COM:
Password expired. You must change it now.
Enter new password:
Enter it again:29.1.3. Migration Considerations and Requirements
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As you are planning migrating from an LDAP server to Identity Management, make sure that your LDAP environment is able to work with the Identity Management migration script.
29.1.3.1. LDAP Servers Supported for Migration
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The migration process from an LDAP server to Identity Management uses a special script,
ipa migrate-ds, to perform the migration. This script has certain expectations about the structure of the LDAP directory and LDAP entries in order to work. Migration is supported only for LDAPv3-compliant directory services, which include several common directories:
- SunONE Directory Server
- Apache Directory Server
- OpenLDAP
Migration from an LDAP server to Identity Management has been tested with Red Hat Directory Server.
Note
Migration using the migration script is not supported for Microsoft Active Directory because it is not an LDAPv3-compliant directory. For assistance with migrating from Active Directory, contact Red Hat Professional Services.
Note
Migration using the migration script is not supported for Microsoft Active Directory because it is not an LDAPv3-compliant directory.
29.1.3.2. Migration Environment Requirements
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There are many different possible configuration scenarios for both Red Hat Directory Server and Identity Management, and any of those scenarios may affect the migration process. For the example migration procedures in this chapter, these are the assumptions about the environment:
- A single LDAP directory domain is being migrated to one IdM realm. No consolidation is involved.
- User passwords are stored as a hash in the LDAP directory that the IdM Directory Server can support.
- The LDAP directory instance is both the identity store and the authentication method. Client machines are configured to use
pam_ldapornss_ldapto connect to the LDAP server. - Entries use only standard LDAP schema. Custom attributes will not be migrated to Identity Management.
29.1.3.3. Migration Tools
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Identity Management uses a specific command,
ipa migrate-ds, to drive the migration process so that LDAP directory data are properly formatted and imported cleanly into the IdM server.
The Identity Management server must be configured to run in migration mode, and then the migration script can be used.
29.1.3.4. Migration Sequence
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There are four major steps when migrating to Identity Management, but the order varies slightly depending on whether you want to migrate the server first or the clients first.
With a client-based migration, SSSD is used to change the client configuration while an IdM server is configured:
- Deploy SSSD.
- Reconfigure clients to connect to the current LDAP server and then fail over to IdM.
- Install the IdM server.
- Migrate the user data using the IdM
ipa migrate-dsscript. This exports the data from the LDAP directory, formats for the IdM schema, and then imports it into IdM. - Take the LDAP server offline and allow clients to fail over to Identity Management transparently.
With a server migration, the LDAP to Identity Management migration comes first:
- Install the IdM server.
- Migrate the user data using the IdM
ipa migrate-dsscript. This exports the data from the LDAP directory, formats it for the IdM schema, and then imports it into IdM. - Optional. Deploy SSSD.
- Reconfigure clients to connect to IdM. It is not possible to simply replace the LDAP server. The IdM directory tree — and therefore user entry DNs — is different than the previous directory tree.While it is required that clients be reconfigured, clients do not need to be reconfigured immediately. Updated clients can point to the IdM server while other clients point to the old LDAP directory, allowing a reasonable testing and transition phase after the data are migrated.
Note
Do not run both an LDAP directory service and the IdM server for very long in parallel. This introduces the risk of user data being inconsistent between the two services.
Both processes provide a general migration procedure, but it may not work in every environment. Set up a test LDAP environment and test the migration process before attempting to migrate the real LDAP environment.
29.2. Examples for Using migrate-ds
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The data migration is performed with the
ipa migrate-ds command. At its simplest, the command takes the LDAP URL of the directory to migrate and exports the data based on common default settings.
ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389
ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389
It is possible to customize how the
migrate-ds commands identifies and exports data. This is useful if the original directory tree has a unique structure or if some entries or attributes within entries should be excluded from migration.
29.2.1. Migrating Specific Subtrees
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The default directory structure places person entries in the
ou=People subtree and group entries in the ou=Groups subtree. These subtrees are container entries for those different types of directory data. If no options are passed with the migrate-ds command, then the utility assumes that the given LDAP directory uses the ou=People and ou=Groups structure.
Many deployments may have an entirely different directory structure (or may only want to export certain parts of the directory tree). There are two options which allow administrators to give the RDN of a different user or group subtree:
--user-container--group-container
Note
In both cases, the subtree must be the RDN only and must be relative to the base DN. For example, the
ou=Employees,dc=example,dc=com subtree can be migrated using --user-container=ou=Employees, but ou=Employees,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com cannot be migrated with that option because ou=Employees is not a direct child of the base DN.
For example:
ipa migrate-ds --user-container=ou=employees --group-container="ou=employee groups" ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --user-container=ou=employees --group-container="ou=employee groups" ldap://ldap.example.com:389
There is a third option that allows administrators to set a base DN for migration:
--base-dn. With this option, it is possible to change the target for container subtrees. For example:
ipa migrate-ds --user-container=ou=employees --base-dn="ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --user-container=ou=employees --base-dn="ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" ldap://ldap.example.com:389
Now, the
ou=Employees user subtree can be migrated from within the larger ou=People subtree without migrating every people-related subtree.
29.2.2. Specifically Including or Excluding Entries
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By default, the
migrate-ds script exports every user entry with the person object class and every group entry within the given user and group subtrees.
In some migration paths, only specific types of users and groups may need to be exported, or, conversely, specific users and groups may need to be excluded.
On option is to set positively which types of users and groups to include. This is done by setting which object classes to search for when looking for user or group entries.
This is a really useful option when there are custom object classes used in an environment for different user types. For example, this migrates only users with the custom
fullTimeEmployee object class:
ipa migrate-ds --user-objectclass=fullTimeEmployee ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --user-objectclass=fullTimeEmployee ldap://ldap.example.com:389
Because of the different types of groups, this is also very useful for migrating only certain types of groups (such as user groups) while excluding other types of groups, like certificate groups. For example:
ipa migrate-ds --group-objectclass=groupOfNames,groupOfUniqueNames ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --group-objectclass=groupOfNames,groupOfUniqueNames ldap://ldap.example.com:389
Positively specifying user and groups to migrate based on object class implicitly excludes all other users and groups from migration.
Alternatively, it can be useful to migrate all user and group entries except for just a small handful of entries. Specific user or group accounts can be excluded while all others of that type are migrated. For example, this excludes a hobbies group and two users:
ipa migrate-ds --exclude-groups="Golfers Group" --exclude-users=jsmith,bjensen ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --exclude-groups="Golfers Group" --exclude-users=jsmith,bjensen ldap://ldap.example.com:389
Specifying an object class to migrate can be used together with excluding specific entries. For example, this specifically includes users with the
fullTimeEmployee object class, yet excludes three managers:
ipa migrate-ds --user-objectclass=fullTimeEmployee --exclude-users=jsmith,bjensen,mreynolds ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --user-objectclass=fullTimeEmployee --exclude-users=jsmith,bjensen,mreynolds ldap://ldap.example.com:38929.2.3. Excluding Entry Attributes
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By default, every attribute and object class for a user or group entry is migrated. There are some cases where that may not be realistic, either because of bandwidth and network constraints or because the attribute data are no longer relevant. For example, if users are going to be assigned new user certificates as they join the IdM domain, then there is no reason to migrate the
userCertificate attribute.
Specific object classes and attributes can be ignored by the
migrate-ds by using any of several different options:
--user-ignore-objectclass--user-ignore-attribute--group-ignore-objectclass--group-ignore-attribute
For example, to exclude the
userCertificate attribute and strongAuthenticationUser object class for users and the groupOfCertificates object class for groups:
ipa migrate-ds --user-ignore-attribute=userCertificate --user-ignore-objectclass=strongAuthenticationUser --group-ignore-objectclass=groupOfCertificates ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --user-ignore-attribute=userCertificate --user-ignore-objectclass=strongAuthenticationUser --group-ignore-objectclass=groupOfCertificates ldap://ldap.example.com:389Note
Make sure not to ignore any required attributes. Also, when excluding object classes, make sure to exclude any attributes which are only supported by that object class.
29.2.4. Setting the Schema to Use
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By default, Identity Management uses RFC2307bis schema to define user, host, hostgroup, and other network identities. This schema option can be reset to use RFC2307 schema instead:
ipa migrate-ds --schema=RFC2307 ldap://ldap.example.com:389
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa migrate-ds --schema=RFC2307 ldap://ldap.example.com:38929.3. Scenario 1: Using SSSD as Part of Migration
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Important
This is a general migration procedure, but it may not work in every environment.
It is strongly recommended that you set up a test LDAP environment and test the migration process before attempting to migrate the real LDAP environment.
- Set up SSSD. Using SSSD allows the required Kerberos keys and server certificates to be delivered to the clients.
- Install SSSD on every client machine:
yum install sssd
# yum install sssdCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Configure an LDAP identity provider in SSSD to use the existing Directory Server for all functions (authentication, identity lookups, access, and password changes). This ensures every client works properly with the existing directory service.
- Install Identity Management, including any custom LDAP directory schema[11], on a different machine from the existing LDAP directory.
- Enable the IdM server to allow migration:
ipa config-mod --enable-migration=TRUE
# ipa config-mod --enable-migration=TRUECopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Disable the compat plug-in.
ipa-compat-manage disable
# ipa-compat-manage disableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the IdM Directory Server instance.
service dirsrv restart
# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Run the IdM migration script,
ipa migrate-ds. At its most basic, this requires only the LDAP URL of the LDAP directory instance to migrate:ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389
# ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Simply passing the LDAP URL migrates all of the directory data using common default settings. The user and group data can be selectively migrated by specifying other options, as covered in Section 29.2, “Examples for Using migrate-ds”.Once the information is exported, the script adds all required IdM object classes and attributes and converts DNs in attributes to match the IdM directory tree. - Re-enable the compat plug-in.
ipa-compat-manage enable
# ipa-compat-manage enableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the IdM Directory Server instance.
service dirsrv restart
# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Move clients that have SSSD installed from the LDAP backend to the Identity Management backend and enroll them as client with IdM. This downloads the required keys and certificates.On Red Hat Enterprise Linux clients, this can be done using the
ipa-client-installcommand. For example:ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updates
# ipa-client-install --enable-dns-updatesCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Have users log into a machine with SSSD and Identity Management backend. This generates the required Kerberos keys for the user.To monitor the user migration process, query the existing LDAP directory to see which user accounts have a password but do not yet have a Kerberos principal key.
ldapsearch -LL -x -D 'cn=Directory Manager' -w secret -b 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com' '(&(!(krbprincipalkey=*))(userpassword=*))' uid
$ ldapsearch -LL -x -D 'cn=Directory Manager' -w secret -b 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com' '(&(!(krbprincipalkey=*))(userpassword=*))' uidCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Note
Include the quotes around the filter so that it is not interpreted by the shell. - Once users have been migrated over, configure non-SSSD clients to use the IdM domain, as required.
- When the migration of all clients and users is complete, decommission the LDAP directory.
29.4. Scenario 2: Migrating an LDAP Server Directly to Identity Management
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Important
This is a general migration procedure, but it may not work in every environment.
It is strongly recommended that you set up a test LDAP environment and test the migration process before attempting to migrate the real LDAP environment.
- Install the IdM server, including any custom LDAP directory schema[12], on a different machine from the existing LDAP directory.
- Disable the compat plug-in.
ipa-compat-manage disable
# ipa-compat-manage disableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the IdM Directory Server instance.
service dirsrv restart
# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Enable the IdM server to allow migration:
ipa config-mod --enable-migration=TRUE
# ipa config-mod --enable-migration=TRUECopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Run the IdM migration script,
ipa migrate-ds. At its most basic, this requires only the LDAP URL of the LDAP directory instance to migrate:ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389
# ipa migrate-ds ldap://ldap.example.com:389Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow Simply passing the LDAP URL migrates all of the directory data using common default settings. The user and group data can be selectively migrated by specifying other options, as covered in Section 29.2, “Examples for Using migrate-ds”.Once the information is exported, the script adds all required IdM object classes and attributes and converts DNs in attributes to match the IdM directory tree. - Re-enable the compat plug-in.
ipa-compat-manage enable
# ipa-compat-manage enableCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the IdM Directory Server instance.
service dirsrv restart
# service dirsrv restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Update the client configuration to use PAM_LDAP and NSS_LDAP to connect to IdM instead of connecting to an LDAP directory, NIS, or local files.
- Optional. Set up SSSD. Using SSSD migrates user passwords without additional user interaction, as described in Section 29.1.2, “Planning Password Migration”.
- Install SSSD on every client machine:
yum install sssd
# yum install sssdCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Run the
ipa-client-installto configure SSSD and related services to use the IdM server for identity and Kerberos authentication.
- Instruct users to log into IdM using either SSSD client or the migration web page if SSSD is not available on the client. Both methods automatically migrate the user password into Identity Management.
https://ipaserver.example.com/ipa/migration
https://ipaserver.example.com/ipa/migrationCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Optional. Reconfigure non-SSSD clients to use Kerberos authentication (
pam_krb5) instead of LDAP authentication (pam_ldap).Note
Use PAM_LDAP modules until all of the users have been migrated; then it is possible to use PAM_KRB5. - When the migration of all clients and users is complete, decommission the LDAP directory.
[10]
It is possible to use LDAP authentication in Identity Management instead of Kerberos authentication, which means that Kerberos hashes are not required for users. However, this limits the capabilities of Identity Management and is not recommended.
[11]
There is limited support for custom user and group schema in Identity Management.
[12]
There is limited support for custom user and group schema in Identity Management.
Appendix A. Troubleshooting Identity Management
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A.1. Installation Issues
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A.1.1. Server Installation
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The server installation log is located in
/var/log/ipaserver-install.log. The IdM logs, both for the server and for IdM-associated services, are covered in Section 28.1.4, “Checking IdM Server Logs”.
A.1.1.1. GSS Failures When Running IPA Commands
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Immediately after installation, there can be Kerberos problems when trying to run an
ipa-* command. For example:
ipa: ERROR: Kerberos error: ('Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information', 851968)/('Decrypt integrity check failed', -1765328353)
ipa: ERROR: Kerberos error: ('Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information', 851968)/('Decrypt integrity check failed', -1765328353)
There are two potential causes for this:
- DNS is not properly configured.
- Active Directory is in the same domain as the IdM server.
A.1.1.2. named Daemon Fails to Start
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If an IdM server is configured to manage DNS and is set up successfully, but the
named service fails to start, this can indicate that there is a package conflict. Check the /var/log/messages file for error messages related to the named service and the ldap.so library:
ipaserver named[6886]: failed to dynamically load driver 'ldap.so': libldap-2.4.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
ipaserver named[6886]: failed to dynamically load driver 'ldap.so': libldap-2.4.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
This usually means that the bind-chroot package is installed and is preventing the
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named service from starting. To resolve this issue, remove the bind-chroot package and then restart the IdM server.
yum remove bind-chroot
[root@server ~]# yum remove bind-chroot
# ipactl restartA.1.2. Replica Installation
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A.1.2.1. Certificate System setup failed.
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If the replica installation fails on step 3 ([3/11]: configuring certificate server instance), that usually means that the required port is not available. This can be verified by checking the debug logs for the CA,
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/var/log/pki-ca/debug, which may show error messages about being unable to find certain entries. For example:
[04/Feb/2016:22:29:03][http-9445-Processor25]: DatabasePanel comparetAndWaitEntries ou=people,o=ipaca not found, let's wait
[04/Feb/2016:22:29:03][http-9445-Processor25]: DatabasePanel
comparetAndWaitEntries ou=people,o=ipaca not found, let's wait
The only resolution is to uninstall the replica:
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ipa-server-install --uninstall
[root@ipareplica ~]# ipa-server-install --uninstall
After uninstalling the replica, ensure that port 7389 on the replica is available, and retry the replica installation.
A.1.2.2. There are SASL, GSS-API, and Kerberos errors in the 389 Directory Server logs when the replica starts.
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When the replica starts, there can be a series of SASL bind errors recorded in the 389 Directory Server logs stating that the GSS-API connection failed because it could not find a credentials cache:
slapd_ldap_sasl_interactive_bind - Error: could not perform interactive bind for id [] mech [GSSAPI]: error -2 (Local error) (SASL(-1): generic failure: GSSAPI Error: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information (Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_496' not found)) ...
slapd_ldap_sasl_interactive_bind - Error: could not perform interactive bind for id [] mech [GSSAPI]: error -2 (Local error) (SASL(-1): generic failure: GSSAPI Error: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information (Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_496' not found)) ...
The replica is looking for a credentials cache in
/tmp/krb5cc_496 (where 496 is the 389 Directory Server user ID) and cannot find it.
There may also be messages that the server could not obtain Kerberos credentials for the host principal:
set_krb5_creds - Could not get initial credentials for principal [ldap/ replica1.example.com] in keytab [WRFILE:/etc/dirsrv/ds.keytab]: -1765328324 (Generic error)
set_krb5_creds - Could not get initial credentials for principal [ldap/ replica1.example.com] in keytab [WRFILE:/etc/dirsrv/ds.keytab]: -1765328324 (Generic error)
These errors are both related to how and when the 389 Directory Server instance loads its Kerberos credentials cache.
While 389 Directory Server itself supports multiple different authentication mechanisms, Identity Management only uses GSS-API for Kerberos connections. The 389 Directory Server instance for Identity Management keeps its Kerberos credentials cache in memory. When the 389 Directory Server process ends — like when the IdM replica is stopped — the credentials cache is destroyed.
Also, the 389 Directory Server is used as the backend storage for the principal information for the KDC.
When the replica then restarts, the 389 Directory Server instance starts first, since it supplies information for the KDC, and then the KDC server starts. This start order is what causes the GSS-API and Kerberos connection errors.
The 389 Directory Server attempts to open a GSS-API connection, but since there is no credentials cache yet and the KDC is not started, the GSS connection fails. Likewise, any attempt to obtain the host credentials also fails.
These errors are transient. The 389 Directory Server re-attempts the GSS-API connection after the KDC starts and it has a credentials cache. The 389 Directory Server logs then record a
bind resumed message.
These startup GSS-API connection failures can be ignored as long as that connection is successfully established.
A.1.2.3. The DNS forward record does not match the reverse address
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When configuring a new replica, installation can fail with a series of certificate errors and, ultimately an error that the DNS forward and reverse records do not match.
The hostname for every server and replica in the IdM domain must be fully resolvable for both DNS forward (A) and reverse (PTR) records. Both forward and reverse records are checked during authentication and certificate-related operations. If the hostnames in the records do not match, then both certificate errors and DNS errors are returned.
This problem can occur if multiple hostnames are used for a single PTR record. This is allowed in the DNS standard, but it creates problems during IdM replica creation when it attempts to configure services.
Ensure the primary hostname for the replica host is the only one returned for PTR lookups and remove any duplicate or additional hostnames.
Verifying the DNS A and PTR records is covered in Section 2.4.1, “DNS Records”.
A.1.3. Client Installations
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For clients configured using
ipa-client-install, the client installation log is located in /var/log/ipaclient-install.log. The IdM logs, both for the server and client and for IdM-associated services, are covered in Section 28.1.4, “Checking IdM Server Logs”.
These are some issues and workarounds for client installation problems.
A.1.3.1. The client can't resolve reverse hostnames when using an external DNS.
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While IdM can host its own DNS server as part of the domain services, it can also use external DNS name server. However, because of some of the limitations of reverse DNS, there can be problems with resolving reverse lookups if the external DNS is listed in the client's
/etc/resolv.conf file or if there are other resources on the network with SRV records, like Active Directory.
The problem is that the external DNS name server returns the wrong hostname for the IdM server.
One way this exhibits is errors with finding the IdM server in the Kerberos database:
Jun 30 11:11:48 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): AS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: NEEDED_PREAUTH: admin EXAMPLE COM for krbtgt/EXAMPLE COM EXAMPLE COM, Additional pre-authentication required
Jun 30 11:11:48 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): AS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: ISSUE: authtime 1309425108, etypes {rep=18 tkt=18 ses=18}, admin EXAMPLE COM for krbtgt/EXAMPLE COM EXAMPLE COM
Jun 30 11:11:49 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): TGS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, admin EXAMPLE COM for HTTP/server1.wrong.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM, Server not found in Kerberos database
Jun 30 11:11:48 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): AS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: NEEDED_PREAUTH: admin EXAMPLE COM for krbtgt/EXAMPLE COM EXAMPLE COM, Additional pre-authentication required
Jun 30 11:11:48 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): AS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: ISSUE: authtime 1309425108, etypes {rep=18 tkt=18 ses=18}, admin EXAMPLE COM for krbtgt/EXAMPLE COM EXAMPLE COM
Jun 30 11:11:49 server1 krb5kdc[1279](info): TGS_REQ (4 etypes {18 17 16 23}) 192.168.60.135: UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, admin EXAMPLE COM for HTTP/server1.wrong.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM, Server not found in Kerberos database
There are several ways to work around this issue:
- Edit the
/etc/resolv.conffile to remove the external DNS name server references. - Add reverse lookup records for each IdM server.
- Give the IdM client or domain a subnet and forward all requests for that subnet.
A.1.3.2. The client is not added to the DNS zone.
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If a client is in a subnet not controlled by an IdM DNS server, then the
nsupdate command may fail to add the client to the DNS zone when ipa-client-install runs.
If IdM is managing the DNS domain, then add a zone entry for the client manually, as described in Section 17.7, “Managing DNS Record Entries”. For example:
kinit admin ipa dnsrecord-add ipaclient.example.com www --a-rec 1.2.3.4
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ kinit admin
[jsmith@ipaserver ~]$ ipa dnsrecord-add ipaclient.example.com www --a-rec 1.2.3.4
If the DNS domain is managed outside of IdM, the resource record can be added manually to the zone configuration. For information on DNS in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, see the DNS chapter in the Deployment Guide.
A.1.4. Uninstalling an IdM Client
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For Red Hat Enterprise Linux clients, the
ipa-client-install utility can be used to uninstall the client and remove it from the IdM domain. To remove the client, use the --uninstall option.
ipa-client-install --uninstall
# ipa-client-install --uninstallNote
There is an uninstall option with the
ipa-join command. This is called by ipa-client-install --uninstall as part of the uninstallation process. However, while the ipa-join option removes the client from the domain, it does not actually uninstall the client or properly remove all of the IdM-related configuration. Do not run ipa-join -u to attempt to uninstall the IdM client. The only way to uninstall a client completely is to use ipa-client-install --uninstall.
A.2. UI Connection Problems
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If negotiate authentication is not working, turn on verbose logging for the authentication process to help diagnose the issue:
- Close all browser windows.
- In a terminal, set the new log levels for Firefox:
export NSPR_LOG_MODULES=negotiateauth:5 export NSPR_LOG_FILE=/tmp/moz.log
export NSPR_LOG_MODULES=negotiateauth:5 export NSPR_LOG_FILE=/tmp/moz.logCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow This enables verbose logging and logs all information to/tmp/moz.log. - Restart the browser from the same terminal window.
Some of the common error messages and workarounds are in Table A.1, “UI Error Log Messages”.
| Error Log Message | Description and Fix |
|---|---|
-1208550944[90039d0]: entering nsNegotiateAuth::GetNextToken() -1208550944[90039d0]: gss_init_sec_context() failed: Miscellaneous failure No credentials cache found | There are no Kerberos tickets. Run kinit. |
-1208994096[8d683d8]: entering nsAuthGSSAPI::GetNextToken() -1208994096[8d683d8]: gss_init_sec_context() failed: Miscellaneous failure Server not found in Kerberos database | This can occur when you have successfully obtained Kerberos tickets but are still unable to authenticate to the UI. This indicates that there is a problem with the Kerberos configuration. The first place to check is the [domain_realm] section in the /etc/krb5.conf file. Make sure that the IdM Kerberos domain entry is correct and matches the configuration in the Firefox negotiation parameters. For example:
.example.com = EXAMPLE.COM example.com = EXAMPLE.COM |
| Nothing is in the log file. | It is possible that you are behind a proxy which is removing the HTTP headers required for negotiate authentication. Try to connect to the server using HTTPS instead, which allows the request to pass through unmodified. Then check the log file again. |
A.3. IdM Server Problems
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A.3.1. There are SASL, GSS-API, and Kerberos errors in the 389 Directory Server logs when the replica starts.
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When the replica starts, there can be a series of SASL bind errors recorded in the 389 Directory Server logs stating that the GSS-API connection failed because it could not find a credentials cache:
slapd_ldap_sasl_interactive_bind - Error: could not perform interactive bind for id [] mech [GSSAPI]: error -2 (Local error) (SASL(-1): generic failure: GSSAPI Error: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information (Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_496' not found)) ...
slapd_ldap_sasl_interactive_bind - Error: could not perform interactive bind for id [] mech [GSSAPI]: error -2 (Local error) (SASL(-1): generic failure: GSSAPI Error: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information (Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_496' not found)) ...
The replica is looking for a credentials cache in
/tmp/krb5cc_496 (where 496 is the 389 Directory Server user ID) and cannot find it.
There may also be messages that the server could not obtain Kerberos credentials for the host principal:
set_krb5_creds - Could not get initial credentials for principal [ldap/ replica1.example.com] in keytab [WRFILE:/etc/dirsrv/ds.keytab]: -1765328324 (Generic error)
set_krb5_creds - Could not get initial credentials for principal [ldap/ replica1.example.com] in keytab [WRFILE:/etc/dirsrv/ds.keytab]: -1765328324 (Generic error)
These errors are both related to how and when the 389 Directory Server instance loads its Kerberos credentials cache.
While 389 Directory Server itself supports multiple different authentication mechanisms, Identity Management only uses GSS-API for Kerberos connections. The 389 Directory Server instance for Identity Management keeps its Kerberos credentials cache in memory. When the 389 Directory Server process ends — like when the IdM replica is stopped — the credentials cache is destroyed.
Also, the 389 Directory Server is used as the backend storage for the principal information for the KDC.
When the replica then restarts, the 389 Directory Server instance starts first, since it supplies information for the KDC, and then the KDC server starts. This start order is what causes the GSS-API and Kerberos connection errors.
The 389 Directory Server attempts to open a GSS-API connection, but since there is no credentials cache yet and the KDC is not started, the GSS connection fails. Likewise, any attempt to obtain the host credentials also fails.
These errors are transient. The 389 Directory Server re-attempts the GSS-API connection after the KDC starts and it has a credentials cache. The 389 Directory Server logs then record a
bind resumed message.
These startup GSS-API connection failures can be ignored as long as that connection is successfully established.
A.4. Host Problems
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A.4.1. Certificate Not Found/Serial Number Not Found Errors
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The IdM information is stored in a separate LDAP directory than the certificate information, and these two LDAP databases are replicated separately. It is possible for a replication agreement to be broken for one directory and working for another, which can cause problems with managing clients.
Specifically, if the replication agreement between the two CA databases is broken, then a server may not be able to find certificate information about a valid IdM client, causing certificate errors:
Certificate operation cannot be completed: EXCEPTION (Certificate serial number 0x2d not found)
Certificate operation cannot be completed: EXCEPTION (Certificate serial number 0x2d not found)
For example, an IdM server and replica have a function replication agreement between their IdM databases, but the replication agreement between their CA databases is broken. If a host is created on the server, the host entry is replicated over to the replica — but the certificate for that host is not replicated. The replica is aware of the client, but any management operations for that client will fail because the replica doesn't have a copy of its certificate.
A.4.2. Debugging Client Connection Problems
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Client connection problems are apparent immediately. This can mean that users cannot log into a machine or attempts to access user and group information fail (for example,
getent passwd admin).
Authentication in IdM is managed with the SSSD daemon, which is described in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide. If there are problems with client authentication, then check the SSSD information.
First, check the SSSD logs in
/var/log/sssd/. There is a specific log file for the DNS domain, such as sssd_example.com.log. If there is not enough information in the logs at the default logging level, then increase the log level.
To increase the log level:
- Open the
sssd.conffile.vim /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
vim /etc/sssd/sssd.confCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - In the
[domain/example.com]section, setdebug_level.debug_level = 9
debug_level = 9Copy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Restart the
sssddaemon.service sssd restart
service sssd restartCopy to Clipboard Copied! Toggle word wrap Toggle overflow - Check the
/var/log/sssd/sssd_example.com.logfile for the debug messages.
A.5. Kerberos Errors
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Kerberos errors frequently become apparent when trying to connect to the realm using
kinit or a similar client. For information related to Kerberos, first check the Kerberos manpages, help files, and other resources.
Important
Identity Management has its own command-line tools to use to manage Kerberos policies. Do not use
kadmin or kadmin.local to manage IdM Kerberos settings.
There are several places to look for Kerberos error log information:
- For
kinitproblems or other Kerberos server problems, look at the KDC log in/var/log/krb5kdc.log. - For IdM-specific errors, look in
/var/log/httpd/error_log.
The IdM logs, both for the server and for IdM-associated services, are covered in Section 28.1.4, “Checking IdM Server Logs”.
A.5.1. Problems making connections with SSH when using GSS-API
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If there are bad reverse DNS entries in the DNS configuration, then it may not be possible to log into IdM resources using SSH. When SSH attempts to connect to a resource using GSS-API as its security method, GSS-API first checks the DNS records. The bad records prevent SSH from locating the resource.
It is possible to disable reverse DNS lookups in the SSH configuration. Rather than using reverse DNS records, SSH passes the given username directly to GSS-API.
To disable reverse DNS lookups with SSH, add or edit the
GSSAPITrustDNS directive and set the value to no.
vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
# vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
GSSAPITrustDNS noA.5.2. There are problems connecting to an NFS server after changing a keytab
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Clients attempting to mount NFS exports rely on the existence of a valid principal and secret key on both the NFS server and the client host. Clients themselves should not have access to the NFS keytab. The ticket for the NFS connection will be given to clients from the KDC.
Failure to export an updated keytab can cause problems that are difficult to isolate. For example, existing service connections may continue to function, but no new connections may be possible.
A.6. SELinux Login Problems
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SELinux maps only work for remote users, not for users with a local account.
When a remote user logs in, authenticating against the IdM server, then the PAM SElinux modules create a file for that user in
/etc/selinux/policy_name/logins/login.
If that file does not exist, then it means that SSSD is not properly configured to use the IdM server as one of its identity providers. This is required for SELinux mapping to work. Configuring SSSD is covered in the Red Hat 6 Deployment Guide.
If the file exists but the remote user was given the wrong SELinux context, then the
pam_selinux module may not be properly configured in the PAM stack. This is the module that reads the SELinux information and sets the user context. If the module is missing, then nothing processes the SELinux map and the user is defined a default context on the system.
Appendix B. Working with certmonger
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Part of managing machine authentication is managing machine certificates. On clients, IdM manages the certificate lifecycle with the certmonger service, which works together with the certificate authority (CA) provided by IdM.
The
certmonger daemon and its command-line clients simplify the process of generating public/private key pairs, creating certificate requests, and submitting requests to the CA for signing. As part of managing certificates, the certmonger daemon monitors certificates for expiration and can renew certificates that are about to expire. The certificates that certmonger monitors are tracked in files stored in a configurable directory. The default location is /var/lib/certmonger/requests.
certmonger uses the IdM getcert command to manage all certificates. As covered in Section 3.4, “Examples: Installing with Different CA Configurations”, an IdM server can be configured to use different types of certificate authorities. The most common (and recommended) configuration is to use a full CA server, but it is also possible to use a much more limited, self-signed CA. The exact getcert command used by certmonger to communicate with the IdM backend depends on which type of CA is used. The ipa-getcert command is used with a full CA, while the selfsign-getcert command is used with a self-signed CA.
Note
Because of general security issues, self-signed certificates are not typically used in production, but can be used for development and testing.
B.1. Requesting a Certificate with certmonger
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With the IdM CA,
certmonger uses the ipa-getcert command.
Certificates and keys are stored locally in plaintext files (
.pem) or in an NSS database, identified by the certificate nickname. When requesting a certificate, then, the request should identify the location where the certificate will be stored and the nickname of the certificate. For example:
ipa-getcert request -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n Server-Cert
# ipa-getcert request -d /etc/pki/nssdb -n Server-Cert
The
/etc/pki/nssdb file is the global NSS database, and Server-Cert is the nickname of this certificate. The certificate nickname must be unique within this database.
When requesting a certificate to be used with an IdM service, the
-K option is required to specify the service principal. Otherwise, certmonger assumes the certificate is for a host. The -N option must specify the certificate subject DN, and the subject base DN must match the base DN for the IdM server, or the request is rejected.
ipa-getcert request -d /etc/httpd/alias -n Server-Cert -K HTTP/client1.example.com -N 'CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'
$ ipa-getcert request -d /etc/httpd/alias -n Server-Cert -K HTTP/client1.example.com -N 'CN=client1.example.com,O=EXAMPLE.COM'Example B.1. Using certmonger for a Service
ipa-getcert request -r -f /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt -k /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/server.key -N CN=`hostname --fqdn` -D `hostname` -U id-kp-serverAuth
$ ipa-getcert request -r -f /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt -k /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/server.key -N CN=`hostname --fqdn` -D `hostname` -U id-kp-serverAuth
The options vary depending on whether you are using a self-signed certificate (
selfsign-getcert) and the desired configuration for the final certificate, as well as other settings. In Example B.1, “Using certmonger for a Service”, these are common options:
- The
-roption will automatically renew the certificate if the key pair already exists. This is used by default. - The
-foption stores the certificate in the given file. - The
-koption either stores the key in the given file or, if the key file already exists, uses the key in the file. - The
-Noption gives the subject name. - The
-Doption gives the DNS domain name. - The
-Uoption sets the extended key usage flag.
B.2. Storing Certificates in NSS Databases
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By default,
certmonger uses plaintext files to store the key and the certificate, but these keys and certificates can also be stored in NSS databases. This is done using the -d option to set the security database location and -n to give the certificate nickname which is used for the certificate in the database. These options are used instead of the PEM files given in the -f and -k options.
For example:
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ipa-getcert request -d /export/alias -n ServerCert ...
# ipa-getcert request -d /export/alias -n ServerCert ...B.3. Tracking Certificates with certmonger
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certmonger can manage the entire certificate lifecycle. Along with generating requests, certmonger can track a certificate and automatically renew it when it expires at the end of its validity period.
This is done using the
start-tracking command with the getcert command. The -I option creates the tracking entry, along with pointers to the key and certificate files, either in an NSS database (-d and -n) or in the PEM file (-f and -k). The -r option tells certmonger to renew the certificate.
ipa-getcert start-tracking -I cert1-tracker -d /export/alias -n ServerCert -r
# ipa-getcert start-tracking -I cert1-tracker -d /export/alias -n ServerCert -rNote
The
-r option can be passed with the request command, in Example B.1, “Using certmonger for a Service”. In that case, the requested certificate is automatically tracked and renewed by certmonger. Then, it is not necessary to configure tracking manually.
A certificate can be untracked by
certmonger by using the stop-tracking command.
Index
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A
- Active Directory
- schema differences between Identity Management, User Schema Differences between Identity Management and Active Directory
- attributes
- setting multi-valued, From the Command Line
B
- bind
- DNS and LDAP, About DNS in IdM
C
- certificates
- automatically renewed, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by External CAs, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by the IdM CA
- CA expiration, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by External CAs, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by the IdM CA
- updating CA, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by External CAs, Renewing CA Certificates Issued by the IdM CA
- chkconfig, Starting and Stopping the IdM Domain
- client
- troubleshooting
- installation, Client Installations
- uninstalling, Uninstalling an IdM Client
D
- DHCP, Adding Host Entries from the Command Line
- DNS
- adding zone records, Adding Records to DNS Zones
- adding zones, Adding Forward DNS Zones
- bind-dyndb-ldap and Directory Server, About DNS in IdM
- disabling zones, Enabling and Disabling Zones
- dynamic updates, Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates
- hosts with DHCP, Adding Host Entries from the Command Line
- PTR synchronization
- requirements, Synchronizing Forward and Reverse Zone Entries
- DNS zone records, Adding Records to DNS Zones
- deleting, Deleting Records from DNS Zones
- format for adding, About the Commands to Add DNS Records
- IPv4 example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- IPv6 example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- PTR example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- SRV example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- types of records, Adding Records to DNS Zones
G
- glue entries, Solving Orphan Entry Conflicts
H
- hosts
- creating
- with DHCP, Adding Host Entries from the Command Line
- disabling, Disabling and Re-enabling Host Entries
I
- installing clients
- disabling OpenSSH, About ipa-client-install and OpenSSH
K
- Kerberos, About Kerberos
- separate credentials cache, Caching User Kerberos Tickets
- SSSD password cache, Caching Kerberos Passwords
- ticket policies, Setting Kerberos Ticket Policies
- global, Setting Global Ticket Policies
- user-level, Setting User-Level Ticket Policies
L
- log rotation
- policies, IdM Domain Services and Log Rotation
- logging in
- SELinux problems, SELinux Login Problems
- separate credentials cache, Caching User Kerberos Tickets
- logrotate, IdM Domain Services and Log Rotation
N
- naming conflicts
- in replication, Solving Naming Conflicts
P
- password expiration, Managing Password Expiration Limits
- password policies
- expiration, Managing Password Expiration Limits
- policies
- log rotation, IdM Domain Services and Log Rotation
- port forwarding
- for the UI, Using the UI with Proxy Servers
- proxy servers
- for the UI, Using the UI with Proxy Servers
- PTR synchronization
- requirements, Synchronizing Forward and Reverse Zone Entries
R
- reboot, Starting and Stopping the IdM Domain
- replicas
- number in replication, About IdM Servers and Replicas
- replication
- size limits, About IdM Servers and Replicas
S
- schema
- differences between Identity Management and Active Directory, User Schema Differences between Identity Management and Active Directory
- cn, Values for cn Attributes
- initials, Constraints on the initials Attribute
- sn, Requiring the surname (sn) Attribute
- street and streetAddress, Values for street and streetAddress
- SELinux
- login problems, SELinux Login Problems
- servers
- number in replication, About IdM Servers and Replicas
- services
- disabling, Disabling and Re-enabling Service Entries
- SSH
- disabling at client install, About ipa-client-install and OpenSSH
- SSSD
- and Kerberos passwords, Caching Kerberos Passwords
- disabling cache, Caching Kerberos Passwords
- starting with chkconfig, Starting and Stopping the IdM Domain
T
- ticket policies, Setting Kerberos Ticket Policies
- troubleshooting
- client installation, Client Installations
- Kerberos, unknown server error, The client can't resolve reverse hostnames when using an external DNS.
- resolving hostnames on client, The client can't resolve reverse hostnames when using an external DNS.
- SELinux, SELinux Login Problems
U
- uninstalling
- clients, Uninstalling an IdM Client
- users
- multi-valued attributes, From the Command Line
- password expiration, Managing Password Expiration Limits
- separate credentials cache, Caching User Kerberos Tickets
W
- web UI
- port forwarding, Using the UI with Proxy Servers
- proxy servers, Using the UI with Proxy Servers
Z
- zone records, Adding Records to DNS Zones
- deleting, Deleting Records from DNS Zones
- format for adding, About the Commands to Add DNS Records
- IPv4 example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- IPv6 example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- PTR example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- SRV example, Examples of Adding DNS Resource Records
- types, Adding Records to DNS Zones
Appendix C. Revision History
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Note that revision numbers relate to the edition of this manual, not to version numbers of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
| Revision History | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Revision 6.7-4 | Mon Apr 10 2017 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.7-3 | Wed Mar 8 2017 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.7-2 | Wed May 4 2016 | ||
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| Revision 6.7-1 | Thu Feb 18 2016 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.7-0 | Tue Jul 14 2015 | ||
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| Revision 6.6-2 | Tue Mar 31 2015 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.6-1 | Fri Dec 19 2014 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.6-0 | Fri Oct 10 2014 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.5-5 | July 9, 2014 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.5-4 | February 3, 2014 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.5-1 | November 20, 2013 | ||
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| Revision 6.4-3 | August 20, 2013 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.4-1 | March 1, 2013 | ||
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| Revision 6.3-1 | October 18, 2012 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.2-8 | December 16, 2011 | ||
| |||
| Revision 6.2-7 | December 6, 2011 | ||
| |||
Legal Notice
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Copyright © 2016 Red Hat, Inc.
This document is licensed by Red Hat under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. If you distribute this document, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat, Inc. and provide a link to the original. If the document is modified, all Red Hat trademarks must be removed.
Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.
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All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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