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Chapter 5. Advanced logical volume management

LVM provides advanced features such as snapshots for point in time copies of logical volumes. It supports caching to speed up slower storage using faster devices. It also enables custom thin pools and VDO logical volumes to improve storage efficiency.

5.1. Managing logical volume snapshots
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A snapshot is a logical volume (LV) that mirrors the content of another LV at a specific point in time.

5.1.1. Understanding logical volume snapshots
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When you create a snapshot, you are creating a new LV that serves as a point-in-time copy of another LV. Initially, the snapshot LV contains no actual data. Instead, it references the data blocks of the original LV at the moment of snapshot creation.

Warning

It is important to regularly monitor the snapshot’s storage usage. If a snapshot reaches 100% of its allocated space, it will become invalid.

It is essential to extend the snapshot before it gets completely filled. This can be done manually by using the lvextend command or automatically via the /etc/lvm/lvm.conf file.

Thick LV snapshots
When data on the original LV changes, the copy-on-write (CoW) system copies the unchanged data to the snapshot before applying the change. This way, the snapshot grows in size only as changes occur. It stores the state of the original volume at the time of the snapshot’s creation. Thick snapshots are a type of LV that requires you to allocate some amount of storage space upfront. This amount can later be extended or reduced. However, you should consider what type of changes you intend to make to the original LV. This helps you to avoid wasting resources by allocating too much space or frequently increasing the snapshot size by allocating too little.
Thin LV snapshots

Thin snapshots are a type of LV created from an existing thin-provisioned LV. Thin snapshots do not require allocating extra space upfront. Initially, both the original LV and its snapshot share the same data blocks. When changes are made to the original LV, it writes new data to different blocks. The snapshot continues to reference the original blocks, preserving a point-in-time view of the LV’s data at the snapshot creation.

Thin provisioning is a method of optimizing and managing storage efficiently by allocating disk space on an as-needed basis. This means that you can create multiple LVs without needing to allocate a large amount of storage upfront for each LV. The storage is shared among all LVs in a thin pool, making it a more efficient use of resources. A thin pool allocates space on-demand to its LVs.

Choosing between thick and thin LV snapshots
The choice between thick or thin LV snapshots is directly determined by the type of LV you are taking a snapshot of. If your original LV is a thick LV, your snapshots will be thick. If your original LV is thin, your snapshots will be thin.

5.1.2. Managing thick logical volume snapshots
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When you create a thick LV snapshot, it is important to consider the storage requirements and the intended lifespan of your snapshot. You need to allocate enough storage for it based on the expected changes to the original volume.

The snapshot must have a sufficient size to capture changes during its intended lifespan. However, it cannot exceed the size of the original LV. If you expect a low rate of change, a smaller snapshot size of 10%-15% might be sufficient. For LVs with a high rate of change, you might need to allocate 30% or more.

Important

It is essential to extend the snapshot before it gets completely filled. If a snapshot reaches 100% of its allocated space, it becomes invalid. You can monitor the snapshot capacity with the lvs -o lv_name,data_percent,origin command.

5.1.2.1. Creating thick logical volume snapshots
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You can create a thick LV snapshot with the lvcreate command.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  1. Identify the LV of which you want to create a snapshot: 

    # lvs -o vg_name,lv_name,lv_size
     
      VG              LV                LSize
  VolumeGroupName LogicalVolumeName 10.00g

    The size of the snapshot cannot exceed the size of the LV.

  2. Create a thick LV snapshot: 

    # lvcreate --snapshot --size SnapshotSize --name SnapshotName VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

    Replace SnapshotSize with the size you want to allocate for the snapshot (e.g. 10G). Replace SnapshotName with the name you want to give to the snapshot logical volume. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group that contains the original logical volume. Replace LogicalVolumeName with the name of the logical volume that you want to create a snapshot of.

Verification

  • Verify that the snapshot is created: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,origin
     
      LV                  Origin
  LogicalVolumeName
  SnapshotName        LogicalVolumeName

5.1.2.2. Manually extending logical volume snapshots
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If a snapshot reaches 100% of its allocated space, it becomes invalid. It is essential to extend the snapshot before it gets completely filled. This can be done manually by using the lvextend command.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. List the names of volume groups, logical volumes, source volumes for snapshots, their usage percentages, and sizes: 

    # lvs -o vg_name,lv_name,origin,data_percent,lv_size
     
      VG              LV                Origin            Data%  LSize
  VolumeGroupName LogicalVolumeName                          10.00g
  VolumeGroupName SnapshotName      LogicalVolumeName 82.00   5.00g

  2. Extend the thick-provisioned snapshot: 

    # lvextend --size +AdditionalSize VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName

    Replace AdditionalSize with how much space to add to the snapshot (for example, +1G). Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace SnapshotName with the name of the snapshot.

Verification

  • Verify that the LV is extended: 

    # lvs -o vg_name,lv_name,origin,data_percent,lv_size
     
      VG              LV                Origin            Data%  LSize
  VolumeGroupName LogicalVolumeName                          10.00g
  VolumeGroupName SnapshotName      LogicalVolumeName 68.33   6.00g

5.1.2.3. Automatically extending thick logical volume snapshots
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If a snapshot reaches 100% of its allocated space, it becomes invalid. It is essential to extend the snapshot before it gets completely filled. This can be done automatically.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Open the /etc/lvm/lvm.conf file in an editor of your choice.

  2. Uncomment the snapshot_autoextend_threshold and snapshot_autoextend_percent lines and set each parameter to a required value: 

    snapshot_autoextend_threshold = 70
snapshot_autoextend_percent = 20

    snapshot_autoextend_threshold determines the percentage at which LVM starts to auto-extend the snapshot. For example, setting the parameter to 70 means that LVM will try to extend the snapshot when it reaches 70% capacity.

    snapshot_autoextend_percent specifies by what percentage the snapshot should be extended when it reaches the threshold. For example, setting the parameter to 20 means the snapshot will be increased by 20% of its current size.

  3. Save the changes and exit the editor.

  4. Restart the lvm2-monitor: 

    # systemctl restart lvm2-monitor

5.1.2.4. Merging thick logical volume snapshots
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You can merge a thick LV snapshot into the original logical volume from which the snapshot was created. The process of merging means that the original LV is reverted to the state it was in when the snapshot was created. Once the merge is complete, the snapshot is removed.

Note

The merge between the original and snapshot LV is postponed if either is active. It only proceeds once the LVs are reactivated and not in use.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. List the LVs, their volume groups, and their paths: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name,lv_path
     
      LV                   VG              Path
  LogicalVolumeName    VolumeGroupName /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName
  SnapshotName         VolumeGroupName /dev/VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName

  2. Check where the LVs are mounted: 

    # findmnt -o SOURCE,TARGET /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName
     
    # findmnt -o SOURCE,TARGET /dev/VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName

    Replace /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName with the path to your logical volume. Replace /dev/VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName with the path to your snapshot.

  3. Unmount the LVs: 

    # umount /LogicalVolume/MountPoint
     
    # umount /Snapshot/MountPoint

    Replace /LogicalVolume/MountPoint with the mounting point for your logical volume. Replace /Snapshot/MountPoint with the mounting point for your snapshot.

  4. Deactivate the LVs: 

    # lvchange --activate n VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName
     
    # lvchange --activate n VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace LogicalVolumeName with the name of the logical volume. Replace SnapshotName with the name of your snapshot.

  5. Merge the thick LV snapshot into the origin: 

    # lvconvert --merge VolumeGroupName/SnapshotName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace SnapshotName with the name of the snapshot.

  6. Activate the LV: 

    # lvchange --activate y VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace LogicalVolumeName with the name of the logical volume.

  7. Mount the LV: 

    # mount /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName /LogicalVolume/MountPoint

    Replace /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName with the path to your logical volume. Replace /LogicalVolume/MountPoint with the mounting point for your logical volume.

Verification

  • Verify that the snapshot is removed: 

    # lvs -o lv_name

5.1.3. Managing thin logical volume snapshots
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Thin provisioning is appropriate where storage efficiency is a priority. Storage space dynamic allocation reduces initial storage costs and maximizes the use of available storage resources.

In environments with dynamic workloads or where storage grows over time, thin provisioning allows for flexibility. It enables the storage system to adapt to changing needs without requiring large upfront allocations of the storage space. With dynamic allocation, over-provisioning is possible. The total size of all Logical Volumes (LVs) can exceed the physical size of the thin pool. This can take place under the assumption that not all space will be utilized at the same time.

5.1.3.1. Creating thin logical volume snapshots
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You can create a thin LV snapshot with the lvcreate command. When creating a thin LV snapshot, avoid specifying the snapshot size. Including a size parameter results in the creation of a thick snapshot instead.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  1. Identify the LV of which you want to create a snapshot: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name,pool_lv,lv_size
     
      LV                VG              Pool       LSize
  PoolName          VolumeGroupName            152.00m
  ThinVolumeName    VolumeGroupName PoolName   100.00m

  2. Create a thin LV snapshot: 

    # lvcreate --snapshot --name ThinSnapshotName VolumeGroupName/ThinVolumeName

    Replace ThinSnapshotName with the name you want to give to the snapshot logical volume. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group that contains the original logical volume. Replace ThinVolumeName with the name of the thin logical volume that you want to create a snapshot of.

Verification

  • Verify that the snapshot is created: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,origin
     
      LV                Origin
  PoolName
  ThinSnapshotName  ThinVolumeName
  ThinVolumeName

5.1.3.2. Merging thin logical volume snapshots
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You can merge thin LV snapshot into the original logical volume from which the snapshot was created. The process of merging means that the original LV is reverted to the state it was in when the snapshot was created. Once the merge is complete, the snapshot is removed.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. List the LVs, their volume groups, and their paths: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name,lv_path
     
      LV                VG              Path
  ThinPoolName      VolumeGroupName
  ThinSnapshotName  VolumeGroupName /dev/VolumeGroupName/ThinSnapshotName
  ThinVolumeName    VolumeGroupName /dev/VolumeGroupName/ThinVolumeName

  2. Check where the original LV is mounted: 

    # findmnt -o SOURCE,TARGET /dev/VolumeGroupName/ThinVolumeName

    Replace VolumeGroupName/ThinVolumeName with the path to your logical volume.

  3. Unmount the LV: 

    # umount /ThinVolumeName/MountPoint

    Replace /ThinVolumeName/MountPoint with the mounting point for your logical volume. Replace /ThinSnapshot/MountPoint with the mounting point for your snapshot.

  4. Deactivate the LV: 

    # lvchange --activate n VolumeGroupName/ThinVolumeName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace ThinVolumeName with the name of the logical volume.

  5. Merge the thin LV snapshot into the origin: 

    # lvconvert --mergethin VolumeGroupName/ThinSnapshotName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace ThinSnapshotName with the name of the snapshot.

  6. Mount the LV: 

    # mount /ThinVolumeName/MountPoint

    Replace /ThinVolumeName/MountPoint with the mounting point for your logical volume.

Verification

  • Verify that the original LV is merged: 

    # lvs -o lv_name

5.2. Caching logical volumes
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You can cache logical volumes by using the dm-cache or dm-writecache targets.

dm-cache utilizes solid-state disks (SSD) as cache for slower hard disk drive (HDD). It caches read and write data, optimizing access times for frequently used data. It is beneficial in mixed workload environments where enhancing read and write operations can lead to significant performance improvements.

dm-writecache optimizes write operations by using a faster storage medium (SSD) to temporarily hold write data before it is committed to the primary storage device (HDD). It is beneficial for write-intensive applications where write performance can slow down the data transfer process.

5.2.1. Caching logical volumes with dm-cache
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When caching LV with dm-cache, a cache pool is created. A cache pool is a LV that combines both the cache data, which stores the actual cached content, and cache metadata, which tracks what content is stored in the cache. This pool is then associated with a specific LV to cache its data.

dm-cache targets two types of blocks: frequently accessed (hot) blocks are moved to the cache, while less frequently accessed (cold) blocks remain on the slower device.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Display the LV you want to cache and its volume group: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name
     
      LV                   VG
  LogicalVolumeName    VolumeGroupName

  2. Create the cache pool: 

    # lvcreate --type cache-pool --name CachePoolName --size Size VolumeGroupName /FastDevicePath

    Replace CachePoolName with the name of the cache pool. Replace Size with the size for your cache pool. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace /FastDevicePath with the path to your fast device, for example SSD or NVME.

  3. Attach the cache pool to the LV: 

    # lvconvert --type cache --cachepool VolumeGroupName/CachePoolName VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

Verification

  • Verify that the LV is now cached: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,pool_lv
     
      LV                   Pool
  LogicalVolumeName    [CachePoolName_cpool]

5.2.2. Caching logical volumes with dm-writecache
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When caching LVs with dm-writecache, a caching layer between the logical volume and the physical storage device is created. dm-writecache operates by temporarily storing write operations in a faster storage medium, such as an SSD, before eventually writing them back to the primary storage device, optimizing write-intensive workloads.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Display the logical volume you want to cache and its volume group: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name
     
      LV                   VG
  LogicalVolumeName    VolumeGroupName

  2. Create a cache volume: 

    # lvcreate --name CacheVolumeName --size Size VolumeGroupName /FastDevicePath

    Replace CacheVolumeName with the name of the cache volume. Replace Size with the size for your cache pool. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace /FastDevicePath with the path to your fast device, for example SSD or NVME.

  3. Deactivate the cache volume: 

    # lvchange -an VolumeGroupName/CacheVolumeName

    Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace CacheVolumeName with the name of the cache volume.

  4. Attach the cache volume to the LV: 

    # lvconvert --type writecache --cachevol CacheVolumeName VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

    Replace CacheVolumeName with the name of the cache volume. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace LogicalVolumeName with the name of the logical volume.

Verification

  • Verify that the LV is now cached: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,pool_lv
     
      LV                   Pool
  LogicalVolumeName    [CacheVolumeName_cvol]

5.2.3. Uncaching a logical volume
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You can remove caching from a logical volume, either by detaching the cache volume while preserving its data, or by completely uncache the logical volume and remove the cache, freeing up storage space.

Use two main ways to remove caching from a LV.

Splitting
You can detach the cache from the LV but preserve the cache volume itself. In this case the LV will no longer benefit from the caching mechanism but the cache volume and its data will remain intact. While the cache volume is preserved, the data within the cache cannot be reused and will be erased the next time it is used in a caching setup.
Uncaching
You can detaches the cache from the LV and remove the cache volume entirely. This action effectively destroys the cache, freeing up the space.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Display the cached LV: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,pool_lv,vg_name
     
      LV                   Pool                   VG
  LogicalVolumeName    [CacheVolumeName_cvol] VolumeGroupName

  2. Detach or remove the cached volume:

    • To detach the cached volume, use: 

      # lvconvert --splitcache VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

    • To detach and remove the cached volume, use: 

      # lvconvert --uncache VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName

      Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the volume group. Replace LogicalVolumeName with the name of the logical volume.

Verification

  • Verify that the LV is not cached: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,pool_lv

5.3. Creating a custom thin pool
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You can create custom thin pools to have a better control over the storage.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Display available volume groups: 

    # vgs -o vg_name
     
      VG
  VolumeGroupName

  2. List available devices: 

    # lsblk

  3. Create a LV to hold the thin pool data: 

    # lvcreate --name ThinPoolDataName --size Size VolumeGroupName /DevicePath

    Replace ThinPoolDataName with the name for your thin pool data LV. Replace Size with the size for your LV. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of your volume group. Replace /DevicePath with your device path.

  4. Create a LV to hold the thin pool metadata: 

    # lvcreate --name ThinPoolMetadataName --size Size VolumeGroupName /DevicePath

  5. Combine the LVs into a thin pool: 

    # lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata ThinPoolMetadataName VolumeGroupName/ThinPoolDataName

Verification

  1. Verify that the custom thin pool is created: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,seg_type
     
      LV                Type
  ThinPoolDataName  thin-pool

5.4. Creating a custom VDO logical volume
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With Logical Volume Manager (LVM), you can create a custom LV that uses Virtual Data Optimizer (VDO) pool for data storage.

Prerequisites

  • Administrative access.

Procedure

  1. Display the VGs: 

    # vgs
     
      VG               #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  VolumeGroupName   1   0   0 wz--n-  28.87g 28.87g

  2. Create a LV to be converted to a VDO pool: 

    # lvcreate --name VDOPoolName --size Size VolumeGroupName /DevicePath

    Replace VDOPoolName with the name for your VDO pool. Replace Size with the size for your VDO pool. Replace VolumeGroupName with the name of the VG. Replace /DevicePath with your device path.

  3. Convert this LV to a VDO pool. In this conversion, you are creating a new VDO LV that uses the VDO pool. Because lvcreate is creating a new VDO LV, you must specify parameters for the new VDO LV. Use --name|-n to specify the name of the new VDO LV, and --virtualsize|-V to specify the size of the new VDO LV. 

    # lvconvert --type vdo-pool --name VDOVolumeName --virtualsize VDOVolumeSize VolumeGroupName/VDOPoolName

    Replace VDOVolumeName with the name for your VDO volume. Replace VDOVolumeSize with the size for your VDO volume. Replace VolumeGroupName/VDOPoolName with the names for your VG and your VDO pool.

Verification

  1. Verify that the LV is converted to the VDO pool: 

    # lvs -o lv_name,vg_name,seg_type
     
      LV                     VG              Type
  VDOPoolName            VolumeGroupName vdo-pool
  VDOVolumeName          VolumeGroupName vdo
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