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Chapter 2. Specifying link cost
When linking sites, you can assign a cost to each link to influence the traffic flow. By default, link cost is set to 1 for a new link. In a service network, the routing algorithm attempts to use the path with the lowest total cost from client to target server.
If you have services distributed across different sites, you might want a client to favor a particular target or link. In this case, you can specify a cost of greater than
1on the alternative links to reduce the usage of those links.NoteThe distribution of open connections is statistical, that is, not a round robin system.
- If a connection only traverses one link, then the path cost is equal to the link cost. If the connection traverses more than one link, the path cost is the sum of all the links involved in the path.
Cost acts as a threshold for using a path from client to server in the network. When there is only one path, traffic flows on that path regardless of cost.
NoteIf you start with two targets for a service, and one of the targets is no longer available, traffic flows on the remaining path regardless of cost.
- When there are a number of paths from a client to server instances or a service, traffic flows on the lowest cost path until the number of connections exceeds the cost of an alternative path. After this threshold of open connections is reached, new connections are spread across the alternative path and the lowest cost path.
Prerequisite
- You have set your Kubernetes context to a site that you want to link from.
- A token for the site that you want to link to.
Procedure
Create a link to the service network:
$ skupper link create <filename> --cost <integer-cost>
where
<integer-cost>is an integer greater than 1 and traffic favors lower cost links.NoteIf a service can be called without traversing a link, that service is considered local, with an implicit cost of
0.For example, create a link with cost set to
2using a token file namedtoken.yaml:$ skupper link create token.yaml --cost 2
Check the link cost:
$ skupper link status link1 --verbose
The output is similar to the following:
Cost: 2 Created: 2022-11-17 15:02:01 +0000 GMT Name: link1 Namespace: default Site: default-0d99d031-cee2-4cc6-a761-697fe0f76275 Status: Connected
Observe traffic using the console.
If you have a console on a site, log in and navigate to the processes for each server. You can view the traffic levels corresponding to each client.
NoteIf there are multiple clients on different sites, filter the view to each client to determine the effect of cost on traffic. For example, in a two site network linked with a high cost with servers and clients on both sites, you can see that a client is served by the local servers while a local server is available.
2.1. Exposing services on the service network from a namespace
After creating a service network, exposed services can communicate across that network.
The skupper CLI has two options for exposing services that already exist in a namespace:
-
exposesupports simple use cases, for example, a deployment with a single service. See Section 2.1.1, “Exposing simple services on the service network” for instructions. -
service createandservice bindis a more flexible method of exposing services, for example, if you have multiple services for a deployment. See Section 2.1.2, “Exposing complex services on the service network” for instructions.
2.1.1. Exposing simple services on the service network
This section describes how services can be enabled for a service network for simple use cases.
Procedure
Create a deployment, some pods, or a service in one of your sites, for example:
$ kubectl create deployment hello-world-backend --image quay.io/skupper/hello-world-backend
This step is not Skupper-specific, that is, this process is unchanged from standard processes for your cluster.
Create a service that can communicate on the service network:
Deployments and pods
$ skupper expose [deployment <name>|pods <selector>]
where
-
<name>is the name of a deployment -
<selector>is a pod selector
Kubernetes services
Specify a resulting service name using the
--addressoption.$ skupper expose service <name> --address <skupper-service-name>
where
-
<name>is the name of a service -
<skupper-service-name>is the name of the resulting service shared on the service network.
StatefulSets
You can expose a statefulset using:
$ skupper expose statefulset <statefulsetname>
A StatefulSet in Kubernetes is often associated with a headless service to provide stable, unique network identifiers for each pod. If you require stable network identifiers for each pod on the service network, use the
--headlessoption.$ skupper expose statefulset --headless
NoteWhen you use the '--headless" option, only one statefulset in the service network can be exposed through the address (routing key).
For the example deployment in step 1, you can create a service using the following command:
$ skupper expose deployment/hello-world-backend --port 8080
Options for the
exposecommand include:-
--port <port-number>:: Specify the port number that this service is available on the service network. NOTE: You can specify more than one port by repeating this option. -
--target-port <port-number>:: Specify the port number of pods that you want to expose. -
--protocol <protocol>allows you specify the protocol you want to use,tcp,httporhttp2
NoteIf you do not specify ports,
skupperuses thecontainerPortvalue of the deployment.-
Check the status of services exposed on the service network (
-vis only available on Kubernetes):$ skupper service status -v Services exposed through Skupper: ╰─ backend:8080 (tcp) ╰─ Sites: ├─ 4d80f485-52fb-4d84-b10b-326b96e723b2(west) │ policy: disabled ╰─ 316fbe31-299b-490b-9391-7b46507d76f1(east) │ policy: disabled ╰─ Targets: ╰─ backend:8080 name=backend-9d84544df-rbzjx
2.1.2. Exposing complex services on the service network
This section describes how services can be enabled for a service network for more complex use cases.
Procedure
Create a deployment, some pods, or a service in one of your sites, for example:
$ kubectl create deployment hello-world-backend --image quay.io/skupper/hello-world-backend
This step is not Skupper-specific, that is, this process is unchanged from standard processes for your cluster.
Create a service that can communicate on the service network:
$ skupper service create <name> <port>
where
-
<name>is the name of the service you want to create -
<port>is the port the service uses
For the example deployment in step 1, you create a service using the following command:
$ skupper service create hello-world-backend 8080
-
Bind the service to a cluster service:
$ skupper service bind <service-name> <target-type> <target-name>
where
-
<service-name>is the name of the service on the service network -
<target-type>is the object you want to expose,deployment,statefulset,pods, orservice. -
<target-name>is the name of the cluster service
For the example deployment in step 1, you bind the service using the following command:
$ skupper service bind hello-world-backend deployment hello-world-backend
-
2.1.3. Exposing services from a different namespace to the service network
This section shows how to expose a service from a namespace where Skupper is not deployed.
Skupper allows you expose Kubernetes services from other namespaces for any site. However, if you want to expose workloads, for example deployments, you must create a site as described in this section.
Prerequisites
- A namespace where Skupper is deployed.
- A network policy that allows communication between the namespaces
- cluster-admin permissions if you want to expose resources other than services
Procedure
Create a site with cluster permissions if you want to expose a workload from a namespace other than the site namespace:
NoteThe site does not require the extra permissions granted with the
--enable-cluster-permissionsto expose a Kubernetes service resource.$ skupper init --enable-cluster-permissions
To expose a Kubernetes service from a namespace other than the site namespace:
$ skupper expose service <service>.<namespace> --address <service>
- <service> - the name of the service on the service network.
- <namespace> - the name of the namespace where the service you want to expose runs.
For example, if you deployed Skupper in the
eastnamespace and you created abackendKubernetes service in theeast-backendnamespace, you set the context to theeastnamespace and expose the service asbackendon the service network using:$ skupper expose service backend.east-backend --port 8080 --address backend
To expose a workload from a site created with
--enable-cluster-permissions:$ skupper expose <resource> --port <port-number> --target-namespace <namespace>
- <resource> - the name of the resource.
- <namespace> - the name of the namespace where the resource you want to expose runs.
For example, if you deployed Skupper in the
eastnamespace and you created abackenddeployment in theeast-backendnamespace, you set the context to theeastnamespace and expose the service asbackendon the service network using:$ skupper expose deployment/backend --port 8080 --target-namespace east-backend
