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Chapter 11. Configuring time synchronization

Accurate timekeeping in an IT environment is important. A consistent time across all network devices improves the traceability of log files and certain protocols rely on synchronized clocks. For example, Kerberos uses time stamps to prevent replay attacks. The user space daemon updates the system clock running in the kernel. Starting with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, the NTP protocol is implemented by the chronyd daemon, available from the repositories in the chrony package.

11.1. Introduction to chrony suite
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The implementation of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) is chrony. You can use chrony:

  • To synchronize the system clock with NTP servers
  • To synchronize the system clock with a reference clock, for example a GPS receiver
  • To synchronize the system clock with a manual time input
  • As an NTPv4(RFC 5905) server or peer to provide a time service to other computers in the network

chrony performs well in a wide range of conditions:

  • including intermittent network connections
  • heavily congested networks
  • changing temperatures (ordinary computer clocks are sensitive to temperature)
  • systems that do not run continuously, or run on a virtual machine.

Typical accuracy between two machines synchronized over the Internet is within a few milliseconds, and for machines on a LAN within tens of microseconds. Hardware timestamping or a hardware reference clock may improve accuracy between two machines synchronized to a sub-microsecond level.

chrony consists of chronyd, a daemon that runs in user space, and chronyc, a command line program which can be used to monitor the performance of chronyd and to change various operating parameters when it is running.

The chronyd daemon can be monitored and controlled by the command line utility chronyc. This utility provides a command prompt which allows entering a number of commands to query the current state of chronyd and make changes to its configuration. By default, chronyd accepts only commands from a local instance of chronyc, but it can be configured to accept monitoring commands also from remote hosts. The remote access should be restricted.

11.2. Using chronyc to control chronyd
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You can control chronyd by using the chronyc command line utility.

Procedure

  1. To make changes to the local instance of chronyd using the command line utility chronyc in interactive mode, enter the following command as root: 

    # chronyc
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    chronyc must run as root if some of the restricted commands are to be used.

    The chronyc command prompt will be displayed as follows: 

    chronyc>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  2. To list all of the commands, type help.

  3. Alternatively, the utility can also be invoked in non-interactive command mode if called together with a command as follows: 

    chronyc command
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
Note

Changes made using chronyc are not permanent, they will be lost after a chronyd restart. For permanent changes, modify /etc/chrony.conf.

11.3. Using Chrony
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The following sections describe how to start, and stop chronyd, and how to check if chrony is synchronized. Sections also describe how to manually adjust System Clock.

11.3.1. Managing chrony
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You can start, stop, and check the status of chronyd.

  1. The chrony suite is installed by default on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. To ensure that it is, run the following command as root: 

    # dnf install chrony
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The default location for the chrony daemon is /usr/sbin/chronyd. The command line utility will be installed to /usr/bin/chronyc.

  2. To check the status of chronyd, issue the following command: 

    $  systemctl status chronyd
chronyd.service - NTP client/server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2013-06-12 22:23:16 CEST; 11h ago
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. To start chronyd, issue the following command as root: 

    # systemctl start chronyd
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    To ensure chronyd starts automatically at system start, issue the following command as root: 

    # systemctl enable chronyd
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  4. To stop chronyd, issue the following command as root: 

    # systemctl stop chronyd
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    To prevent chronyd from starting automatically at system start, issue the following command as root: 

    # systemctl disable chronyd
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11.3.2. Checking if chrony is synchronized
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You can check if chrony is synchronized with the use of the tracking, sources, and sourcestats commands.

Procedure

  1. To check chrony tracking, enter: 

    $  chronyc tracking
Reference ID    : CB00710F (ntp-server.example.net)
Stratum         : 3
Ref time (UTC)  : Fri Jan 27 09:49:17 2017
System time     :  0.000006523 seconds slow of NTP time
Last offset     : -0.000006747 seconds
RMS offset      : 0.000035822 seconds
Frequency       : 3.225 ppm slow
Residual freq   : 0.000 ppm
Skew            : 0.129 ppm
Root delay      : 0.013639022 seconds
Root dispersion : 0.001100737 seconds
Update interval : 64.2 seconds
Leap status     : Normal
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. The chronyc sources command displays information about the current time sources that chronyd is accessing. 

    $ chronyc sources
	210 Number of sources = 3
MS Name/IP address         Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample
===============================================================================
#* GPS0                          0   4   377    11   -479ns[ -621ns] /-  134ns
^? a.b.c                         2   6   377    23   -923us[ -924us] +/-   43ms
^ d.e.f                         1   6   377    21  -2629us[-2619us] +/-   86ms
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can specify the optional -v argument to print more verbose information. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.

  3. The sourcestats command displays information about the drift rate and offset estimation process for each of the sources currently being examined by chronyd. To check chrony source statistics, issue the following command: 

    $  chronyc sourcestats
210 Number of sources = 1
Name/IP Address            NP  NR  Span  Frequency  Freq Skew  Offset  Std Dev
===============================================================================
abc.def.ghi                11   5   46m     -0.001      0.045      1us    25us
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    The optional argument -v can be specified, meaning verbose. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.

11.3.3. Manually adjusting the System Clock
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You can manually adjust the System Clock.

Procedure

  • To step the system clock immediately, bypassing any adjustments in progress by slewing, enter: 

    # chronyc makestep
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Important

If the rtcfile directive is used, the real-time clock should not be manually adjusted. Random adjustments would interfere with chrony's need to measure the rate at which the real-time clock drifts.

11.3.4. Disabling a chrony dispatcher script
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The chrony dispatcher script manages the online and offline state of the NTP servers. As a system administrator, you can disable the dispatcher script to keep chronyd polling the servers constantly.

The NetworkManager executes the chrony dispatcher script during interface reconfiguration, stop or start operations. However, if you configure certain interfaces or routes outside of NetworkManager, you can encounter the following situation:

  1. The dispatcher script might run when no route to the NTP servers exists, causing the NTP servers to switch to the offline state.
  2. If you establish the route later, the script does not run again by default, and the NTP servers remain in the offline state.

To ensure that chronyd can synchronize with your NTP servers, which have separately managed interfaces, disable the dispatcher script.

Procedure

  • To disable the chrony dispatcher script, create a symlink to /dev/null: 

    # ln -f -s /dev/null /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/20-chrony-onoffline
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    Note

    After this change, the NTP servers remain in the online state at all times.

11.3.5. Setting up chrony in an isolated network
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For a network that is never connected to the Internet, one computer is selected to be the primary timeserver. The other computers are either direct clients of the server, or clients of clients. On the server, the drift file must be manually set with the average rate of drift of the system clock. If the server is rebooted, it will obtain the time from surrounding systems and calculate an average to set its system clock. Thereafter it resumes applying adjustments based on the drift file. The drift file will be updated automatically when the settime command is used.

To set up chrony for a system in an isolated network, follow the steps mentioned below:

Procedure

  1. On the system selected to be the server, edit /etc/chrony.conf as follows: 

    driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
commandkey 1
keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
initstepslew 10 client1 client3 client6
local stratum 8
manual
allow <subnet>
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    Where <subnet> is the network from which the clients are allowed to connect. Use Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation to specify the subnet.

  2. On the systems selected to be direct clients of the server, edit the /etc/chrony.conf as follows: 

    server <server_fqdn>
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
logdir /var/log/chrony
log measurements statistics tracking
keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
commandkey 24
local stratum 10
initstepslew 20 ntp1.example.net
allow <server_ip_address>
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    Where <server_fqdn> is the host name of the server, and <server_ip_address> is the address of the server . Clients with this configuration will resynchronize with the server if it restarts.

On the client systems which are not to be direct clients of the server, the /etc/chrony.conf file should be the same except that the local and allow directives should be omitted.

In an isolated network, you can also use the local directive that enables a local reference mode, which allows chronyd operating as an NTP server to appear synchronized to real time, even when it was never synchronized or the last update of the clock happened a long time ago.

To allow multiple servers in the network to use the same local configuration and to be synchronized to one another, without confusing clients that poll more than one server, use the orphan option of the local directive which enables the orphan mode. Each server needs to be configured to poll all other servers with local. This ensures that only the server with the smallest reference ID has the local reference active and other servers are synchronized to it. When the server fails, another one will take over.

11.3.6. Configuring remote monitoring access
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The chronyc utility can access chronyd by using the following methods:

  • IPv4 or IPv6.
  • A domain socket, which is accessible locally by the root and chrony user.

By default, chronyc connects to the Unix domain socket. The default path is /var/run/chrony/chronyd.sock. If this connection fails, chronyc tries to connect to 127.0.0.1 and then ::1.

Only the following monitoring commands, which do not affect the behavior of chronyd, are allowed from the network:

  • activity
  • manual list
  • rtcdata
  • smoothing
  • sources
  • sourcestats
  • tracking
  • waitsync

The set of hosts from which chronyd accepts these commands can be configured by using the following methods:

  • You can use the cmdallow directive in the configuration file of chronyd.
  • Run the cmdallow command in chronyc.

By default, the commands are accepted only from localhost (127.0.0.1 or ::1).

All other commands are allowed only through the Unix domain socket. When sent over the network, chronyd responds with a Not authorised error, even if it is from localhost.

The following procedure describes how to access chronyd remotely with chronyc.

Procedure

  1. Configure chrony to listen on local interface by adding the following to the /etc/chrony.conf file: 

    bindcmdaddress 0.0.0.0
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    and 

    bindcmdaddress ::
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  2. Allow commands from remote IP addresses, networks, and subnet:

    Add the following content to the /etc/chrony.conf file: 

    cmdallow 192.168.1.0/24
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    cmdallow 2001:db8::/64
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  3. Open port 323 in the firewall to allow connections from remote systems: 

    # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=323/udp
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  4. Reload the firewall configuration: 

    # firewall-cmd --reload
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11.3.7. Managing time synchronization using RHEL system roles
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You can manage time synchronization on multiple target machines using the timesync role. The timesync role installs and configures an NTP or PTP implementation to operate as an NTP or PTP client to synchronize the system clock.

Warning

The timesync role replaces the configuration of the given or detected provider service on the managed host. Previous settings are lost, even if they are not specified in the role variables. The only preserved setting is the choice of provider if the timesync_ntp_provider variable is not defined.

The following example shows how to apply the timesync role in a situation with just one pool of servers.

Example 11.1. An example playbook applying the timesync role for a single pool of servers

---
- hosts: timesync-test
  vars:
    timesync_ntp_servers:
      - hostname: 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org
        pool: yes
        iburst: yes
  roles:
    - rhel-system-roles.timesync
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For a detailed reference on timesync role variables, install the rhel-system-roles package, and see the README.md or README.html files in the /usr/share/doc/rhel-system-roles/timesync directory.

11.4. Chrony with HW timestamping
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Hardware timestamping (HW) in some Network Interface Controller (NICs) provides accurate timestamping of incoming and outgoing packets. NTP timestamps are usually created by the kernel and chronyd with the use of the system clock. However, when HW timestamping is enabled, the NIC uses its own clock to generate the timestamps when packets are entering or leaving the link layer or the physical layer. When used with NTP, hardware timestamping can significantly improve the accuracy of synchronization. For best accuracy, both NTP servers and NTP clients need to use hardware timestamping. Under ideal conditions, a sub-microsecond accuracy may be possible.

Another protocol for time synchronization that uses hardware timestamping is PTP.

Unlike NTP, PTP relies on assistance in network switches and routers. If you want to achieve the best accuracy of synchronization, use PTP on networks that have switches and routers with PTP support, and prefer NTP on networks that do not have such switches and routers.

11.4.1. Verifying support for hardware timestamping
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To verify that hardware timestamping with NTP is supported by an interface, use the ethtool -T command. An interface can be used for hardware timestamping with NTP if ethtool lists the SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TX_HARDWARE and SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TX_SOFTWARE capabilities and also the HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL filter mode.

Procedure

  • Display a device’s time stamping capabilities and associated PTP hardware clock: 
# ethtool -T enp1s0
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11.4.2. Enabling hardware timestamping
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You can enable hardware timestamping on one or multiple interfaces by using the hwtimestamp directive in the /etc/chrony.conf file. The directive can either specify a single interface, or a wildcard character can be used to enable hardware timestamping on all interfaces that support it.

Procedure

  1. Edit the /etc/chrony.conf file and make the following changes:

    1. Add the hwtimestamp setting for interfaces which support hardware timestamping. For example: 

      hwtimestamp enp1s0
hwtimestamp eno*
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      You can use the * wildcard if no other application, such as ptp4l uses hardware timestamping.

    2. Configure a short client polling interval by appending the minpoll and maxpoll options to the server setting, for example: 

      server ntp.example.comlocal minpoll 0 maxpoll 0
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      For hardware timestamping, you must configure a shorter polling interval than the default range (64-1024 seconds) to minimize the offset of the system clock.

    3. Enable the NTP interleaved mode by appending the xleave option to the server setting: 

      server ntp.example.comlocal minpoll 0 maxpoll 0 xleave
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      With this setting, chrony gets the hardware transmit timestamp only after sending a packet. This behavior prevents the serever from saving the timestamp in packets to which it responds. With the xleave option, chrony can receive transmit timestamps that were generated after the transmission.

    4. Optional: Increase the maximum size of memory allocated for logging of client’s access on the server, for example: 

      clientloglimit 100000000
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      The default server configuration allows a few thousands of clients to use the interleaved mode concurrently. By increasing the value of the clientloglimit setting, you can configure the server for a large number of clients.

  2. Restart the chronyd service: 

    # systemctrl restart chronyd
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Verification

  1. Optional: Verify in the /var/log/messages log file that hardware timesamping is enabled: 

    chronyd[4081]: Enabled HW timestamping on enp1s0
chronyd[4081]: Enabled HW timestamping on eno1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. If chronyd is configured as an NTP client or peer, display the transmit and receive timestamping modes and the interleaved mode: 

    # chronyc ntpdata

Output:

[literal,subs="+quotes,verbatim,normal"]


Remote address  : 203.0.113.15 (CB00710F)
Remote port     : 123
Local address   : 203.0.113.74 (CB00714A)
Leap status     : Normal
Version         : 4
Mode            : Server
Stratum         : 1
Poll interval   : 0 (1 seconds)
Precision       : -24 (0.000000060 seconds)
Root delay      : 0.000015 seconds
Root dispersion : 0.000015 seconds
Reference ID    : 47505300 (GPS)
Reference time  : Wed May 03 13:47:45 2017
Offset          : -0.000000134 seconds
Peer delay      : 0.000005396 seconds
Peer dispersion : 0.000002329 seconds
Response time   : 0.000152073 seconds
Jitter asymmetry: +0.00
NTP tests       : 111 111 1111
Interleaved     : Yes
Authenticated   : No
TX timestamping : Hardware
RX timestamping : Hardware
Total TX        : 27
Total RX        : 27
Total valid RX  : 27
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Report the stability of NTP measurements: 

    # chronyc sourcestats

Output:

[literal,subs="+quotes,verbatim,normal"]
....

210 Number of sources = 1
Name/IP Address            NP  NR  Span  Frequency  Freq Skew  Offset  Std Dev
ntp.local                  12   7    11     +0.000      0.019     +0ns    49ns
....
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

This stability is reported in the Std Dev column. With hardware timestamping enabled, stability of NTP measurements should be in tens or hundreds of nanoseconds, under normal load.

11.4.3. Configuring PTP-NTP bridge
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If a highly accurate Precision Time Protocol (PTP) primary timeserver is available in a network that does not have switches or routers with PTP support, a computer may be dedicated to operate as a PTP client and a stratum-1 NTP server. Such a computer needs to have two or more network interfaces, and be close to the primary timeserver or have a direct connection to it. This will ensure highly accurate synchronization in the network.

Procedure

  1. Configure the ptp4l and phc2sys programs from the linuxptp packages to use one interface to synchronize the system clock using PTP.

  1. Configure chronyd to provide the system time using the other interface: 

    bindaddress 203.0.113.74
hwtimestamp enp1s0
local stratum 1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Restart the chronyd service: 

    # systemctrl restart chronyd
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11.5. Overview of Network Time Security (NTS) in chrony
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Network Time Security (NTS) is an authentication mechanism for Network Time Protocol (NTP), designed to scale substantial clients. It verifies that the packets received from the server machines are unaltered while moving to the client machine. Network Time Security (NTS) includes a Key Establishment (NTS-KE) protocol that automatically creates the encryption keys used between the server and its clients.

Warning

NTS is not compatible with the FIPS and OSPP profile. When you enable the FIPS and OSPP profile, chronyd that is configured with NTS can abort with a fatal message. You can disable the OSPP profile and FIPS mode for chronyd service by adding the GNUTLS_FORCE_FIPS_MODE=0 setting to the /etc/sysconfig/chronyd file.

11.5.1. Enabling Network Time Security (NTS) on a client
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By default, Network Time Security (NTS) is not enabled. You can enable NTS in the /etc/chrony.conf. For that, perform the following steps:

Prerequisites

  • The time server supports NTS.

Procedure

Edit the /etc/crony.conf file, and make the following changes:

  1. Specify the server with the nts option in addition to the recommended iburst option. 

    For example:
server time.example.com iburst nts
server nts.netnod.se iburst nts
server ptbtime1.ptb.de iburst nts
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Add the following setting to avoid repeating the Network Time Security-Key Establishment (NTS-KE) session during system boot: 

    ntsdumpdir /var/lib/chrony
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  3. If present, comment out or remove the following setting to disable synchronization with Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers provided by DHCP: 

    sourcedir /run/chrony-dhcp
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  4. Restart the chronyd service: 

    systemctl restart chronyd
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Verification

  • Verify if the NTS keys were successfully established: 

    # chronyc -N authdata

Name/IP address  Mode KeyID Type KLen Last Atmp  NAK Cook CLen
================================================================
time.example.com  NTS     1   15  256  33m    0    0    8  100
nts.netnod.se   NTS     1   15  256  33m    0    0    8  100
ptbtime1.ptb.de   NTS     1   15  256  33m    0    0    8  100
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The KeyID, Type, and KLen should have non-zero values. If the value is zero, check the system log for error messages from chronyd.

  • Verify the client is making NTP measurements: 

    # chronyc -N sources

MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample
=========================================================
time.example.com   3        6   377    45   +355us[ +375us] +/-   11ms
nts.netnod.se   1        6   377    44   +237us[ +237us] +/-   23ms
ptbtime1.ptb.de    1        6   377    44   -170us[ -170us] +/-   22ms
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The Reach column should have a non-zero value; ideally 377. If the value rarely gets 377 or never gets to 377, it indicates that NTP requests or responses are getting lost in the network.

11.5.2. Enabling Network Time Security (NTS) on a time server
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If you run your own Network Time Protocol (NTP) server, you can enable the server Network Time Security (NTS) support to facilitate its clients to synchronize securely.

If the NTP server is a client of other servers, that is, it is not a Stratum 1 server, it should use NTS or symmetric key for its synchronization.

Prerequisites

  • Server private key in PEM format
  • Server certificate with required intermediate certificates in PEM format

Procedure

  1. Edit the /etc/chrony.conf file, and make the following changes: 

    ntsserverkey /etc/pki/tls/private/<ntp-server.example.net>.key
ntsservercert /etc/pki/tls/certs/<ntp-server.example.net>.crt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Set permissions on both the private key and the certificate file that allow the chrony user to read the files, for example 

    # chown root:chrony /etc/pki/tls/private/<ntp-server.example.net>.key /etc/pki/tls/certs/<ntp-server.example.net>.crt

# chmod 644 /etc/pki/tls/private/<ntp-server.example.net>.key /etc/pki/tls/certs/<ntp-server.example.net>.crt
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  3. Ensure that the ntsdumpdir /var/lib/chrony setting is present.

  4. Open the required ports in firewalld: 

    # firewall-cmd --permannent --add-port={323/udp,4460/tcp}
# firewall-cmd --reload
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Restart the chronyd service: 

    # systemctl restart chronyd
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Verification

  1. Perform a test from a client machine: 

    $ chronyd -Q -t 3 'server

ntp-server.example.net iburst nts maxsamples 1'
2021-09-15T13:45:26Z chronyd version 4.1 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVDROP +SCFILTER +SIGND +ASYNCDNS +NTS +SECHASH +IPV6 +DEBUG)
2021-09-15T13:45:26Z Disabled control of system clock
2021-09-15T13:45:28Z System clock wrong by 0.002205 seconds (ignored)
2021-09-15T13:45:28Z chronyd exiting
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The System clock wrong message indicates the NTP server is accepting NTS-KE connections and responding with NTS-protected NTP messages.

  2. Verify the NTS-KE connections and authenticated NTP packets observed on the server: 

    # chronyc serverstats

NTP packets received       : 7
NTP packets dropped        : 0
Command packets received   : 22
Command packets dropped    : 0
Client log records dropped : 0
NTS-KE connections accepted: 1
NTS-KE connections dropped : 0
Authenticated NTP packets: 7
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    If the value of the NTS-KE connections accepted and Authenticated NTP packets field is a non-zero value, it means that at least one client was able to connect to the NTS-KE port and send an authenticated NTP request.

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