Developing C and C++ applications in RHEL 9

1. Source files are compiled to object files.
2. Object files and libraries are linked (including the previously compiled sources).

Procedure

1. Change to the directory containing the source code file(s).

2. Run gcc with the -c option:

   $ gcc -c source.c another_source.c

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   Object files are created, with their file names reflecting the original source code files: source.c results in source.o.

   Note

   With C++ source code, replace the gcc command with g++ for convenient handling of C++ Standard Library dependencies.

Procedure

1. Change to the directory containing the object code file(s).

2. Run gcc:

   $ gcc ... objfile.o another_object.o ... -o executable-file

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   An executable file named executable-file is created from the supplied object files and libraries.

   To link additional libraries, add the required options after the list of object files.

   Note

   With C++ source code, replace the gcc command with g++ for convenient handling of C++ Standard Library dependencies.

Procedure

1. Create a directory hello-c and change to it:

   $ mkdir hello-c
   $ cd hello-c

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2. Create file hello.c with the following contents:

   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
     printf("Hello, World!\n");
     return 0;
   }

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3. Compile and link the code with GCC:

   $ gcc hello.c -o helloworld

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   This compiles the code, creates the object file hello.o, and links the executable file helloworld from the object file.

4. Run the resulting executable file:

   $ ./helloworld
   Hello, World!

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Procedure

1. Create a directory hello-c and change to it:

   $ mkdir hello-c
   $ cd hello-c

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2. Create file hello.c with the following contents:

   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
     printf("Hello, World!\n");
     return 0;
   }

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3. Compile the code with GCC:

   $ gcc -c hello.c

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   The object file hello.o is created.

4. Link an executable file helloworld from the object file:

   $ gcc hello.o -o helloworld

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5. Run the resulting executable file:

   $ ./helloworld
   Hello, World!

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Procedure

1. Create a directory hello-cpp and change to it:

   $ mkdir hello-cpp
   $ cd hello-cpp

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2. Create file hello.cpp with the following contents:

   #include <iostream>
   
   int main() {
     std::cout << "Hello, World!\n";
     return 0;
   }

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3. Compile and link the code with g++:

   $ g++ hello.cpp -o helloworld

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   This compiles the code, creates the object file hello.o, and links the executable file helloworld from the object file.

4. Run the resulting executable file:

   $ ./helloworld
   Hello, World!

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Procedure

1. Create a directory hello-cpp and change to it:

   $ mkdir hello-cpp
   $ cd hello-cpp

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2. Create file hello.cpp with the following contents:

   #include <iostream>
   
   int main() {
     std::cout << "Hello, World!\n";
     return 0;
   }

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3. Compile the code with g++:

   $ g++ -c hello.cpp

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   The object file hello.o is created.

4. Link an executable file helloworld from the object file:

   $ g++ hello.o -o helloworld

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5. Run the resulting executable file:

   $ ./helloworld
   Hello, World!

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1. Change to the directory containing your code.

2. Compile the program source files with headers of the foo library:

   $ gcc ... -Iheader_path -c ...

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   Replace header_path with a path to a directory containing the header files for the foo library.

3. Link the program with the foo library:

   $ gcc ... -Llibrary_path -lfoo ...

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   Replace library_path with a path to a directory containing the file libfoo.a.

4. To run the program later, simply:

   $ ./program

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Procedure

1. Change to the directory with library sources.

2. Compile each source file to an object file with the Position independent code option -fPIC:

   $ gcc ... -c -fPIC some_file.c ...

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   The object files have the same file names as the original source code files, but their extension is .o.

3. Link the shared library from the object files:

   $ gcc -shared -o libfoo.so.x.y -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.x some_file.o ...

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   The used major version number is X and minor version number Y.

4. Copy the libfoo.so.x.y file to an appropriate location, where the system’s dynamic linker can find it. On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the directory for libraries is /usr/lib64:

   # cp libfoo.so.x.y /usr/lib64

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   Note that you need root permissions to manipulate files in this directory.

5. Create the symlink structure for soname mechanism:

   # ln -s libfoo.so.x.y libfoo.so.x
   # ln -s libfoo.so.x libfoo.so

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Procedure

1. Create intermediate object files with GCC.

   $ gcc -c source_file.c ...

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   Append more source files if required. The resulting object files share the file name but use the .o file name extension.

2. Turn the object files into a static library (archive) using the ar tool from the binutils package.

   $ ar rcs libfoo.a source_file.o ...

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   File libfoo.a is created.

3. Use the nm command to inspect the resulting archive:

   $ nm libfoo.a

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4. Copy the static library file to the appropriate directory.

5. When linking against the library, GCC will automatically recognize from the .a file name extension that the library is an archive for static linking.

   $ gcc ... -lfoo ...

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Procedure

1. Create a directory hellomake and change to this directory:

   $ mkdir hellomake
   $ cd hellomake

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2. Create a file hello.c with the following contents:

   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     printf("Hello, World!\n");
     return 0;
   }

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3. Create a file Makefile with the following contents:

   CC=gcc
   CFLAGS=-c -Wall
   SOURCE=hello.c
   OBJ=$(SOURCE:.c=.o)
   EXE=hello
   
   all: $(SOURCE) $(EXE)
   
   $(EXE): $(OBJ)
           $(CC) $(OBJ) -o $@
   
   %.o: %.c
           $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
   
   clean:
           rm -rf $(OBJ) $(EXE)

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   Important

   The Makefile recipe lines must start with the tab character! When copying the text above from the documentation, the cut-and-paste process may paste spaces instead of tabs. If this happens, correct the issue manually.

4. Run make:

   $ make
   gcc -c -Wall hello.c -o hello.o
   gcc hello.o -o hello

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   This creates an executable file hello.

5. Run the executable file hello:

   $ ./hello
   Hello, World!

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6. Run the Makefile target clean to remove the created files:

   $ make clean
   rm -rf hello.o hello

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Procedure

1. Start GDB attached to the application or library you want to debug. GDB automatically recognizes missing debugging information and suggests a command to run.

   $ gdb -q /bin/ls
   Reading symbols from /bin/ls...Reading symbols from .gnu_debugdata for /usr/bin/ls...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
   (no debugging symbols found)...done.
   Missing separate debuginfos, use: dnf debuginfo-install coreutils-8.30-6.el8.x86_64
   (gdb)

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2. Exit GDB: type q and confirm with Enter.

   (gdb) q

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3. Run the command suggested by GDB to install the required debuginfo packages:

   # dnf debuginfo-install coreutils-8.30-6.el8.x86_64

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   The dnf package management tool provides a summary of the changes, asks for confirmation and once you confirm, downloads and installs all the necessary files.

4. In case GDB is not able to suggest the debuginfo package, follow the procedure described in Getting debuginfo packages for an application or library manually.

Procedure

1. Find the executable file of the application or library.

   1. Use the which command to find the application file.

      $ which less
      /usr/bin/less

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   2. Use the locate command to find the library file.

      $ locate libz | grep so
      /usr/lib64/libz.so.1
      /usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.11

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      If the original reasons for debugging include error messages, pick the result where the library has the same additional numbers in its file name as those mentioned in the error messages. If in doubt, try following the rest of the procedure with the result where the library file name includes no additional numbers.

      Note

      The locate command is provided by the mlocate package. To install it and enable its use:

      # dnf install mlocate
      # updatedb

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2. Search for a name and version of the package that provided the file:

   $ rpm -qf /usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.7
   zlib-1.2.11-10.el8.x86_64

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   The output provides details for the installed package in the name:epoch-version.release.architecture format.

   Important

   If this step does not produce any results, it is not possible to determine which package provided the binary file. There are several possible cases:

   • The file is installed from a package which is not known to package management tools in their current configuration.
   • The file is installed from a locally downloaded and manually installed package. Determining a suitable debuginfo package automatically is impossible in that case.
   • Your package management tools are misconfigured.
   • The file is not installed from any package. In such a case, no respective debuginfo package exists.

   Because further steps depend on this one, you must resolve this situation or abort this procedure. Describing the exact troubleshooting steps is beyond the scope of this procedure.

3. Install the debuginfo packages using the debuginfo-install utility. In the command, use the package name and other details you determined during the previous step:

   # debuginfo-install zlib-1.2.11-10.el8.x86_64

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1. Find the process ID (pid) with the ps command:

   $ ps -C program -o pid h
    pid

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   Replace program with a file name or path to the program.

2. Attach GDB to this process:

   $ gdb -p pid

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   Replace pid with an actual process ID number from the ps output.

1. Use the shell GDB command to run the ps command and find the program’s process ID (pid):

   (gdb) shell ps -C program -o pid h
    pid

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   Replace program with a file name or path to the program.

2. Use the attach command to attach GDB to the program:

   (gdb) attach pid

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   Replace pid by an actual process ID number from the ps output.

Procedure

1. Identify the system calls to monitor.

2. Start strace and attach it to the program.

   • If the program you want to monitor is not running, start strace and specify the program:

     $ strace -fvttTyy -s 256 -e trace=call program

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   • If the program is already running, find its process id (pid) and attach strace to it:

     $ ps -C program
     (...)
     $ strace -fvttTyy -s 256 -e trace=call -ppid

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   • Replace call with the system calls to be displayed. You can use the -e trace=call option multiple times. If left out, strace will display all system call types. See the strace(1) manual page for more information.
   • If you do not want to trace any forked processes or threads, leave out the -f option.

3. The strace tool displays the system calls made by the application and their details.

   In most cases, an application and its libraries make a large number of calls and strace output appears immediately, if no filter for system calls is set.

4. The strace tool exits when the program exits.

   To terminate the monitoring before the traced program exits, press Ctrl+C.

   • If strace started the program, the program terminates together with strace.
   • If you attached strace to an already running program, the program terminates together with strace.

5. Analyze the list of system calls done by the application.

   • Problems with resource access or availability are present in the log as calls returning errors.
   • Values passed to the system calls and patterns of call sequences provide insight into the causes of the application’s behaviour.
   • If the application crashes, the important information is probably at the end of log.
   • The output contains a lot of unnecessary information. However, you can construct a more precise filter for the system calls of interest and repeat the procedure.

Procedure

1. Identify the libraries and functions of interest, if possible.

2. Start ltrace and attach it to the program.

   • If the program you want to monitor is not running, start ltrace and specify program:

     $ ltrace -f -l library -e function program

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   • If the program is already running, find its process id (pid) and attach ltrace to it:

     $ ps -C program
     (...)
     $ ltrace -f -l library -e function -ppid program

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   • Use the -e, -f and -l options to filter the output:

     • Supply the function names to be displayed as function. The -e function option can be used multiple times. If left out, ltrace displays calls to all functions.
     • Instead of specifying functions, you can specify whole libraries with the -l library option. This option behaves similarly to the -e function option.
     • If you do not want to trace any forked processes or threads, leave out the -f option.

     See the ltrace(1)_ manual page for more information.

3. ltrace displays the library calls made by the application.

   In most cases, an application makes a large number of calls and ltrace output displays immediately, if no filter is set.

4. ltrace exits when the program exits.

   To terminate the monitoring before the traced program exits, press ctrl+C.

   • If ltrace started the program, the program terminates together with ltrace.
   • If you attached ltrace to an already running program, the program terminates together with ltrace.

5. Analyze the list of library calls done by the application.

   • If the application crashes, the important information is probably at the end of log.
   • The output contains a lot of unnecessary information. However, you can construct a more precise filter and repeat the procedure.

Procedure

1. Find the process ID (pid) of the process you want to monitor:

   $ ps -aux

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2. Run SystemTap with the strace.stp script:

   # stap /usr/share/systemtap/examples/process/strace.stp -x pid

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   The value of pid is the process id.

   The script is compiled to a kernel module, which is then loaded. This introduces a slight delay between entering the command and getting the output.

3. When the process performs a system call, the call name and its parameters are printed to the terminal.
4. The script exits when the process terminates, or when you press Ctrl+C.

Procedure

1. Set the catchpoint:

   (gdb) catch syscall syscall-name

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   The command catch syscall sets a special type of breakpoint that halts execution when the program performs a system call.

   The syscall-name option specifies the name of the call. You can specify multiple catchpoints for various system calls. Leaving out the syscall-name option causes GDB to stop on any system call.

2. Start execution of the program.

   • If the program has not started execution, start it:

     (gdb) r

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   • If the program execution is halted, resume it:

     (gdb) c

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3. GDB halts execution after the program performs any specified system call.

Procedure

1. Set the catchpoint:

   (gdb) catch signal signal-type

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   The command catch signal sets a special type of a breakpoint that halts execution when a signal is received by the program. The signal-type option specifies the type of the signal. Use the special value 'all' to catch all signals.

2. Let the program run.

   • If the program has not started execution, start it:

     (gdb) r

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   • If the program execution is halted, resume it:

     (gdb) c

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3. GDB halts execution after the program receives any specified signal.

Procedure

1. To enable core dumps, ensure that the /etc/systemd/system.conf file contains the following lines:

   DumpCore=yes
   DefaultLimitCORE=infinity

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   You can also add comments describing if these settings were previously present, and what the previous values were. This will enable you to reverse these changes later, if needed. Comments are lines starting with the # character.

   Changing the file requires administrator level access.

2. Apply the new configuration:

   # systemctl daemon-reexec

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3. Remove the limits for core dump sizes:

   # ulimit -c unlimited

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   To reverse this change, run the command with value 0 instead of unlimited.

4. Install the sos package which provides the sosreport utility for collecting system information:

   # dnf install sos

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5. When an application crashes, a core dump is generated and handled by systemd-coredump.

6. Create an SOS report to provide additional information about the system:

   # sosreport

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   This creates a .tar archive containing information about your system, such as copies of configuration files.

7. Locate and export the core dump:

   $ coredumpctl list executable-name
   $ coredumpctl dump executable-name > /path/to/file-for-export

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   If the application crashed multiple times, output of the first command lists more captured core dumps. In that case, construct for the second command a more precise query using the other information. See the coredumpctl(1) manual page for details.

8. Transfer the core dump and the SOS report to the computer where the debugging will take place. Transfer the executable file, too, if it is known.

   Important

   When the executable file is not known, subsequent analysis of the core file identifies it.

9. Optional: Remove the core dump and SOS report after transferring them, to free up disk space.

Procedure

1. To identify the executable file where the crash occurred, run the eu-unstrip command with the core dump file:

   $ eu-unstrip -n --core=./core.9814
   0x400000+0x207000 2818b2009547f780a5639c904cded443e564973e@0x400284 /usr/bin/sleep /usr/lib/debug/bin/sleep.debug [exe]
   0x7fff26fff000+0x1000 1e2a683b7d877576970e4275d41a6aaec280795e@0x7fff26fff340 . - linux-vdso.so.1
   0x35e7e00000+0x3b6000 374add1ead31ccb449779bc7ee7877de3377e5ad@0x35e7e00280 /usr/lib64/libc-2.14.90.so /usr/lib/debug/lib64/libc-2.14.90.so.debug libc.so.6
   0x35e7a00000+0x224000 3ed9e61c2b7e707ce244816335776afa2ad0307d@0x35e7a001d8 /usr/lib64/ld-2.14.90.so /usr/lib/debug/lib64/ld-2.14.90.so.debug ld-linux-x86-64.so.2

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   The output contains details for each module on a line, separated by spaces. The information is listed in this order:

   1. The memory address where the module was mapped
   2. The build-id of the module and where in the memory it was found
   3. The module’s executable file name, displayed as - when unknown, or as . when the module has not been loaded from a file
   4. The source of debugging information, displayed as a file name when available, as . when contained in the executable file itself, or as - when not present at all
   5. The shared library name (soname) or [exe] for the main module

   In this example, the important details are the file name /usr/bin/sleep and the build-id 2818b2009547f780a5639c904cded443e564973e on the line containing the text [exe]. With this information, you can identify the executable file required for analyzing the core dump.

2. Get the executable file that crashed.

   • If possible, copy it from the system where the crash occurred. Use the file name extracted from the core file.

   • You can also use an identical executable file on your system. Each executable file built on Red Hat Enterprise Linux contains a note with a unique build-id value. Determine the build-id of the relevant locally available executable files:

     $ eu-readelf -n executable_file

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     Use this information to match the executable file on the remote system with your local copy. The build-id of the local file and build-id listed in the core dump must match.

   • Finally, if the application is installed from an RPM package, you can get the executable file from the package. Use the sosreport output to find the exact version of the package required.
3. Get the shared libraries used by the executable file. Use the same steps as for the executable file.
4. If the application is distributed as a package, load the executable file in GDB, to display hints for missing debuginfo packages. For more details, see Section 3.1.4, “Getting debuginfo packages for an application or library using GDB”.

5. To examine the core file in detail, load the executable file and core dump file with GDB:

   $ gdb -e executable_file -c core_file

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   Further messages about missing files and debugging information help you identify what is missing for the debugging session. Return to the previous step if needed.

   If the application’s debugging information is available as a file instead of as a package, load this file in GDB with the symbol-file command:

   (gdb) symbol-file program.debug

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   Replace program.debug with the actual file name.

   Note

   It might not be necessary to install the debugging information for all executable files contained in the core dump. Most of these executable files are libraries used by the application code. These libraries might not directly contribute to the problem you are analyzing, and you do not need to include debugging information for them.

6. Use the GDB commands to inspect the state of the application at the moment it crashed. See Inspecting Application Internal State with GDB.

   Note

   When analyzing a core file, GDB is not attached to a running process. Commands for controlling execution have no effect.

Procedure

1. Find the PID of the hung process, based on a known part of the executable file name:

   $ pgrep -a executable-name-fragment

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   This command will output a line in the form

   PID command-line

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   Use the command-line value to verify that the PID belongs to the intended process.

   For example:

   $ pgrep -a bc
   5459 bc

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2. Send an abort signal to the process:

   # kill -ABRT PID

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3. Verify that the core has been captured by coredumpctl:

   $ coredumpctl list PID

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   For example:

   $ coredumpctl list 5459
   TIME                            PID   UID   GID SIG COREFILE  EXE
   Thu 2019-11-07 15:14:46 CET    5459  1000  1000   6 present   /usr/bin/bc

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4. Further examine or use the core file as needed.

   You can specify the core dump by PID and other values. See the coredumpctl(1) manual page for further details.

   • To show details of the core file:

     $ coredumpctl info PID

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   • To load the core file in the GDB debugger:

     $ coredumpctl debug PID

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     Depending on availability of debugging information, GDB will suggest commands to run, such as:

     Missing separate debuginfos, use: dnf debuginfo-install bc-1.07.1-5.el8.x86_64

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     For more details on this process, see Getting debuginfo packages for an application or library using GDB.

   • To export the core file for further processing elsewhere:

     $ coredumpctl dump PID > /path/to/file_for_export

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     Replace /path/to/file_for_export with the file where you want to put the core dump.

Procedure

1. Find out the process id (pid). Use tools such as ps, pgrep, and top:

   $ ps -C some-program

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2. Dump the memory of this process:

   $ gcore -o filename pid

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   This creates a file filename and dumps the process memory in it. While the memory is being dumped, the execution of the process is halted.

3. After the core dump is finished, the process resumes normal execution.

4. Create an SOS report to provide additional information about the system:

   # sosreport

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   This creates a tar archive containing information about your system, such as copies of configuration files.

5. Transfer the program’s executable file, core dump, and the SOS report to the computer where the debugging will take place.
6. Optional: Remove the core dump and SOS report after transferring them, to free up disk space.

Procedure

1. Set GDB to ignore the settings in the /proc/PID/coredump_filter file:

   (gdb) set use-coredump-filter off

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2. Set GDB to ignore the memory page flag VM_DONTDUMP:

   (gdb) set dump-excluded-mappings on

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3. Dump the memory:

   (gdb) gcore core-file

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   Replace core-file with name of file where you want to dump the memory.