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Chapter 11. Insufficient Free Host Memory Pages Available to Allocate Guest RAM with Open vSwitch DPDK

11.1. Symptom
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When deploying an instance and scheduling it onto a compute node which still has sufficient pCPUs for the instance and also sufficient free huge pages for the instance memory, nova returns: 

[stack@undercloud-4 ~]$ nova show 1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc
(...)
| fault                                | {"message": "Exceeded maximum number of retries. Exceeded max scheduling attempts 3
for instance 1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc. Last exception: internal error: process exited while connecting to monitor:
2017-11-23T19:53:20.311446Z qemu-kvm: -chardev pty,id=cha", "code": 500, "details": "  File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages
/nova/conductor/manager.py\", line 492, in build_instances |
|                                      |     filter_properties, instances[0].uuid)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|                                      |   File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/nova/scheduler/utils.py\", line 184, in
populate_retry                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
|                                      |     raise exception.MaxRetriesExceeded(reason=msg)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
|                                      | ", "created": "2017-11-23T19:53:22Z"}
(...)
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And /var/log/nova/nova-compute.log on the compute node gives the following ERROR message: 

2017-11-23 19:53:21.021 153615 ERROR nova.compute.manager [instance: 1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc]
2017-11-23T19:53:20.477183Z qemu-kvm: -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt
/qemu/7-instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind: os_mem_prealloc: Insufficient free host memory
pages available to allocate guest RAM
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Additionally, libvirt creates the following log file: 

[root@overcloud-compute-1 qemu]# cat instance-00000006.log
2017-11-23 19:53:02.145+0000: starting up libvirt version: 3.2.0, package: 14.el7_4.3 (Red Hat, Inc.
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>, 2017-08-22-08:54:01, x86-039.build.eng.bos.redhat.com), qemu version: 2.9.0(qemu-
kvm-rhev-2.9.0-10.el7), hostname: overcloud-compute-1.localdomain
LC_ALL=C PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -name
guest=instance-00000006,debug-threads=on -S -object secret,id=masterKey0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/domain-
5-instance-00000006/master-key.aes -machine pc-i440fx-rhel7.4.0,accel=kvm,usb=off,dump-guest-core=off -cpu
SandyBridge,vme=on,hypervisor=on,arat=on,tsc_adjust=on,xsaveopt=on -m 512 -realtime mlock=off -smp
1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt/qemu/5
-instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind -numa node,nodeid=0,cpus=0,memdev=ram-node0 -uuid
1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc -smbios 'type=1,manufacturer=Red Hat,product=OpenStack
Compute,version=14.0.8-5.el7ost,serial=4f88fcca-0cd3-4e19-8dc4-4436a54daff8,uuid=1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c
-0a9fe886e9bc,family=Virtual Machine' -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt
/qemu/domain-5-instance-00000006/monitor.sock,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc
base=utc,driftfix=slew -global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=delay -no-hpet -no-shutdown -boot strict=on -device piix3
-usb-uhci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2 -drive file=/var/lib/nova/instances/1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc
/disk,format=qcow2,if=none,id=drive-virtio-disk0,cache=none -device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=off,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4,drive=drive-
virtio-disk0,id=virtio-disk0,bootindex=1 -chardev socket,id=charnet0,path=/var/run/openvswitch/vhu9758ef15-d2 -netdev vhost-
user,chardev=charnet0,id=hostnet0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=fa:16:3e:d6:89:65,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3
-add-fd set=0,fd=29 -chardev file,id=charserial0,path=/dev/fdset/0,append=on -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial0,id=serial0
-chardev pty,id=charserial1 -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial1,id=serial1 -device usb-tablet,id=input0,bus=usb.0,port=1
-vnc 172.16.2.8:2 -k en-us -device cirrus-vga,id=video0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device virtio-balloon-
pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x5 -msg timestamp=on
2017-11-23T19:53:03.217386Z qemu-kvm: -chardev pty,id=charserial1: char device redirected to /dev/pts/3 (label charserial1)
2017-11-23T19:53:03.359799Z qemu-kvm: -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt
/qemu/5-instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind: os_mem_prealloc: Insufficient free host memory
pages available to allocate guest RAM

2017-11-23 19:53:03.630+0000: shutting down, reason=failed
2017-11-23 19:53:10.052+0000: starting up libvirt version: 3.2.0, package: 14.el7_4.3 (Red Hat, Inc.
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>, 2017-08-22-08:54:01, x86-039.build.eng.bos.redhat.com), qemu version: 2.9.0(qemu-
kvm-rhev-2.9.0-10.el7), hostname: overcloud-compute-1.localdomain
LC_ALL=C PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -name
guest=instance-00000006,debug-threads=on -S -object secret,id=masterKey0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/domain-
6-instance-00000006/master-key.aes -machine pc-i440fx-rhel7.4.0,accel=kvm,usb=off,dump-guest-core=off -cpu
SandyBridge,vme=on,hypervisor=on,arat=on,tsc_adjust=on,xsaveopt=on -m 512 -realtime mlock=off -smp
1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt/qemu/6-
instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind -numa node,nodeid=0,cpus=0,memdev=ram-node0 -uuid
1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc -smbios 'type=1,manufacturer=Red Hat,product=OpenStack
Compute,version=14.0.8-5.el7ost,serial=4f88fcca-0cd3-4e19-8dc4-4436a54daff8,uuid=1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-
0a9fe886e9bc,family=Virtual Machine' -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt
/qemu/domain-6-instance-00000006/monitor.sock,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc
base=utc,driftfix=slew -global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=delay -no-hpet -no-shutdown -boot strict=on -device piix3
-usb-uhci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2 -drive file=/var/lib/nova/instances/1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc
/disk,format=qcow2,if=none,id=drive-virtio-disk0,cache=none -device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=off,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4,drive=drive-
virtio-disk0,id=virtio-disk0,bootindex=1 -chardev socket,id=charnet0,path=/var/run/openvswitch/vhu9758ef15-d2 -netdev vhost-
user,chardev=charnet0,id=hostnet0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=fa:16:3e:d6:89:65,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3
-add-fd set=0,fd=29 -chardev file,id=charserial0,path=/dev/fdset/0,append=on -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial0,id=serial0
-chardev pty,id=charserial1 -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial1,id=serial1 -device usb-tablet,id=input0,bus=usb.0,port=1
-vnc 172.16.2.8:2 -k en-us -device cirrus-vga,id=video0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device virtio-balloon-
pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x5 -msg timestamp=on
2017-11-23T19:53:11.466399Z qemu-kvm: -chardev pty,id=charserial1: char device redirected to /dev/pts/3 (label charserial1)
2017-11-23T19:53:11.729226Z qemu-kvm: -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt
/qemu/6-instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind: os_mem_prealloc: Insufficient free host memory
pages available to allocate guest RAM

2017-11-23 19:53:12.159+0000: shutting down, reason=failed
2017-11-23 19:53:19.370+0000: starting up libvirt version: 3.2.0, package: 14.el7_4.3 (Red Hat, Inc.
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>, 2017-08-22-08:54:01, x86-039.build.eng.bos.redhat.com), qemu version: 2.9.0(qemu-
kvm-rhev-2.9.0-10.el7), hostname: overcloud-compute-1.localdomain
LC_ALL=C PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -name
guest=instance-00000006,debug-threads=on -S -object secret,id=masterKey0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/domain-
7-instance-00000006/master-key.aes -machine pc-i440fx-rhel7.4.0,accel=kvm,usb=off,dump-guest-core=off -cpu
SandyBridge,vme=on,hypervisor=on,arat=on,tsc_adjust=on,xsaveopt=on -m 512 -realtime mlock=off -smp
1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt/qemu/7-
instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind -numa node,nodeid=0,cpus=0,memdev=ram-node0 -uuid
1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc -smbios 'type=1,manufacturer=Red Hat,product=OpenStack
Compute,version=14.0.8-5.el7ost,serial=4f88fcca-0cd3-4e19-8dc4-4436a54daff8,uuid=1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c
-0a9fe886e9bc,family=Virtual Machine' -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt
/qemu/domain-7-instance-00000006/monitor.sock,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc
base=utc,driftfix=slew -global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=delay -no-hpet -no-shutdown -boot strict=on -device piix3-
usb-uhci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2 -drive file=/var/lib/nova/instances/1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc
/disk,format=qcow2,if=none,id=drive-virtio-disk0,cache=none -device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=off,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4,drive=drive-
virtio-disk0,id=virtio-disk0,bootindex=1 -chardev socket,id=charnet0,path=/var/run/openvswitch/vhu9758ef15-d2 -netdev vhost-
user,chardev=charnet0,id=hostnet0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=fa:16:3e:d6:89:65,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3
-add-fd set=0,fd=29 -chardev file,id=charserial0,path=/dev/fdset/0,append=on -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial0,id=serial0
-chardev pty,id=charserial1 -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial1,id=serial1 -device usb-tablet,id=input0,bus=usb.0,port=1
-vnc 172.16.2.8:2 -k en-us -device cirrus-vga,id=video0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device virtio-balloon-
pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x5 -msg timestamp=on
2017-11-23T19:53:20.311446Z qemu-kvm: -chardev pty,id=charserial1: char device redirected to /dev/pts/3 (label charserial1)
2017-11-23T19:53:20.477183Z qemu-kvm: -object memory-backend-file,id=ram-node0,prealloc=yes,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/libvirt
/qemu/7-instance-00000006,share=yes,size=536870912,host-nodes=0,policy=bind: os_mem_prealloc: Insufficient free host memory
pages available to allocate guest RAM

2017-11-23 19:53:20.724+0000: shutting down, reason=failed
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11.2. Diagnosis
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Without additional settings, nova does not know that a certain amount of huge page memory is used by other processes. By default, nova assumes that all huge page memory is available for instances. Nova will first fill up NUMA node 0 if it believes that there are still free pCPUs and free hugepage memory on this NUMA node. This issue can occur due to the following causes:

  • The requested pCPUs still fit into NUMA 0
  • The combined memory of all existing instances plus the memory of the instance to be spawned still fit into NUMA node 0
  • Another process such as OVS holds a certain amount of hugepage memory on NUMA node 0

11.2.1. Diagnostic Steps
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  1. Check meminfo. The following show a hypervisor with 2MB hugepages and 512 free hugepages per NUMA node: 

    [root@overcloud-compute-1 ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo  | grep -i huge
Node 0 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 0 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 0 HugePages_Free:    512
Node 0 HugePages_Surp:      0
Node 1 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 1 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 1 HugePages_Free:    512
Node 1 HugePages_Surp:      0
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  2. Check the NUMA architecture: 

    [root@overcloud-compute-1 nova]# lscpu  | grep -i NUMA
NUMA node(s):          2
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-3
NUMA node1 CPU(s):     4-7
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  3. Check the huge pages reserved by OVS. In the following output, OVS reserves 512MB of huge pages per NUMA node: 

    [root@overcloud-compute-1 virt]# ovs-vsctl list Open_vSwitch | grep mem
other_config        : {dpdk-init="true", dpdk-lcore-mask="3", dpdk-socket-mem="512,512", pmd-cpu-mask="1e"}
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  4. Deploy instances with the following flavor (1 vCPU and 512 MB or memory): 

    [stack@undercloud-4 ~]$ nova flavor-show m1.tiny
+----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Property                   | Value                                                       |
+----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| OS-FLV-DISABLED:disabled   | False                                                       |
| OS-FLV-EXT-DATA:ephemeral  | 0                                                           |
| disk                       | 8                                                           |
| extra_specs                | {"hw:cpu_policy": "dedicated", "hw:mem_page_size": "large"} |
| id                         | 49debbdb-c12e-4435-97ef-f575990b352f                        |
| name                       | m1.tiny                                                     |
| os-flavor-access:is_public | True                                                        |
| ram                        | 512                                                         |
| rxtx_factor                | 1.0                                                         |
| swap                       |                                                             |
| vcpus                      | 1                                                           |
+----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
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    The new instance will boot and will use memory from NUMA 1: 

    [stack@undercloud-4 ~]$ nova list | grep d98772d1-119e-48fa-b1d9-8a68411cba0b
| d98772d1-119e-48fa-b1d9-8a68411cba0b | cirros-test0 | ACTIVE | -          | Running     |
provider1=2000:10::f816:3eff:fe8d:a6ef, 10.0.0.102 |
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    [root@overcloud-compute-1 nova]# cat /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo  | grep -i huge
Node 0 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 0 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 0 HugePages_Free:      0
Node 0 HugePages_Surp:      0
Node 1 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 1 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 1 HugePages_Free:    256
Node 1 HugePages_Surp:      0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    nova boot --nic net-id=$NETID --image cirros --flavor m1.tiny --key-name id_rsa cirros-test0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    This instance fails to boot: 

    [stack@undercloud-4 ~]$ nova list
+--------------------------------------+--------------+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ID                                   | Name         | Status | Task State | Power State | Networks                                           |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc | cirros-test0 | ERROR  | -          | NOSTATE     |                                                    |
| a44c43ca-49ad-43c5-b8a1-543ed8ab80ad | cirros-test0 | ACTIVE | -          | Running     |
provider1=2000:10::f816:3eff:fe0f:565b, 10.0.0.105 |
| e21ba401-6161-45e6-8a04-6c45cef4aa3e | cirros-test0 | ACTIVE | -          | Running     |
provider1=2000:10::f816:3eff:fe69:18bd, 10.0.0.111 |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. From the compute node, check that free huge pages on NUMA Node 0 are exhausted. There is, however, enough space on NUMA node 1: 

    [root@overcloud-compute-1 qemu]# cat /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo  | grep -i huge
Node 0 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 0 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 0 HugePages_Free:      0
Node 0 HugePages_Surp:      0
Node 1 AnonHugePages:      2048 kB
Node 1 HugePages_Total:  1024
Node 1 HugePages_Free:    512
Node 1 HugePages_Surp:      0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. The information in /var/log/nova/nova-compute.log reveals that the instance CPU is pinned to NUMA node 0: 

    <name>instance-00000006</name>
  <uuid>1b72e7a1-c298-4c92-8d2c-0a9fe886e9bc</uuid>
  <metadata>
    <nova:instance xmlns:nova="http://openstack.org/xmlns/libvirt/nova/1.0">
      <nova:package version="14.0.8-5.el7ost"/>
      <nova:name>cirros-test0</nova:name>
      <nova:creationTime>2017-11-23 19:53:00</nova:creationTime>
      <nova:flavor name="m1.tiny">
        <nova:memory>512</nova:memory>
        <nova:disk>8</nova:disk>
        <nova:swap>0</nova:swap>
        <nova:ephemeral>0</nova:ephemeral>
        <nova:vcpus>1</nova:vcpus>
      </nova:flavor>
      <nova:owner>
        <nova:user uuid="5d1785ee87294a6fad5e2bdddd91cc20">admin</nova:user>
        <nova:project uuid="8c307c08d2234b339c504bfdd896c13e">admin</nova:project>
      </nova:owner>
      <nova:root type="image" uuid="6350211f-5a11-4e02-a21a-cb1c0d543214"/>
    </nova:instance>
  </metadata>
  <memory unit='KiB'>524288</memory>
  <currentMemory unit='KiB'>524288</currentMemory>
  <memoryBacking>
    <hugepages>
      <page size='2048' unit='KiB' nodeset='0'/>
    </hugepages>
  </memoryBacking>
  <vcpu placement='static'>1</vcpu>
  <cputune>
    <shares>1024</shares>
    <vcpupin vcpu='0' cpuset='2'/>
    <emulatorpin cpuset='2'/>
  </cputune>
  <numatune>
    <memory mode='strict' nodeset='0'/>
    <memnode cellid='0' mode='strict' nodeset='0'/>
  </numatune>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

In the numatune section, nodeset="0" indicates that memory will be claimed from NUMA 0.

11.3. Solution
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Administrators can input the amount of huge page memory not used by instances into nova. 

[root@overcloud-compute-1 virt]# grep reserved_huge /etc/nova/nova.conf  -B1
[DEFAULT]
reserved_huge_pages=node:0,size:2048,count:512
reserved_huge_pages=node:1,size:2048,count:512
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The size parameter is the huge page size in KiB. The count parameter is the number of huge pages that are used by OVS per NUMA node. For example, for 4096 of socket memory used by Open vSwitch, use the following values: 

[DEFAULT]
reserved_huge_pages=node:0,size:1GB,count:4
reserved_huge_pages=node:1,size:1GB,count:4
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See How to set reserved_huge_pages in /etc/nova/nova.conf in Red Hat OpenStack Platform 10 for details about how to implement this with OpenStack director.

This option is undocumented in Red Hat OpenStack Platform 10: OpenStack nova.conf - configuration options

In Red Hat OpenStack Platform 11, this is documented here: OpenStack nova.conf - configuration options 

reserved_huge_pages = None

(Unknown) Number of huge/large memory pages to reserved per NUMA host cell.

Possible values:

    A list of valid key=value which reflect NUMA node ID, page size (Default unit is KiB) and number of pages to be reserved.

    reserved_huge_pages = node:0,size:2048,count:64 reserved_huge_pages = node:1,size:1GB,count:1

    In this example we are reserving on NUMA node 0 64 pages of 2MiB and on NUMA node 1 1 page of 1GiB.
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With debug enabled in /etc/nova/nova.conf, you should see the following information in the logs after a restart of openstack-nova-compute: 

[root@overcloud-compute-1 virt]# systemctl restart openstack-nova-compute
(...)
[root@overcloud-compute-1 virt]# grep reserved_huge_pages /var/log/nova/nova-compute.log | tail -n1
2017-12-19 17:56:40.727 26691 DEBUG oslo_service.service [req-e681e97d-7d99-4ba8-bee7-5f7a3f655b21 - - - - -]
reserved_huge_pages            = [{'node': '0', 'count': '512', 'size': '2048'}, {'node': '1', 'count': '512', 'size':
'2048'}] log_opt_values /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo_config/cfg.py:2622
[root@overcloud-compute-1 virt]#
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