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Chapter 2. Switching RHEL to FIPS mode
To enable the cryptographic module self-checks mandated by the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-3, you must operate RHEL 9 in FIPS mode. Starting the installation in FIPS mode is the recommended method if you aim for FIPS compliance.
The cryptographic modules of RHEL 9 are not yet certified for the FIPS 140-3 requirements.
2.1. Federal Information Processing Standards 140 and FIPS mode
The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 140 is a series of computer security standards developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure the quality of cryptographic modules. The FIPS 140 standard ensures that cryptographic tools implement their algorithms correctly. Runtime cryptographic algorithm and integrity self-tests are some of the mechanisms to ensure a system uses cryptography that meets the requirements of the standard.
RHEL in FIPS mode
To ensure that your RHEL system generates and uses all cryptographic keys only with FIPS-approved algorithms, you must switch RHEL to FIPS mode.
You can enable FIPS mode by using one of the following methods:
- Starting the installation in FIPS mode
- Switching the system into FIPS mode after the installation
If you aim for FIPS compliance, start the installation in FIPS mode. This avoids cryptographic key material regeneration and reevaluation of the compliance of the resulting system associated with converting already deployed systems.
To operate a FIPS-compliant system, create all cryptographic key material in FIPS mode. Furthermore, the cryptographic key material must never leave the FIPS environment unless it is securely wrapped and never unwrapped in non-FIPS environments.
Switching to FIPS mode after the installation
Switching the system to FIPS mode by using the fips-mode-setup tool does not guarantee compliance with the FIPS 140 standard. Re-generating all cryptographic keys after setting the system to FIPS mode may not be possible. For example, in the case of an existing IdM realm with users' cryptographic keys you cannot re-generate all the keys. If you cannot start the installation in FIPS mode, always enable FIPS mode as the first step after the installation, before you make any post-installation configuration steps or install any workloads.
The fips-mode-setup tool also uses the FIPS system-wide cryptographic policy internally. But on top of what the update-crypto-policies --set FIPS command does, fips-mode-setup ensures the installation of the FIPS dracut module by using the fips-finish-install tool, it also adds the fips=1 boot option to the kernel command line and regenerates the initial RAM disk.
Furthermore, enforcement of restrictions required in FIPS mode depends on the content of the /proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled file. If the file contains 1, RHEL core cryptographic components switch to mode, in which they use only FIPS-approved implementations of cryptographic algorithms. If /proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled contains 0, the cryptographic components do not enable their FIPS mode.
FIPS in crypto-policies
The FIPS system-wide cryptographic policy helps to configure higher-level restrictions. Therefore, communication protocols supporting cryptographic agility do not announce ciphers that the system refuses when selected. For example, the ChaCha20 algorithm is not FIPS-approved, and the FIPS cryptographic policy ensures that TLS servers and clients do not announce the TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 TLS cipher suite, because any attempt to use such a cipher fails.
If you operate RHEL in FIPS mode and use an application providing its own FIPS-mode-related configuration options, ignore these options and the corresponding application guidance. The system running in FIPS mode and the system-wide cryptographic policies enforce only FIPS-compliant cryptography. For example, the Node.js configuration option --enable-fips is ignored if the system runs in FIPS mode. If you use the --enable-fips option on a system not running in FIPS mode, you do not meet the FIPS-140 compliance requirements.
The cryptographic modules of RHEL 9 are not yet certified for the FIPS 140-3 requirements by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP). You can see the validation status of cryptographic modules in the FIPS - Federal Information Processing Standards section on the Product compliance Red Hat Customer Portal page.
A RHEL 9.2 and later system running in FIPS mode enforces that any TLS 1.2 connection must use the Extended Master Secret (EMS) extension (RFC 7627) as requires the FIPS 140-3 standard. Thus, legacy clients not supporting EMS or TLS 1.3 cannot connect to RHEL 9 servers running in FIPS mode, RHEL 9 clients in FIPS mode cannot connect to servers that support only TLS 1.2 without EMS. See the TLS Extension "Extended Master Secret" enforced with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 solution article.
Additional resources
2.2. Installing the system with FIPS mode enabled
To enable the cryptographic module self-checks mandated by the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140, enable FIPS mode during the system installation.
Only enabling FIPS mode during the RHEL installation ensures that the system generates all keys with FIPS-approved algorithms and continuous monitoring tests in place.
After you complete the setup of FIPS mode, you cannot switch off FIPS mode without putting the system into an inconsistent state. If your scenario requires this change, the only correct way is a complete re-installation of the system.
Procedure
-
Add the
fips=1option to the kernel command line during the system installation. - During the software selection stage, do not install any third-party software.
- After the installation, the system starts in FIPS mode automatically.
Verification
After the system starts, check that FIPS mode is enabled:
$ fips-mode-setup --check FIPS mode is enabled.
Additional resources
2.3. Switching the system to FIPS mode
The system-wide cryptographic policies contain a policy level that enables cryptographic algorithms in accordance with the requirements by the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 140. The fips-mode-setup tool that enables or disables FIPS mode internally uses the FIPS system-wide cryptographic policy.
Switching the system to FIPS mode by using the FIPS system-wide cryptographic policy does not guarantee compliance with the FIPS 140 standard. Re-generating all cryptographic keys after setting the system to FIPS mode may not be possible. For example, in the case of an existing IdM realm with users' cryptographic keys you cannot re-generate all the keys.
Only enabling FIPS mode during the RHEL installation ensures that the system generates all keys with FIPS-approved algorithms and continuous monitoring tests in place.
The fips-mode-setup tool uses the FIPS policy internally. But on top of what the update-crypto-policies command with the --set FIPS option does, fips-mode-setup ensures the installation of the FIPS dracut module by using the fips-finish-install tool, it also adds the fips=1 boot option to the kernel command line and regenerates the initial RAM disk.
After you complete the setup of FIPS mode, you cannot switch off FIPS mode without putting the system into an inconsistent state. If your scenario requires this change, the only correct way is a complete re-installation of the system.
The cryptographic modules of RHEL 9 are not yet certified for the FIPS 140-3 requirements.
Procedure
To switch the system to FIPS mode:
# fips-mode-setup --enable Kernel initramdisks are being regenerated. This might take some time. Setting system policy to FIPS Note: System-wide crypto policies are applied on application start-up. It is recommended to restart the system for the change of policies to fully take place. FIPS mode will be enabled. Please reboot the system for the setting to take effect.Restart your system to allow the kernel to switch to FIPS mode:
# reboot
Verification
After the restart, you can check the current state of FIPS mode:
# fips-mode-setup --check FIPS mode is enabled.
Additional resources
-
fips-mode-setup(8)man page on your system - Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) web site.
2.4. Enabling FIPS mode in a container
To enable the full set of cryptographic module self-checks mandated by the Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2 (FIPS mode), the host system kernel must be running in FIPS mode. The podman utility automatically enables FIPS mode on supported containers.
The fips-mode-setup command does not work correctly in containers, and it cannot be used to enable or check FIPS mode in this scenario.
The cryptographic modules of RHEL 9 are not yet certified for the FIPS 140-3 requirements.
Prerequisites
- The host system must be in FIPS mode.
Procedure
-
On systems with FIPS mode enabled, the
podmanutility automatically enables FIPS mode on supported containers.
Additional resources
2.5. List of RHEL applications using cryptography that is not compliant with FIPS 140-3
To pass all relevant cryptographic certifications, such as FIPS 140-3, use libraries from the core cryptographic components set. These libraries, except from libgcrypt, also follow the RHEL system-wide cryptographic policies.
See the RHEL core cryptographic components article for an overview of the core cryptographic components, the information on how are they selected, how are they integrated into the operating system, how do they support hardware security modules and smart cards, and how do cryptographic certifications apply to them.
List of RHEL 9 applications using cryptography that is not compliant with FIPS 140-3
- Bacula
- Implements the CRAM-MD5 authentication protocol.
- Cyrus SASL
- Uses the SCRAM-SHA-1 authentication method.
- Dovecot
- Uses SCRAM-SHA-1.
- Emacs
- Uses SCRAM-SHA-1.
- FreeRADIUS
- Uses MD5 and SHA-1 for authentication protocols.
- Ghostscript
- Custom cryptography implementation (MD5, RC4, SHA-2, AES) to encrypt and decrypt documents.
- GRUB
-
Supports legacy firmware protocols requiring SHA-1 and includes the
libgcryptlibrary. - iPXE
- Implements TLS stack.
- Kerberos
- Preserves support for SHA-1 (interoperability with Windows).
- Lasso
-
The
lasso_wsse_username_token_derive_key()key derivation function (KDF) uses SHA-1. - MariaDB, MariaDB Connector
-
The
mysql_native_passwordauthentication plugin uses SHA-1. - MySQL
-
mysql_native_passworduses SHA-1. - OpenIPMI
- The RAKP-HMAC-MD5 authentication method is not approved for FIPS usage and does not work in FIPS mode.
- Ovmf (UEFI firmware), Edk2, shim
- Full cryptographic stack (an embedded copy of the OpenSSL library).
- Perl
- Uses HMAC, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-MD5, SHA-1, SHA-224,….
- Pidgin
- Implements DES and RC4 ciphers.
- PKCS #12 file processing (OpenSSL, GnuTLS, NSS, Firefox, Java)
- All uses of PKCS #12 are not FIPS-compliant, because the Key Derivation Function (KDF) used for calculating the whole-file HMAC is not FIPS-approved. As such, PKCS #12 files are considered to be plain text for the purposes of FIPS compliance. For key-transport purposes, wrap PKCS #12 (.p12) files using a FIPS-approved encryption scheme.
- Poppler
- Can save PDFs with signatures, passwords, and encryption based on non-allowed algorithms if they are present in the original PDF (for example MD5, RC4, and SHA-1).
- PostgreSQL
- Implements Blowfish, DES, and MD5. A KDF uses SHA-1.
- QAT Engine
- Mixed hardware and software implementation of cryptographic primitives (RSA, EC, DH, AES,…)
- Ruby
- Provides insecure MD5 and SHA-1 library functions.
- Samba
- Preserves support for RC4 and DES (interoperability with Windows).
- Syslinux
- BIOS passwords use SHA-1.
- SWTPM
- Explicitly disables FIPS mode in its OpenSSL usage.
- Unbound
- DNS specification requires that DNSSEC resolvers use a SHA-1-based algorithm in DNSKEY records for validation.
- Valgrind
- AES, SHA hashes.[1]
- zip
- Custom cryptography implementation (insecure PKWARE encryption algorithm) to encrypt and decrypt archives using a password.
Additional resources
- FIPS 140-2 and FIPS 140-3 section in the Compliance Activities and Government Standards Knowledgebase article
- RHEL core cryptographic components Knowledgebase article
