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Serverless applications


OpenShift Container Platform 4.3

OpenShift Serverless installation, usage, and release notes

Red Hat OpenShift Documentation Team

Abstract

This document provides information on how to use OpenShift Serverless in OpenShift Container Platform

Chapter 1. OpenShift Serverless Release Notes

For an overview of OpenShift Serverless functionality, see Getting started with OpenShift Serverless.

Important

Knative Eventing is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

1.1. Release Notes for Red Hat OpenShift Serverless 1.7.2

This release of OpenShift Serverless addresses Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) and bug fixes.

1.1.1. Fixed issues

  • In previous versions of OpenShift Serverless, KnativeServing custom resources show a status of Ready, even if Kourier does not deploy. This bug is fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.7.2.

1.2. Release Notes for Red Hat OpenShift Serverless 1.7.1

1.2.1. New features

  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving 0.13.3.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving Operator 0.13.3.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative kn CLI 0.13.2.
  • OpenShift Serverless uses Knative Eventing 0.13.0.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Eventing Operator 0.13.3.

1.2.2. Fixed issues

  • In OpenShift Serverless 1.7.0, routes were reconciled continuously when this was not required. This bug is fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.7.1.

1.3. Release Notes for Red Hat OpenShift Serverless 1.7.0

1.3.1. New features

  • OpenShift Serverless 1.7.0 is now Generally Available (GA) on OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and newer versions. In previous versions, OpenShift Serverless was a Technology Preview.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving 0.13.2.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving Operator 0.13.2.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative kn CLI 0.13.2.
  • Knative kn CLI downloads now support disconnected, or restricted network installations.
  • Knative kn CLI libraries are now signed by Red Hat.
  • Knative Eventing is now available as a Technology Preview with OpenShift Serverless. OpenShift Serverless uses Knative Eventing 0.13.2.
Important

Before upgrading to the latest Serverless release, you must remove the community Knative Eventing Operator if you have previously installed it. Having the Knative Eventing Operator installed will prevent you from being able to install the latest Technology Preview version of Knative Eventing that is included with OpenShift Serverless 1.7.0.

  • High availability (HA) is now enabled by default for the autoscaler-hpa, controller, activator , kourier-control, and kourier-gateway components.

    If you have installed a previous version of OpenShift Serverless, after the KnativeServing custom resource (CR) is updated, the deployment will default to a HA configuration with KnativeServing.spec.high-availability.replicas = 2.

    You can disable HA for these components by completing the procedure in the Configuring high availability components documentation.

  • OpenShift Serverless now supports the trustedCA setting in OpenShift Container Platform’s cluster-wide proxy, and is now fully compatible with OpenShift Container Platform’s proxy settings.
  • OpenShift Serverless now supports HTTPS using the wildcard certificate that is registered for OpenShift Container Platform routes. For more information on http and https on Knative Serving, see the documentation on Verifying your serverless application deployment.

1.3.2. Fixed issues

  • In previous versions, requesting KnativeServing custom resources (CRs) without specifying an API group, for example, oc get knativeserving -n knative-serving, occasionally caused errors. This issue is fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.7.0.
  • In previous versions, the Knative Serving controller was not notified when a new service CA certificate was generated due to service CA certificate rotation. New revisions created after a service CA certificate rotation were failing with the error:

    Revision "foo-1" failed with message: Unable to fetch image "image-registry.openshift-image-registry.svc:5000/eap/eap-app": failed to resolve image to digest: failed to fetch image information: Get https://image-registry.openshift-image-registry.svc:5000/v2/: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority.

    The OpenShift Serverless Operator now restarts the Knative Serving controller whenever a new service CA certificate is generated, which ensures that the controller is always configured to use the current service CA certificate. For more information, see the OpenShift Container Platform documentation on Securing service traffic using service serving certificate secrets under Authentication.

1.3.3. Known issues

  • When upgrading from OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0 to 1.7.0, support for HTTPS requires a change to the format of routes. Knative services created on OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0 are no longer reachable at the old format URLs. You must retrieve the new URL for each service after upgrading OpenShift Serverless. For more information, see the documentation on Upgrading OpenShift Serverless.
  • If you are using Knative Eventing on an Azure cluster, it is possible that the imc-dispatcher pod may not start. This is due to the pod’s default resources settings. As a work-around, you can remove the resources settings.
  • If you have 1000 Knative services on a cluster, and then perform a reinstall or upgrade of Knative Serving, there will be a delay when you create the first new service after KnativeServing becomes Ready.

    3scale-kourier-control reconciles all previous Knative services before processing the creation of a new service, which causes the new service to spend approximately 800 seconds in an IngressNotConfigured or Unknown state before the state will update to Ready.

1.4. Release Notes for Red Hat OpenShift Serverless Technology Preview 1.6.0

1.4.1. New features

  • OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0 is available on OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and newer versions.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving 0.13.1.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative kn CLI 0.13.1.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving Operator 0.13.1.
  • The serving.knative.dev API group has now been fully deprecated and is replaced by the operator.knative.dev API group.

    You must complete the steps that are described in the OpenShift Serverless 1.4.0 release notes, that replace the serving.knative.dev API group with the operator.knative.dev API group, before you can upgrade to the latest version of OpenShift Serverless.

    Important

    This change causes commands without a fully qualified APIGroup and kind, such as oc get knativeserving, to become unreliable and not always work correctly.

    After upgrading to OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0, you must remove the old CRD to fix this issue. You can remove the old CRD by entering the following command:

    $ oc delete crd knativeservings.serving.knative.dev
  • The Subscription Update Channel for new OpenShift Serverless releases was updated from techpreview to preview-4.3.

    Important

    You must update your channel by following the upgrade documentation to use the latest OpenShift Serverless version.

  • OpenShift Serverless now supports the use of HTTP_PROXY.
  • OpenShift Serverless now supports HTTPS_PROXY cluster-proxy settings.

    Note

    This HTTP_PROXY support does not include using custom certificates.

  • The KnativeServing CRD is now hidden from the Developer Catalog by default so that only users with cluster administrator permissions can view it.
  • Parts of the KnativeServing control plane and data plane are now deployed as highly available (HA) by default.
  • Kourier is now actively watched and reconciles changes automatically.
  • OpenShift Serverless now supports use on OpenShift Container Platform nightly builds.

1.4.2. Fixed issues

  • In previous versions, the oc explain command did not work correctly. The structural schema of the KnativeServing CRD was updated in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0 so that the oc explain command now works correctly.
  • In previous versions, it was possible to create more than one KnativeServing CR. Multiple KnativeServing CRs are now prevented synchronously in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0. Attempting to create more than one KnativeServing CR now results in an error.
  • In previous versions, OpenShift Serverless was not compatible with OpenShift Container Platform deployments on GCP. This issue was fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0.
  • In previous releases, the Knative Serving webhook crashed with an out of memory error if the cluster had more than 170 namespaces. This issue was fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0.
  • In previous releases, OpenShift Serverless did not automatically fix an OpenShift Container Platform route that it created if the route was changed by another component. This issue was fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0.
  • In previous versions, deleting a KnativeServing CR occasionally caused the system to hang. This issue was fixed in OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0.
  • Due to the ingress migration from Service Mesh to Kourier that occured in OpenShift Serverless 1.5.0, orphaned VirtualServices sometimes remained on the system. In OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0, orphaned VirtualServices are automatically removed.

1.4.3. Known issues

  • In OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0, if a cluster administrator uninstalls OpenShift Serverless by following the uninstall procedure provided in the documentation, the Serverless dropdown is still be visible in the Administrator perspective of the OpenShift Container Platform web console, and the Knative Service resource is still be visible in the Developer perspective of the OpenShift Container Platform web console. Although you can create Knative services by using this option, these Knative services do not work.

    To prevent OpenShift Serverless from being visible in the OpenShift Container Platform web console, the cluster administrator must delete additional CRDs from the deployment after removing the Knative Serving CR.

    Cluster administrators can remove these CRDs by entering the following command:

    $ oc get crd -oname | grep -E '(serving|internal).knative.dev' | xargs oc delete

1.5. Release Notes for Red Hat OpenShift Serverless Technology Preview 1.5.0

1.5.1. New features

  • OpenShift Serverless 1.5.0 is available on OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and newer versions.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving 0.12.1.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative kn CLI 0.12.0.
  • OpenShift Serverless now uses Knative Serving Operator 0.12.1.
  • OpenShift Serverless ingress implementation was updated to use Kourier in place of Service Mesh. No user intervention is necessary, as this change is automatic when the OpenShift Serverless Operator is upgraded to 1.5.0.

1.5.2. Fixed issues

  • In previous releases, OpenShift Container Platform scale from zero latency caused a delay of approximately 10 seconds when creating pods. This issue was fixed in the OpenShift Container Platform 4.3.5 bug fix update.

1.5.3. Known issues

  • Deleting KnativeServing.operator.knative.dev from the knative-serving namespace may cause the deletion process to hang. This is due to a race condition between deletion of the CRD and knative-openshift-ingress removing finalizers.

1.6. Additional resources

OpenShift Serverless is based on the open source Knative project.

Chapter 2. OpenShift Serverless support

2.1. Getting support

If you experience difficulty with a procedure described in this documentation, visit the Red Hat Customer Portal at http://access.redhat.com. Through the customer portal, you can:

  • Search or browse through the Red Hat Knowledgebase of technical support articles about Red Hat products
  • Submit a support case to Red Hat Global Support Services (GSS)
  • Access other product documentation

If you have a suggestion for improving this guide or have found an error, please submit a Bugzilla report at http://bugzilla.redhat.com against Product for the Documentation component. Please provide specific details, such as the section number, guide name, and OpenShift Serverless version so we can easily locate the content.

2.2. Gathering diagnostic information for support

When opening a support case, it is helpful to provide debugging information about your cluster to Red Hat Support.

The must-gather tool enables you to collect diagnostic information about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, including data related to OpenShift Serverless.

For prompt support, supply diagnostic information for both OpenShift Container Platform and OpenShift Serverless.

2.2.1. About the must-gather tool

The oc adm must-gather CLI command collects the information from your cluster that is most likely needed for debugging issues, such as:

  • Resource definitions
  • Audit logs
  • Service logs

You can specify one or more images when you run the command by including the --image argument. When you specify an image, the tool collects data related to that feature or product.

When you run oc adm must-gather, a new Pod is created on the cluster. The data is collected on that Pod and saved in a new directory that starts with must-gather.local. This directory is created in the current working directory.

2.2.2. About collecting OpenShift Serverless data

You can use the oc adm must-gather CLI command to collect information about your cluster, including features and objects associated with OpenShift Serverless.

To collect OpenShift Serverless data with must-gather, you must specify the OpenShift Serverless image.

Procedure

  • Enter the command:

    $ oc adm must-gather --image=registry.redhat.io/openshift-serverless-1/svls-must-gather-rhel8

Chapter 3. Architecture

3.1. Knative Serving architecture

Knative Serving on OpenShift Container Platform enables developers to write cloud-native applications using serverless architecture. Serverless is a cloud computing model where application developers don’t need to provision servers or manage scaling for their applications. These routine tasks are abstracted away by the platform, allowing developers to push code to production much faster than in traditional models.

Knative Serving supports deploying and managing cloud-native applications by providing a set of objects as Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) that define and control the behavior of serverless workloads on an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. For more information about CRDs, see Extending the Kubernetes API with Custom Resource Definitions.

Developers use these CRDs to create custom resource (CR) instances that can be used as building blocks to address complex use cases. For example:

  • Rapidly deploying serverless containers.
  • Automatically scaling pods.

For more information about CRs, see Managing resources from Custom Resource Definitions.

3.1.1. Knative Serving CRDs

Service
The service.serving.knative.dev CRD automatically manages the life cycle of your workload to ensure that the application is deployed and reachable through the network. It creates a Route, a Configuration, and a new Revision for each change to a user created Service, or custom resource. Most developer interactions in Knative are carried out by modifying Services.
Revision
The revision.serving.knative.dev CRD is a point-in-time snapshot of the code and configuration for each modification made to the workload. Revisions are immutable objects and can be retained for as long as necessary.
Route
The route.serving.knative.dev CRD maps a network endpoint to one or more Revisions. You can manage the traffic in several ways, including fractional traffic and named routes.
Configuration
The configuration.serving.knative.dev CRD maintains the desired state for your deployment. It provides a clean separation between code and configuration. Modifying a configuration creates a new Revision.

3.2. Knative Eventing architecture

Knative Eventing on OpenShift Container Platform enables developers to use an event-driven architecture with serverless applications. An event-driven architecture is based on the concept of decoupled relationships between event producers that create events, and event sinks, or consumers, that receive them.

Knative Eventing uses standard HTTP POST requests to send and receive events between event producers and consumers. These events conform to the CloudEvents specifications, which enables creating, parsing, sending, and receiving events in any programming language.

You can propagate an event from an event source to multiple event sinks by using:

The Channel and Broker implementations manage delivery of events to event sinks, by using Subscriptions and Triggers. Events are buffered if the destination sink is unavailable. Knative Eventing supports the following scenarios:

Publish an event without creating a consumer
You can send events to a Broker as an HTTP POST, and use a SinkBinding to decouple the destination configuration from your application that is producing events.
Consume an event without creating a publisher
You can use a Trigger to consume events from a Broker based on event attributes. Your application will receive events as an HTTP POST.

3.2.1. Event sinks

To enable delivery to multiple types of sinks, Knative Eventing defines the following generic interfaces that can be implemented by multiple Kubernetes resources:

Addressable objects
Able to receive and acknowledge an Event delivered over HTTP to an address defined in the Event’s status.address.url field. The Kubernetes Service object also satisfies the addressable interface.
Callable objects
Able to receive an Event delivered over HTTP and transform it, returning 0 or 1 new Events in the HTTP response payload. These returned Events may be further processed in the same way that Events from an external event source are processed.

Chapter 4. Getting started with OpenShift Serverless

OpenShift Serverless simplifies the process of delivering code from development into production by reducing the need for infrastructure set up or back-end development by developers.

4.1. How OpenShift Serverless works

Developers on OpenShift Serverless can use the provided Kubernetes native APIs, as well as familiar languages and frameworks, to deploy applications and container workloads.

OpenShift Serverless on OpenShift Container Platform enables stateless serverless workloads to all run on a single multi-cloud container platform with automated operations. Developers can use a single platform for hosting their microservices, legacy, and serverless applications.

OpenShift Serverless is based on the open source Knative project, which provides portability and consistency across hybrid and multi-cloud environments by enabling an enterprise-grade serverless platform.

4.2. Supported Configurations

The set of supported features, configurations, and integrations for OpenShift Serverless, current and past versions, are available at the Supported Configurations page.

Important

Knative Eventing is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

4.3. Next steps

Chapter 5. Installing OpenShift Serverless

5.1. Installing OpenShift Serverless

This guide walks cluster administrators through installing the OpenShift Serverless Operator to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

Note

OpenShift Serverless is supported for installation in a restricted network environment. For more information, see Using Operator Lifecycle Manager on restricted networks.

5.1.1. Cluster sizing requirements

To run OpenShift Serverless, the OpenShift Container Platform cluster must be sized correctly. The minimum requirement to use OpenShift Serverless is a cluster with 10 CPUs and 40GB memory.

The total size requirements to run OpenShift Serverless are dependent on the applications deployed. By default, each pod requests ~400m of CPU, so the minimum requirements are based on this value.

In the size requirement provided, an application can scale up to 10 replicas. Lowering the actual CPU request of applications can increase the number of possible replicas.

You can use the MachineSet API to manually scale your cluster up to the desired size. The minimum requirements usually mean that you must scale up one of the default MachineSets by two additional machines.

For more information on using the MachineSet API, see the documentation on Creating MachineSets.

For more information on scaling a MachineSet manually, see the documentation on manually scaling MachineSets.

Note

The requirements provided relate only to the pool of worker machines of the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Master nodes are not used for general scheduling and are omitted from the requirements.

Note

The following limitations apply to all OpenShift Serverless deployments:

  • Maximum number of Knative services: 1000
  • Maximum number of Knative revisions: 1000
5.1.1.1. Additional requirements for advanced use-cases

For more advanced use-cases such as logging or metering on OpenShift Container Platform, you must deploy more resources. Recommended requirements for such use-cases are 24 CPUs and 96GB of memory.

If you have high availability (HA) enabled on your cluster, this requires between 0.5 - 1.5 cores and between 200MB - 2GB of memory for each replica of the Knative Serving control plane. HA is enabled for some Knative Serving components by default. You can disable HA by following the documentation on Configuring high availability replicas on OpenShift Serverless.

Important

Before upgrading to the latest Serverless release, you must remove the community Knative Eventing operator if you have previously installed it. Having the Knative Eventing operator installed will prevent you from being able to install the latest Technology Preview version of Knative Eventing using the OpenShift Serverless Operator.

5.1.2. Installing the OpenShift Serverless Operator

This procedure describes how to install and subscribe to the OpenShift Serverless Operator from the OperatorHub using the OpenShift Container Platform web console.

Procedure

  1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, navigate to the OperatorsOperatorHub page.
  2. Scroll, or type they keyword Serverless into the Filter by keyword box to find the OpenShift Serverless Operator.

    OpenShift Serverless Operator in the OpenShift Container Platform web console
  3. Review the information about the Operator and click Install.

    OpenShift Serverless Operator information
  4. On the Create Operator Subscription page:

    Create Operator Subscription page
    1. The Installation Mode is All namespaces on the cluster (default). This mode installs the Operator in the default openshift-operators namespace to watch and be made available to all namespaces in the cluster.
    2. The Installed Namespace will be openshift-operators.
    3. Select 4.3 as the Update Channel.
    4. Select Automatic or Manual approval strategy.
  5. Click Subscribe to make the Operator available to the selected namespaces on this OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
  6. From the CatalogOperator Management page, you can monitor the OpenShift Serverless Operator subscription’s installation and upgrade progress.

    1. If you selected a Manual approval strategy, the subscription’s upgrade status will remain Upgrading until you review and approve its install plan. After approving on the Install Plan page, the subscription upgrade status moves to Up to date.
    2. If you selected an Automatic approval strategy, the upgrade status should resolve to Up to date without intervention.

Verification steps

After the Subscription’s upgrade status is Up to date, select CatalogInstalled Operators to verify that the OpenShift Serverless Operator eventually shows up and its Status ultimately resolves to InstallSucceeded in the relevant namespace.

Installed Operators page

If it does not:

  1. Switch to the CatalogOperator Management page and inspect the Operator Subscriptions and Install Plans tabs for any failure or errors under Status.
  2. Check the logs in any pods in the openshift-operators project on the WorkloadsPods page that are reporting issues to troubleshoot further.

Additional resources

  • For more information on installing Operators, see the OpenShift Container Platform documentation on Adding Operators to a cluster.

5.1.3. Next steps

  • After the OpenShift Serverless Operator is installed, you can install the Knative Serving component. See the documentation on Installing Knative Serving.
  • After the OpenShift Serverless Operator is installed, you can install the Knative Eventing component. See the documentation on Installing Knative Eventing.

5.2. Installing Knative Serving

After you install the OpenShift Serverless Operator, you can install Knative Serving by following the procedures described in this guide.

This guide provides information about installing Knative Serving using the default settings. However, you can configure more advanced settings in the KnativeServing custom resource definition.

For more information about configuration options for the KnativeServing custom resource definition, see Advanced installation configuration options.

5.2.1. Creating the knative-serving namespace

When you create the knative-serving namespace, a knative-serving project will also be created.

Important

You must complete this procedure before installing Knative Serving.

If the KnativeServing object created during Knative Serving’s installation is not created in the knative-serving namespace, it will be ignored.

Prerequisites

  • An OpenShift Container Platform account with cluster administrator access
  • Installed OpenShift Serverless Operator
5.2.1.1. Creating the knative-serving namespace using the web console

Procedure

  1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, navigate to AdministrationNamespaces.

    Namespaces page
  2. Enter knative-serving as the Name for the project. The other fields are optional.

    Creating the `knative-eventing` namespace
  3. Click Create.
5.2.1.2. Creating the knative-serving namespace using the CLI

Procedure

  1. Create the knative-serving namespace:

    $ oc create namespace knative-serving

5.2.2. Prerequisites

  • An OpenShift Container Platform account with cluster administrator access.
  • Installed OpenShift Serverless Operator.
  • Created the knative-serving namespace.

5.2.3. Installing Knative Serving using the web console

Procedure

  1. In the Administrator perspective of the OpenShift Container Platform web console, navigate to OperatorsInstalled Operators.
  2. Check that the Project dropdown at the top of the page is set to Project: knative-serving.
  3. Click Knative Serving in the list of Provided APIs for the OpenShift Serverless Operator to go to the Knative Serving tab.

    Installed Operators page
  4. Click the Create Knative Serving button.

    Knative Serving tab
  5. In the Create Knative Serving page, you can install Knative Serving using the default settings by clicking Create.

    You can also modify settings for the Knative Serving installation by editing the KnativeServing object using either the form provided, or by editing the YAML.

    • Using the form is recommended for simpler configurations that do not require full control of KnativeServing object creation.
    • Editing the YAML is recommended for more complex configurations that require full control of KnativeServing object creation. You can access the YAML by clicking the edit YAML link in the top right of the Create Knative Serving page.

      After you complete the form, or have finished modifying the YAML, click Create.

      Note

      For more information about configuration options for the KnativeServing custom resource definition, see the documentation on Advanced installation configuration options.

      Create Knative Serving in Form View
      Create Knative Serving in YAML view
  6. After you have installed Knative Serving, the KnativeServing object is created, and you will be automically directed to the Knative Serving tab.

    Installed Operators page

    You will see knative-serving in the list of resources.

Verification steps

  1. Click on knative-serving in the Knative Serving tab.
  2. You will be automatically directed to the Knative Serving Overview page.

    Installed Operators page
  3. Scroll down to look at the list of Conditions.
  4. You should see a list of conditions with a status of True, as shown in the example image.

    Conditions
    Note

    It may take a few seconds for the Knative Serving resources to be created. You can check their status in the Resources tab.

  5. If the conditions have a status of Unknown or False, wait a few moments and then check again after you have confirmed that the resources have been created.

5.2.4. Installing Knative Serving using YAML

Procedure

  1. Create a file named serving.yaml.
  2. Copy the following sample YAML into serving.yaml:

    apiVersion: operator.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: KnativeServing
    metadata:
        name: knative-serving
        namespace: knative-serving
  3. Apply the serving.yaml file:

    $ oc apply -f serving.yaml

Verification steps

  1. Verify that the installation is complete:

    $ oc get knativeserving.operator.knative.dev/knative-serving -n knative-serving --template='{{range .status.conditions}}{{printf "%s=%s\n" .type .status}}{{end}}'

    Example output

    DependenciesInstalled=True
    DeploymentsAvailable=True
    InstallSucceeded=True
    Ready=True

    Note

    It may take a few seconds for the Knative Serving resources to be created.

  2. If the conditions have a status of Unknown or False, wait a few moments and then check again after you have confirmed that the resources have been created.
  3. Check that the Knative Serving resources have been created by entering:

    $ oc get pods -n knative-serving

    Example output

    NAME                               READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    activator-5c596cf8d6-5l86c         1/1     Running   0          9m37s
    activator-5c596cf8d6-gkn5k         1/1     Running   0          9m22s
    autoscaler-5854f586f6-gj597        1/1     Running   0          9m36s
    autoscaler-hpa-78665569b8-qmlmn    1/1     Running   0          9m26s
    autoscaler-hpa-78665569b8-tqwvw    1/1     Running   0          9m26s
    controller-7fd5655f49-9gxz5        1/1     Running   0          9m32s
    controller-7fd5655f49-pncv5        1/1     Running   0          9m14s
    kn-cli-downloads-8c65d4cbf-mt4t7   1/1     Running   0          9m42s
    webhook-5c7d878c7c-n267j           1/1     Running   0          9m35s

5.2.5. Next steps

  • For cloud events functionality on OpenShift Serverless, you can install the Knative Eventing component. See the documentation on Installing Knative Eventing.
  • Install the Knative CLI to use kn commands with Knative Serving. For example, kn service commands. See the documentation on Installing the Knative CLI (kn).

5.3. Installing Knative Eventing

After you install the OpenShift Serverless Operator, you can install Knative Eventing by following the procedures described in this guide.

Important

Knative Eventing is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

This guide provides information about installing Knative Eventing using the default settings.

5.3.1. Creating the knative-eventing namespace

When you create the knative-eventing namespace, a knative-eventing project will also be created.

Important

You must complete this procedure before installing Knative Eventing.

If the KnativeEventing object created during Knative Eventing’s installation is not created in the knative-eventing namespace, it will be ignored.

Prerequisites

  • An OpenShift Container Platform account with cluster administrator access
  • Installed OpenShift Serverless Operator
5.3.1.1. Creating the knative-eventing namespace using the web console

Procedure

  1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, navigate to AdministrationNamespaces.
  2. Click Create Namespace.

    Namespaces page
  3. Enter knative-eventing as the Name for the project. The other fields are optional.

    Creating the `knative-eventing` namespace
  4. Click Create.
5.3.1.2. Creating the knative-eventing namespace using the CLI

Procedure

  1. Create the knative-eventing namespace:

    $ oc create namespace knative-eventing

5.3.2. Prerequisites

  • An OpenShift Container Platform account with cluster administrator access
  • Installed OpenShift Serverless Operator
  • Created the knative-eventing namespace

5.3.3. Installing Knative Eventing using the web console

Procedure

  1. In the Administrator perspective of the OpenShift Container Platform web console, navigate to OperatorsInstalled Operators.
  2. Check that the Project dropdown at the top of the page is set to Project: knative-eventing.
  3. Click Knative Eventing in the list of Provided APIs for the OpenShift Serverless Operator to go to the Knative Eventing tab.

    Installed Operators page
  4. Click the Create Knative Eventing button.

    Knative Eventing tab
  5. In the Create Knative Eventing page, you can choose to configure the KnativeEventing object by using either the default form provided, or by editing the YAML.

    • Using the form is recommended for simpler configurations that do not require full control of KnativeEventing object creation.

      Optional. If you are configuring the KnativeEventing object using the form, make any changes that you want to implement for your Knative Eventing deployment.

  6. Click Create.

    Create Knative Eventing using the form
    • Editing the YAML is recommended for more complex configurations that require full control of KnativeEventing object creation. You can access the YAML by clicking the edit YAML link in the top right of the Create Knative Eventing page.

      Optional. If you are configuring the KnativeEventing object by editing the YAML, make any changes to the YAML that you want to implement for your Knative Eventing deployment.

  7. Click Create.

    Create Knative Eventing using YAML
  8. After you have installed Knative Eventing, the KnativeEventing object is created, and you will be automically directed to the Knative Eventing tab.

    Installed Operators page

    You will see knative-eventing in the list of resources.

Verification steps

  1. Click on knative-eventing in the Knative Eventing tab.
  2. You will be automatically directed to the Knative Eventing Overview page.

    Knative Eventing Overview page
  3. Scroll down to look at the list of Conditions.
  4. You should see a list of conditions with a status of True, as shown in the example image.

    Conditions
    Note

    It may take a few seconds for the Knative Eventing resources to be created. You can check their status in the Resources tab.

  5. If the conditions have a status of Unknown or False, wait a few moments and then check again after you have confirmed that the resources have been created.

5.3.4. Installing Knative Eventing using YAML

Procedure

  1. Create a file named eventing.yaml.
  2. Copy the following sample YAML into eventing.yaml:

    apiVersion: operator.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: KnativeEventing
    metadata:
        name: knative-eventing
        namespace: knative-eventing
  3. Optional. Make any changes to the YAML that you want to implement for your Knative Eventing deployment.
  4. Apply the eventing.yaml file by entering:

    $ oc apply -f eventing.yaml

Verification steps

  1. Verify that the installation is complete:

    $ oc get knativeeventing.operator.knative.dev/knative-eventing \
      -n knative-eventing \
      --template='{{range .status.conditions}}{{printf "%s=%s\n" .type .status}}{{end}}'

    Example output

    InstallSucceeded=True
    Ready=True

    Note

    It may take a few seconds for the Knative Eventing resources to be created.

  2. If the conditions have a status of Unknown or False, wait a few moments and then check again after you have confirmed that the resources have been created.
  3. Check that the Knative Eventing resources have been created:

    $ oc get pods -n knative-eventing

    Example output

    NAME                                   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    broker-controller-58765d9d49-g9zp6     1/1     Running   0          7m21s
    eventing-controller-65fdd66b54-jw7bh   1/1     Running   0          7m31s
    eventing-webhook-57fd74b5bd-kvhlz      1/1     Running   0          7m31s
    imc-controller-5b75d458fc-ptvm2        1/1     Running   0          7m19s
    imc-dispatcher-64f6d5fccb-kkc4c        1/1     Running   0          7m18s

5.3.5. Next steps

  • For services and serving functionality on OpenShift Serverless, you can install the Knative Serving component. See the documentation on Installing Knative Serving.
  • Install the Knative CLI to use kn commands with Knative Eventing. For example, kn source commands. See the documentation on Installing the Knative CLI (kn).

5.4. Advanced installation configuration options

This guide provides information for cluster administrators about advanced installation configuration options for OpenShift Serverless components.

5.4.1. Knative Serving supported installation configuration options

This guide provides information for cluster administrators about advanced installation configuration options for Knative Serving.

Important

Do not modify any YAML contained inside the config field. Some of the configuration values in this field are injected by the OpenShift Serverless Operator, and modifying them will cause your deployment to become unsupported.

Create Knative Serving form in web console Administrator Perspective
5.4.1.1. Controller Custom Certs

If your registry uses a self-signed certificate, you must enable tag-to-digest resolution by creating a ConfigMap or Secret. The OpenShift Serverless Operator then automatically configures Knative Serving controller access to the registry.

To enable tag-to-digest resolution, the Knative Serving controller requires access to the container registry.

Important

The ConfigMap or Secret must reside in the same namespace as the Knative Serving CustomResourceDefinition (CRD).

The following example triggers the OpenShift Serverless Operator to:

  1. Create and mount a volume containing the certificate in the controller.
  2. Set the required environment variable properly.

Example YAML

apiVersion: operator.knative.dev/v1alpha1
kind: KnativeServing
metadata:
  name: knative-serving
  namespace: knative-serving
spec:
  controller-custom-certs:
    name: certs
    type: ConfigMap

The following example uses a certificate in a ConfigMap named certs in the knative-serving namespace.

The supported types are ConfigMap and Secret.

If no controller custom cert is specified, this defaults to the config-service-ca ConfigMap.

Example default YAML

spec:
  controller-custom-certs:
    name: config-service-ca
    type: ConfigMap

5.4.1.2. High availability

High availability (HA) defaults to 2 replicas per controller if no number of replicas is specified.

You can set this to 1 to disable HA, or add more replicas by setting a higher integer.

Example YAML

spec:
  high-availability:
    replicas: 2

5.4.2. Additional resources

5.5. Upgrading OpenShift Serverless

If you have previously installed a Technology Preview version of OpenShift Serverless, follow the instructions in this guide to upgrade to the latest version.

Important

Before upgrading to the latest Serverless release, you must remove the community Knative Eventing operator if you have previously installed it. Having the Knative Eventing operator installed will prevent you from being able to install the latest Technology Preview version of Knative Eventing.

5.5.1. Updating Knative services URL formats

When upgrading from older versions of OpenShift Serverless to 1.7.0, support for HTTPS requires a change to the format of routes. Knative services created on OpenShift Serverless 1.6.0 or older versions are no longer reachable at the old format URLs. You must retrieve the new URL for each service after upgrading OpenShift Serverless.

For more information on retrieving Knative services URLs, see Verifying your serverless application deployment.

5.5.2. Upgrading the Subscription Channel

To upgrade to the latest version of OpenShift Serverless on OpenShift Container Platform 4.3, you must update the channel to 4.3.

If you are upgrading from OpenShift Serverless version 1.5.0, or earlier, to version 1.7.0, you must complete the following steps:

  • Upgrade to OpenShift Serverless version 1.5.0, by selecting the techpreview channel.
  • After you have upgraded to 1.5.0, upgrade to 1.6.0 by selecting the preview-4.3 channel.
  • Finally, after you have upgraded to 1.6.0, upgrade to the latest version by selecting the 4.3 channel.
Important

After each channel change, wait for the pods in the knative-serving namespace to get upgraded before changing the channel again.

Prerequisites

  • You have installed a previous version of OpenShift Serverless Operator, and have selected Automatic updates during the installation process.

    Note

    If you have selected Manual updates, you will need to complete additional steps after updating the channel as described in this guide. The Subscription’s upgrade status will remain Upgrading until you review and approve its Install Plan. Information about the Install Plan can be found in the OpenShift Container Platform Operators documentation.

  • You have logged in to the OpenShift Container Platform web console.

Procedure

  1. Select the openshift-operators namespace in the OpenShift Container Platform web console.
  2. Navigate to the OperatorsInstalled Operators page.
  3. Select the OpenShift Serverless Operator Operator.
  4. Click SubscriptionChannel.
  5. In the Change Subscription Update Channel window, select 4.3, and then click Save.
  6. Wait until all pods have been upgraded in the knative-serving namespace and the KnativeServing custom resource reports the latest Knative Serving version.

Verification steps

To verify that the upgrade has been successful, you can check the status of pods in the knative-serving namespace, and the version of the KnativeServing CR.

  1. Check the status of the pods:

    $ oc get knativeserving.operator.knative.dev knative-serving -n knative-serving -o=jsonpath='{.status.conditions[?(@.type=="Ready")].status}'

    The previous command should return a status of True.

  2. Check the version of the KnativeServing CR:

    $ oc get knativeserving.operator.knative.dev knative-serving -n knative-serving -o=jsonpath='{.status.version}'

    This command should return the latest version of Knative Serving. You can check the latest version in the OpenShift Serverless Operator release notes.

5.6. Removing OpenShift Serverless

This guide provides details of how to remove the OpenShift Serverless Operator and other OpenShift Serverless components.

Note

Before you can remove the OpenShift Serverless Operator, you must remove Knative Serving and Knative Eventing.

5.6.1. Uninstalling Knative Serving

To uninstall Knative Serving, you must remove its custom resource and delete the knative-serving namespace.

Procedure

  1. Delete the knative-serving custom resource:

    $ oc delete knativeservings.operator.knative.dev knative-serving -n knative-serving
  2. After the command has completed and all pods have been removed from the knative-serving namespace, delete the namespace:

    $ oc delete namespace knative-serving

5.6.2. Uninstalling Knative Eventing

To uninstall Knative Eventing, you must remove its custom resource and delete the knative-eventing namespace.

Procedure

  1. Delete the knative-eventing custom resource:

    $ oc delete knativeeventings.operator.knative.dev knative-eventing -n knative-eventing
  2. After the command has completed and all pods have been removed from the knative-eventing namespace, delete the namespace:

    $ oc delete namespace knative-eventing

5.6.3. Removing the OpenShift Serverless Operator

You can remove the OpenShift Serverless Operator from the host cluster by following the documentation on deleting Operators from a cluster.

5.6.4. Deleting OpenShift Serverless CRDs

After uninstalling the OpenShift Serverless, the Operator and API CRDs remain on the cluster. You can use the following procedure to remove the remaining CRDs.

Important

Removing the Operator and API CRDs also removes all resources that were defined using them, including Knative services.

5.6.5. Prerequisites

  • You uninstalled Knative Serving and removed the OpenShift Serverless Operator.

Procedure

  1. To delete the remaining OpenShift Serverless CRDs, enter the following command:

    $ oc get crd -oname | grep 'knative.dev' | xargs oc delete

5.7. Installing the Knative CLI (kn)

Note

kn does not have its own login mechanism. To log in to the cluster, you must install the oc CLI and use oc login.

Installation options for the oc CLI will vary depending on your operating system.

For more information on installing the oc CLI for your operating system and logging in with oc, see the CLI getting started documentation.

5.7.1. Installing the kn CLI using the OpenShift Container Platform web console

Once the OpenShift Serverless Operator is installed, you will see a link to download the kn CLI for Linux, macOS and Windows from the Command Line Tools page in the OpenShift Container Platform web console.

You can access the Command Line Tools page by clicking the question circle icon in the top right corner of the web console and selecting Command Line Tools in the drop down menu.

Procedure

  1. Download the kn CLI from the Command Line Tools page.
  2. Unpack the archive:

    $ tar -xf <file>
  3. Move the kn binary to a directory on your PATH.
  4. Check your path:

    $ echo $PATH
    Note

    If you do not use RHEL or Fedora, ensure that libc is installed in a directory on your library path. If libc is not available, you might see the following error when you run CLI commands:

    $ kn: No such file or directory

5.7.2. Installing the kn CLI for Linux using an RPM

For Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), you can install kn as an RPM if you have an active OpenShift Container Platform subscription on your Red Hat account.

Procedure

  1. Enter the command:

    # subscription-manager register
  2. Enter the command:

    # subscription-manager refresh
  3. Enter the command:

    # subscription-manager attach --pool=<pool_id> 1
    1
    Pool ID for an active OpenShift Container Platform subscription
  4. Enter the command:

    # subscription-manager repos --enable="openshift-serverless-1-for-rhel-8-x86_64-rpms"
  5. Enter the command:

    # yum install openshift-serverless-clients

5.7.3. Installing the kn CLI for Linux

For Linux distributions, you can download the CLI directly as a tar.gz archive.

Procedure

  1. Download the CLI.
  2. Unpack the archive:

    $ tar -xf <file>
  3. Move the kn binary to a directory on your PATH.
  4. Check your path:

    $ echo $PATH
    Note

    If you do not use RHEL or Fedora, ensure that libc is installed in a directory on your library path. If libc is not available, you might see the following error when you run CLI commands:

    $ kn: No such file or directory

5.7.4. Installing the kn CLI for macOS

kn for macOS is provided as a tar.gz archive.

Procedure

  1. Download the CLI.
  2. Unpack and unzip the archive.
  3. Move the kn binary to a directory on your PATH.
  4. Check your path:

    $ echo $PATH

5.7.5. Installing the kn CLI for Windows

The CLI for Windows is provided as a zip archive.

Procedure

  1. Download the CLI.
  2. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program.
  3. Move the kn binary to a directory on your PATH.
  4. To check your PATH, open the Command Prompt and enter:

    C:\> path

Chapter 6. Creating and managing serverless applications

6.1. Serverless applications using Knative services

To deploy a serverless application using OpenShift Serverless, you must create a Knative service. Knative services are Kubernetes services, defined by a route and a configuration, and contained in a YAML file.

Example Knative service YAML

apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: hello 1
  namespace: default 2
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: docker.io/openshift/hello-openshift 3
          env:
            - name: RESPONSE 4
              value: "Hello Serverless!"

1
The name of the application.
2
The namespace the application will use.
3
The image of the application.
4
The environment variable printed out by the sample application.

You can create a serverless application by using one of the following methods:

  • Create a Knative service from the OpenShift Container Platform web console.
  • Create a Knative service using the kn CLI.
  • Create and apply a YAML file.

6.2. Creating serverless applications using the OpenShift Container Platform web console

You can create a serverless application using either the Developer or Administrator perspective in the OpenShift Container Platform web console.

6.2.1. Creating serverless applications using the Administrator perspective

Prerequisites

To create serverless applications using the Administrator perspective, ensure that you have completed the following steps.

  • The OpenShift Serverless Operator and Knative Serving are installed.
  • You have logged in to the web console and are in the Administrator perspective.

Procedure

  1. Navigate to the ServerlessServices page.

    Services page
  2. Click Create Service.
  3. Manually enter YAML or JSON definitions, or by dragging and dropping a file into the editor.

    Text editor
  4. Click Create.

6.2.2. Creating serverless applications using the Developer perspective

For more information about creating applications using the Developer perspective in OpenShift Container Platform, see the documentation on Creating applications using the Developer perspective.

6.3. Creating serverless applications using the kn CLI

The following procedure describes how you can create a basic serverless application using the kn CLI.

Prerequisites

  • OpenShift Serverless Operator and Knative Serving are installed on your cluster.
  • You have installed kn CLI.

Procedure

  • Create a Knative service:

    $ kn service create <service_name> --image <image> --env <key=value>

    Example command

    $ kn service create hello --image quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest --env RESPONSE="Hello Serverless!"

    Example output

    Creating service 'hello' in namespace 'default':
    
      0.271s The Route is still working to reflect the latest desired specification.
      0.580s Configuration "hello" is waiting for a Revision to become ready.
      3.857s ...
      3.861s Ingress has not yet been reconciled.
      4.270s Ready to serve.
    
    Service 'hello' created with latest revision 'hello-bxshg-1' and URL:
    http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing

6.4. Creating serverless applications using YAML

To create a serverless application, you can create a YAML file and apply it using oc apply.

You can create a YAML file by copying the following example:

Example Knative service YAML

apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: hello
  namespace: default
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: docker.io/openshift/hello-openshift
          env:
            - name: RESPONSE
              value: "Hello Serverless!"

In this example, the YAML file is named hello-service.yaml.

Procedure

  1. Navigate to the directory where the hello-service.yaml file is contained, and deploy the application by applying the YAML file:

    $ oc apply --filename hello-service.yaml

After the service has been created and the application has been deployed, Knative will create a new immutable revision for this version of the application.

Knative will also perform network programming to create a route, ingress, service, and load balancer for your application, and will automatically scale your pods up and down based on traffic, including inactive Pods.

6.5. Verifying your serverless application deployment

To verify that your serverless application has been deployed successfully, you must get the application URL created by Knative, and then send a request to that URL and observe the output.

Note

OpenShift Serverless supports the use of both HTTP and HTTPS URLs, however the output from oc get ksvc will always print URLs using the http:// format.

Procedure

  1. Find the application URL:

    $ oc get ksvc <service_name>

    Example output

    NAME            URL                                        LATESTCREATED         LATESTREADY           READY   REASON
    hello   http://hello-default.example.com   hello-4wsd2   hello-4wsd2   True

  2. Make a request to your cluster and observe the output:

    Example HTTP request

    $ curl http://hello-default.example.com

    Example output

    Hello Serverless!

    Example HTTPS request

    $ curl https://hello-default.example.com

    Example output

    Hello Serverless!

  3. Optional. If you receive an error relating to a self-signed certificate in the certificate chain, you can add the --insecure flag to the curl command to ignore the error:

    $ curl https://hello-default.example.com --insecure
    Important

    Self-signed certificates must not be used in a production deployment. This method is only for testing purposes.

  4. Optional. If your OpenShift Container Platform cluster is configured with a certificate that is signed by a certificate authority (CA) but not yet globally configured for your system, you can specify this with the curl command.

    The path to the certificate can be passed to the curl command by using the --cacert flag:

    $ curl https://hello-default.example.com --cacert <file>

6.6. Interacting with a serverless application using HTTP2 / gRPC

OpenShift Container Platform routes do not support HTTP2, and therefore do not support gRPC as this is transported by HTTP2. If you use these protocols in your application, you must call the application using the ingress gateway directly. To do this you must find the ingress gateway’s public address and the application’s specific host.

Procedure

  1. Find the application host. See the instructions in Verifying your serverless application deployment.
  2. The ingress gateway’s public address can be determined using this command:

    $ oc -n knative-serving-ingress get svc kourier

    Example output

    NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP                                                             PORT(S)                                                                                                                                      AGE
    kourier   LoadBalancer   172.30.51.103   a83e86291bcdd11e993af02b7a65e514-33544245.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com   80:31380/TCP,443:31390/TCP   67m

    The public address is surfaced in the EXTERNAL-IP field, and in this case is a83e86291bcdd11e993af02b7a65e514-33544245.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com.

  3. Manually set the host header of your HTTP request to the application’s host, but direct the request itself against the public address of the ingress gateway.

    Here is an example, using the information obtained from the steps in Verifying your serverless application deployment:

    $ curl -H "Host: hello-default.example.com" a83e86291bcdd11e993af02b7a65e514-33544245.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com

    Example output

    Hello Serverless!

    You can also make a gRPC request by setting the authority to the application’s host, while directing the request against the ingress gateway directly.

    Here is an example of what that looks like in the Golang gRPC client:

    grpc.Dial(
        "a83e86291bcdd11e993af02b7a65e514-33544245.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com:80",
        grpc.WithAuthority("hello-default.example.com:80"),
        grpc.WithInsecure(),
    )
    Note

    Ensure that you append the respective port (80 by default) to both hosts as shown in the example.

Chapter 7. High availability on OpenShift Serverless

High availability (HA) is a standard feature of Kubernetes APIs that helps to ensure that APIs stay operational if a disruption occurs. In an HA deployment, if an active controller crashes or is deleted, another controller is available to take over processing of the APIs that were being serviced by the controller that is now unavailable.

HA in OpenShift Serverless is available through leader election, which is enabled by default after the Knative Serving control plane is installed.

When using a leader election HA pattern, instances of controllers are already scheduled and running inside the cluster before they are required. These controller instances compete to use a shared resource, known as the leader election lock. The instance of the controller that has access to the leader election lock resource at any given time is referred to as the leader.

7.1. Configuring high availability replicas on OpenShift Serverless

High availability (HA) functionality is available by default on OpenShift Serverless for the autoscaler-hpa, controller, activator , kourier-control, and kourier-gateway components. These components are configured with two replicas by default.

You modify the number of replicas that are created per controller by changing the configuration of KnativeServing.spec.highAvailability in the KnativeServing custom resource definition.

Prerequisites

  • An OpenShift Container Platform account with cluster administrator access.
  • Installed the OpenShift Serverless Operator and Knative Serving.

Procedure

  1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console Administrator perspective, navigate to OperatorHubInstalled Operators.

    Installed Operators page
  2. Select the knative-serving namespace.
  3. Click Knative Serving in the list of Provided APIs for the OpenShift Serverless Operator to go to the Knative Serving tab.

    Knative Serving tab
  4. Click knative-serving, then go to the YAML tab in the knative-serving page.

    Knative Serving YAML
  5. Edit the custom resource definition YAML:

    Example YAML

    spec:
      high-availability:
        replicas: 3

    Important

    Do not modify any YAML contained inside the config field. Some of the configuration values in this field are injected by the OpenShift Serverless Operator, and modifying them will cause your deployment to become unsupported.

    • The default replicas value is 2.
    • Changing the value to 1 will disable HA, or you can increase the number of replicas as required. The example configuration shown specifies a replica count of 3 for all HA controllers.

Chapter 8. Tracing requests using Jaeger

Using Jaeger with OpenShift Serverless allows you to enable distributed tracing for your serverless applications on OpenShift Container Platform.

Distributed tracing records the path of a request through the various services that make up an application.

It is used to tie information about different units of work together, to understand a whole chain of events in a distributed transaction. The units of work might be executed in different processes or hosts.

Developers can visualize call flows in large architectures with distributed tracing. which is useful for understanding serialization, parallelism, and sources of latency.

For more information about Jaeger, see Jaeger architecture and Installing Jaeger.

8.1. Configuring Jaeger for use with OpenShift Serverless

Prerequisites

To configure Jaeger for use with OpenShift Serverless, you will need:

  • Cluster administrator permissions on an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
  • A current installation of OpenShift Serverless Operator and Knative Serving.
  • A current installation of the Jaeger Operator.

Procedure

  1. Create and apply a Jaeger custom resource YAML file that contains the following sample YAML:

    Jaeger custom resource YAML

    apiVersion: jaegertracing.io/v1
    kind: Jaeger
    metadata:
      name: jaeger
      namespace: default

  2. Enable tracing for Knative Serving, by editing the KnativeServing resource and adding a YAML configuration for tracing.

    Tracing YAML example

    apiVersion: operator.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: KnativeServing
    metadata:
      name: knative-serving
      namespace: knative-serving
    spec:
      config:
        tracing:
          sample-rate: "0.1" 1
          backend: zipkin 2
          zipkin-endpoint: http://jaeger-collector.default.svc.cluster.local:9411/api/v2/spans 3
          debug: "false" 4

    1
    The sample-rate defines sampling probability. Using sample-rate: "0.1" means that 1 in 10 traces will be sampled.
    2
    backend must be set to zipkin.
    3
    The zipkin-endpoint must point to your jaeger-collector service endpoint. To get this endpoint, substitute the namespace where the Jaeger custom resource is applied.
    4
    Debugging should be set to false. Enabling debug mode by setting debug: "true" allows all spans to be sent to the server, bypassing sampling.

Verification steps

Access the Jaeger web console to see tracing data. You can access the Jaeger web console by using the jaeger route.

  1. Get the jaeger route’s hostname by entering the following command:

    $ oc get route jaeger

    Example output

    NAME     HOST/PORT                         PATH   SERVICES       PORT    TERMINATION   WILDCARD
    jaeger   jaeger-default.apps.example.com          jaeger-query   <all>   reencrypt     None

  2. Open the endpoint address in your browser to view the console.

Chapter 9. Knative Serving

9.1. Using kn to complete Serving tasks

The Knative CLI (kn) extends the functionality of the oc or kubectl tools to enable interaction with Knative components on OpenShift Container Platform. kn allows developers to deploy and manage applications without editing YAML files directly.

9.1.1. Basic workflow using kn

The following basic workflow deploys a simple hello service that reads the environment variable RESPONSE and prints its output.

You can use this guide as a reference to perform create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations on a service.

Procedure

  1. Create a service in the default namespace from an image:

    $ kn service create hello --image docker.io/openshift/hello-openshift --env RESPONSE="Hello Serverless!"

    Example output

    Creating service 'hello' in namespace 'default':
    
      0.085s The Route is still working to reflect the latest desired specification.
      0.101s Configuration "hello" is waiting for a Revision to become ready.
     11.590s ...
     11.650s Ingress has not yet been reconciled.
     11.726s Ready to serve.
    
    Service 'hello' created with latest revision 'hello-gsdks-1' and URL:
    http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing

  2. List the service:

    $ kn service list

    Example output

    NAME    URL                                     LATEST          AGE     CONDITIONS   READY   REASON
    hello   http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing   hello-gsdks-1   8m35s   3 OK / 3     True

  3. Check if the service is working by using the curl service endpoint command:

    $ curl http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing

    Example output

    Hello Serverless!

  4. Update the service:

    $ kn service update hello --env RESPONSE="Hello OpenShift!"

    Example output

    Updating Service 'hello' in namespace 'default':
    
     10.136s Traffic is not yet migrated to the latest revision.
     10.175s Ingress has not yet been reconciled.
     10.348s Ready to serve.
    
    Service 'hello' updated with latest revision 'hello-dghll-2' and URL:
    http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing

    The service’s environment variable RESPONSE is now set to "Hello OpenShift!".

  5. Describe the service.

    $ kn service describe hello

    Example output

    Name:       hello
    Namespace:  default
    Age:        13m
    URL:        http://hello-default.apps-crc.testing
    
    Revisions:
      100%  @latest (hello-dghll-2) [2] (1m)
            Image:  docker.io/openshift/hello-openshift (pinned to 5ea96b)
    
    Conditions:
      OK TYPE                   AGE REASON
      ++ Ready                   1m
      ++ ConfigurationsReady     1m
      ++ RoutesReady             1m

  6. Delete the service:

    $ kn service delete hello

    Example output

    Service 'hello' successfully deleted in namespace 'default'.

  7. Verify that the hello service is deleted by attempting to list it:

    $ kn service list hello

    Example output

    No services found.

9.1.2. Autoscaling workflow using kn

You can access autoscaling capabilities by using kn to modify Knative services without editing YAML files directly.

Use the service create and service update commands with the appropriate flags to configure the autoscaling behavior.

FlagDescription

--concurrency-limit int

Hard limit of concurrent requests to be processed by a single replica.

--concurrency-target int

Recommendation for when to scale up based on the concurrent number of incoming requests. Defaults to --concurrency-limit.

--max-scale int

Maximum number of replicas.

--min-scale int

Minimum number of replicas.

9.1.3. Traffic splitting using kn

kn helps you control which revisions get routed traffic on your Knative service.

Knative service allows for traffic mapping, which is the mapping of revisions of the service to an allocated portion of traffic. It offers the option to create unique URLs for particular revisions and has the ability to assign traffic to the latest revision.

With every update to the configuration of the service, a new revision is created with the service route pointing all the traffic to the latest ready revision by default.

You can change this behavior by defining which revision gets a portion of the traffic.

Procedure

  • Use the kn service update command with the --traffic flag to update the traffic.
Note

--traffic RevisionName=Percent uses the following syntax:

  • The --traffic flag requires two values separated by separated by an equals sign (=).
  • The RevisionName string refers to the name of the revision.
  • Percent integer denotes the traffic portion assigned to the revision.
  • Use identifier @latest for the RevisionName to refer to the latest ready revision of the service. You can use this identifier only once with the --traffic flag.
  • If the service update command updates the configuration values for the service along with traffic flags, the @latest reference will point to the created revision to which the updates are applied.
  • --traffic flag can be specified multiple times and is valid only if the sum of the Percent values in all flags totals 100.
Note

For example, to route 10% of traffic to your new revision before putting all traffic on, use the following command:

$ kn service update svc --traffic @latest=10 --traffic svc-vwxyz=90
9.1.3.1. Assigning tag revisions

A tag in a traffic block of service creates a custom URL, which points to a referenced revision. A user can define a unique tag for an available revision of a service which creates a custom URL by using the format http(s)://TAG-SERVICE.DOMAIN.

A given tag must be unique to its traffic block of the service. kn supports assigning and unassigning custom tags for revisions of services as part of the kn service update command.

Note

If you have assigned a tag to a particular revision, a user can reference the revision by its tag in the --traffic flag as --traffic Tag=Percent.

Procedure

  • Enter the command:

    $ kn service update svc --tag @latest=candidate --tag svc-vwxyz=current
Note

--tag RevisionName=Tag uses the following syntax:

  • --tag flag requires two values separated by a =.
  • RevisionName string refers to name of the Revision.
  • Tag string denotes the custom tag to be given for this Revision.
  • Use the identifier @latest for the RevisionName to refer to the latest ready revision of the service. You can use this identifier only once with the --tag flag.
  • If the service update command is updating the configuration values for the Service (along with tag flags), @latest reference will be pointed to the created Revision after applying the update.
  • --tag flag can be specified multiple times.
  • --tag flag may assign different tags to the same revision.
9.1.3.2. Unassigning tag revisions

Tags assigned to revisions in a traffic block can be unassigned. Unassigning tags removes the custom URLs.

Note

If a revision is untagged and it is assigned 0% of the traffic, it is removed from the traffic block entirely.

Procedure

  • Unassign a tag:

    $ kn service update svc --untag candidate
Note

--untag Tag uses the following syntax:

  • The --untag flag requires one value.
  • The tag string denotes the unique tag in the traffic block of the service which needs to be unassigned. This also removes the respective custom URL.
  • The --untag flag can be specified multiple times.
9.1.3.3. Traffic flag operation precedence

All traffic-related flags can be specified using a single kn service update command. kn defines the precedence of these flags. The order of the flags specified when using the command is not taken into account.

The precedence of the flags as they are evaluated by kn are:

  1. --untag: All the referenced revisions with this flag are removed from the traffic block.
  2. --tag: Revisions are tagged as specified in the traffic block.
  3. --traffic: The referenced revisions are assigned a portion of the traffic split.
9.1.3.4. Traffic splitting flags

kn supports traffic operations on the traffic block of a service as part of the kn service update command.

The following table displays a summary of traffic splitting flags, value formats, and the operation the flag performs. The "Repetition" column denotes whether repeating the particular value of flag is allowed in a kn service update command.

FlagValue(s)OperationRepetition

--traffic

RevisionName=Percent

Gives Percent traffic to RevisionName

Yes

--traffic

Tag=Percent

Gives Percent traffic to the Revision having Tag

Yes

--traffic

@latest=Percent

Gives Percent traffic to the latest ready Revision

No

--tag

RevisionName=Tag

Gives Tag to RevisionName

Yes

--tag

@latest=Tag

Gives Tag to the latest ready Revision

No

--untag

Tag

Removes Tag from Revision

Yes

9.2. Configuring Knative Serving autoscaling

OpenShift Serverless provides capabilities for automatic Pod scaling, including scaling inactive Pods to zero, by enabling the Knative Serving autoscaling system in an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

To enable autoscaling for Knative Serving, you must configure concurrency and scale bounds in the revision template.

Note

Any limits or targets set in the revision template are measured against a single instance of your application. For example, setting the target annotation to 50 will configure the autoscaler to scale the application so that each instance of it will handle 50 requests at a time.

9.2.1. Configuring concurrent requests for Knative Serving autoscaling

You can specify the number of concurrent requests that should be handled by each instance of a revision container, or application, by adding the target annotation or the containerConcurrency field in the revision template.

Example revision template YAML using target annotation

apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        autoscaling.knative.dev/target: 50
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: myimage

Example revision template YAML using containerConcurrency annotation

apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
    spec:
      containerConcurrency: 100
      containers:
      - image: myimage

Adding a value for both target and containerConcurrency will target the target number of concurrent requests, but impose a hard limit of the containerConcurrency number of requests.

For example, if the target value is 50 and the containerConcurrency value is 100, the targeted number of requests will be 50, but the hard limit will be 100.

If the containerConcurrency value is less than the target value, the target value will be tuned down, since there is no need to target more requests than the number that can actually be handled.

Note

containerConcurrency should only be used if there is a clear need to limit how many requests reach the application at a given time. Using containerConcurrency is only advised if the application needs to have an enforced constraint of concurrency.

9.2.1.1. Configuring concurrent requests using the target annotation

The default target for the number of concurrent requests is 100, but you can override this value by adding or modifying the autoscaling.knative.dev/target annotation value in the revision template.

Here is an example of how this annotation is used in the revision template to set the target to 50:

autoscaling.knative.dev/target: 50
9.2.1.2. Configuring concurrent requests using the containerConcurrency field

containerConcurrency sets a hard limit on the number of concurrent requests handled.

containerConcurrency: 0 | 1 | 2-N
0
allows unlimited concurrent requests.
1
guarantees that only one request is handled at a time by a given instance of the revision container.
2 or more
will limit request concurrency to that value.
Note

If there is no target annotation, autoscaling is configured as if target is equal to the value of containerConcurrency.

9.2.2. Configuring scale bounds Knative Serving autoscaling

The minScale and maxScale annotations can be used to configure the minimum and maximum number of Pods that can serve applications. These annotations can be used to prevent cold starts or to help control computing costs.

minScale
If the minScale annotation is not set, Pods will scale to zero (or to 1 if enable-scale-to-zero is false per the ConfigMap).
maxScale
If the maxScale annotation is not set, there will be no upper limit for the number of Pods created.

minScale and maxScale can be configured as follows in the revision template:

spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        autoscaling.knative.dev/minScale: "2"
        autoscaling.knative.dev/maxScale: "10"

Using these annotations in the revision template will propagate this confguration to PodAutoscaler objects.

Note

These annotations apply for the full lifetime of a revision. Even when a revision is not referenced by any route, the minimal Pod count specified by minScale will still be provided. Keep in mind that non-routeable revisions may be garbage collected, which enables Knative to reclaim the resources.

9.3. Cluster logging with OpenShift Serverless

9.3.1. Cluster logging

OpenShift Container Platform cluster administrators can deploy cluster logging using a few CLI commands and the OpenShift Container Platform web console to install the Elasticsearch Operator and Cluster Logging Operator. When the operators are installed, create a Cluster Logging Custom Resource (CR) to schedule cluster logging pods and other resources necessary to support cluster logging. The operators are responsible for deploying, upgrading, and maintaining cluster logging.

You can configure cluster logging by modifying the Cluster Logging Custom Resource (CR), named instance. The CR defines a complete cluster logging deployment that includes all the components of the logging stack to collect, store and visualize logs. The Cluster Logging Operator watches the ClusterLogging Custom Resource and adjusts the logging deployment accordingly.

Administrators and application developers can view the logs of the projects for which they have view access.

9.3.2. About deploying and configuring cluster logging

OpenShift Container Platform cluster logging is designed to be used with the default configuration, which is tuned for small to medium sized OpenShift Container Platform clusters.

The installation instructions that follow include a sample Cluster Logging Custom Resource (CR), which you can use to create a cluster logging instance and configure your cluster logging deployment.

If you want to use the default cluster logging install, you can use the sample CR directly.

If you want to customize your deployment, make changes to the sample CR as needed. The following describes the configurations you can make when installing your cluster logging instance or modify after installation. See the Configuring sections for more information on working with each component, including modifications you can make outside of the Cluster Logging Custom Resource.

9.3.2.1. Configuring and Tuning Cluster Logging

You can configure your cluster logging environment by modifying the Cluster Logging Custom Resource deployed in the openshift-logging project.

You can modify any of the following components upon install or after install:

Memory and CPU
You can adjust both the CPU and memory limits for each component by modifying the resources block with valid memory and CPU values:
spec:
  logStore:
    elasticsearch:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpu:
          memory: 16Gi
        requests:
          cpu: 500m
          memory: 16Gi
      type: "elasticsearch"
  collection:
    logs:
      fluentd:
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu:
            memory:
          requests:
            cpu:
            memory:
        type: "fluentd"
  visualization:
    kibana:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpu:
          memory:
        requests:
          cpu:
          memory:
     type: kibana
  curation:
    curator:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 200Mi
        requests:
          cpu: 200m
          memory: 200Mi
      type: "curator"
Elasticsearch storage
You can configure a persistent storage class and size for the Elasticsearch cluster using the storageClass name and size parameters. The Cluster Logging Operator creates a PersistentVolumeClaim for each data node in the Elasticsearch cluster based on these parameters.
  spec:
    logStore:
      type: "elasticsearch"
      elasticsearch:
        nodeCount: 3
        storage:
          storageClassName: "gp2"
          size: "200G"

This example specifies each data node in the cluster will be bound to a PersistentVolumeClaim that requests "200G" of "gp2" storage. Each primary shard will be backed by a single replica.

Note

Omitting the storage block results in a deployment that includes ephemeral storage only.

  spec:
    logStore:
      type: "elasticsearch"
      elasticsearch:
        nodeCount: 3
        storage: {}
Elasticsearch replication policy

You can set the policy that defines how Elasticsearch shards are replicated across data nodes in the cluster:

  • FullRedundancy. The shards for each index are fully replicated to every data node.
  • MultipleRedundancy. The shards for each index are spread over half of the data nodes.
  • SingleRedundancy. A single copy of each shard. Logs are always available and recoverable as long as at least two data nodes exist.
  • ZeroRedundancy. No copies of any shards. Logs may be unavailable (or lost) in the event a node is down or fails.
Curator schedule
You specify the schedule for Curator in the cron format.
  spec:
    curation:
    type: "curator"
    resources:
    curator:
      schedule: "30 3 * * *"
9.3.2.2. Sample modified Cluster Logging Custom Resource

The following is an example of a Cluster Logging Custom Resource modified using the options previously described.

Sample modified Cluster Logging Custom Resource

apiVersion: "logging.openshift.io/v1"
kind: "ClusterLogging"
metadata:
  name: "instance"
  namespace: "openshift-logging"
spec:
  managementState: "Managed"
  logStore:
    type: "elasticsearch"
    elasticsearch:
      nodeCount: 3
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 32Gi
        requests:
          cpu: 3
          memory: 32Gi
      storage: {}
      redundancyPolicy: "SingleRedundancy"
  visualization:
    type: "kibana"
    kibana:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 1Gi
        requests:
          cpu: 500m
          memory: 1Gi
      replicas: 1
  curation:
    type: "curator"
    curator:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 200Mi
        requests:
          cpu: 200m
          memory: 200Mi
      schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
  collection:
    logs:
      type: "fluentd"
      fluentd:
        resources:
          limits:
            memory: 1Gi
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
            memory: 1Gi

9.3.3. Using cluster logging to find logs for Knative Serving components

Procedure

  1. Get the Kibana route:

    $ oc -n openshift-logging get route kibana
  2. Use the route’s URL to navigate to the Kibana dashboard and log in.
  3. Ensure the index is set to .all. If the index is not set to .all, only the OpenShift system logs will be listed.
  4. You can filter the logs by using the knative-serving namespace. Enter kubernetes.namespace_name:knative-serving in the search box to filter results.

    Note

    Knative Serving uses structured logging by default. You can enable the parsing of these logs by customizing the cluster logging Fluentd settings. This makes the logs more searchable and enables filtering on the log level to quickly identify issues.

9.3.4. Using cluster logging to find logs for services deployed with Knative Serving

With OpenShift Cluster Logging, the logs that your applications write to the console are collected in Elasticsearch. The following procedure outlines how to apply these capabilities to applications deployed by using Knative Serving.

Procedure

  1. Get the Kibana URL:

    $ oc -n cluster-logging get route kibana`
  2. Enter the URL in your browser to open the Kibana UI.
  3. Ensure the index is set to .all. If the index is not set to .all, only the OpenShift system logs will be listed.
  4. Filter the logs by using the Kubernetes namespace your service is deployed in. Add a filter to identify the service itself: kubernetes.namespace_name:default AND kubernetes.labels.serving_knative_dev\/service:{SERVICE_NAME}.

    Note

    You can also filter by using /configuration or /revision.

  5. You can narrow your search by using kubernetes.container_name:<user-container> to only display the logs generated by your application. Otherwise, you will see logs from the queue-proxy.

    Note

    Use JSON-based structured logging in your application to allow for the quick filtering of these logs in production environments.

9.4. Splitting traffic between revisions

9.4.1. Splitting traffic between revisions using the Developer perspective

After you create a serverless application, the serverless application is displayed in the Topology view of the Developer perspective. The application revision is represented by the node and the serverless resource service is indicated by a quadrilateral around the node.

Any new change in the code or the service configuration triggers a revision, a snapshot of the code at a given time. For a service, you can manage the traffic between the revisions of the service by splitting and routing it to the different revisions as required.

Procedure

To split traffic between multiple revisions of an application in the Topology view:

  1. Click the serverless resource service, indicated by the quadrilateral, to see its overview in the side panel.
  2. Click the Resources tab, to see a list of Revisions and Routes for the service.

    Serverless Application
  3. Click the service, indicated by the S icon at the top of the side panel, to see an overview of the service details.
  4. Click the YAML tab and modify the service configuration in the YAML editor, and click Save. For example, change the timeoutseconds from 300 to 301 . This change in the configuration triggers a new revision. In the Topology view, the latest revision is displayed and the Resources tab for the service now displays the two revisions.
  5. In the Resources tab, click the Set Traffic Distribution button to see the traffic distribution dialog box:

    1. Add the split traffic percentage portion for the two revisions in the Splits field.
    2. Add tags to create custom URLs for the two revisions.
    3. Click Save to see two nodes representing the two revisions in the Topology view.

      Serverless Application Revisions

Chapter 10. Knative Eventing

10.1. Using brokers with Knative Eventing

Knative Eventing uses the default broker unless otherwise specified.

If you have cluster administrator permissions, you can create the default broker automatically using namespace annotation.

All other users must create a broker using the manual process as described in this guide.

10.1.1. Creating a broker manually

To create a broker, you must create a service account for each namespace, and give that service account the required RBAC permissions.

Prerequisites

  • Knative Eventing installed, which includes the ClusterRole.

Procedure

  1. Create the ServiceAccount objects.

    1. Create the eventing-broker-ingress object by entering the following command:

      $ oc -n <namespace> create serviceaccount eventing-broker-ingress
    2. Create the eventing-broker-filter object by entering the following command:

      $ oc -n <namespace> create serviceaccount eventing-broker-filter
  2. Give the objects that you have created RBAC permissions:

    $ oc -n default create rolebinding eventing-broker-ingress \
      --clusterrole=eventing-broker-ingress \
      --serviceaccount=default:eventing-broker-ingress
    $ oc -n default create rolebinding eventing-broker-filter \
      --clusterrole=eventing-broker-filter \
      --serviceaccount=default:eventing-broker-filter
  3. Create a broker by creating and applying a YAML file containing the following:

    apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1beta1
    kind: Broker
    metadata:
      namespace: default
      name: default 1
    1
    This example uses the name default, but you can replace this with any other valid name.

10.1.2. Creating a broker automatically using namespace annotation

If you have cluster administrator permissions, you can create a broker automatically by annotating a namespace.

Prerequisites

  • Knative Eventing installed.
  • Cluster administrator permissions for OpenShift Container Platform.

Procedure

  1. Annotate your namespace by entering the following commands:

    $ oc label namespace default knative-eventing-injection=enabled 1
    $ oc -n default get broker default
    1
    Replace default with the desired namespace.

    The line shown in this example will automatically create a broker named default in the default namespace.

Note

Brokers created due to annotation will not be removed if you remove the annotation. You must manually delete them.

10.1.3. Deleting a broker that was created using namespace annotation

  1. Delete the injected broker from the selected namespace (in this example, the default namespace):

    $ oc -n default delete broker default

10.2. Using channels

It is possible to sink events from an event source to a Knative Eventing channel. Channels are custom resources (CRs) that define a single event-forwarding and persistence layer. After events have been sent to a channel, these events can be sent to multiple Knative services by using a subscription.

The default configuration for channel instances is defined in the default-ch-webhook ConfigMap. However, developers can still create their own channels directly by instantiating a supported channel object.

10.2.1. Supported channel types

Currently, OpenShift Serverless only supports the use of InMemoryChannel type channels as part of the Knative Eventing Technology Preview.

10.2.2. Using the default InMemoryChannel configuration

InMemoryChannels are for development use only, and should not be used in a production environment.

The following are limitations of InMemoryChannel type channels:

  • No event persistence is available. If a Pod goes down, events on that Pod are lost.
  • InMemoryChannel type channels do not implement event ordering, so two events that are received in the channel at the same time can be delivered to a subscriber in any order.
  • If a subscriber rejects an event, there are no re-delivery attempts. Instead, the rejected event is sent to a deadLetterSink if this sink exists, or is otherwise dropped. For more information about configuring event delivery and deadLetterSink settings for a channel, see Using subscriptions to send events from a channel to a sink.

When you install Knative Eventing, the following custom resource definition (CRD) is created automatically:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  namespace: knative-eventing
  name: config-br-default-channel
data:
  channelTemplateSpec: |
    apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1
    kind: InMemoryChannel

Creating a channel using the cluster default configuration

  • Create a generic Channel custom object.

    apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1
    kind: Channel
    metadata:
      name: example-channel
      namespace: default

    When the Channel object is created, a mutating admission webhook adds a set of spec.channelTemplate properties for the Channel object based on the default channel implementation.

    apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1
    kind: Channel
    metadata:
      name: example-channel
      namespace: default
    spec:
      channelTemplate:
        apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1
        kind: InMemoryChannel

The channel controller then creates the backing channel instance based on that spec.channelTemplate configuration. The spec.channelTemplate properties cannot be changed after creation, because they are set by the default channel mechanism rather than by the user.

When this mechanism is used, two objects are created: a generic channel, and an InMemoryChannel type channel.

The generic channel acts as a proxy that copies its subscriptions to the InMemoryChannel, and sets its status to reflect the status of the backing InMemoryChannel type channel.

Because the channel in this example is created in the default namespace, the channel uses the cluster default, which is InMemoryChannel.

10.3. Using subscriptions to send events from a channel to a sink

Subscriptions deliver events to event sinks from a Channel.

10.3.1. Creating a subscription

You can create a subscription to connect a service or other event sink to a channel.

Important

Knative Eventing is a Technology Preview feature. The InMemoryChannel type is provided for development use only, and should not be used in a production environment.

Prerequisites

Procedure

  1. Create a Subscription object to connect a channel to a service, by creating a YAML file containing the following:

    apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1beta1
    kind: Subscription
    metadata:
      name: my-subscription 1
      namespace: default
    spec:
      channel: 2
        apiVersion: messaging.knative.dev/v1beta1
        kind: Channel
        name: example-channel
      delivery: 3
        deadLetterSink:
          ref:
            apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
            kind: Service
            name: error-handler
      subscriber: 4
        ref:
          apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
          kind: Service
          name: event-display
    1
    Name of the subscription.
    2
    Configuration settings for the channel that the subscription connects to.
    3
    Configuration settings for event delivery. This tells the subscription what happens to events that cannot be delivered to the subscriber. When this is configured, events that failed to be consumed are sent to the deadLetterSink. The event is dropped, no re-delivery of the event is attempted, and an error is logged in the system. The deadLetterSink value must be a Destination.
    4
    Configuration settings for the subscriber. This is the event sink that events are delivered to from the channel.
  2. Apply the YAML file by entering:

    $ oc apply -f <filename>

10.4. Using triggers

All events which are sent to a channel or broker will be sent to all subscribers of that channel or broker by default.

Using triggers allows you to filter events from a channel or broker, so that subscribers will only receive a subset of events based on your defined criteria.

The Knative CLI provides a set of kn trigger commands that can be used to create and manage triggers.

10.4.1. Prerequisites

Before you can use triggers, you will need:

  • Knative Eventing and kn installed.
  • An available broker, either the default broker or one that you have created.

    You can create the default broker either by following the instructions on Using brokers with Knative Eventing, or by using the --inject-broker flag while creating a trigger. Use of this flag is described in the procedure below.

  • An available event consumer, for example, a Knative service.

10.4.2. Creating a trigger using kn

Procedure

  • Create a trigger:

    $ kn trigger create <trigger_name> --broker <broker_name> --filter <key=value> --sink <sink_name>

    To create a trigger and also create the default broker using broker injection, enter the following command:

    $ kn trigger create <TRIGGER-NAME> --inject-broker --filter <KEY=VALUE> --sink <SINK>

Example trigger YAML:

apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1alpha1
kind: Trigger
metadata:
  name: trigger-example 1
spec:
 broker: default 2
 subscriber:
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: my-service 3

1
The name of the trigger.
2
The name of the broker where events will be filtered from. If the broker is not specified, the trigger will revert to using the default broker.
3
The name of the service that will consumer filtered events.

10.4.3. Listing triggers using kn

The kn trigger list command prints a list of available triggers.

Procedure

  1. Print a list of available triggers:

    $ kn trigger list

    Example output

    NAME    BROKER    SINK           AGE   CONDITIONS   READY   REASON
    email   default   svc:edisplay   4s    5 OK / 5     True
    ping    default   svc:edisplay   32s   5 OK / 5     True

10.4.4. Listing triggers using kn in JSON format

Procedure

  1. Print a list of triggers in JSON format:

    $ kn trigger list -o json

10.4.5. Describing a trigger using kn

The kn trigger describe command prints information about a trigger.

Procedure

  • Enter the command:

    $ kn trigger describe <trigger_name>

    Example output

    Name:         ping
    Namespace:    default
    Labels:       eventing.knative.dev/broker=default
    Annotations:  eventing.knative.dev/creator=kube:admin, eventing.knative.dev/lastModifier=kube:admin
    Age:          2m
    Broker:       default
    Filter:
      type:       dev.knative.event
    
    Sink:
      Name:       edisplay
      Namespace:  default
      Resource:   Service (serving.knative.dev/v1)
    
    Conditions:
      OK TYPE                  AGE REASON
      ++ Ready                  2m
      ++ BrokerReady            2m
      ++ DependencyReady        2m
      ++ Subscribed             2m
      ++ SubscriberResolved     2m

10.4.6. Deleting a trigger using kn

Procedure

  • Delete a trigger:
$ kn trigger delete <trigger_name>

10.4.7. Updating a trigger using kn

You can use the kn trigger update command with certain flags to update attributes for a trigger.

Example

  1. Update a trigger to filter exact event attributes that match incoming events, such as type=knative.dev.event:

    $ kn trigger update <trigger_name> --filter type=knative.dev.event
  2. Remove the filter attribute with key type:

    $ kn trigger update mytrigger --filter type-
  3. Update the sink of a trigger to use a service named event-display:

    $ kn trigger update <trigger_name> --sink svc:event-display

10.4.8. Filtering events using triggers

In the following trigger example, only events with the attribute type: dev.knative.samples.helloworld will reach the event sink.

$ kn trigger create <trigger_name> --broker <broker_name> --filter type=dev.knative.samples.helloworld --sink svc:<service_name>

You can also filter events using multiple attributes. The following example shows how to filter events using the type, source, and extension attributes.

$ kn trigger create <trigger_name> --broker <broker_name> --sink svc:<service_name> \
--filter type=dev.knative.samples.helloworld \
--filter source=dev.knative.samples/helloworldsource \
--filter myextension=my-extension-value

10.5. Using SinkBinding

SinkBinding is used to connect event producers, or event sources, to an event consumer, or event sink, for example, a Knative service or application.

Note

Both of the following procedures require you to create YAML files.

If you change the names of the YAML files from those used in the examples, you must ensure that you also update the corresponding CLI commands.

10.5.1. Using SinkBinding with the Knative CLI (kn)

This guide describes the steps required to create, manage, and delete a SinkBinding instance using kn commands.

Prerequisites

  • You have Knative Serving and Eventing installed.
  • You have the kn CLI installed.

Procedure

  1. To check that SinkBinding is set up correctly, create a Knative event display service, or event sink, that dumps incoming messages to its log:

    $ kn service create event-display --image quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
  2. Create a SinkBinding that directs events to the service:

    $ kn source binding create bind-heartbeat --subject Job:batch/v1:app=heartbeat-cron --sink svc:event-display
  3. Create a CronJob.

    1. Create a file named heartbeats-cronjob.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

      apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
      kind: CronJob
      metadata:
        name: heartbeat-cron
      spec:
      spec:
        # Run every minute
        schedule: "* * * * *"
        jobTemplate:
          metadata:
            labels:
              app: heartbeat-cron
          spec:
            template:
              spec:
                restartPolicy: Never
                containers:
                  - name: single-heartbeat
                    image: quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-heartbeats:latest
                    args:
                      - --period=1
                    env:
                      - name: ONE_SHOT
                        value: "true"
                      - name: POD_NAME
                        valueFrom:
                          fieldRef:
                            fieldPath: metadata.name
                      - name: POD_NAMESPACE
                        valueFrom:
                          fieldRef:
                            fieldPath: metadata.namespace
    2. After you have created the heartbeats-cronjob.yaml file, apply it by entering:

      $ oc apply -f heartbeats-cronjob.yaml
  4. Check that the controller is mapped correctly by entering the following command and inspecting the output:

    $ kn source binding describe bind-heartbeat

    Example output

    Name:         bind-heartbeat
    Namespace:    demo-2
    Annotations:  sources.knative.dev/creator=minikube-user, sources.knative.dev/lastModifier=minikub ...
    Age:          2m
    Subject:
      Resource:   job (batch/v1)
      Selector:
        app:      heartbeat-cron
    Sink:
      Name:       event-display
      Resource:   Service (serving.knative.dev/v1)
    
    Conditions:
      OK TYPE     AGE REASON
      ++ Ready     2m

Verification steps

You can verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to the Knative event sink by looking at the message dumper function logs.

  • View the message dumper function logs by entering the following commands:

    $ oc get pods
    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.eventing.samples.heartbeat
      source: https://knative.dev/eventing-contrib/cmd/heartbeats/#event-test/mypod
      id: 2b72d7bf-c38f-4a98-a433-608fbcdd2596
      time: 2019-10-18T15:23:20.809775386Z
      contenttype: application/json
    Extensions,
      beats: true
      heart: yes
      the: 42
    Data,
      {
        "id": 1,
        "label": ""
      }

10.5.2. Using SinkBinding with the YAML method

This guide describes the steps required to create, manage, and delete a SinkBinding instance using YAML files.

Prerequisites

  • You have Knative Serving and Eventing installed.

Procedure

  1. To check that SinkBinding is set up correctly, create a Knative event display service, or event sink, that dumps incoming messages to its log.

    1. Copy the following sample YAML into a file named service.yaml:

      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      metadata:
        name: event-display
      spec:
        template:
          spec:
            containers:
              - image: quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
    2. After you have created the service.yaml file, apply it by entering:

      $ oc apply -f service.yaml
  2. Create a SinkBinding that directs events to the service.

    1. Create a file named sinkbinding.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

      apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha1
      kind: SinkBinding
      metadata:
        name: bind-heartbeat
      spec:
        subject:
          apiVersion: batch/v1
          kind: Job 1
          selector:
            matchLabels:
              app: heartbeat-cron
      
        sink:
          ref:
            apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
            kind: Service
            name: event-display
      1
      In this example, any Job with the label app: heartbeat-cron will be bound to the event sink.
    2. After you have created the sinkbinding.yaml file, apply it by entering:

      $ oc apply -f sinkbinding.yaml
  3. Create a CronJob.

    1. Create a file named heartbeats-cronjob.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

      apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
      kind: CronJob
      metadata:
        name: heartbeat-cron
      spec:
      spec:
        # Run every minute
        schedule: "* * * * *"
        jobTemplate:
          metadata:
            labels:
              app: heartbeat-cron
          spec:
            template:
              spec:
                restartPolicy: Never
                containers:
                  - name: single-heartbeat
                    image: quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-heartbeats:latest
                    args:
                      - --period=1
                    env:
                      - name: ONE_SHOT
                        value: "true"
                      - name: POD_NAME
                        valueFrom:
                          fieldRef:
                            fieldPath: metadata.name
                      - name: POD_NAMESPACE
                        valueFrom:
                          fieldRef:
                            fieldPath: metadata.namespace
    2. After you have created the heartbeats-cronjob.yaml file, apply it by entering:

      $ oc apply -f heartbeats-cronjob.yaml
  4. Check that the controller is mapped correctly by entering the following command and inspecting the output:

    $ oc get sinkbindings.sources.knative.dev bind-heartbeat -oyaml

    Example output

    spec:
      sink:
        ref:
          apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
          kind: Service
          name: event-display
          namespace: default
      subject:
        apiVersion: batch/v1
        kind: Job
        namespace: default
        selector:
          matchLabels:
            app: heartbeat-cron

Verification steps

You can verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to the Knative event sink by looking at the message dumper function logs.

  1. Enter the command:

    $ oc get pods
  2. Enter the command:

    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.eventing.samples.heartbeat
      source: https://knative.dev/eventing-contrib/cmd/heartbeats/#event-test/mypod
      id: 2b72d7bf-c38f-4a98-a433-608fbcdd2596
      time: 2019-10-18T15:23:20.809775386Z
      contenttype: application/json
    Extensions,
      beats: true
      heart: yes
      the: 42
    Data,
      {
        "id": 1,
        "label": ""
      }

Chapter 11. Event sources

11.1. Getting started with event sources

An event source is an object that links an event producer with an event sink, or consumer. A sink can be a Knative Service, Channel, or Broker that receives events from an event source.

Currently, OpenShift Serverless supports the following event source types:

ApiServerSource
Connects a sink to the Kubernetes API server.
PingSource
Periodically sends ping Events with a constant payload. It can be used as a timer.

SinkBinding is also supported, which allows you to connect core Kubernetes resources such as Deployment, Job, or StatefulSet with a sink.

You can create and manage Knative event sources using the Developer perspective in the OpenShift Container Platform web console, the kn CLI, or by applying YAML files.

11.1.1. Prerequisites

  • You must have a current installation of OpenShift Serverless, including Knative Serving and Eventing, in your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. This can be installed by a cluster administrator.

11.1.2. Creating event sources

11.1.3. Additional resources

11.2. Using the kn CLI to list event sources and event source types

You can use the kn CLI to list and manage available event sources or event source types for use with Knative Eventing.

Currently, kn supports management of the following event source types:

ApiServerSource
Connects a sink to the Kubernetes API server.
PingSource
Periodically sends ping events with a constant payload. It can be used as a timer.

11.2.1. Listing available event source types using kn

Procedure

  • List the available event source types in the terminal:

    $ kn source list-types

    Example output

    TYPE              NAME                                            DESCRIPTION
    ApiServerSource   apiserversources.sources.knative.dev            Watch and send Kubernetes API events to a sink
    PingSource        pingsources.sources.knative.dev                 Periodically send ping events to a sink
    SinkBinding       sinkbindings.sources.knative.dev                Binding for connecting a PodSpecable to a sink

  • You can also list available event source types in YAML format:

    $ kn source list-types -o yaml

11.2.2. Listing available event sources using kn

  • List available event sources by entering the following command:

    $ kn source list

    Example output

    NAME   TYPE              RESOURCE                               SINK         READY
    a1     ApiServerSource   apiserversources.sources.knative.dev   svc:eshow2   True
    b1     SinkBinding       sinkbindings.sources.knative.dev       svc:eshow3   False
    p1     PingSource        pingsources.sources.knative.dev        svc:eshow1   True

11.2.2.1. Listing event sources of a specific type only

You can list event sources of a specific type only, by using the --type flag.

  • List available event sources of type PingSource by entering the following command:

    $ kn source list --type PingSource

    Example output

    NAME   TYPE              RESOURCE                               SINK         READY
    p1     PingSource        pingsources.sources.knative.dev        svc:eshow1   True

11.2.3. Next steps

11.3. Using ApiServerSource

ApiServerSource is an event source that can be used to connect an event sink, such as a Knative service, to the Kubernetes API server. ApiServerSource watches for Kubernetes events and forwards them to the Knative Eventing broker.

Note

Both of the following procedures require you to create YAML files.

If you change the names of the YAML files from those used in the examples, you must ensure that you also update the corresponding CLI commands.

11.3.1. Using the ApiServerSource with the Knative CLI (kn)

This section describes the steps required to create an ApiServerSource using kn commands.

Prerequisites

  • You must have OpenShift Serverless, the Knative Serving and Eventing components, and the kn CLI installed.

Procedure

  1. Create a service account, role, and role binding for the ApiServerSource.

    You can do this by creating a file named authentication.yaml and copying the following sample code into it:

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      name: events-sa
      namespace: default 1
    
    ---
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Role
    metadata:
      name: event-watcher
      namespace: default 2
    rules:
      - apiGroups:
          - ""
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - get
          - list
          - watch
    
    ---
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: RoleBinding
    metadata:
      name: k8s-ra-event-watcher
      namespace: default 3
    roleRef:
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: Role
      name: event-watcher
    subjects:
      - kind: ServiceAccount
        name: events-sa
        namespace: default 4
    1 2 3 4
    Change this namespace to the namespace that you have selected for installing ApiServerSource.
    Note

    If you want to re-use an existing service account with the appropriate permissions, you must modify the authentication.yaml for that service account.

    Create the service account, role binding and cluster binding:

    $ oc apply -f authentication.yaml
  2. Create an ApiServerSource that uses a broker as an event sink:

    $ kn source apiserver create <event_source_name> --sink broker:<broker_name> --resource "event:v1" --service-account <service_account_name> --mode Resource
  3. To check that the ApiServerSource is set up correctly, create a Knative service that dumps incoming messages to its log:

    $ kn service create <service_name> --image quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
  4. Create a trigger to filter events from the default broker to the service:

    $ kn trigger create <trigger_name> --sink svc:<service_name>
  5. Create events by launching a Pod in the default namespace:

    $ oc create deployment hello-node --image quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
  6. Check that the controller is mapped correctly by inspecting the output generated by the following command:

    $ kn source apiserver describe <source_name>

    Example output

    Name:                mysource
    Namespace:           default
    Annotations:         sources.knative.dev/creator=developer, sources.knative.dev/lastModifier=developer
    Age:                 3m
    ServiceAccountName:  events-sa
    Mode:                Resource
    Sink:
      Name:       default
      Namespace:  default
      Kind:       Broker (eventing.knative.dev/v1alpha1)
    Resources:
      Kind:        event (v1)
      Controller:  false
    Conditions:
      OK TYPE                     AGE REASON
      ++ Ready                     3m
      ++ Deployed                  3m
      ++ SinkProvided              3m
      ++ SufficientPermissions     3m
      ++ EventTypesProvided        3m

Verification steps

You can verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to Knative by looking at the message dumper function logs.

  1. Get the Pods:

    $ oc get pods
  2. View the message dumper function logs for the Pods:

    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.apiserver.resource.update
      datacontenttype: application/json
      ...
    Data,
      {
        "apiVersion": "v1",
        "involvedObject": {
          "apiVersion": "v1",
          "fieldPath": "spec.containers{hello-node}",
          "kind": "Pod",
          "name": "hello-node",
          "namespace": "default",
           .....
        },
        "kind": "Event",
        "message": "Started container",
        "metadata": {
          "name": "hello-node.159d7608e3a3572c",
          "namespace": "default",
          ....
        },
        "reason": "Started",
        ...
      }

11.3.2. Deleting the ApiServerSource using the Knative CLI (kn)

This section describes the steps used to delete the ApiServerSource, trigger, service, service account, cluster role, and cluster binding using kn and oc commands.

Prerequisites

  • You must have the kn CLI installed.

Procedure

  1. Delete the trigger:

    $ kn trigger delete <trigger_name>
  2. Delete the service:

    $ kn service delete <service_name>
  3. Delete the event source:

    $ kn source apiserver delete <source_name>
  4. Delete the service account, cluster role, and cluster binding:
$ oc delete -f authentication.yaml

11.3.3. Using the ApiServerSource with the YAML method

This guide describes the steps required to create an ApiServerSource using YAML files.

Prerequisites

  • You will need to have a Knative Serving and Eventing installation.
  • You will need to have created the default broker in the same namespace as the one defined in the ApiServerSource YAML file.

Procedure

  1. To create a service account, role, and role binding for the ApiServerSource, create a file named authentication.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      name: events-sa
      namespace: default 1
    
    ---
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Role
    metadata:
      name: event-watcher
      namespace: default 2
    rules:
      - apiGroups:
          - ""
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - get
          - list
          - watch
    
    ---
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: RoleBinding
    metadata:
      name: k8s-ra-event-watcher
      namespace: default 3
    roleRef:
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: Role
      name: event-watcher
    subjects:
      - kind: ServiceAccount
        name: events-sa
        namespace: default 4
    1 2 3 4
    Change this namespace to the namespace that you have selected for installing ApiServerSource.
    Note

    If you want to re-use an existing service account with the appropriate permissions, you must modify the authentication.yaml for that service account.

    After you have created the authentication.yaml file, apply it:

    $ oc apply -f authentication.yaml
  2. To create an ApiServerSource event source, create a file named k8s-events.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

    apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: ApiServerSource
    metadata:
      name: testevents
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: events-sa
      mode: Resource
      resources:
        - apiVersion: v1
          kind: Event
      sink:
        ref:
          apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1beta1
          kind: Broker
          name: default

    After you have created the k8s-events.yaml file, apply it:

    $ oc apply -f k8s-events.yaml
  3. To check that the ApiServerSource is set up correctly, create a Knative service that dumps incoming messages to its log.

    Copy the following sample YAML into a file named service.yaml:

    apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      name: event-display
      namespace: default
    spec:
      template:
        spec:
          containers:
            - image: quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:v0.13.2

    After you have created the service.yaml file, apply it:

    $ oc apply -f service.yaml
  4. To create a trigger from the default broker that filters events to the service created in the previous step, create a file named trigger.yaml and copy the following sample code into it:

    apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: Trigger
    metadata:
      name: event-display-trigger
      namespace: default
    spec:
      subscriber:
        ref:
          apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
          kind: Service
          name: event-display

    After you have created the trigger.yaml file, apply it:

    $ oc apply -f trigger.yaml
  5. To create events, launch a Pod in the default namespace:

    $ oc create deployment hello-node --image=quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display
  6. To check that the controller is mapped correctly, enter the following command and inspect the output:

    $ oc get apiserversource.sources.knative.dev testevents -o yaml

    Example output

    apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha1
    kind: ApiServerSource
    metadata:
      annotations:
      creationTimestamp: "2020-04-07T17:24:54Z"
      generation: 1
      name: testevents
      namespace: default
      resourceVersion: "62868"
      selfLink: /apis/sources.knative.dev/v1alpha1/namespaces/default/apiserversources/testevents2
      uid: 1603d863-bb06-4d1c-b371-f580b4db99fa
    spec:
      mode: Resource
      resources:
      - apiVersion: v1
        controller: false
        controllerSelector:
          apiVersion: ""
          kind: ""
          name: ""
          uid: ""
        kind: Event
        labelSelector: {}
      serviceAccountName: events-sa
      sink:
        ref:
          apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1beta1
          kind: Broker
          name: default

Verification steps

To verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to Knative, you can look at the message dumper function logs.

  1. Get the Pods:

    $ oc get pods
  2. View the message dumper function logs for the Pods:

    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.apiserver.resource.update
      datacontenttype: application/json
      ...
    Data,
      {
        "apiVersion": "v1",
        "involvedObject": {
          "apiVersion": "v1",
          "fieldPath": "spec.containers{hello-node}",
          "kind": "Pod",
          "name": "hello-node",
          "namespace": "default",
           .....
        },
        "kind": "Event",
        "message": "Started container",
        "metadata": {
          "name": "hello-node.159d7608e3a3572c",
          "namespace": "default",
          ....
        },
        "reason": "Started",
        ...
      }

11.3.4. Deleting the ApiServerSource

This section describes how to delete the ApiServerSource, trigger, service, service account, cluster role, and cluster binding by deleting their YAML files.

Procedure

  1. Delete the trigger:

    $ oc delete -f trigger.yaml
  2. Delete the service:

    $ oc delete -f service.yaml
  3. Delete the event source:

    $ oc delete -f k8s-events.yaml
  4. Delete the service account, cluster role, and cluster binding:

    $ oc delete -f authentication.yaml

11.4. Using a PingSource

A PingSource is used to periodically send ping events with a constant payload to an event consumer, and can be used to schedule sending events, similar to a timer.

Example PingSource YAML

apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha2
kind: PingSource
metadata:
  name: test-ping-source
spec:
  schedule: "*/2 * * * *" 1
  jsonData: '{"message": "Hello world!"}' 2
  sink: 3
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: event-display

1
The schedule of the event specified using CRON expression.
2
The event message body expressed as a JSON encoded data string.
3
These are the details of the event consumer. In this example, we are using a Knative service named event-display.

11.4.1. Using a PingSource with the kn CLI

The following sections describe how to create, verify and remove a basic PingSource using the kn CLI.

Prerequisites

  • You have Knative Serving and Eventing installed.
  • You have the kn CLI installed.

Procedure

  1. To verify that the PingSource is working, create a simple Knative service that dumps incoming messages to the service’s logs:

    $ kn service create event-display \
        --image quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
  2. For each set of ping events that you want to request, create a PingSource in the same namespace as the event consumer:

    $ kn source ping create test-ping-source \
        --schedule "*/2 * * * *" \
        --data '{"message": "Hello world!"}' \
        --sink svc:event-display
  3. Check that the controller is mapped correctly by entering the following command and inspecting the output:

    $ kn source ping describe test-ping-source

    Example output

    Name:         test-ping-source
    Namespace:    default
    Annotations:  sources.knative.dev/creator=developer, sources.knative.dev/lastModifier=developer
    Age:          15s
    Schedule:     */2 * * * *
    Data:         {"message": "Hello world!"}
    
    Sink:
      Name:       event-display
      Namespace:  default
      Resource:   Service (serving.knative.dev/v1)
    
    Conditions:
      OK TYPE                 AGE REASON
      ++ Ready                 8s
      ++ Deployed              8s
      ++ SinkProvided         15s
      ++ ValidSchedule        15s
      ++ EventTypeProvided    15s
      ++ ResourcesCorrect     15s

Verfication steps

You can verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to the Knative event sink by looking at the sink pod’s logs.

By default, Knative services terminate their pods if no traffic is received within a 60 second period. The example shown in this guide creates a PingSource that sends a message every 2 minutes, so each message should be observed in a newly created pod.

  1. Watch for new pods created:

    $ watch oc get pods
  2. Cancel watching the pods using Ctrl+C, then look at the logs of the created pod:

    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.sources.ping
      source: /apis/v1/namespaces/default/pingsources/test-ping-source
      id: 99e4f4f6-08ff-4bff-acf1-47f61ded68c9
      time: 2020-04-07T16:16:00.000601161Z
      datacontenttype: application/json
    Data,
      {
        "message": "Hello world!"
      }

11.4.1.1. Remove the PingSource
  1. Delete the PingSource:

    $ kn delete pingsources.sources.knative.dev test-ping-source
  2. Delete the event-display service:

    $ kn delete service.serving.knative.dev event-display

11.4.2. Using a PingSource with YAML

The following sections describe how to create, verify and remove a basic PingSource using YAML files.

Prerequisites

  • You have Knative Serving and Eventing installed.
Note

The following procedure requires you to create YAML files.

If you change the names of the YAML files from those used in the examples, you must ensure that you also update the corresponding CLI commands.

Procedure

  1. To verify that the PingSource is working, create a simple Knative service that dumps incoming messages to the service’s logs.

    1. Copy the example YAML into a file named service.yaml:

      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      metadata:
        name: event-display
      spec:
        template:
          spec:
            containers:
              - image: quay.io/openshift-knative/knative-eventing-sources-event-display:latest
    2. Create the service:

      $ oc apply --filename service.yaml
  2. For each set of ping events that you want to request, create a PingSource in the same namespace as the event consumer.

    1. Copy the example YAML into a file named ping-source.yaml:

      apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha2
      kind: PingSource
      metadata:
        name: test-ping-source
      spec:
        schedule: "*/2 * * * *"
        jsonData: '{"message": "Hello world!"}'
        sink:
          ref:
            apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
            kind: Service
            name: event-display
    2. Create the PingSource:

      $ oc apply --filename ping-source.yaml
  3. Check that the controller is mapped correctly by entering the following command:

    $ oc get pingsource.sources.knative.dev test-ping-source -oyaml

    Example output

    apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1alpha2
    kind: PingSource
    metadata:
      annotations:
        sources.knative.dev/creator: developer
        sources.knative.dev/lastModifier: developer
      creationTimestamp: "2020-04-07T16:11:14Z"
      generation: 1
      name: test-ping-source
      namespace: default
      resourceVersion: "55257"
      selfLink: /apis/sources.knative.dev/v1alpha2/namespaces/default/pingsources/test-ping-source
      uid: 3d80d50b-f8c7-4c1b-99f7-3ec00e0a8164
    spec:
      jsonData: '{ value: "hello" }'
      schedule: '*/2 * * * *'
      sink:
        ref:
          apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
          kind: Service
          name: event-display
          namespace: default

Verfication steps

You can verify that the Kubernetes events were sent to the Knative event sink by looking at the sink pod’s logs.

By default, Knative services terminate their pods if no traffic is received within a 60 second period. The example shown in this guide creates a PingSource that sends a message every 2 minutes, so each message should be observed in a newly created pod.

  1. Watch for new pods created:

    $ watch oc get pods
  2. Cancel watching the pods using Ctrl+C, then look at the logs of the created pod:

    $ oc logs $(oc get pod -o name | grep event-display) -c user-container

    Example output

    ☁️  cloudevents.Event
    Validation: valid
    Context Attributes,
      specversion: 1.0
      type: dev.knative.sources.ping
      source: /apis/v1/namespaces/default/pingsources/test-ping-source
      id: 042ff529-240e-45ee-b40c-3a908129853e
      time: 2020-04-07T16:22:00.000791674Z
      datacontenttype: application/json
    Data,
      {
        "message": "Hello world!"
      }

11.4.2.1. Remove the PingSource
  1. Delete the service by entering the following command:

    $ oc delete --filename service.yaml
  2. Delete the PingSource by entering the following command:

    $ oc delete --filename ping-source.yaml

Chapter 12. Using metering with OpenShift Serverless

As a cluster administrator, you can use metering to analyze what is happening in your OpenShift Serverless cluster.

For more information about metering on OpenShift Container Platform, see About metering.

12.1. Installing metering

For information about installing metering on OpenShift Container Platform, see Installing Metering.

12.2. Datasources for Knative Serving metering

The following ReportDataSources are examples of how Knative Serving can be used with OpenShift Container Platform metering.

12.2.1. Datasource for CPU usage in Knative Serving

This datasource provides the accumulated CPU seconds used per Knative service over the report time period.

Example YAML file

apiVersion: metering.openshift.io/v1
kind: ReportDataSource
metadata:
  name: knative-service-cpu-usage
spec:
  prometheusMetricsImporter:
    query: >
      sum
          by(namespace,
             label_serving_knative_dev_service,
             label_serving_knative_dev_revision)
          (
            label_replace(rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total{container!="POD",container!="",pod!=""}[1m]), "pod", "$1", "pod", "(.*)")
            *
            on(pod, namespace)
            group_left(label_serving_knative_dev_service, label_serving_knative_dev_revision)
            kube_pod_labels{label_serving_knative_dev_service!=""}
          )

12.2.2. Datasource for memory usage in Knative Serving

This datasource provides the average memory consumption per Knative service over the report time period.

Example YAML file

apiVersion: metering.openshift.io/v1
kind: ReportDataSource
metadata:
  name: knative-service-memory-usage
spec:
  prometheusMetricsImporter:
    query: >
      sum
          by(namespace,
             label_serving_knative_dev_service,
             label_serving_knative_dev_revision)
          (
            label_replace(container_memory_usage_bytes{container!="POD", container!="",pod!=""}, "pod", "$1", "pod", "(.*)")
            *
            on(pod, namespace)
            group_left(label_serving_knative_dev_service, label_serving_knative_dev_revision)
            kube_pod_labels{label_serving_knative_dev_service!=""}
          )

12.2.3. Applying Datasources for Knative Serving metering

  1. Apply the ReportDataSources:
$ oc apply -f <datasource_name>

12.3. Queries for Knative Serving metering

The following ReportQuery resources reference the example DataSources provided.

12.3.1. Query for CPU usage in Knative Serving

YAML file

apiVersion: metering.openshift.io/v1
kind: ReportQuery
metadata:
  name: knative-service-cpu-usage
spec:
  inputs:
  - name: ReportingStart
    type: time
  - name: ReportingEnd
    type: time
  - default: knative-service-cpu-usage
    name: KnativeServiceCpuUsageDataSource
    type: ReportDataSource
  columns:
  - name: period_start
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: period_end
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: namespace
    type: varchar
    unit: kubernetes_namespace
  - name: service
    type: varchar
  - name: data_start
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: data_end
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: service_cpu_seconds
    type: double
    unit: cpu_core_seconds
  query: |
    SELECT
      timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingStart .Report.Inputs.ReportingStart| prestoTimestamp |}' AS period_start,
      timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingEnd .Report.Inputs.ReportingEnd | prestoTimestamp |}' AS period_end,
      labels['namespace'] as project,
      labels['label_serving_knative_dev_service'] as service,
      min("timestamp") as data_start,
      max("timestamp") as data_end,
      sum(amount * "timeprecision") AS service_cpu_seconds
    FROM {| dataSourceTableName .Report.Inputs.KnativeServiceCpuUsageDataSource |}
    WHERE "timestamp" >= timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingStart .Report.Inputs.ReportingStart | prestoTimestamp |}'
    AND "timestamp" < timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingEnd .Report.Inputs.ReportingEnd | prestoTimestamp |}'
    GROUP BY labels['namespace'],labels['label_serving_knative_dev_service']

12.3.2. Query for memory usage in Knative Serving

YAML file

apiVersion: metering.openshift.io/v1
kind: ReportQuery
metadata:
  name: knative-service-memory-usage
spec:
  inputs:
  - name: ReportingStart
    type: time
  - name: ReportingEnd
    type: time
  - default: knative-service-memory-usage
    name: KnativeServiceMemoryUsageDataSource
    type: ReportDataSource
  columns:
  - name: period_start
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: period_end
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: namespace
    type: varchar
    unit: kubernetes_namespace
  - name: service
    type: varchar
  - name: data_start
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: data_end
    type: timestamp
    unit: date
  - name: service_usage_memory_byte_seconds
    type: double
    unit: byte_seconds
  query: |
    SELECT
      timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingStart .Report.Inputs.ReportingStart| prestoTimestamp |}' AS period_start,
      timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingEnd .Report.Inputs.ReportingEnd | prestoTimestamp |}' AS period_end,
      labels['namespace'] as project,
      labels['label_serving_knative_dev_service'] as service,
      min("timestamp") as data_start,
      max("timestamp") as data_end,
      sum(amount * "timeprecision") AS service_usage_memory_byte_seconds
    FROM {| dataSourceTableName .Report.Inputs.KnativeServiceMemoryUsageDataSource |}
    WHERE "timestamp" >= timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingStart .Report.Inputs.ReportingStart | prestoTimestamp |}'
    AND "timestamp" < timestamp '{| default .Report.ReportingEnd .Report.Inputs.ReportingEnd | prestoTimestamp |}'
    GROUP BY labels['namespace'],labels['label_serving_knative_dev_service']

12.3.3. Applying Queries for Knative Serving metering

  1. Apply the ReportQuery by entering the following command:

    $ oc apply -f <query-name>.yaml

    Example command

    $ oc apply -f knative-service-memory-usage.yaml

12.4. Metering reports for Knative Serving

You can run metering reports against Knative Serving by creating Report resources. Before you run a report, you must modify the input parameter within the Report resource to specify the start and end dates of the reporting period.

YAML file

apiVersion: metering.openshift.io/v1
kind: Report
metadata:
  name: knative-service-cpu-usage
spec:
  reportingStart: '2019-06-01T00:00:00Z' 1
  reportingEnd: '2019-06-30T23:59:59Z' 2
  query: knative-service-cpu-usage 3
runImmediately: true

1
Start date of the report, in ISO 8601 format.
2
End date of the report, in ISO 8601 format.
3
Either knative-service-cpu-usage for CPU usage report or knative-service-memory-usage for a memory usage report.

12.4.1. Running a metering report

  1. Run the report by entering the following command:

    $ oc apply -f <report-name>.yml
  2. You can then check the report by entering the following command:

    $ oc get report

    Example output

    NAME                        QUERY                       SCHEDULE   RUNNING    FAILED   LAST REPORT TIME       AGE
    knative-service-cpu-usage   knative-service-cpu-usage              Finished            2019-06-30T23:59:59Z   10h

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Modified versions must remove all Red Hat trademarks.

Portions adapted from https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/service-catalog/ with modifications by Red Hat.

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