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Chapter 5. Configuring smart card authentication with the web console for centrally managed users
You can configure smart card authentication in the RHEL web console for users who are centrally managed by:
- Identity Management
- Active Directory which is connected in the cross-forest trust with Identity Management
Prerequisites
The system for which you want to use the smart card authentication must be a member of an Active Directory or Identity Management domain.
For details about joining the RHEL 9 system into a domain using the web console, see Joining a RHEL system to an IdM domain using the web console.
The certificate used for the smart card authentication must be associated with a particular user in Identity Management or Active Directory.
For more details about associating a certificate with the user in Identity Management, see Adding a certificate to a user entry in the IdM Web UI or Adding a certificate to a user entry in the IdM CLI.
5.1. Smart card authentication for centrally managed users
A smart card is a physical device, which can provide personal authentication using certificates stored on the card. Personal authentication means that you can use smart cards in the same way as user passwords.
You can store user credentials on the smart card in the form of a private key and a certificate. Special software and hardware is used to access them. You insert the smart card into a reader or a USB socket and supply the PIN code for the smart card instead of providing your password.
Identity Management (IdM) supports smart card authentication with:
- User certificates issued by the IdM certificate authority.
- User certificates issued by the Active Directory Certificate Service (ADCS) certificate authority.
If you want to start using smart card authentication, see the hardware requirements: Smart Card support in RHEL8+.
5.2. Installing tools for managing and using smart cards
Prerequisites
-
The
gnutls-utils
package is installed. -
The
opensc
package is installed. -
The
pcscd
service is running.
Before you can configure your smart card, you must install the corresponding tools, which can generate certificates and start the pscd
service.
Procedure
Install the
opensc
andgnutls-utils
packages:# dnf -y install opensc gnutls-utils
Start the
pcscd
service.# systemctl start pcscd
Verification
Verify that the
pcscd
service is up and running# systemctl status pcscd
5.3. Preparing your smart card and uploading your certificates and keys to your smart card
Follow this procedure to configure your smart card with the pkcs15-init
tool, which helps you to configure:
- Erasing your smart card
- Setting new PINs and optional PIN Unblocking Keys (PUKs)
- Creating a new slot on the smart card
- Storing the certificate, private key, and public key in the slot
- If required, locking the smart card settings as certain smart cards require this type of finalization
The pkcs15-init
tool may not work with all smart cards. You must use the tools that work with the smart card you are using.
Prerequisites
The
opensc
package, which includes thepkcs15-init
tool, is installed.For more details, see Installing tools for managing and using smart cards.
- The card is inserted in the reader and connected to the computer.
-
You have a private key, a public key, and a certificate to store on the smart card. In this procedure,
testuser.key
,testuserpublic.key
, andtestuser.crt
are the names used for the private key, public key, and the certificate. - You have your current smart card user PIN and Security Officer PIN (SO-PIN).
Procedure
Erase your smart card and authenticate yourself with your PIN:
$ pkcs15-init --erase-card --use-default-transport-keys Using reader with a card: Reader name PIN [Security Officer PIN] required. Please enter PIN [Security Officer PIN]:
The card has been erased.
Initialize your smart card, set your user PIN and PUK, and your Security Officer PIN and PUK:
$ pkcs15-init --create-pkcs15 --use-default-transport-keys \ --pin 963214 --puk 321478 --so-pin 65498714 --so-puk 784123 Using reader with a card: Reader name
The
pcks15-init
tool creates a new slot on the smart card.Set a label and the authentication ID for the slot:
$ pkcs15-init --store-pin --label testuser \ --auth-id 01 --so-pin 65498714 --pin 963214 --puk 321478 Using reader with a card: Reader name
The label is set to a human-readable value, in this case,
testuser
. Theauth-id
must be two hexadecimal values, in this case it is set to01
.Store and label the private key in the new slot on the smart card:
$ pkcs15-init --store-private-key testuser.key --label testuser_key \ --auth-id 01 --id 01 --pin 963214 Using reader with a card: Reader name
NoteThe value you specify for
--id
must be the same when storing your private key and storing your certificate in the next step. Specifying your own value for--id
is recommended as otherwise a more complicated value is calculated by the tool.Store and label the certificate in the new slot on the smart card:
$ pkcs15-init --store-certificate testuser.crt --label testuser_crt \ --auth-id 01 --id 01 --format pem --pin 963214 Using reader with a card: Reader name
Optional: Store and label the public key in the new slot on the smart card:
$ pkcs15-init --store-public-key testuserpublic.key --label testuserpublic_key --auth-id 01 --id 01 --pin 963214 Using reader with a card: Reader name
NoteIf the public key corresponds to a private key or certificate, specify the same ID as the ID of the private key or certificate.
Optional: Certain smart cards require you to finalize the card by locking the settings:
$ pkcs15-init -F
At this stage, your smart card includes the certificate, private key, and public key in the newly created slot. You have also created your user PIN and PUK and the Security Officer PIN and PUK.
5.4. Enabling smart card authentication for the web console
To use smart card authentication in the web console, enable this authentication method in the cockpit.conf
file.
Additionally, you can disable password authentication in the same file.
Prerequisites
You have installed the RHEL 9 web console.
For instructions, see Installing and enabling the web console.
Procedure
Log in to the RHEL 9 web console.
For details, see Logging in to the web console.
- Click Terminal.
In the
/etc/cockpit/cockpit.conf
, set theClientCertAuthentication
toyes
:[WebService] ClientCertAuthentication = yes
Optional: Disable password based authentication in
cockpit.conf
with:[Basic] action = none
This configuration disables password authentication and you must always use the smart card.
Restart the web console to ensure that the
cockpit.service
accepts the change:# systemctl restart cockpit
5.5. Logging in to the web console with smart cards
You can use smart cards to log in to the web console.
Prerequisites
- A valid certificate stored in your smart card that is associated to a user account created in a Active Directory or Identity Management domain.
- PIN to unlock the smart card.
- The smart card has been put into the reader.
You have installed the RHEL 9 web console.
For instructions, see Installing and enabling the web console.
Procedure
Log in to the RHEL 9 web console.
For details, see Logging in to the web console.
The browser asks you to add the PIN protecting the certificate stored on the smart card.
- In the Password Required dialog box, enter PIN and click OK.
- In the User Identification Request dialog box, select the certificate stored in the smart card.
Select Remember this decision.
The system does not open this window next time.
NoteThis step does not apply to Google Chrome users.
- Click OK.
You are now connected and the web console displays its content.
5.6. Enabling passwordless sudo authentication for smart card users
You can use the web console to configure passwordless authentication to sudo
and other services for smart card users.
As an alternative, if you use Red Hat Identity Management, you can declare the initial web console certificate authentication as trusted for authenticating to sudo
, SSH, or other services. For that purpose, the web console automatically creates an S4U2Proxy Kerberos ticket in the user session.
Prerequisites
- Identity Management installed.
- Active Directory connected in the cross-forest trust with Identity Management.
- Smart card set up to log in to the web console. See Configuring smart card authentication with the web console for centrally managed users for more information.
Procedure
Set up constraint delegation rules to list which hosts the ticket can access.
Example 5.1. Setting up constraint delegation rules
The web console session runs host
host.example.com
and should be trusted to access its own host withsudo
. Additionally, we are adding second trusted host -remote.example.com
.Create the following delegation:
Run the following commands to add a list of target machines a particular rule can access:
# ipa servicedelegationtarget-add cockpit-target # ipa servicedelegationtarget-add-member cockpit-target \ --principals=host/host.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM \ --principals=host/remote.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
To allow the web console sessions (HTTP/principal) to access that host list, use the following commands:
# ipa servicedelegationrule-add cockpit-delegation # ipa servicedelegationrule-add-member cockpit-delegation \ --principals=HTTP/host.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM # ipa servicedelegationrule-add-target cockpit-delegation \ --servicedelegationtargets=cockpit-target
Enable GSS authentication in the corresponding services:
For sudo, enable the
pam_sss_gss
module in the/etc/sssd/sssd.conf
file:As root, add an entry for your domain to the
/etc/sssd/sssd.conf
configuration file.[domain/example.com] pam_gssapi_services = sudo, sudo-i
Enable the module in the
/etc/pam.d/sudo
file on the first line.auth sufficient pam_sss_gss.so
-
For SSH, update the
GSSAPIAuthentication
option in the/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file toyes
.
The delegated S4U ticket is not forwarded to remote SSH hosts when connecting to them from the web console. Authenticating to sudo on a remote host with your ticket will not work.
Verification
- Log in to the web console using a smart card.
-
Click the
Limited access
button. - Authenticate using your smart card.
Alternatively:
- Try to connect to a different host with SSH.
5.7. Limiting user sessions and memory to prevent a DoS attack
A certificate authentication is protected by separating and isolating instances of the cockpit-ws
web server against attackers who wants to impersonate another user. However, this introduces a potential denial of service (DoS) attack: A remote attacker could create a large number of certificates and send a large number of HTTPS requests to cockpit-ws
each using a different certificate.
To prevent such DoS attacks, the collective resources of these web server instances are limited. By default, limits for the number of connections and memory usage are set to 200 threads and 75 % (soft) or 90 % (hard) memory limit.
The example procedure demonstrates resource protection by limiting the number of connections and memory.
Procedure
In the terminal, open the
system-cockpithttps.slice
configuration file:# systemctl edit system-cockpithttps.slice
Limit the
TasksMax
to 100 andCPUQuota
to 30%:[Slice] # change existing value TasksMax=100 # add new restriction CPUQuota=30%
To apply the changes, restart the system:
# systemctl daemon-reload # systemctl stop cockpit
Now, the new memory and user session lower the risk of DoS attacks on the cockpit-ws
web server.