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Configuring virtual machine subscriptions

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Red Hat Satellite 6.16

Using virt-who to manage host-based subscriptions

Red Hat Satellite Documentation Team

Abstract

This guide provides information about preparing subscriptions and activation keys in Red Hat Satellite, configuring virt-who, and registering virtual machines so that they inherit a subscription from their hypervisor.

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Chapter 1. Introduction

You can use host-based subscriptions for Red Hat Enterprise Linux virtual machines in the following virtualization platforms:

  • Red Hat Virtualization
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Virtualization (KVM)
  • Red Hat OpenStack Platform
  • VMware vSphere
  • Microsoft Hyper-V
  • Nutanix AHV

1.1. Recommendations for subscription usage reporting

For accurate subscription usage reporting, follow these recommendations:

  • Configure virt-who properly as described in the following sections of this guide.

  • Set up system purpose on your systems and activation keys. For more information, see the following resources:

  • In a connected environment, configure the Satellite inventory upload plugin to upload your inventory to Red Hat Hybrid Cloud Console so that you can use the Subscriptions service for subscription usage reporting. You can configure the plugin in the Satellite web UI by navigating to Configure > RH Cloud > Inventory Upload. For more information about the Subscriptions service, see Getting Started with the Subscriptions Service in Subscription Central.

1.2. Host-based subscriptions

Virtual machines require host-based subscriptions instead of physical subscriptions. Many host-based subscriptions provide entitlements for unlimited virtual machines.

To allow virtual machines to report host-guest mappings to their hypervisors, you must install and configure virt-who. Virt-who queries the virtualization platform and reports hypervisor and virtual machine information to Red Hat Satellite. This information is used in reporting about subscription usage which you can get in the Subscriptions service on the Red Hat Hybrid Cloud Console.

To see if a subscription requires virt-who, in the Satellite web UI, navigate to Content > Subscriptions. If there is a tick in the Requires Virt-Who column, you must configure virt-who to use that subscription.

1.3. Configuration overview

To allow virtual machines to report host-guest mappings and subscription information through their hypervisors, complete the following steps:

Prerequisites

  • Import a Subscription Manifest that includes a host-based subscription into Satellite Server. For more information, see Importing a Red Hat Subscription Manifest into Satellite Server in Managing Content.
  • If you are using Microsoft Hyper-V, enable remote management on the hypervisors.
  • If you are using Nutanix AHV, consult How to configure virt-who for Nutanix AHV to work with RHSM in the Red Hat Knowledgebase.

  • Create a user with read-only access and a non-expiring password on each hypervisor or virtualization manager. Virt-who uses this account to retrieve the list of virtual machines to report to Satellite Server.

    • For Red Hat products and Microsoft Hyper-V, create a virt-who user on each hypervisor that runs Red Hat Enterprise Linux virtual machines.
    • For VMware vSphere, create a virt-who user on the vCenter Server. The virt-who user requires at least read-only access to all objects in the vCenter Data Center.

Procedure overview

  1. Section 1.4, “Virt-who configuration for each virtualization platform”. Use the table in this section to plan how to configure and deploy virt-who for your virtualization platform.
  2. Chapter 2, Creating a virt-who configuration. Create a virt-who configuration for each hypervisor or virtualization manager.
  3. Chapter 3, Deploying a virt-who configuration. Deploy the virt-who configurations using the scripts generated by Satellite.
  4. Register the virtual machines to Satellite Server. For more information, see Registering hosts in Managing hosts.

1.4. Virt-who configuration for each virtualization platform

Virt-who is configured using files that specify details such as the virtualization type and the hypervisor or virtualization manager to query. The supported configuration is different for each virtualization platform.

Typical virt-who configuration file

This example shows a typical virt-who configuration file created using the Satellite web UI or Hammer CLI: 

[virt-who-config-1]
type=libvirt
hypervisor_id=hostname
owner=Default_Organization
env=Library
server=hypervisor1.example.com
username=virt_who_user
encrypted_password=$cr_password
rhsm_hostname=satellite.example.com
rhsm_username=virt_who_reporter_1
rhsm_encrypted_password=$user_password
rhsm_prefix=/rhsm

The type and server values depend on the virtualization platform. The following table provides more detail.

The username refers to a read-only user on the hypervisor or virtualization manager, which you must create before configuring virt-who. The rhsm-username refers to an automatically generated user that only has permissions for virt-who reporting to Satellite Server.

Required configuration for each virtualization platform

Use this table to plan your virt-who configuration:

Supported virtualization platformType specified in the configuration fileServer specified in the configuration fileServer where the configuration file is deployed

Red Hat Virtualization

RHEL Virtualization (KVM)

Red Hat OpenStack Platform

libvirt

Hypervisor (one file for each hypervisor)

Each hypervisor

VMware vSphere

esx

vCenter Server

Satellite Server, Capsule Server, or a dedicated RHEL server

Microsoft Hyper-V

hyperv

Hyper-V hypervisor (one file for each hypervisor)

Satellite Server, Capsule Server, or a dedicated RHEL server

Example virt-who configuration files

Example virt-who configuration files for several common hypervisor types are shown.

Example OpenStack virt-who configuration 

[root@compute-node]# cat /etc/virt-who.d/virt-who-config-1.conf
This configuration file is managed via the virt-who configure plugin
manual edits will be deleted.
[virt-who-config-1]
type=libvirt
hypervisor_id=hostname
owner=ORG
env=Library
server=qemu:///system   <====
username=virt-who-user
encrypted_password=xxxxxxxxxxx
rhsm_hostname=satellite.example.com
rhsm_username=virt_who_reporter_1
rhsm_encrypted_password=yyyyyyyyyyy
rhsm_prefix=/rhsm

Example KVM virt-who configuration 

type=libvirt
hypervisor_id=hostname
owner=gss
env=Library
server=qemu+ssh://root@libvirt.example.com/system
username=root
encrypted_password=33di3ksskd
rhsm_hostname=satellite.example.com
rhsm_username=virt_who_reporter_2
rhsm_encrypted_password=23233dj3j3k
rhsm_prefix=/rhsm

Example VMware virt-who configuration 

type=esx
hypervisor_id=hostname
owner=gss
env=Library
server=vcenter.example.com
username=username_vcenter@example.com
encrypted_password=33di3ksskd
rhsm_hostname=satellite.example.com
rhsm_username=virt_who_reporter_2
rhsm_encrypted_password=23233dj3j3k
rhsm_prefix=/rhsm
Important

The rhevm and xen hypervisor types are not supported.

The kubevirt hypervisor type is provided as a Technology Preview only.

Chapter 2. Creating a virt-who configuration

Use this procedure to create a virt-who configuration. Red Hat products and Microsoft Hyper-V require one configuration for each hypervisor that runs Red Hat Enterprise Linux virtual machines. VMware vSphere requires one configuration for each vCenter Server.

Most values in this procedure are added to an /etc/virt-who.d/conf_name.conf file and apply only to the specified hypervisor or virtualization manager. Interval, Enable debugging output, HTTP Proxy, and Ignore Proxy are global values stored in the /etc/sysconfig/virt-who file. Global configuration values apply to all virt-who configurations on the same server, and are overwritten each time a new virt-who configuration is deployed on that server.

Every virt-who configuration creates a virt_who_reporter_[id] user and assigns it the Virt-who Reporter role, which provides minimal permissions for virt-who reporting to Satellite Server. This user cannot be manually configured or used to log in to Satellite Server.

Prerequisites

  • If you are creating a virt-who configuration for a Red Hat hypervisor (Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Red Hat Virtualization Host), register the hypervisor to Red Hat Satellite.

  • Create a read-only virt-who user on the hypervisor or virtualization manager:

    • For Red Hat products and Microsoft Hyper-V, create a virt-who user on each hypervisor that runs Red Hat Enterprise Linux virtual machines.
    • For VMware vSphere, create a virt-who user on the vCenter Server. The virt-who user requires at least read-only access to all objects in the vCenter Data Center.

Procedure

  1. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  2. Click Create Config. In the New Virt-who Config window, you can click the help icons for more information about each field.
  3. Enter a Name for the configuration.

  4. From the Hypervisor Type list, select your virtualization platform:

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Virtualization (KVM), Red Hat Virtualization, or Red Hat OpenStack Platform: libvirt
    • VMware vSphere: esx
    • Microsoft Hyper-V: hyperv
    • Note that the rhevm and xen hypervisor types are not supported, and the kubevirt hypervisor type is provided as a Technology Preview only.
  5. In the Hypervisor Server field, enter the FQDN or IP address of the server this configuration applies to. For VMware vSphere, use the vCenter Server’s FQDN or IP address. For all other products, use the hypervisor’s FQDN or IP address.
  6. In the Hypervisor Username field, enter the name of the virt-who user that you created on the hypervisor or virtualization manager.
  7. In the Hypervisor Password field, enter the password for the virt-who user. This password is encrypted when you deploy the configuration. This field is not required when using the libvirt type.
  8. From the Interval list, select how often virt-who requests new or updated virtual machine information. Because the virtual machines are granted temporary subscriptions for up to seven days, frequent queries are not required; you can select an interval that suits the size of your environment. Every 24 hours is suitable for most environments.
  9. Enter the Satellite server FQDN.
  10. From the Hypervisor ID list, select whether to identify the hypervisors in Satellite Server by their host name or UUID.

  11. Select a Filtering option:

    • The default is Unlimited. All hypervisors covered by this configuration are queried by virt-who. Use this option if you do not have to limit which hypervisors are queried.
    • You can Whitelist or Blacklist hypervisors. For example, if some hypervisors only run Microsoft Windows Server virtual machines, those hypervisors do not need to be reported by virt-who.
  12. If you selected Whitelist or Blacklist: In the Filter hosts or Exclude hosts field, enter a comma-separated list of hypervisors according to the selected Hypervisor ID. For example, if hypervisors are identified by their host name, they must be included or excluded by their host name. If a hypervisor’s name contains special characters, enclose it in quotation marks. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported. Note that when using regular expressions, backslashes must be escaped.
  13. If you selected the esx type and Whitelist or Blacklist: In the Filter host parents or Exclude host parents field, enter a comma-separated list of clusters. Hypervisors in a whitelisted cluster are reported by virt-who. Hypervisors in a blacklisted cluster are not reported by virt-who. If a cluster name contains special characters, enclose it in quotation marks. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported. Note that when using regular expressions, backslashes must be escaped.
  14. Optional: Select the Enable debugging output check box if you require debugging output for troubleshooting.

  15. Optional: Enter an HTTP Proxy to use for communication between the server where virt-who is deployed and the hypervisors or virtualization managers. For example, http://proxy.example.com:3128.

    To use no proxy, leave this field blank; this has the same result as entering * in the Ignore Proxy field.

  16. Optional: In the Ignore Proxy field, enter a comma-separated list of host names, IP addresses, or domains to bypass existing proxy settings.
  17. Click Submit.

For CLI users

  • On Satellite Server, enter the hammer virt-who-config create command. For more information about the options, enter hammer virt-who-config create --help.

    This example creates a virt-who configuration for a Red Hat Enterprise Linux hypervisor: 

    # hammer virt-who-config create \
--name rhel.example.com \
--organization "Example Company" \
--interval 720 \ 1
--filtering-mode none \ 2
--hypervisor-id hostname \ 3
--hypervisor-type libvirt \ 4
--hypervisor-server rhel.example.com \ 5
--hypervisor-username virt-who \ 6
--proxy 'http://proxy.example.com:3128' \ 7
--satellite-url satellite.example.com
1
Choose how often, in minutes, virt-who queries the virtualization platform. You can select an interval that suits the size of your environment. For accurate reporting to the Subscriptions service, twice a day (720) is suitable for most environments.
2
Choose whether to filter hypervisors. Use none if you do not have to limit which hypervisors are queried. Alternatively, you can whitelist or blacklist hypervisors. For example, if some hypervisors only run Microsoft Windows Server virtual machines, those hypervisors do not need to be reported by virt-who.
3
Choose how to identify the hypervisor (or hypervisors) this configuration applies to. Use hostname to provide meaningful host names in the Satellite web UI. Alternatively, you can use uuid to avoid duplication if a hypervisor is renamed. hwuuid can be used only if this configuration applies to a virtualization manager instead of an individual hypervisor, and must not be changed to another option after virt-who starts running because this causes duplicate entries in Subscription Manager.
4
Specify the supported type for your virtualization platform:
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Virtualization (KVM), Red Hat Virtualization, or Red Hat OpenStack Platform: libvirt
  • VMware vSphere: esx
  • Microsoft Hyper-V: hyperv
  • Note that the rhevm and xen hypervisor types are not supported, and the kubevirt hypervisor type is provided as a Technology Preview only.
5
Specify the FQDN or IP address of the server this configuration applies to. For VMware vSphere, use the vCenter Server’s FQDN or IP address. For all other products, use the hypervisor’s FQDN or IP address.
6
Specify the read-only virt-who user that you created on the hypervisor or virtualization manager. You do not need to specify a password when using the libvirt type. For other types, you must specify the virt-who user’s password with the --hypervisor-password option.
7
Optional: Enter an HTTP proxy to use for communication between the server where virt-who is deployed and the hypervisors or virtualization managers.

Chapter 3. Deploying a virt-who configuration

After you create a virt-who configuration, Satellite provides a script to automate the deployment process. The script installs virt-who and creates the individual and global virt-who configuration files.

For Red Hat products, you must deploy each configuration file on the hypervisor specified in the file. For other products, you must deploy the configuration files on Satellite Server, Capsule Server, or a separate Red Hat Enterprise Linux server that is dedicated to running virt-who.

3.1. Deploying a virt-who configuration on a hypervisor

Use this procedure to deploy a virt-who configuration on the Red Hat hypervisor that you specified in the file. Global values apply only to this hypervisor.

You can also use this procedure to deploy a vCenter or Hyper-V virt-who configuration on Capsule Server. Global configuration values apply to all virt-who configurations on the same Capsule Server, and are overwritten each time a new virt-who configuration is deployed.

Prerequisites

  • Register the hypervisor to Red Hat Satellite.
  • If you are using Red Hat Virtualization Host (RHVH), update it to the latest version so that the minimum virt-who version is available. Virt-who is available by default on RHVH, but cannot be updated individually from the rhel-7-server-rhvh-4-rpms repository.
  • Create a read-only virt-who user on the hypervisor.
  • Create a virt-who configuration for your virtualization platform.

Procedure

  1. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  2. Click the name of the virt-who configuration.
  3. Click the Deploy tab.
  4. Under Configuration script, click Download the script.

  5. Copy the script to the hypervisor: 

    # scp deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh root@hypervisor.example.com:

  6. Make the deployment script executable and run it: 

    # chmod +x deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh
# sh deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh

  7. After the deployment is complete, delete the script: 

    # rm deploy_virt_who_config_1

3.2. Deploying a virt-who configuration on Satellite Server

Use this procedure to deploy a vCenter or Hyper-V virt-who configuration on Satellite Server.

Global configuration values apply to all virt-who configurations on Satellite Server, and are overwritten each time a new virt-who configuration is deployed.

Prerequisites

  • Create a read-only virt-who user on the hypervisor or virtualization manager.
  • If you are deploying a Hyper-V virt-who configuration, enable remote management on the Hyper-V hypervisor.
  • Create a virt-who configuration for your virtualization platform.

Procedure

  1. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  2. Click the name of the virt-who configuration.
  3. Under Hammer command, click Copy to clipboard.
  4. On Satellite Server, paste the Hammer command into your terminal.

3.3. Deploying a virt-who configuration on a separate Red Hat Enterprise Linux server

Use this procedure to deploy a vCenter or Hyper-V virt-who configuration on a dedicated Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 server. The server can be physical or virtual.

Global configuration values apply to all virt-who configurations on this server, and are overwritten each time a new virt-who configuration is deployed.

Prerequisites

  • Create a read-only virt-who user on the hypervisor or virtualization manager.
  • If you are deploying a Hyper-V virt-who configuration, enable remote management on the Hyper-V hypervisor.
  • Create a virt-who configuration for your virtualization platform.

Procedure

  1. On the Red Hat Enterprise Linux server, install Satellite Server’s CA certificate: 

    # rpm -ivh http://satellite.example.com/pub/katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm

  2. Register the Red Hat Enterprise Linux server to Satellite Server: 

    # subscription-manager register \
--org=organization_label \
--auto-attach

  3. Open a network port for communication between virt-who and Satellite Server: 

    # firewall-cmd --add-port="443/tcp"
# firewall-cmd --add-port="443/tcp" --permanent

  4. Open a network port for communication between virt-who and each hypervisor or virtualization manager:

    • VMware vCenter: TCP port 443
    • Microsoft Hyper-V: TCP port 5985
  5. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  6. Click the name of the virt-who configuration file.
  7. Click the Deploy tab.
  8. Under Configuration script, click Download the script.

  9. Copy the script to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux server: 

    # scp deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh root@rhel.example.com:

  10. Make the deployment script executable and run it: 

    # chmod +x deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh
# sh deploy_virt_who_config_1.sh

  11. After the deployment is complete, delete the script: 

    # rm deploy_virt_who_config_1

Appendix A. Troubleshooting virt-who

A.1. Modifying a virt-who configuration

You can modify an existing virt-who configuration using either the Satellite web UI or the Hammer CLI. For example, if you need to change how frequently virt-who runs, the virt-who configuration must be updated and deployed again.

Procedure

  1. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  2. Locate the virt-who configuration you want to modify, and click Edit in the Actions column.
  3. Edit the fields you want to change.
  4. Click Submit.
  5. Redeploy the modified virt-who configuration.

For CLI users

  1. On Satellite Server, enter the hammer virt-who-config update command, specifying the name of the configuration you want to modify, and new values for the options you want to change. If you want to change the name of the configuration, you must use the option --new-name. 

    # hammer virt-who-config update \
--name current_name \
--new-name new_name \
--interval 1440
  2. Redeploy the modified virt-who configuration.

A.2. Removing an existing virt-who configuration

To remove an existing virt-who configuration, you must first remove the configuration entry in the Satellite web UI and then remove the configuration file from the file system of the host that the configuration was deployed on.

Procedure

  1. In the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations.
  2. From the Actions list for the configuration you want to remove, select Delete.

  3. On the host that you want to remove the virt-who configuration from, remove the configuration file: 

    # rm /etc/virt-who.d/conf_name.conf

A.3. Virt-who troubleshooting methods

Verifying virt-who status

To verify virt-who’s status in the Satellite web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Virt-who configurations and check the Status column for each virt-who instance. A status of OK indicates that virt-who is successfully connecting to Satellite Server and reporting the virtual machines managed by each hypervisor.

To list the status of all virt-who instances using the CLI, enter the following command on Satellite Server: 

# hammer virt-who-config list

The command’s output includes the date and time at which each virt-who instance reported to Satellite Server.

Debug logging

Check the /var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log file, where virt-who logs all its activity by default.

To enable more detailed logging, modify the virt-who configuration:

  • In the Satellite web UI, select the Enable debugging output check box.
  • In the Hammer CLI, add the --debug true option.

Redeploy the configuration for the change to take effect.

When the underlying issue is resolved, modify the virt-who configuration to disable debugging, then redeploy the configuration again.

Testing configuration options

Make a change and test the result, repeating as needed. Virt-who provides two options to help test the configuration files, credentials, and connectivity to the virtualization platform:

  • The virt-who --one-shot command reads the configuration files, retrieves the list of virtual machines and sends it to Satellite Server, then exits immediately.
  • The virt-who --print command reads the configuration files and prints the list of virtual machines, but does not send it to Satellite Server.

The expected output is a list of hypervisors and their virtual machines, in JSON format. The following is an extract from a VMware vSphere instance. The output from all hypervisors follows the same structure. 

{
    "guestId": "422f24ed-71f1-8ddf-de53-86da7900df12",
    "state": 5,
    "attributes": {
        "active": 0,
        "virtWhoType": "esx",
        "hypervisorType": "vmware"
    }
},

Identifying issues when using multiple virt-who configuration files

If you have multiple virt-who configuration files on one server, move one file at a time to a different directory while testing after each file move. If the issue no longer occurs, the cause is associated with the most recently moved file. After you have resolved the issue, return the virt-who configuration files to their original location.

Alternatively, you can test an individual file after moving it by using the --config option to specify its location. For example: 

# virt-who --debug --one-shot --config /tmp/conf_name.conf

Identifying duplicate hypervisors

Duplicate hypervisors can cause subscription and entitlement errors. Enter the following commands to check for duplicate hypervisors: 

# systemctl stop virt-who
# virt-who -op >/tmp/virt-who.json
# systemctl start virt-who
# cat /tmp/virt-who.json | json_reformat | grep name | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -n10
  3    "name": "localhost"
  1    "name": "rhel1.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhel2.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhel3.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhel4.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhvh1.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhvh2.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhvh3.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhvh4.example.com"
  1    "name": "rhvh5.example.com"

In this example, three hypervisors have the same FQDN (localhost), and must be corrected to use unique FQDNs.

Identifying duplicate virtual machines

Enter the following commands to check for duplicate virtual machines: 

# systemctl stop virt-who
# virt-who -op >/tmp/virt-who.json
# systemctl start virt-who
# cat /tmp/virt-who.json | json_reformat | grep "guestId" | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -n10

Checking the number of hypervisors

Enter the following commands to check the number of hypervisors virt-who currently reports: 

# systemctl stop virt-who
# virt-who -op >/tmp/virt-who.json
# systemctl start virt-who
# cat /tmp/virt-who.json | json_reformat | grep name | sort | uniq -c | wc -l

Checking the number of virtual machines

Enter the following commands to check the number of virtual machines that virt-who currently reports: 

# systemctl stop virt-who
# virt-who -op >/tmp/virt-who.json
# systemctl start virt-who
# cat /tmp/virt-who.json | json_reformat | grep "guestId" | sort | uniq -c | wc -l

A.4. Virt-who troubleshooting scenarios

Virt-who fails to connect to the virtualization platform

If virt-who fails to connect to the hypervisor or virtualization manager, check the Red Hat Subscription Manager log file /var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log. If you find the message No route to host, the hypervisor might be listening on the wrong port. In this case, modify the virt-who configuration and append the correct port number to the Hypervisor Server value.

You must redeploy the virt-who configuration after modifying it.

Virt-who fails to connect to the virtualization platform through an HTTP proxy on the local network

If virt-who cannot connect to the hypervisor or virtualization manager through an HTTP proxy, either configure the proxy to allow local traffic to pass through, or modify the virt-who configuration to use no proxy.

You must redeploy the virt-who configuration after modifying it.

Virt-who fails to report back the host-guest mapping to Red Hat Satellite server

Virt-who fails to report back the host-guest mapping to Red Hat Satellite server in the following circumstances.

  1. virt-who is configured and deployed on Red Hat Satellite server.
  2. The rhsm.conf file of Red Hat Satellite server is configured to use a proxy server to talk to subscription.rhsm.redhat.com and cdn.redhat.com.
  3. The no_proxy=* setting in /etc/sysconfig/virt-who is present but being ignored by subscription-manager, and virt-who attempts to connect back to Satellite server through a proxy server but fails.

In this case, add the following parameter to the /etc/rhsm/rhsm.conf file. 

no_proxy = satellite.example.com

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