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Chapter 5. Configuring smart card authentication with the web console for centrally managed users

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You can configure smart card authentication in the RHEL web console for users who are centrally managed by:

  • Identity Management
  • Active Directory which is connected in the cross-forest trust with Identity Management
Important

Smart card authentication does not elevate administrative privileges yet and the web console opens in the web browser in the read-only mode.

You can run administrative commands in the built-in terminal with sudo.

Prerequisites

5.1. Smart card authentication for centrally managed users

A smart card is a physical device, which can provide personal authentication using certificates stored on the card. Personal authentication means that you can use smart cards in the same way as user passwords.

You can store user credentials on the smart card in the form of a private key and a certificate. Special software and hardware is used to access them. You insert the smart card into a reader or a USB socket and supply the PIN code for the smart card instead of providing your password.

Identity Management (IdM) supports smart card authentication with:

Note

If you want to start using smart card authentication, see the hardware requirements: Smart Card support in RHEL8+.

5.2. Installing tools for managing and using smart cards

Prerequisites

  • The gnutls-utils package is installed.
  • The opensc package is installed.
  • The pcscd service is running.

Before you can configure your smart card, you must install the corresponding tools, which can generate certificates and start the pscd service.

Procedure

  1. Install the opensc and gnutls-utils packages:

    # yum -y install opensc gnutls-utils
  2. Start the pcscd service.

    # systemctl start pcscd

Verification

  • Verify that the pcscd service is up and running

    # systemctl status pcscd

5.3. Preparing your smart card and uploading your certificates and keys to your smart card

Follow this procedure to configure your smart card with the pkcs15-init tool, which helps you to configure:

  • Erasing your smart card
  • Setting new PINs and optional PIN Unblocking Keys (PUKs)
  • Creating a new slot on the smart card
  • Storing the certificate, private key, and public key in the slot
  • If required, locking the smart card settings as certain smart cards require this type of finalization
Note

The pkcs15-init tool may not work with all smart cards. You must use the tools that work with the smart card you are using.

Prerequisites

  • The opensc package, which includes the pkcs15-init tool, is installed.

    For more details, see Installing tools for managing and using smart cards.

  • The card is inserted in the reader and connected to the computer.
  • You have a private key, a public key, and a certificate to store on the smart card. In this procedure, testuser.key, testuserpublic.key, and testuser.crt are the names used for the private key, public key, and the certificate.
  • You have your current smart card user PIN and Security Officer PIN (SO-PIN).

Procedure

  1. Erase your smart card and authenticate yourself with your PIN:

    $ pkcs15-init --erase-card --use-default-transport-keys
    Using reader with a card: Reader name
    PIN [Security Officer PIN] required.
    Please enter PIN [Security Officer PIN]:

    The card has been erased.

  2. Initialize your smart card, set your user PIN and PUK, and your Security Officer PIN and PUK:

    $ pkcs15-init --create-pkcs15 --use-default-transport-keys \ --pin 963214 --puk 321478 --so-pin 65498714 --so-puk 784123
    Using reader with a card: Reader name

    The pcks15-init tool creates a new slot on the smart card.

  3. Set a label and the authentication ID for the slot:

    $ pkcs15-init --store-pin --label testuser \ --auth-id 01 --so-pin 65498714 --pin 963214 --puk 321478
    Using reader with a card: Reader name

    The label is set to a human-readable value, in this case, testuser. The auth-id must be two hexadecimal values, in this case it is set to 01.

  4. Store and label the private key in the new slot on the smart card:

    $ pkcs15-init --store-private-key testuser.key --label testuser_key \ --auth-id 01 --id 01 --pin 963214
    Using reader with a card: Reader name
    Note

    The value you specify for --id must be the same when storing your private key and storing your certificate in the next step. Specifying your own value for --id is recommended as otherwise a more complicated value is calculated by the tool.

  5. Store and label the certificate in the new slot on the smart card:

    $ pkcs15-init --store-certificate testuser.crt --label testuser_crt \ --auth-id 01 --id 01 --format pem --pin 963214
    Using reader with a card: Reader name
  6. Optional: Store and label the public key in the new slot on the smart card:

    $ pkcs15-init --store-public-key testuserpublic.key --label testuserpublic_key --auth-id 01 --id 01 --pin 963214
    Using reader with a card: Reader name
    Note

    If the public key corresponds to a private key or certificate, specify the same ID as the ID of the private key or certificate.

  7. Optional: Certain smart cards require you to finalize the card by locking the settings:

    $ pkcs15-init -F

    At this stage, your smart card includes the certificate, private key, and public key in the newly created slot. You have also created your user PIN and PUK and the Security Officer PIN and PUK.

5.4. Enabling smart card authentication for the web console

To use smart card authentication in the web console, enable this authentication method in the cockpit.conf file.

Additionally, you can disable password authentication in the same file.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  1. Log in to the RHEL 8 web console.

    For details, see Logging in to the web console.

  2. Click Terminal.
  3. In the /etc/cockpit/cockpit.conf, set the ClientCertAuthentication to yes:

    [WebService]
    ClientCertAuthentication = yes
  4. Optional: Disable password based authentication in cockpit.conf with:

    [Basic]
    action = none

    This configuration disables password authentication and you must always use the smart card.

  5. Restart the web console to ensure that the cockpit.service accepts the change:

    # systemctl restart cockpit

5.5. Logging in to the web console with smart cards

You can use smart cards to log in to the web console.

Prerequisites

  • A valid certificate stored in your smart card that is associated to a user account created in a Active Directory or Identity Management domain.
  • PIN to unlock the smart card.
  • The smart card has been put into the reader.

Procedure

  1. Log in to the RHEL 8 web console.

    For details, see Logging in to the web console.

    The browser asks you to add the PIN protecting the certificate stored on the smart card.

  2. In the Password Required dialog box, enter PIN and click OK.
  3. In the User Identification Request dialog box, select the certificate stored in the smart card.
  4. Select Remember this decision.

    The system does not open this window next time.

    Note

    This step does not apply to Google Chrome users.

  5. Click OK.

You are now connected and the web console displays its content.

5.6. Limiting user sessions and memory to prevent a DoS attack

A certificate authentication is protected by separating and isolating instances of the cockpit-ws web server against attackers who wants to impersonate another user. However, this introduces a potential denial of service (DoS) attack: A remote attacker could create a large number of certificates and send a large number of HTTPS requests to cockpit-ws each using a different certificate.

To prevent such DoS attacks, the collective resources of these web server instances are limited. By default, limits for the number of connections and memory usage are set to 200 threads and 75 % (soft) or 90 % (hard) memory limit.

The example procedure demonstrates resource protection by limiting the number of connections and memory.

Procedure

  1. In the terminal, open the system-cockpithttps.slice configuration file:

    # systemctl edit system-cockpithttps.slice
  2. Limit the TasksMax to 100 and CPUQuota to 30%:

    [Slice]
    # change existing value
    TasksMax=100
    # add new restriction
    CPUQuota=30%
  3. To apply the changes, restart the system:

    # systemctl daemon-reload
    # systemctl stop cockpit

Now, the new memory and user session lower the risk of DoS attacks on the cockpit-ws web server.

5.7. Additional resources

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