Installing and using dynamic programming languages

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

Installing and using Python and PHP in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

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초록

Install and use Python 3. Install the PHP scripting language, use PHP with the Apache HTTP Server or the ngninx web server, and run a PHP script from a command-line interface.

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1장. Installing and using Python
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Python is a high-level programming language that supports multiple programming paradigms, such as object-oriented, imperative, functional, and procedural paradigms. Python has dynamic semantics and can be used for general-purpose programming.

With Red Hat Enterprise Linux, many packages that are installed on the system, such as packages providing system tools, tools for data analysis, or web applications, are written in Python. To use these packages, you must have the python* packages installed.

1.1. Python versions
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Python 3.12 is the default Python implementation in RHEL 10. Python 3.12 is distributed in a non-modular python3 RPM package in the BaseOS repository and is usually installed by default. Python 3.12 will be supported for the whole life cycle of RHEL 10.

Additional versions of Python 3 will be distributed as non-modular RPM packages with a shorter life cycle through the AppStream repository in minor RHEL 10 releases. You will be able to install these additional Python 3 versions in parallel with Python 3.12.

The unversioned python command points to the default Python 3.12 version.

For details about the length of support, see Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Application Streams Life Cycle.

1.2. Installing Python 3
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The default Python implementation is usually installed by default. To install it manually, use the following procedure.

Procedure

To install Python 3.12, enter:
```
# dnf install python3
```

Verification

Verify the Python version installed on your system:
```
$ python3 --version
```

1.3. Installing additional Python 3 packages
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Packages prefixed with python3- contain add-on modules for the default Python 3.12 version.

Procedure

To install, for example, the Requests module for Python 3.12, enter:
```
# dnf install python3-requests
```
To install the pip package installer from Python 3.12, enter:
```
# dnf install python3-pip
```

1.4. Installing additional Python 3 tools for developers
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Additional Python tools for developers are distributed through the CodeReady Linux Builder (CRB) repository.

중요

The content in the CodeReady Linux Builder repository is unsupported by Red Hat.

The CRB repository contains, for example, the following packages:

python3-pytest
python3-idle
python3-debug
python3-cython

참고

Not all upstream Python-related packages are available in RHEL.

Procedure

Enable the CodeReady Linux Builder repository:

# subscription-manager repos --enable codeready-builder-for-rhel-10-x86_64-rpms

Install, for example, the python3-cython package:
```
# dnf install python3-cython
```

1.5. Using Python
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The following procedure contains examples of running the Python interpreter or Python-related commands.

Prerequisites

Python is installed.
If you want to download and install third-party applications, install the python3-pip package.
주의
Installing Python packages with pip as the root user places files in system locations. This can override RHEL libraries and might cause system instability or conflicts with supported packages. Red Hat does not support software installed by using pip at the system level. To avoid these issues, use pip within a virtual environment or install packages as a non-root user with the --user option.

Procedure

To run the Python 3.12 interpreter or related commands, use, for example, the following commands:

$ python3
$ python3 -m venv --help
$ python3 -m pip install <package>
$ pip3 install <package>

2장. Packaging Python 3 RPMs
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You can install Python packages on your system by using the DNF package manager. DNF uses the RPM package format, which offers more downstream control over the software.

Packaging a Python project into an RPM package provides the following advantages compared to native Python packages:

Dependencies on Python and non-Python packages are possible and strictly enforced by the DNF package manager.
You can cryptographically sign the packages. With cryptographic signing, you can verify, integrate, and test contents of RPM packages with the rest of the operating system.
You can execute tests during the build process.

The packaging format of native Python packages is defined by Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Specifications. Historically, most Python projects used the distutils or setuptools utilities for packaging and defined package information in the setup.py file. However, possibilities of creating native Python packages have evolved over time:

To package Python software that uses the setup.py file, follow this document.
To package more modern packages with pyproject.toml files, see the README file in pyproject-rpm-macros. Note that pyproject-rpm-macros is included in the CodeReady Linux Builder (CRB) repository, which contains unsupported packages, and it can change over time to support newer Python packaging standards.

2.1. A spec file description for an example Python package
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An RPM spec file for Python projects has some specifics compared to non-Python RPM spec files.

Note that it is recommended for any RPM package name of a Python library to include the python3- prefix.

See the notes about Python RPM spec files specifics in the following example of the python3-pello package.

An example SPEC file for the pello program written in Python

%global python3_pkgversion 3



Name:           python-pello


Version:        1.0.2
Release:        1%{?dist}
Summary:        Example Python library

License:        MIT
URL:            https://github.com/fedora-python/Pello
Source:         %{url}/archive/v%{version}/Pello-%{version}.tar.gz

BuildArch:      noarch
BuildRequires:  python%{python3_pkgversion}-devel



# Build dependencies need to be specified manually
BuildRequires:  python%{python3_pkgversion}-setuptools

# Test dependencies need to be specified manually
# Runtime dependencies need to be BuildRequired manually to run tests during build
BuildRequires:  python%{python3_pkgversion}-pytest >= 3


%global _description %{expand:
Pello is an example package with an executable that prints Hello World! on the command line.}

%description %_description

%package -n python%{python3_pkgversion}-pello


Summary:        %{summary}

%description -n python%{python3_pkgversion}-pello %_description


%prep
%autosetup -p1 -n Pello-%{version}


%build
# The macro only supports projects with setup.py
%py3_build




%install
# The macro only supports projects with setup.py
%py3_install


%check


%pytest


# Note that there is no %%files section for python-pello
%files -n python%{python3_pkgversion}-pello
%doc README.md
%license LICENSE.txt
%{_bindir}/pello_greeting

# The library files needed to be listed manually
%{python3_sitelib}/pello/

# The metadata files needed to be listed manually
%{python3_sitelib}/Pello-*.egg-info/

1: By defining the python3_pkgversion macro, you set which Python version this package will be built for. To build for the default Python version 3.12, remove the line.
2: When packaging a Python project into RPM, always add the python- prefix to the original name of the project. The project name here is Pello and, therefore, the name of the Source RPM (SRPM) is python-pello.
3: BuildRequires specifies what packages are required to build and test this package. In BuildRequires, always include items providing tools necessary for building Python packages: python3-devel and the relevant projects needed by the specific software that you package, for example, python3-setuptools or the runtime and testing dependencies needed to run the tests in the %check section.
4: When choosing a name for the binary RPM (the package that users will be able to install), add a versioned Python prefix. Use the python3- prefix for the default Python 3.12. You can use the %{python3_pkgversion} macro, which evaluates to 3 for the default Python version 3.12 unless you set it to an explicit version, for example, when a later version of Python is available (see footnote 1).
5: The %py3_build and %py3_install macros run the setup.py build and setup.py install commands, respectively, with additional arguments to specify installation locations, the interpreter to use, and other details.
참고
Using the setup.py build and setup.py install commands from the setuptools package is deprecated and will be removed in the future major RHEL release. You can use pyproject-rpm-macros instead.
6: The %check section runs the tests of the packaged project. The exact command depends on the project itself, but you can use the %pytest macro to run the pytest command in an RPM-friendly way.

2.2. Common macros for Python 3 RPMs
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In a Python RPM spec file, always use the macros for Python 3 RPMs rather than hardcoding their values.

You can redefine which Python 3 version is used in these macros by defining the python3_pkgversion macro on top of your spec file. For more information, see A spec file description for an example Python package. If you define the python3_pkgversion macro, the values of the macros described in the following table will reflect the specified Python 3 version.

Expand

표 2.1. Macros for Python 3 RPMs
Macro	Normal Definition	Description
%{python3_pkgversion}	3	The Python version that is used by all other macros. Can be redefined to any future Python versions that will be added.
%{python3}	/usr/bin/python3	The Python 3 interpreter.
%{python3_version}	3.12	The major.minor version of the Python 3 interpreter.
%{python3_sitelib}	/usr/lib/python3.12/site-packages	The location where pure-Python modules are installed.
%{python3_sitearch}	/usr/lib64/python3.12/site-packages	The location where modules containing architecture-specific extension modules are installed.
%py3_build		Expands to the `setup.py build` command with arguments suitable for an RPM package.
%py3_install		Expands to the `setup.py install` command with arguments suitable for an RPM package.
%{py3_shebang_flags}	sP	The default set of flags for the Python interpreter directives macro, `%py3_shebang_fix`.
%py3_shebang_fix		Changes Python interpreter directives to `#! %{python3}`, preserves any existing flags (if found), and adds flags defined in the `%{py3_shebang_flags}` macro.

2.3. Using automatically generated dependencies for Python RPMs
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You can automatically generate dependencies for Python RPMs by using upstream-provided metadata.

Prerequisites

A spec file for the RPM exists. For more information, see A spec file description for an example Python package.

Procedure

Include one of the following directories in the resulting RPM:
- .dist-info
- .egg-info
  The RPM build process automatically generates virtual pythonX.Ydist provides from these directories, for example:
  python3.12dist(pello)
  The Python dependency generator then reads the upstream metadata and generates runtime requirements for each RPM package using the generated pythonX.Ydist virtual provides. Example of a generated requirements tag:
  Requires: python3.12dist(requests)
Inspect the generated Requires.
To remove some of the generated Requires, modify the upstream-provided metadata in the %prep section of the spec file.
To disable the automatic requirements generator, include the %{?python_disable_dependency_generator} macro above the main package’s %description declaration.

3장. Installing Tcl/Tk
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Tcl is a dynamic programming language, while Tk is a graphical user interface (GUI) toolkit. They provide a powerful and easy-to-use platform for developing cross-platform applications with graphical interfaces. As a dynamic programming language, 'Tcl' provides simple and flexible syntax for writing scripts. The tcl package provides the interpreter for this language and the C library. You can use Tk as GUI toolkit that provides a set of tools and widgets for creating graphical interfaces. You can use various user interface elements such as buttons, menus, dialog boxes, text boxes, and canvas for drawing graphics. Tk is the GUI for many dynamic programming languages.

For more information about Tcl/Tk, see the Tcl/Tk manual or Tcl/Tk documentation web page.

3.1. Installing Tcl
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The default Tcl implementation is usually installed by default. To install it manually, use the following procedure.

Procedure

To install Tcl, use:
```
# dnf install tcl
```

Verification

To verify the Tcl version installed on your system, run the interpreter tclsh:
```
$ tclsh
```
In the interpreter run this command:
```
% info patchlevel
8.6
```
You can exit the interpreter interface by pressing Ctrl+C

3.2. Installing Tk
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The default Tk implementation is usually installed by default. To install it manually, use the following procedure.

Procedure

To install Tk, use:
```
# dnf install tk
```

Verification

To verify the Tk version installed on your system, run the window shell wish. You need to be running a graphical display:
```
$ wish
```
In the shell run this command:
```
% puts $tk_version
8.6
```
You can exit the interpreter interface by pressing Ctrl+C

4장. Using the PHP scripting language
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Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a general-purpose scripting language mainly used for server-side scripting. You can use PHP to run the PHP code by using a web server.

4.1. Installing the PHP scripting language
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In RHEL 10, PHP is available in PHP 8.3 as the php RPM package.

Procedure

To install PHP 8.3, enter:
```
# dnf install php
```

Additional resources

Managing software with the DNF tool

4.2. Using the PHP scripting language with a web server
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4.2.1. Using PHP with the Apache HTTP Server
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In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10, the Apache HTTP Server allows you to run PHP as a FastCGI process server. FastCGI Process Manager (FPM) is an alternative PHP FastCGI daemon that allows a website to manage high loads. PHP uses FastCGI Process Manager by default in RHEL 10.

Prerequisites

The PHP scripting language is installed on your system.

Procedure

Configure the Apache HTTP Server and php-fpm to run PHP scripts.
1. Install the httpd package:
  # dnf install httpd
2. Start the Apache HTTP Server:
  # systemctl start httpd
  Or, if the Apache HTTP Server is already running on your system, restart the httpd service after installing PHP:
  # systemctl restart httpd
3. Start the php-fpm service:
  # systemctl start php-fpm
4. Optional: Enable both services to start at boot time:
  # systemctl enable php-fpm httpd
5. To obtain information about your PHP settings, create the index.php file with the following content in the /var/www/html/ directory:
  # echo '<?php phpinfo(); ?>' > /var/www/html/index.php
6. To run the index.php file, point the browser to:
  http://<hostname>/
7. Optional: Adjust configuration if you have specific requirements:
  - /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf - generic httpd configuration
  - /etc/httpd/conf.d/php.conf - PHP-specific configuration for httpd
  - /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/php-fpm.conf - by default, the php-fpm service is started with httpd
  - /etc/php-fpm.conf - FPM main configuration
  - /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf - default www pool configuration
Run the "Hello, World!" PHP script using the Apache HTTP Server.
1. Create a hello directory for your project in the /var/www/html/ directory:
  # mkdir hello
2. Create a hello.php file in the /var/www/html/hello/ directory with the following content:
  # <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hello, World! Page</title> </head> <body> <?php echo 'Hello, World!'; ?> </body> </html>
3. Start the Apache HTTP Server:
  # systemctl start httpd
4. To run the hello.php file, point the browser to:
  http://<hostname>/hello/hello.php
  As a result, a web page with the "Hello, World!" text is displayed.
  See httpd(8), httpd.conf(5), and php-fpm(8) man pages for more information.

4.2.2. Using PHP with the nginx web server
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You can run PHP code through the nginx web server.

Prerequisites

The PHP scripting language is installed on your system.

Procedure

Configure the nginx web server and php-fpm to run PHP scripts.
1. Install the nginx package:
  # dnf install nginx
2. Start the nginx server:
  # systemctl start nginx
  Or, if the nginx server is already running on your system, restart the nginx service after installing PHP:
  # systemctl restart nginx
3. Start the php-fpm service:
  # systemctl start php-fpm
4. Optional: Enable both services to start at boot time:
  # systemctl enable php-fpm nginx
5. To obtain information about your PHP settings, create the index.php file with the following content in the /usr/share/nginx/html/ directory:
  # echo '<?php phpinfo(); ?>' > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.php
6. To run the index.php file, point the browser to:
  http://<hostname>/
7. Optional: Adjust configuration if you have specific requirements:
  - /etc/nginx/nginx.conf - nginx main configuration
  - /etc/nginx/conf.d/php-fpm.conf - FPM configuration for nginx
  - /etc/php-fpm.conf - FPM main configuration
  - /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf - default www pool configuration
Run the "Hello, World!" PHP script using the nginx server.
1. Create a hello directory for your project in the /usr/share/nginx/html/ directory:
  # mkdir hello
2. Create a hello.php file in the /usr/share/nginx/html/hello/ directory with the following content:
  # <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hello, World! Page</title> </head> <body> <?php echo 'Hello, World!'; ?> </body> </html>
3. Start the nginx server:
  # systemctl start nginx
4. To run the hello.php file, point the browser to:
  http://<hostname>/hello/hello.php
  As a result, a web page with the "Hello, World!" text is displayed.
  See nginx(8) and php-fpm(8) man pages for more information.

4.3. Running a PHP script using the command line
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A PHP script is usually run using a web server, but also can be run using the command line.

Prerequisites

The PHP scripting language is installed on your system.

Procedure

Open a text editor and create a PHP file named hello.php with the following content:
```
<?php
    echo 'Hello, World!';
?>
```
Open a terminal and navigate to the directory containing hello.php.
Run the PHP script from the command line:
```
$ php hello.php
Hello, World!
```
See php(1) man pages for more information.

법적 공지
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All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Installing and using dynamic programming languages

Installing and using Python and PHP in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

Providing feedback on Red Hat documentation
링크 복사

1장. Installing and using Python
링크 복사

1.1. Python versions
링크 복사

1.2. Installing Python 3
링크 복사

1.3. Installing additional Python 3 packages
링크 복사

1.4. Installing additional Python 3 tools for developers
링크 복사

1.5. Using Python
링크 복사

2장. Packaging Python 3 RPMs
링크 복사

2.1. A spec file description for an example Python package
링크 복사

2.2. Common macros for Python 3 RPMs
링크 복사

2.3. Using automatically generated dependencies for Python RPMs
링크 복사

3장. Installing Tcl/Tk
링크 복사

3.1. Installing Tcl
링크 복사

3.2. Installing Tk
링크 복사

4장. Using the PHP scripting language
링크 복사

4.1. Installing the PHP scripting language
링크 복사

4.2. Using the PHP scripting language with a web server
링크 복사

4.2.1. Using PHP with the Apache HTTP Server
링크 복사

4.2.2. Using PHP with the nginx web server
링크 복사

4.3. Running a PHP script using the command line
링크 복사

법적 공지
링크 복사

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Installing and using dynamic programming languages

Installing and using Python and PHP in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

Providing feedback on Red Hat documentation링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1장. Installing and using Python링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1.1. Python versions링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1.2. Installing Python 3링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1.3. Installing additional Python 3 packages링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1.4. Installing additional Python 3 tools for developers링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

1.5. Using Python링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

2장. Packaging Python 3 RPMs링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

2.1. A spec file description for an example Python package링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

2.2. Common macros for Python 3 RPMs링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

2.3. Using automatically generated dependencies for Python RPMs링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

3장. Installing Tcl/Tk링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

3.1. Installing Tcl링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

3.2. Installing Tk링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4장. Using the PHP scripting language링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4.1. Installing the PHP scripting language링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4.2. Using the PHP scripting language with a web server링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4.2.1. Using PHP with the Apache HTTP Server링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4.2.2. Using PHP with the nginx web server링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

4.3. Running a PHP script using the command line링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

법적 공지링크 복사링크가 클립보드에 복사되었습니다!

자세한 정보

평가판, 구매 및 판매

커뮤니티

Red Hat 문서 정보

보다 포괄적 수용을 위한 오픈 소스 용어 교체

Red Hat 소개

Theme

Red Hat legal and privacy links

Red Hat legal and privacy links

Providing feedback on Red Hat documentation
링크 복사

1장. Installing and using Python
링크 복사

1.1. Python versions
링크 복사

1.2. Installing Python 3
링크 복사

1.3. Installing additional Python 3 packages
링크 복사

1.4. Installing additional Python 3 tools for developers
링크 복사

1.5. Using Python
링크 복사

2장. Packaging Python 3 RPMs
링크 복사

2.1. A spec file description for an example Python package
링크 복사

2.2. Common macros for Python 3 RPMs
링크 복사

2.3. Using automatically generated dependencies for Python RPMs
링크 복사

3장. Installing Tcl/Tk
링크 복사

3.1. Installing Tcl
링크 복사

3.2. Installing Tk
링크 복사

4장. Using the PHP scripting language
링크 복사

4.1. Installing the PHP scripting language
링크 복사

4.2. Using the PHP scripting language with a web server
링크 복사

4.2.1. Using PHP with the Apache HTTP Server
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4.2.2. Using PHP with the nginx web server
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4.3. Running a PHP script using the command line
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법적 공지
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