Chapter 3. User and Role Management
3.1. Limiting and Monitoring Users and Projects
3.1.1. Setting Limits for Users and Projects
How can I create limits for users and projects?
You can place limits within your OpenShift cluster using ResourceQuotas and LimitRanges. These quotas and limits allow you to control pod and container limits, object counts, and compute resources. Currently, these limits and quotas only apply to projects and not to users. However, you can make a quota-like limit on how many project requests a user can make.
Creating a quota in a project to limit the number of pods
To create a quota in the "awesomeproject" that limits the number of pods that can be created to a maximum of 10:
Create a resource-quota.yaml file with the following contents:
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: resource-quota spec: hard: pods: "10"Create the quota using the file you just wrote to apply it to the "awesomeproject":
$ oc create -f resource-quota.yaml -n awesomeproject
After the quota has been in effect for a little while, you can view the usage statistics for the hard limit set on pods.
If required, list the quotas defined in the project to see the names of all defined quotas:
$ oc get quota -n awesomeproject NAME AGE resource-quota 39m
Describe the resource quota for which you want statistics:
$ oc describe quota resource-quota -n awesomeproject Name: resource-quota Namespace: awesomeproject Resource Used Hard -------- ---- ---- pods 3 10
- Optionally, you can configure the quota synchronization period, which controls how long to wait before restoring quota usage after resources are deleted.
If you want to remove an active quota to no longer enforce the limits of a project:
$ oc delete quota <quota_name>
3.1.1.1. Configuration Options
The procedure above is just a basic example. The following are references to all the available options for limits and quotas:
This LimitRange example explains all the container limits and pod limits that you can place within your project:
Core Limit Range Object Definition
apiVersion: "v1" kind: "LimitRange" metadata: name: "core-resource-limits" 1 spec: limits: - type: "Pod" max: cpu: "2" 2 memory: "1Gi" 3 min: cpu: "200m" 4 memory: "6Mi" 5 - type: "Container" max: cpu: "2" 6 memory: "1Gi" 7 min: cpu: "100m" 8 memory: "4Mi" 9 default: cpu: "300m" 10 memory: "200Mi" 11 defaultRequest: cpu: "200m" 12 memory: "100Mi" 13 maxLimitRequestRatio: cpu: "10" 14
- 1
- The name of the limit range object.
- 2
- The maximum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers.
- 3
- The maximum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers.
- 4
- The minimum amount of CPU that a pod can request on a node across all containers.
- 5
- The minimum amount of memory that a pod can request on a node across all containers.
- 6
- The maximum amount of CPU that a single container in a pod can request.
- 7
- The maximum amount of memory that a single container in a pod can request.
- 8
- The minimum amount of CPU that a single container in a pod can request.
- 9
- The minimum amount of memory that a single container in a pod can request.
- 10
- The default amount of CPU that a container will be limited to use if not specified.
- 11
- The default amount of memory that a container will be limited to use if not specified.
- 12
- The default amount of CPU that a container will request to use if not specified.
- 13
- The default amount of memory that a container will request to use if not specified.
- 14
- The maximum amount of CPU burst that a container can make as a ratio of its limit over request.
For more information on how CPU and memory are measured, see Compute Resources.
OpenShift Container Platform Limit Range Object Definition
apiVersion: "v1"
kind: "LimitRange"
metadata:
name: "openshift-resource-limits"
spec:
limits:
- type: openshift.io/Image
max:
storage: 1Gi 1
- type: openshift.io/ImageStream
max:
openshift.io/image-tags: 20 2
openshift.io/images: 30 3
These ResourceQuota examples explain all the Object Counts and Compute Resources that you can place within your project:
core-object-counts.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: core-object-counts
spec:
hard:
configmaps: "10" 1
persistentvolumeclaims: "4" 2
replicationcontrollers: "20" 3
secrets: "10" 4
services: "10" 5
- 1
- The total number of
ConfigMapobjects that can exist in the project. - 2
- The total number of persistent volume claims (PVCs) that can exist in the project.
- 3
- The total number of replication controllers that can exist in the project.
- 4
- The total number of secrets that can exist in the project.
- 5
- The total number of services that can exist in the project.
openshift-object-counts.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: openshift-object-counts
spec:
hard:
openshift.io/imagestreams: "10" 1
- 1
- The total number of image streams that can exist in the project.
compute-resources.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: compute-resources
spec:
hard:
pods: "4" 1
requests.cpu: "1" 2
requests.memory: 1Gi 3
limits.cpu: "2" 4
limits.memory: 2Gi 5
- 1
- The total number of pods in a non-terminal state that can exist in the project.
- 2
- Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU requests cannot exceed 1 core.
- 3
- Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory requests cannot exceed 1Gi.
- 4
- Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of CPU limits cannot exceed 2 cores.
- 5
- Across all pods in a non-terminal state, the sum of memory limits cannot exceed 2Gi.
3.1.2. Limiting the Number of Projects a User Can Have
You can limit the number of projects that a user may request by categorizing users with label selectors with the oc label command. A label selector consists of the label name and the label value:
label=value
Once users are labeled, you must modify the default project template in the master-config.yaml file using an admission control plug-in. This allows some users to create more projects than others, and you can define different values (or levels) for each label.
Limiting how many projects a user can request by defining three different privilege levels
The label is named level, and the possible values are bronze, silver, gold, and platinum. Platinum users do not have a maximum number of project requests, gold users can request up to 10 projects, silver users up to 7 projects, bronze users up to 5 projects, and any users without a label are by default only allowed 2 projects.
Each user can only have one value per label. For example, a user cannot be both gold and silver for the level label. However, when configuring the master-config.yaml file, you could select users that have any value for a label with a wildcard; for example, level=*.
To define privilege levels for project requests:
Apply label selectors to users. For example, to apply the
levellabel selector with a value ofbronze:$ oc label user <user_name> level=bronze
Repeat this step for all bronze users, and then for the other levels.
Optionally, verify the previous step by viewing the list of labeled users for each value:
$ oc get users -l level=bronze $ oc get users -l level=silver $ oc get users -l level=gold $ oc get users -l level=platinum
If you need to remove a label from a user to make a correction:
$ oc label user <user_name> level-
Modify the master-config.yaml file to define project limits for this label with the numbers stated in this use case. Find the
admissionConfigline and create the configuration below it:admissionConfig: pluginConfig: ProjectRequestLimit: configuration: apiVersion: v1 kind: ProjectRequestLimitConfig limits: - selector: level: platinum - selector: level: gold maxProjects: 10 - selector: level: silver maxProjects: 7 - selector: level: bronze maxProjects: 5 - maxProjects: 2Restart the master host for the changes to take effect.
$ systemctl restart atomic-openshift-master-api atomic-openshift-master-controllers
If you use a custom project template to limit the number of projects per user, then you must ensure that you keep the modifications by including the following:
ProjectRequester = "openshift.io/requester"
Ownership is established using the openshift.io/requester annotation, so your custom project template must have the same annotation.
3.1.3. Controlling and Monitoring Resource Usage
If you configure a project to have ResourceQuota restrictions, then the amount of the defined quota currently being used is stored on the ResourceQuota object itself. In that case, you could check the amount of used resources, such as CPU usage:
$ oc get quota
However, this would not tell you what is actually being consumed. To determine what is actually being consumed, use the oc describe command:
$ oc describe quota <quota-name>
Alternatively, you can set up cluster metrics for more detailed statistics.
3.2. Determining Which Roles Users Get by Default
When a user first logs in, there is a default set of permissions that is applied to that user. The scope of permissions that a user can have is controlled by the various types of roles within OpenShift:
-
ClusterRoles -
ClusterRoleBindings -
Roles(project-scoped) -
RoleBindings(project-scoped)
You may want to modify the default set of permissions. In order to do this, it’s important to understand the default groups and roles assigned, and to be aware of the roles and users bound to each project or the entire cluster.
3.2.1. Leveraging Default Groups
There are special groups that are assigned to users. You can target users with these groups, but you cannot modify them. These special groups are as follows:
| Group | Description |
|---|---|
|
|
This is assigned to all users who are identifiable to the API. Everyone who is not |
|
| This is assigned to all users who have identified using an oauth token issued by the embedded oauth server. This is not applied to service accounts (they use service account tokens), or certificate users. |
|
| This is assigned to users who have not presented credentials. Invalid credentials are rejected with a 401 error, so this is specifically users who did not try to authenticate at all. |
You may find it helpful to target users with the special groups listed above. For example, you could share a template with all users by granting system:authenticated access to the template.
The "default" permissions of users are defined by which roles are bound to the system:authenticated and sytem:authenticated:oauth groups. As mentioned above, you are not able to modify membership to these groups, but you can change the roles bound to these groups. For example, to bind a role to the system:authenticated group for all projects in the cluster:
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-group <role> system:authenticated
Currently, by default the system:authenticated and sytem:authenticated:oauth groups receive the following roles:
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
|
|
For the |
|
| For the the entire cluster. Allows users to see their own account, check for information about requesting projects, see which projects they can view, and check their own permissions. |
|
| Allows users to request projects. |
|
| Allows users to delete any oauth token for which they know the details. |
|
| Allows users to see which APIs are enabled, and basic API server information such as versions. |
|
| Allows users to hit the webhooks for a build if they have enough additional information. |
3.2.2. Viewing Roles and Users for a Project
To view a list of all users that are bound to the project and their roles:
$ oc get rolebindings NAME ROLE USERS GROUPS SERVICE ACCOUNTS SUBJECTS system:image-pullers /system:image-puller system:serviceaccounts:asdfasdf4asdf admin /admin jsmith system:deployers /system:deployer deployer system:image-builders /system:image-builder builder
3.2.3. Viewing Roles and Users for the Cluster
To view a list of users and what they have access to across the entire cluster:
$ oc get clusterrolebindings NAME ROLE USERS GROUPS SERVICE ACCOUNTS SUBJECTS system:job-controller /system:job-controller openshift-infra/job-controller system:build-controller /system:build-controller openshift-infra/build-controller system:node-admins /system:node-admin system:master system:node-admins registry-registry-role /system:registry default/registry system:pv-provisioner-controller /system:pv-provisioner-controller openshift-infra/pv-provisioner-controller basic-users /basic-user system:authenticated system:namespace-controller /system:namespace-controller openshift-infra/namespace-controller system:discovery-binding /system:discovery system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated system:build-strategy-custom-binding /system:build-strategy-custom system:authenticated cluster-status-binding /cluster-status system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated system:webhooks /system:webhook system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated system:gc-controller /system:gc-controller openshift-infra/gc-controller cluster-readers /cluster-reader system:cluster-readers system:pv-recycler-controller /system:pv-recycler-controller openshift-infra/pv-recycler-controller system:daemonset-controller /system:daemonset-controller openshift-infra/daemonset-controller cluster-admins /cluster-admin system:admin system:cluster-admins system:hpa-controller /system:hpa-controller openshift-infra/hpa-controller system:build-strategy-source-binding /system:build-strategy-source system:authenticated system:replication-controller /system:replication-controller openshift-infra/replication-controller system:sdn-readers /system:sdn-reader system:nodes system:build-strategy-docker-binding /system:build-strategy-docker system:authenticated system:routers /system:router system:routers system:oauth-token-deleters /system:oauth-token-deleter system:authenticated, system:unauthenticated system:node-proxiers /system:node-proxier system:nodes system:nodes /system:node system:nodes self-provisioners /self-provisioner system:authenticated:oauth system:service-serving-cert-controller /system:service-serving-cert-controller openshift-infra/service-serving-cert-controller system:registrys /system:registry system:registries system:pv-binder-controller /system:pv-binder-controller openshift-infra/pv-binder-controller system:build-strategy-jenkinspipeline-binding /system:build-strategy-jenkinspipeline system:authenticated system:deployment-controller /system:deployment-controller openshift-infra/deployment-controller system:masters /system:master system:masters system:service-load-balancer-controller /system:service-load-balancer-controller openshift-infra/service-load-balancer-controller
These commands can generate huge lists, so you may want to pipe the output into a text file that you can search through more easily.
3.3. Controlling User Permissions with Roles
You can define roles (or permissions) for a user before their initial log in so they can start working immediately. You can assign many different types of roles to users such as admin, basic-user, self-provisioner, and cluster-reader.
For a complete list of all available roles:
$ oc adm policy
The following section includes examples of some common operations related to adding (binding) and removing roles from users and groups. For a complete list of available local policy operations, see Managing Role Bindings.
3.3.1. Adding a Role to a User
To bind a role to a user for the current project:
$ oc adm policy add-role-to-user <role> <user_name>
You can specify a project with the -n flag.
3.3.2. Removing a Role from a User
To remove a role from a user for the current project:
$ oc adm policy remove-role-from-user <role> <user_name>
You can specify a project with the -n flag.
3.3.3. Adding a Cluster Role to a User for All Projects
To bind a cluster role to a user for all projects:
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user <role> <user_name>
3.3.4. Removing a Cluster Role from a User for All Projects
To remove a cluster role from a user for all projects:
$ oc adm policy remove-cluster-role-from-user <role> <user_name>
3.3.5. Adding a Role to a Group
To bind a role to a specified group in the current project:
$ oc adm policy add-role-to-group <role> <groupname>
You can specify a project with the -n flag.
3.3.6. Removing a Role from a Group
To remove a role from a specified group in the current project:
$ oc adm policy remove-role-from-group <role> <groupname>
You can specify a project with the -n flag.
3.3.7. Adding a Cluster Role to a Group for All Projects
To bind a role to a specified group for all projects in the cluster:
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-group <role> <groupname>
3.3.8. Removing a Cluster Role from a Group for All Projects
To remove a role from a specified group for all projects in the cluster:
$ oc adm policy remove-cluster-role-from-group <role> <groupname>
3.4. Restricting Role Bindings
By default, a project administrator can create role bindings within the project that specify any users, groups, or service accounts in the cluster as subjects of those bindings. However, the cluster administrator can define restrictions in order to allow only specific subjects.
The administrator defines these restrictions in the form of RoleBindingRestriction objects. An individual RoleBindingRestriction object is specific to a project or namespace. Role bindings in a namespace are restricted by the RoleBindingRestriction objects in that namespace. Restrictions on subjects are enforced as follows:
-
If no
RoleBindingRestrictionobject exists within a particular namespace, then no restrictions are enforced in that namespace (for example, any subject is allowed). -
If any
RoleBindingRestrictionobject in the namespace matches a subject, then that subject is allowed. -
If one or more
RoleBindingRestrictionobjects exist in the namespace, but none matches a given subject, then that subject is not allowed.
Each RoleBindingRestriction object can match subjects of one type: users, groups, or service accounts. Users can be matched by name, label selector, or group membership. Groups can be matched by name or label selector. Service accounts can be matched by name or namespace.
Role binding restrictions are enforced by the RestrictSubjectBindings admission control plug-in, which is disabled by default. To enable it, add the following stanza to the master-config.yaml file:
admissionConfig:
pluginConfig:
openshift.io/RestrictSubjectBindings:
configuration:
apiversion: v1
kind: DefaultAdmissionConfigRestart the OpenShift Container Platform master for the change to take effect:
# systemctl restart atomic-openshift-master-api atomic-openshift-master-controllers
The following example creates a role binding restriction that permits role bindings that have matching users as subjects:
Example Role Binding Restriction Matching Users
$ oc create -f - -n group1 <<EOF apiVersion: v1 kind: RoleBindingRestriction metadata: name: match-users spec: userrestriction: 1 users: 2 - john - jane groups: 3 - group1 labels: 4 - mvp: true EOF rolebindingrestriction "match-users" created
- 1
- Match against user subjects. A
RoleBindingRestrictionspecification must specify exactly one ofuserrestriction,grouprestriction, orserviceaccountrestriction. - 2
- Match any user with the name
johnorjane. - 3
- Match any user that is in the
group1group. - 4
- Match any user that matches the specified label selector.
With the foregoing RoleBindingRestriction, role bindings with the subject john or jane will be allowed. Role bindings with subjects that are members of the group1 group, or that match the specified label, will also be allowed. The admission control plug-in will prohibit bindings with any subject that is not matched by some RoleBindingRestriction in the namespace:
Example of RoleBindingRestriction Enforcement
$ oc adm policy add-role-to-user view joe -n group1 Error from server: rolebindings "view" is forbidden: rolebindings to User "joe" are not allowed in project "group1" $ oc adm policy add-role-to-user view john jane -n group1 $ oc get rolebindings/view -n group1 NAME ROLE USERS GROUPS SERVICE ACCOUNTS SUBJECTS view /view john, jane
The following example creates a role binding restriction that permits role bindings with the group group2 as the subject:
Example Role Binding Restriction Matching Groups
$ oc create -f - -n group2 <<EOF apiVersion: v1 kind: RoleBindingRestriction metadata: name: match-groups spec: grouprestriction: 1 groups: - group2 2 labels: - division: four 3 EOF rolebindingrestriction "match-groups" created
Example Role Binding Restriction Matching Service Accounts
$ oc create -f - -n group2 <<EOF apiVersion: v1 kind: RoleBindingRestriction metadata: name: match-sa spec: serviceaccountrestriction: 1 serviceaccounts: - name: service_account_name1 namespace: namespace1 2 - name: service_account_name2 namespace: "" 3 namespaces: - namespace2 4 EOF rolebindingrestriction "match-sa" created
- 1
- Match against service account subjects.
- 2
- Match any service account with the name
service_account_name1in the namespace callednamespace1. - 3
- Match any service account with the name
service_account_name2in the same namespace as theRoleBindingRestrictionobject. - 4
- Match any service account in the
namespace2namespace.
3.6. Creating a Cluster Administrator User
Cluster administrator is a very powerful role, which has ultimate control within the cluster, including the power to destroy that cluster. You can grant this role to other users if they absolutely need to have ultimate control. However, you may first want to examine the other available roles if you do not want to create such a powerful user. For example, admin is a constrained role that has the power to do many things inside of their project, but cannot affect (or destroy) the entire cluster.
3.6.1. Creating an Administrator Within a Project
To create a basic administrator role within a project:
$ oc adm policy add-role-to-user admin <user_name> -n <project_name>
3.6.2. Creating a Cluster Administrator
To create a cluster administrator with ultimate control over the cluster:
Be very careful when granting cluster administrator role to a user. Ensure that the user truly needs that level of power within the cluster. When OpenShift is first installed, a certificate based user is created and the credentials are saved in admin.kubeconfig. This cluster administrator user can do absolutely anything to any resource on the entire cluster, which can result in destruction if not used carefully.
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user cluster-admin <user_name>
