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Chapter 8. Using CPU Manager and Topology Manager

CPU Manager manages groups of CPUs and constrains workloads to specific CPUs.

CPU Manager is useful for workloads that have some of these attributes:

  • Require as much CPU time as possible.
  • Are sensitive to processor cache misses.
  • Are low-latency network applications.
  • Coordinate with other processes and benefit from sharing a single processor cache.

Topology Manager collects hints from the CPU Manager, Device Manager, and other Hint Providers to align pod resources, such as CPU, SR-IOV VFs, and other device resources, for all Quality of Service (QoS) classes on the same non-uniform memory access (NUMA) node.

Topology Manager uses topology information from the collected hints to decide if a pod can be accepted or rejected on a node, based on the configured Topology Manager policy and pod resources requested.

Topology Manager is useful for workloads that use hardware accelerators to support latency-critical execution and high throughput parallel computation.

To use Topology Manager you must configure CPU Manager with the static policy.

8.1. Setting up CPU Manager
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To configure CPU manager, create a KubeletConfig custom resource (CR) and apply it to the desired set of nodes.

Procedure

  1. Label a node by running the following command: 

    # oc label node perf-node.example.com cpumanager=true
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. To enable CPU Manager for all compute nodes, edit the CR by running the following command: 

    # oc edit machineconfigpool worker
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Add the custom-kubelet: cpumanager-enabled label to metadata.labels section. 

    metadata:
  creationTimestamp: 2020-xx-xxx
  generation: 3
  labels:
    custom-kubelet: cpumanager-enabled
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Create a KubeletConfig, cpumanager-kubeletconfig.yaml, custom resource (CR). Refer to the label created in the previous step to have the correct nodes updated with the new kubelet config. See the machineConfigPoolSelector section: 

    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: KubeletConfig
metadata:
  name: cpumanager-enabled
spec:
  machineConfigPoolSelector:
    matchLabels:
      custom-kubelet: cpumanager-enabled
  kubeletConfig:
     cpuManagerPolicy: static
    1 
    
     cpuManagerReconcilePeriod: 5s
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Specify a policy:
    • none. This policy explicitly enables the existing default CPU affinity scheme, providing no affinity beyond what the scheduler does automatically. This is the default policy.
    • static. This policy allows containers in guaranteed pods with integer CPU requests. It also limits access to exclusive CPUs on the node. If static, you must use a lowercase s.
    2
    Optional. Specify the CPU Manager reconcile frequency. The default is 5s.

  5. Create the dynamic kubelet config by running the following command: 

    # oc create -f cpumanager-kubeletconfig.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    This adds the CPU Manager feature to the kubelet config and, if needed, the Machine Config Operator (MCO) reboots the node. To enable CPU Manager, a reboot is not needed.

  6. Check for the merged kubelet config by running the following command: 

    # oc get machineconfig 99-worker-XXXXXX-XXXXX-XXXX-XXXXX-kubelet -o json | grep ownerReference -A7
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

           "ownerReferences": [
            {
                "apiVersion": "machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1",
                "kind": "KubeletConfig",
                "name": "cpumanager-enabled",
                "uid": "7ed5616d-6b72-11e9-aae1-021e1ce18878"
            }
        ]
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  7. Check the compute node for the updated kubelet.conf file by running the following command: 

    # oc debug node/perf-node.example.com
sh-4.2# cat /host/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf | grep cpuManager
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    cpuManagerPolicy: static
    1 
    
cpuManagerReconcilePeriod: 5s
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    cpuManagerPolicy is defined when you create the KubeletConfig CR.
    2
    cpuManagerReconcilePeriod is defined when you create the KubeletConfig CR.

  8. Create a project by running the following command: 

    $ oc new-project <project_name>
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  9. Create a pod that requests a core or multiple cores. Both limits and requests must have their CPU value set to a whole integer. That is the number of cores that will be dedicated to this pod: 

    # cat cpumanager-pod.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  generateName: cpumanager-
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  containers:
  - name: cpumanager
    image: gcr.io/google_containers/pause:3.2
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: 1
        memory: "1G"
      limits:
        cpu: 1
        memory: "1G"
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      capabilities:
        drop: [ALL]
  nodeSelector:
    cpumanager: "true"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  10. Create the pod: 

    # oc create -f cpumanager-pod.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification

  1. Verify that the pod is scheduled to the node that you labeled by running the following command: 

    # oc describe pod cpumanager
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    Name:               cpumanager-6cqz7
Namespace:          default
Priority:           0
PriorityClassName:  <none>
Node:  perf-node.example.com/xxx.xx.xx.xxx
...
 Limits:
      cpu:     1
      memory:  1G
    Requests:
      cpu:        1
      memory:     1G
...
QoS Class:       Guaranteed
Node-Selectors:  cpumanager=true
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Verify that a CPU has been exclusively assigned to the pod by running the following command: 

    # oc describe node --selector='cpumanager=true' | grep -i cpumanager- -B2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAMESPACE    NAME                CPU Requests  CPU Limits  Memory Requests  Memory Limits  Age
cpuman       cpumanager-mlrrz    1 (28%)       1 (28%)     1G (13%)         1G (13%)       27m
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Verify that the cgroups are set up correctly. Get the process ID (PID) of the pause process by running the following commands: 

    # oc debug node/perf-node.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    sh-4.2# systemctl status | grep -B5 pause
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    Note

    If the output returns multiple pause process entries, you must identify the correct pause process.

    Example output

    # ├─init.scope
│ └─1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 17
└─kubepods.slice
  ├─kubepods-pod69c01f8e_6b74_11e9_ac0f_0a2b62178a22.slice
  │ ├─crio-b5437308f1a574c542bdf08563b865c0345c8f8c0b0a655612c.scope
  │ └─32706 /pause
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Verify that pods of quality of service (QoS) tier Guaranteed are placed within the kubepods.slice subdirectory by running the following commands: 

    # cd /sys/fs/cgroup/kubepods.slice/kubepods-pod69c01f8e_6b74_11e9_ac0f_0a2b62178a22.slice/crio-b5437308f1ad1a7db0574c542bdf08563b865c0345c86e9585f8c0b0a655612c.scope
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    # for i in `ls cpuset.cpus cgroup.procs` ; do echo -n "$i "; cat $i ; done
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    Note

    Pods of other QoS tiers end up in child cgroups of the parent kubepods.

    Example output

    cpuset.cpus 1
tasks 32706
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Check the allowed CPU list for the task by running the following command: 

    # grep ^Cpus_allowed_list /proc/32706/status
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

     Cpus_allowed_list:    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. Verify that another pod on the system cannot run on the core allocated for the Guaranteed pod. For example, to verify the pod in the besteffort QoS tier, run the following commands: 

    # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/kubepods.slice/kubepods-besteffort.slice/kubepods-besteffort-podc494a073_6b77_11e9_98c0_06bba5c387ea.slice/crio-c56982f57b75a2420947f0afc6cafe7534c5734efc34157525fa9abbf99e3849.scope/cpuset.cpus
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    # oc describe node perf-node.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    ...
Capacity:
 attachable-volumes-aws-ebs:  39
 cpu:                         2
 ephemeral-storage:           124768236Ki
 hugepages-1Gi:               0
 hugepages-2Mi:               0
 memory:                      8162900Ki
 pods:                        250
Allocatable:
 attachable-volumes-aws-ebs:  39
 cpu:                         1500m
 ephemeral-storage:           124768236Ki
 hugepages-1Gi:               0
 hugepages-2Mi:               0
 memory:                      7548500Ki
 pods:                        250
-------                               ----                           ------------  ----------  ---------------  -------------  ---
  default                                 cpumanager-6cqz7               1 (66%)       1 (66%)     1G (12%)         1G (12%)       29m

Allocated resources:
  (Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)
  Resource                    Requests          Limits
  --------                    --------          ------
  cpu                         1440m (96%)       1 (66%)
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    This VM has two CPU cores. The system-reserved setting reserves 500 millicores, meaning that half of one core is subtracted from the total capacity of the node to arrive at the Node Allocatable amount. You can see that Allocatable CPU is 1500 millicores. This means you can run one of the CPU Manager pods since each will take one whole core. A whole core is equivalent to 1000 millicores. If you try to schedule a second pod, the system will accept the pod, but it will never be scheduled: 

    NAME                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cpumanager-6cqz7        1/1     Running   0          33m
cpumanager-7qc2t        0/1     Pending   0          11s
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

8.2. Topology Manager policies
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Topology Manager aligns Pod resources of all Quality of Service (QoS) classes by collecting topology hints from Hint Providers, such as CPU Manager and Device Manager, and using the collected hints to align the Pod resources.

Topology Manager supports four allocation policies, which you assign in the KubeletConfig custom resource (CR) named cpumanager-enabled:

none policy
This is the default policy and does not perform any topology alignment.
best-effort policy
For each container in a pod with the best-effort topology management policy, kubelet tries to align all the required resources on a NUMA node according to the preferred NUMA node affinity for that container. Even if the allocation is not possible due to insufficient resources, the Topology Manager still admits the pod but the allocation is shared with other NUMA nodes.
restricted policy
For each container in a pod with the restricted topology management policy, kubelet determines the theoretical minimum number of NUMA nodes that can fulfill the request. If the actual allocation requires more than the that number of NUMA nodes, the Topology Manager rejects the admission, placing the pod in a Terminated state. If the number of NUMA nodes can fulfill the request, the Topology Manager admits the pod and the pod starts running.
single-numa-node policy
For each container in a pod with the single-numa-node topology management policy, kubelet admits the pod if all the resources required by the pod can be allocated on the same NUMA node. If a single NUMA node affinity is not possible, the Topology Manager rejects the pod from the node. This results in a pod in a Terminated state with a pod admission failure.

8.3. Setting up Topology Manager
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To use Topology Manager, you must configure an allocation policy in the KubeletConfig custom resource (CR) named cpumanager-enabled. This file might exist if you have set up CPU Manager. If the file does not exist, you can create the file.

Prerequisites

  • Configure the CPU Manager policy to be static.

Procedure

To activate Topology Manager:

  1. Configure the Topology Manager allocation policy in the custom resource. 

    $ oc edit KubeletConfig cpumanager-enabled
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: KubeletConfig
metadata:
  name: cpumanager-enabled
spec:
  machineConfigPoolSelector:
    matchLabels:
      custom-kubelet: cpumanager-enabled
  kubeletConfig:
     cpuManagerPolicy: static
    1 
    
     cpuManagerReconcilePeriod: 5s
     topologyManagerPolicy: single-numa-node
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    This parameter must be static with a lowercase s.
    2
    Specify your selected Topology Manager allocation policy. Here, the policy is single-numa-node. Acceptable values are: default, best-effort, restricted, single-numa-node.

8.4. Pod interactions with Topology Manager policies
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The example Pod specs illustrate pod interactions with Topology Manager.

The following pod runs in the BestEffort QoS class because no resource requests or limits are specified. 

spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
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The next pod runs in the Burstable QoS class because requests are less than limits. 

spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    resources:
      limits:
        memory: "200Mi"
      requests:
        memory: "100Mi"
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

If the selected policy is anything other than none, Topology Manager would process all the pods and it enforces resource alignment only for the Guaranteed Qos Pod specification. When the Topology Manager policy is set to none, the relevant containers are pinned to any available CPU without considering NUMA affinity. This is the default behavior and it does not optimize for performance-sensitive workloads. Other values enable the use of topology awareness information from device plugins core resources, such as CPU and memory. The Topology Manager attempts to align the CPU, memory, and device allocations according to the topology of the node when the policy is set to other values than none. For more information about the available values, see Topology Manager policies.

The following example pod runs in the Guaranteed QoS class because requests are equal to limits. 

spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    resources:
      limits:
        memory: "200Mi"
        cpu: "2"
        example.com/device: "1"
      requests:
        memory: "200Mi"
        cpu: "2"
        example.com/device: "1"
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Topology Manager would consider this pod. The Topology Manager would consult the Hint Providers, which are the CPU Manager, the Device Manager, and the Memory Manager, to get topology hints for the pod.

Topology Manager will use this information to store the best topology for this container. In the case of this pod, CPU Manager and Device Manager will use this stored information at the resource allocation stage.

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