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A.7. Productions
string ::=
Expand < string literal >
A string literal value. Use '' to escape ' in the string.
Example:
'a string'
'a string''it''s a string'
'it''s a string'reserved identifier ::=
Expand INSTEADExpand VIEWExpand ENABLEDExpand DISABLEDExpand KEYExpand SERIALExpand TEXTAGGExpand COUNTExpand ROW_NUMBERExpand RANKExpand DENSE_RANKExpand SUMExpand AVGExpand MINExpand MAXExpand EVERYExpand STDDEV_POPExpand STDDEV_SAMPExpand VAR_SAMPExpand VAR_POPExpand DOCUMENTExpand CONTENTExpand TRIMExpand EMPTYExpand ORDINALITYExpand PATHExpand FIRSTExpand LASTExpand NEXTExpand SUBSTRINGExpand EXTRACTExpand TO_CHARSExpand TO_BYTESExpand TIMESTAMPADDExpand TIMESTAMPDIFFExpand QUERYSTRINGExpand NAMESPACEExpand RESULTExpand INDEXExpand ACCESSPATTERNExpand AUTO_INCREMENTExpand WELLFORMEDExpand SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECONDExpand SQL_TSI_SECONDExpand SQL_TSI_MINUTEExpand SQL_TSI_HOURExpand SQL_TSI_DAYExpand SQL_TSI_WEEKExpand SQL_TSI_MONTHExpand SQL_TSI_QUARTERExpand SQL_TSI_YEARExpand TEXTTABLEExpand ARRAYTABLEExpand SELECTORExpand SKIPExpand WIDTHExpand PASSINGExpand NAMEExpand ENCODINGExpand COLUMNSExpand DELIMITERExpand QUOTEExpand HEADERExpand NULLSExpand OBJECTTABLEExpand VERSIONExpand INCLUDINGExpand EXCLUDINGExpand XMLDECLARATIONExpand VARIADICExpand RAISEExpand EXCEPTIONExpand CHAINExpand JSONARRAY_AGGExpand JSONOBJECT
Allows non-reserved keywords to be parsed as identifiers
Example: SELECT COUNT FROM ...
identifier ::=
Expand < identifier >Expand < non-reserved identifier >
Partial or full name of a single entity.
Example:
tbl.col
tbl.col"tbl"."col"
"tbl"."col"create trigger ::=
Expand CREATE TRIGGER ON < identifier > INSTEAD OF ( INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE ) AS < for each row trigger action >
Creates a trigger action on the given target.
Example:
CREATE TRIGGER ON vw INSTEAD OF INSERT AS FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... END
CREATE TRIGGER ON vw INSTEAD OF INSERT AS FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... ENDalter ::=
Expand ALTER ( ( VIEW < identifier > AS < query expression > ) | ( PROCEDURE < identifier > AS < statement > ) | ( TRIGGER ON < identifier > INSTEAD OF ( INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE ) ( ( AS < for each row trigger action > ) | ENABLED | DISABLED ) ) )
Alter the given target.
Example:
ALTER VIEW vw AS SELECT col FROM tbl
ALTER VIEW vw AS SELECT col FROM tblfor each row trigger action ::=
Expand FOR EACH ROW ( ( BEGIN ( ATOMIC )? ( < statement > )* END ) | < statement > )
Defines an action to perform on each row.
Example:
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... END
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... ENDdirectly executable statement ::=
Expand < query expression >Expand < call statement >Expand < insert statement >Expand < update statement >Expand < delete statement >Expand < drop table >Expand < create temporary table >Expand < create foreign temp table >Expand < alter >Expand < create trigger >
A statement that can be executed at runtime.
Example:
SELECT * FROM tbl
SELECT * FROM tbldrop table ::=
Expand DROP TABLE < identifier >
Creates a trigger action on the given target.
Example:
CREATE TRIGGER ON vw INSTEAD OF INSERT AS FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... END
CREATE TRIGGER ON vw INSTEAD OF INSERT AS FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ATOMIC ... ENDcreate temporary table ::=
Expand CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE < identifier > < lparen > < temporary table element > ( < comma > < temporary table element > )* ( < comma > PRIMARY KEY < column list > )? < rparen >
Creates a temporary table.
Example:
CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE tmp (col integer)
CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE tmp (col integer)temporary table element ::=
Expand < identifier > ( < data type > | SERIAL ) ( NOT NULL )?
Defines a temporary table column.
Example:
col string NOT NULL
col string NOT NULLraise error statement ::=
Expand ERROR < expression >
Raises an error with the given message.
Example:
ERROR 'something went wrong'
ERROR 'something went wrong'raise statement ::=
Expand RAISE ( SQLWARNING )? < exception reference >
Raises an error or warning with the given message.
Example:
RAISE SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong'
RAISE SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong'exception reference ::=
Expand < identifier >Expand < sql exception >
a reference to an exception
Example:
SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong' SQLSTATE '00X', 2
SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong' SQLSTATE '00X', 2sql exception ::=
Expand SQLEXCEPTION < common value expression > ( SQLSTATE < common value expression > ( < comma > < common value expression > )? )? ( CHAIN < exception reference > )?
creates a sql exception or warning with the specified message, state, and code
Example:
SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong' SQLSTATE '00X', 2
SQLEXCEPTION 'something went wrong' SQLSTATE '00X', 2statement ::=
Expand ( ( < identifier > < colon > )? ( < loop statement > | < while statement > | < compound statement > ) )Expand < if statement > | < delimited statement >
A procedure statement.
Example:
IF (x = 5) BEGIN ... END
IF (x = 5) BEGIN ... ENDdelimited statement ::=
Expand ( < assignment statement > | < data statement > | < raise error statement > | < raise statement > | < declare statement > | < branching statement > | < return statement > ) < semicolon >
A procedure statement terminated by ;.
Example:
SELECT * FROM tbl;
SELECT * FROM tbl;compound statement ::=
Expand BEGIN ( ( NOT )? ATOMIC )? ( < statement > )* ( EXCEPTION < identifier > ( < statement > )* )? END
A procedure statement block contained in BEGIN END.
Example:
BEGIN NOT ATOMIC ... END
BEGIN NOT ATOMIC ... ENDbranching statement ::=
Expand ( ( BREAK | CONTINUE ) ( < identifier > )? )Expand ( LEAVE < identifier > )
A procedure branching control statement, which typically specifies a label to return control to.
Example:
BREAK x
BREAK xreturn statement ::=
Expand RETURN ( < expression > )?
A return statement.
Example:
RETURN 1
RETURN 1while statement ::=
Expand WHILE < lparen > < condition > < rparen > < statement >
A procedure while statement that executes until its condition is false.
Example:
WHILE (var) BEGIN ... END
WHILE (var) BEGIN ... ENDloop statement ::=
Expand LOOP ON < lparen > < query expression > < rparen > AS < identifier > < statement >
A procedure loop statement that executes over the given cursor.
Example:
IF (boolVal) BEGIN variables.x = 1 END ELSE BEGIN variables.x = 2 END
IF (boolVal) BEGIN variables.x = 1 END ELSE BEGIN variables.x = 2 ENDif statement ::=
Expand IF < lparen > < condition > < rparen > < statement > ( ELSE < statement > )?
A procedure loop statement that executes over the given cursor.
Example:
LOOP ON (SELECT * FROM tbl) AS x BEGIN ... END
LOOP ON (SELECT * FROM tbl) AS x BEGIN ... ENDdeclare statement ::=
Expand DECLARE ( < data type > | EXCEPTION ) < identifier > ( < eq > < assignment statement operand > )?
A procedure declaration statement that creates a variable and optionally assigns a value.
Example:
DECLARE STRING x = 'a'
DECLARE STRING x = 'a'assignment statement ::=
Expand < identifier > < eq > ( < assignment statement operand > | ( < call statement > ( ( WITH | WITHOUT ) RETURN )? ) )
Assigns a variable a value in a procedure.
Example:
x = 'b'
x = 'b'assignment statement operand ::=
Expand < insert statement >Expand < update statement >Expand < delete statement >Expand < expression >Expand < query expression >Expand < sql exception >
A value or command that can be used in an assignment.
Note
All assignments except for expression are deprecated.
data statement ::=
Expand ( < directly executable statement > | < dynamic data statement > ) ( ( WITH | WITHOUT ) RETURN )?
A procedure statement that executes a SQL statement. An update statement can have its update count accessed via the ROWCOUNT variable.
procedure body definition ::=
Expand ( CREATE ( VIRTUAL )? PROCEDURE )? < statement >
Defines a procedure body on a Procedure metadata object.
Example:
CREATE VIRTUAL PROCEDURE BEGIN ... END
CREATE VIRTUAL PROCEDURE BEGIN ... ENDdynamic data statement ::=
Expand ( EXECUTE | EXEC ) ( STRING | IMMEDIATE )? < expression > ( AS < typed element list > ( INTO < identifier > )? )? ( USING < set clause list > )? ( UPDATE ( < unsigned integer > | < star > ) )?
A procedure statement that can execute arbitrary sql.
Example:
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT * FROM tbl' AS x STRING INTO #temp
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT * FROM tbl' AS x STRING INTO #tempset clause list ::=
Expand < identifier > < eq > < expression > ( < comma > < identifier > < eq > < expression > )*
A list of value assignments.
Example:
col1 = 'x', col2 = 'y' ...
col1 = 'x', col2 = 'y' ...typed element list ::=
Expand < identifier > < data type > ( < comma > < identifier > < data type > )*
A list of typed elements.
Example:
col1 string, col2 integer ...
col1 string, col2 integer ...callable statement ::=
Expand < lbrace > ( < qmark > < eq > )? CALL < identifier > ( < lparen > ( < expression list > )? < rparen > )? < rbrace > ( < option clause > )?
A callable statement defined using JDBC escape syntax.
Example:
{? = CALL proc}
{? = CALL proc}call statement ::=
Expand ( ( EXEC | EXECUTE | CALL ) < identifier > < lparen > ( < named parameter list > | ( < expression list > )? ) < rparen > ) ( < option clause > )?
Executes the procedure with the given parameters.
Example:
CALL proc('a', 1)
CALL proc('a', 1)named parameter list ::=
Expand ( < identifier > < eq > ( < gt > )? < expression > ( < comma > < identifier > < eq > ( < gt > )? < expression > )* )
A list of named parameters.
Example:
param1 => 'x', param2 => 1
param1 => 'x', param2 => 1insert statement ::=
Expand ( INSERT | MERGE ) INTO < identifier > ( < column list > )? ( ( VALUES < lparen > < expression list > < rparen > ) | < query expression > ) ( < option clause > )?
Inserts values into the given target.
Example:
INSERT INTO tbl (col1, col2) VALUES ('a', 1)
INSERT INTO tbl (col1, col2) VALUES ('a', 1)expression list ::=
Expand < expression > ( < comma > < expression > )*
A list of expressions.
Example:
col1, 'a', ...
col1, 'a', ...update statement ::=
Expand UPDATE < identifier > SET < set clause list > ( < where clause > )? ( < option clause > )?
Update values in the given target.
Example:
UPDATE tbl SET (col1 = 'a') WHERE col2 = 1
UPDATE tbl SET (col1 = 'a') WHERE col2 = 1delete statement ::=
Expand DELETE FROM < identifier > ( < where clause > )? ( < option clause > )?
Delete rows from the given target.
Example:
DELETE FROM tbl WHERE col2 = 1
DELETE FROM tbl WHERE col2 = 1query expression ::=
Expand ( WITH < with list element > ( < comma > < with list element > )* )? < query expression body >
A declarative query for data.
Example:
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE col2 = 1
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE col2 = 1with list element ::=
Expand < identifier > ( < column list > )? AS < lparen > < query expression > < rparen >
A query expression for use in the enclosing query.
Example:
X (Y, Z) AS (SELECT 1, 2)
X (Y, Z) AS (SELECT 1, 2)query expression body ::=
Expand < query term > ( ( UNION | EXCEPT ) ( ALL | DISTINCT )? < query term > )* ( < order by clause > )? ( < limit clause > )? ( < option clause > )?
The body of a query expression, which can optionally be ordered and limited.
Example:
SELECT * FROM tbl ORDER BY col1 LIMIT 1
SELECT * FROM tbl ORDER BY col1 LIMIT 1query term ::=
Expand < query primary > ( INTERSECT ( ALL | DISTINCT )? < query primary > )*
Used to establish INTERSECT precedence.
Example:
SELECT * FROM tbl
SELECT * FROM tblSELECT * FROM tbl1 INTERSECT SELECT * FROM tbl2
SELECT * FROM tbl1 INTERSECT SELECT * FROM tbl2query primary ::=
Expand < query >Expand ( TABLE < identifier > )Expand ( < lparen > < query expression body > < rparen > )
A declarative source of rows.
Example:
TABLE tbl
TABLE tblSELECT * FROM tbl1
SELECT * FROM tbl1query ::=
Expand < select clause > ( < into clause > )? ( < from clause > ( < where clause > )? ( < group by clause > )? ( < having clause > )? )?
A SELECT query.
Example:
SELECT col1, max(col2) FROM tbl GROUP BY col1
SELECT col1, max(col2) FROM tbl GROUP BY col1into clause ::=
Expand INTO < identifier >
Used to direct the query into a table.
Note
This is deprecated. Use INSERT INTO with a query expression instead.
Example:
INTO tbl
INTO tblselect clause ::=
Expand SELECT ( ALL | DISTINCT )? ( < star > | ( < select sublist > ( < comma > < select sublist > )* ) )
The columns returned by a query. Can optionally be distinct.
Example:
SELECT *
SELECT *SELECT DISTINCT a, b, c
SELECT DISTINCT a, b, cselect sublist ::=
Expand < select derived column >Expand < all in group >
An element in the select clause
Example:
tbl.*
tbl.*tbl.col AS x
tbl.col AS xselect derived column ::=
Expand ( < expression > ( ( AS )? < identifier > )? )
A select clause item that selects a single column.
Note
This is slightly different than a derived column in that the AS keyword is optional.
Example:
tbl.col AS x
tbl.col AS xderived column ::=
Expand ( < expression > ( AS < identifier > )? )
An optionally named expression.
Example:
tbl.col AS x
tbl.col AS xall in group ::=
Expand < all in group identifier >
A select sublist that can select all columns from the given group.
Example:
tbl.*
tbl.*ordered aggreate function ::=
Expand ( XMLAGG | ARRAY_AGG | JSONARRAY_AGG ) < lparen > < expression > ( < order by clause > )? < rparen >
An aggregate function that can optionally be ordered.
Example:
XMLAGG(col1) ORDER BY col2
XMLAGG(col1) ORDER BY col2ARRAY_AGG(col1)
ARRAY_AGG(col1)text aggreate function ::=
Expand TEXTAGG < lparen > ( FOR )? < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )* ( DELIMITER < character > )? ( QUOTE < character > )? ( HEADER )? ( ENCODING < identifier > )? ( < order by clause > )? < rparen >
An aggregate function for creating separated value clobs.
Example:
TEXTAGG (col1 as t1, col2 as t2 DELIMITER ',' HEADER)
TEXTAGG (col1 as t1, col2 as t2 DELIMITER ',' HEADER)standard aggregate function ::=
Expand ( COUNT < lparen > < star > < rparen > )Expand ( ( COUNT | SUM | AVG | MIN | MAX | EVERY | STDDEV_POP | STDDEV_SAMP | VAR_SAMP | VAR_POP | SOME | ANY ) < lparen > ( DISTINCT | ALL )? < expression > < rparen > )
A standard aggregate function.
Example:
COUNT(*)
COUNT(*)analytic aggregate function ::=
Expand ( ROW_NUMBER | RANK | DENSE_RANK ) < lparen > < rparen >
An analytic aggregate function.
Example:
ROW_NUMBER()
ROW_NUMBER()filter clause ::=
Expand FILTER < lparen > WHERE < boolean primary > < rparen >
An aggregate filter clause applied prior to accumulating the value.
Example:
FILTER (WHERE col1='a')
FILTER (WHERE col1='a')from clause ::=
Expand FROM ( < table reference > ( < comma > < table reference > )* )
A query from clause containing a list of table references.
Example:
FROM a, b
FROM a, bFROM a right outer join b, c, d join e".</p>
FROM a right outer join b, c, d join e".</p>table reference ::=
Expand ( < escaped join > < joined table > < rbrace > )Expand < joined table >
An optionally escaped joined table.
Example:
a
aa inner join b
a inner join bjoined table ::=
Expand < table primary > ( < cross join > | < qualified table > )*
A table or join.
Example:
a
aa inner join b
a inner join bcross join ::=
Expand ( ( CROSS | UNION ) JOIN < table primary > )
A cross join.
Example:
a CROSS JOIN b
a CROSS JOIN bqualified table ::=
Expand ( ( ( RIGHT ( OUTER )? ) | ( LEFT ( OUTER )? ) | ( FULL ( OUTER )? ) | INNER )? JOIN < table reference > ON < condition > )
An INNER or OUTER join.
Example:
a inner join b
a inner join btable primary ::=
Expand ( < text table > | < array table > | < xml table > | < object table > | < table name > | < table subquery > | ( < lparen > < joined table > < rparen > ) ) ( MAKEDEP | MAKENOTDEP )?
A single source of rows.
Example:
a
axml serialize ::=
Expand XMLSERIALIZE < lparen > ( DOCUMENT | CONTENT )? < expression > ( AS ( STRING | VARCHAR | CLOB | VARBINARY | BLOB ) )? ( ENCODING < identifier > )? ( VERSION < string > )? ( ( INCLUDING | EXCLUDING ) XMLDECLARATION )? < rparen >
Serializes an XML value.
Example:
XMLSERIALIZE(col1 AS CLOB)
XMLSERIALIZE(col1 AS CLOB)array table ::=
Expand ARRAYTABLE < lparen > < value expression primary > COLUMNS < typed element list > < rparen > ( AS )? < identifier >
The ARRAYTABLE table function creates tabular results from arrays. It can be used as a nested table reference.
Example:
ARRAYTABLE (col1 COLUMNS x STRING) AS y
ARRAYTABLE (col1 COLUMNS x STRING) AS ytext table ::=
Expand TEXTTABLE < lparen > < common value expression > ( SELECTOR < string > )? COLUMNS < text table column > ( < comma > < text table column > )* ( NO ROW DELIMITER )? ( DELIMITER < character > )? ( ( ESCAPE < character > ) | ( QUOTE < character > ) )? ( HEADER ( < unsigned integer > )? )? ( SKIP < unsigned integer > )? < rparen > ( AS )? < identifier >
The TEXTTABLE table function creates tabular results from text. It can be used as a nested table reference.
Example:
TEXTTABLE (file COLUMNS x STRING) AS y
TEXTTABLE (file COLUMNS x STRING) AS ytext table column ::=
Expand < identifier > < data type > ( WIDTH < unsigned integer > ( NO TRIM )? )? ( SELECTOR < string > < unsigned integer > )?
A text table column.
Example:
x INTEGER WIDTH 6
x INTEGER WIDTH 6xml query ::=
Expand XMLQUERY < lparen > ( < xml namespaces > < comma > )? < string > ( PASSING < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )* )? ( ( NULL | EMPTY ) ON EMPTY )? < rparen >
Executes an XQuery to return an XML result.
Example:
XMLQUERY('<a>...</a>' PASSING doc)
XMLQUERY('<a>...</a>' PASSING doc)object table ::=
Expand OBJECTTABLE < lparen > ( LANGUAGE < string > )? < string > ( PASSING < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )* )? COLUMNS < object table column > ( < comma > < object table column > )* < rparen > ( AS )? < identifier >
Returns table results by processing a script.
Example:
OBJECTTABLE('z' PASSING val AS z COLUMNS col OBJECT 'teiid_row') AS X
OBJECTTABLE('z' PASSING val AS z COLUMNS col OBJECT 'teiid_row') AS Xobject table column ::=
Expand < identifier > < data type > < string > ( DEFAULT < expression > )?
object table column.
Example:
y integer 'teiid_row_number'
y integer 'teiid_row_number'xml table ::=
Expand XMLTABLE < lparen > ( < xml namespaces > < comma > )? < string > ( PASSING < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )* )? ( COLUMNS < xml table column > ( < comma > < xml table column > )* )? < rparen > ( AS )? < identifier >
Returns table results by processing an XQuery.
Example:
XMLTABLE('/a/b' PASSING doc COLUMNS col XML PATH '.') AS X
XMLTABLE('/a/b' PASSING doc COLUMNS col XML PATH '.') AS Xxml table column ::=
Expand < identifier > ( ( FOR ORDINALITY ) | ( < data type > ( DEFAULT < expression > )? ( PATH < string > )? ) )
XML table column.
Example:
y FOR ORDINALITY
y FOR ORDINALITYunsigned integer ::=
Expand < unsigned integer literal >
An unsigned interger value.
Example:
12345
12345table subquery ::=
Expand ( TABLE | LATERAL )? < lparen > ( < query expression > | < call statement > ) < rparen > ( AS )? < identifier >
A table defined by a subquery.
Example:
(SELECT * FROM tbl) AS x
(SELECT * FROM tbl) AS xtable name ::=
Expand ( < identifier > ( ( AS )? < identifier > )? )
A table named in the FROM clause.
Example:
tbl AS x
tbl AS xwhere clause ::=
Expand WHERE < condition >
Specifies a search condition
Example:
WHERE x = 'a'
WHERE x = 'a'condition ::=
Expand < boolean value expression >
A boolean expression.
boolean value expression ::=
Expand < boolean term > ( OR < boolean term > )*
An optionally ORed boolean expression.
boolean term ::=
Expand < boolean factor > ( AND < boolean factor > )*
An optional ANDed boolean factor.
boolean factor ::=
Expand ( NOT )? < boolean primary >
A boolean factor.
Example:
NOT x = 'a'
NOT x = 'a'boolean primary ::=
Expand ( < common value expression > ( < between predicate > | < match predicate > | < like regex predicate > | < in predicate > | < is null predicate > | < quantified comparison predicate > | < comparison predicate > )? )Expand < exists predicate >
A boolean predicate or simple expression.
Example:
col LIKE 'a%'
col LIKE 'a%'comparison operator ::=
Expand < eq >Expand < ne >Expand < ne2 >Expand < lt >Expand < le >Expand < gt >Expand < ge >
A comparison operator.
Example:
=
=comparison predicate ::=
Expand < comparison operator > < common value expression >
A value comparison.
Example:
= 'a'
= 'a'subquery ::=
Expand < lparen > ( < query expression > | < call statement > ) < rparen >
A subquery.
Example:
(SELECT * FROM tbl)
(SELECT * FROM tbl)quantified comparison predicate ::=
Expand < comparison operator > ( ANY | SOME | ALL ) < subquery >
A subquery comparison.
Example:
= ANY (SELECT col FROM tbl)
= ANY (SELECT col FROM tbl)match predicate ::=
Expand ( NOT )? ( LIKE | ( SIMILAR TO ) ) < common value expression > ( ESCAPE < character > | ( < lbrace > ESCAPE < character > < rbrace > ) )?
Matches based upon a pattern.
Example:
LIKE 'a_'
LIKE 'a_'like regex predicate ::=
Expand ( NOT )? LIKE_REGEX < common value expression >
A regular expression match.
Example:
LIKE_REGEX 'a.*b'
LIKE_REGEX 'a.*b'character ::=
Expand < string >
A single character.
Example:
'a'
'a'between predicate ::=
Expand ( NOT )? BETWEEN < common value expression > AND < common value expression >
A comparison between two values.
Example:
BETWEEN 1 AND 5
BETWEEN 1 AND 5is null predicate ::=
Expand IS ( NOT )? NULL
A null test.
Example:
IS NOT NULL
IS NOT NULLin predicate ::=
Expand ( NOT )? IN ( < subquery > | ( < lparen > < common value expression > ( < comma > < common value expression > )* < rparen > ) )
A comparison with multiple values.
Example:
IN (1, 5)
IN (1, 5)exists predicate ::=
Expand EXISTS < subquery >
A test if rows exist.
Example:
EXISTS (SELECT col FROM tbl)
EXISTS (SELECT col FROM tbl)group by clause ::=
Expand GROUP BY < expression list >
Defines the grouping columns
Example:
GROUP BY col1, col2
GROUP BY col1, col2having clause ::=
Expand HAVING < condition >
Search condition applied after grouping.
Example:
HAVING max(col1) = 5
HAVING max(col1) = 5order by clause ::=
Expand ORDER BY < sort specification > ( < comma > < sort specification > )*
Specifies row ordering.
Example:
ORDER BY x, y DESC
ORDER BY x, y DESCsort specification ::=
Expand < sort key > ( ASC | DESC )? ( NULLS ( FIRST | LAST ) )?
Defines how to sort on a particular expression
Example:
col1 NULLS FIRST
col1 NULLS FIRSTsort key ::=
Expand < expression >
A sort expression.
Example:
col1
col1integer parameter ::=
Expand < unsigned integer >Expand < qmark >
A literal integer or parameter reference to an integer.
Example:
?
?limit clause ::=
Expand ( LIMIT < integer parameter > ( < comma > < integer parameter > )? )Expand ( OFFSET < integer parameter > ( ROW | ROWS ) ( < fetch clause > )? )Expand < fetch clause >
Limits and/or offsets the resultant rows.
Example:
LIMIT 2
LIMIT 2fetch clause ::=
Expand FETCH ( FIRST | NEXT ) ( < integer parameter > )? ( ROW | ROWS ) ONLY
ANSI limit.
Example:
FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY
FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLYoption clause ::=
Expand OPTION ( MAKEDEP < identifier > ( < comma > < identifier > )* | MAKENOTDEP < identifier > ( < comma > < identifier > )* | NOCACHE ( < identifier > ( < comma > < identifier > )* )? )*
Specifies query options.
Example:
OPTION MAKEDEP tbl
OPTION MAKEDEP tblexpression ::=
Expand < condition >
A value.
Example:
col1
col1common value expression ::=
Expand ( < numeric value expression > ( < concat_op > < numeric value expression > )* )
Establishes the precedence of concat.
Example:
'a' || 'b'
'a' || 'b'numeric value expression ::=
Expand ( < term > ( < plus or minus > < term > )* )
Example:
1 + 2
1 + 2plus or minus ::=
Expand < plus >Expand < minus >
The + or - operator.
Example:
+
+term ::=
Expand ( < value expression primary > ( < star or slash > < value expression primary > )* )
A numeric term
Example:
1 * 2
1 * 2star or slash ::=
Expand < star >Expand < slash >
The * or / operator.
Example:
/
/value expression primary ::=
Expand < non numeric literal >Expand ( < plus or minus > )? ( < unsigned numeric literal > | < unsigned value expression primary > )
A simple value expression.
Example:
+col1
+col1unsigned value expression primary ::=
Expand < qmark >Expand ( < dollar > < unsigned integer > )Expand ( < escaped function > < function > < rbrace > )Expand ( ( < text aggreate function > | < standard aggregate function > | < ordered aggreate function > ) ( < filter clause > )? ( < window specification > )? )Expand ( < analytic aggregate function > ( < filter clause > )? < window specification > )Expand ( < function > ( < window specification > )? )Expand ( ( < identifier > | < non-reserved identifier > ) ( < lsbrace > < common value expression > < rsbrace > )? )Expand < subquery >Expand ( < lparen > < expression > < rparen > ( < lsbrace > < common value expression > < rsbrace > )? )Expand < searched case expression >Expand < case expression >
An unsigned simple value expression.
Example:
col1
col1window specification ::=
Expand OVER < lparen > ( PARTITION BY < expression list > )? ( < order by clause > )? < rparen >
The window specification for an analytical or windowed aggregate function.
Example:
OVER (PARTION BY col1)
OVER (PARTION BY col1)case expression ::=
Expand CASE < expression > ( WHEN < expression > THEN < expression > )+ ( ELSE < expression > )? END
If/then/else chain using a common search predicand.
Example:
CASE col1 WHEN 'a' THEN 1 ELSE 2
CASE col1 WHEN 'a' THEN 1 ELSE 2searched case expression ::=
Expand CASE ( WHEN < condition > THEN < expression > )+ ( ELSE < expression > )? END
If/then/else chain using multiple search conditions.
Example:
CASE WHEN x = 'a' THEN 1 WHEN y = 'b' THEN 2
CASE WHEN x = 'a' THEN 1 WHEN y = 'b' THEN 2function ::=
Expand ( CONVERT < lparen > < expression > < comma > < data type > < rparen > )Expand ( CAST < lparen > < expression > AS < data type > < rparen > )Expand ( SUBSTRING < lparen > < expression > ( ( FROM < expression > ( FOR < expression > )? ) | ( < comma > < expression list > ) ) < rparen > )Expand ( EXTRACT < lparen > ( YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND ) FROM < expression > < rparen > )Expand ( TRIM < lparen > ( ( ( ( LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH ) ( < expression > )? ) | < expression > ) FROM )? < expression > < rparen > )Expand ( ( TO_CHARS | TO_BYTES ) < lparen > < expression > < comma > < string > < rparen > )Expand ( ( TIMESTAMPADD | TIMESTAMPDIFF ) < lparen > < time interval > < comma > < expression > < comma > < expression > < rparen > )Expand < querystring function >Expand ( ( LEFT | RIGHT | CHAR | USER | YEAR | MONTH | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND | XMLCONCAT | XMLCOMMENT ) < lparen > ( < expression list > )? < rparen > )Expand ( ( TRANSLATE | INSERT ) < lparen > ( < expression list > )? < rparen > )Expand < xml parse >Expand < xml element >Expand ( XMLPI < lparen > ( ( NAME )? < identifier > ) ( < comma > < expression > )? < rparen > )Expand < xml forest >Expand < json object >Expand < xml serialize >Expand < xml query >Expand ( < identifier > < lparen > ( ALL | DISTINCT )? ( < expression list > )? ( < order by clause > )? < rparen > ( < filter clause > )? )
Calls a scalar function.
Example:
func('1', col1)
func('1', col1)xml parse ::=
Expand XMLPARSE < lparen > ( DOCUMENT | CONTENT ) < expression > ( WELLFORMED )? < rparen >
Parses the given value as XML.
Example:
XMLPARSE(DOCUMENT doc WELLFORMED)
XMLPARSE(DOCUMENT doc WELLFORMED)querystring function ::=
Expand QUERYSTRING < lparen > < expression > ( < comma > < derived column > )* < rparen >
Produces a URL query string from the given arguments.
Example:
QUERYSTRING(col1 AS opt, col2 AS val)
QUERYSTRING(col1 AS opt, col2 AS val)xml element ::=
Expand XMLELEMENT < lparen > ( ( NAME )? < identifier > ) ( < comma > < xml namespaces > )? ( < comma > < xml attributes > )? ( < comma > < expression > )* < rparen >
Creates an XML element.
Example:
XMLELEMENT(NAME "root", child)
XMLELEMENT(NAME "root", child)xml attributes ::=
Expand XMLATTRIBUTES < lparen > < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )* < rparen >
Creates attributes for the containing element.
Example:
XMLATTRIBUTES(col1 AS attr1, col2 AS attr2)
XMLATTRIBUTES(col1 AS attr1, col2 AS attr2)json object ::=
Expand JSONOBJECT < lparen > < derived column list > < rparen >
Produces a JSON object containing name value pairs.
Example:
JSONOBJECT(col1 AS val1, col2 AS val2)
JSONOBJECT(col1 AS val1, col2 AS val2)derived column list ::=
Expand < derived column > ( < comma > < derived column > )*
a list of name value pairs
Example:
col1 AS val1, col2 AS val2
col1 AS val1, col2 AS val2xml forest ::=
Expand XMLFOREST < lparen > ( < xml namespaces > < comma > )? < derived column list > < rparen >
Produces an element for each derived column.
Example:
XMLFOREST(col1 AS ELEM1, col2 AS ELEM2)
XMLFOREST(col1 AS ELEM1, col2 AS ELEM2)xml namespaces ::=
Expand XMLNAMESPACES < lparen > < xml namespace element > ( < comma > < xml namespace element > )* < rparen >
Defines XML namespace URI/prefix combinations
Example:
XMLNAMESPACES('http://foo' AS foo)
XMLNAMESPACES('http://foo' AS foo)xml namespace element ::=
Expand ( < string > AS < identifier > )Expand ( NO DEFAULT )Expand ( DEFAULT < string > )
An xml namespace
Example:
NO DEFAULT
NO DEFAULTdata type ::=
Expand ( STRING ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand ( VARCHAR ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand BOOLEANExpand BYTEExpand TINYINTExpand SHORTExpand SMALLINTExpand ( CHAR ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand INTEGERExpand LONGExpand BIGINTExpand ( BIGINTEGER ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand FLOATExpand REALExpand DOUBLEExpand ( BIGDECIMAL ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > ( < comma > < unsigned integer > )? < rparen > )? )Expand ( DECIMAL ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > ( < comma > < unsigned integer > )? < rparen > )? )Expand DATEExpand TIMEExpand TIMESTAMPExpand OBJECTExpand ( BLOB ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand ( CLOB ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand ( VARBINARY ( < lparen > < unsigned integer > < rparen > )? )Expand XML
A data type.
Example:
STRING
STRINGtime interval ::=
Expand SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECONDExpand SQL_TSI_SECONDExpand SQL_TSI_MINUTEExpand SQL_TSI_HOURExpand SQL_TSI_DAYExpand SQL_TSI_WEEKExpand SQL_TSI_MONTHExpand SQL_TSI_QUARTERExpand SQL_TSI_YEAR
A time interval keyword.
Example:
SQL_TSI_HOUR
SQL_TSI_HOURnon numeric literal ::=
Expand < string >Expand < binary string literal >Expand FALSEExpand TRUEExpand UNKNOWNExpand NULLExpand ( < escaped type > < string > < rbrace > )
An escaped or simple non numeric literal.
Example:
'a'
'a'unsigned numeric literal ::=
Expand < unsigned integer literal >Expand < approximate numeric literal >Expand < decimal numeric literal >
An unsigned numeric literal value.
Example:
1.234
1.234ddl statement ::=
Expand ( < create table > | < create procedure > | < option namespace > | < alter options > | < create trigger > ) ( < semicolon > )?
A data definition statement.
Example:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE X (Y STRING)
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE X (Y STRING)option namespace ::=
Expand SET NAMESPACE < string > AS < identifier >
A namespace used to shorten the full name of an option key.
Example:
SET NAMESPACE 'http://foo' AS foo
SET NAMESPACE 'http://foo' AS foocreate procedure ::=
Expand CREATE ( VIRTUAL | FOREIGN )? ( PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ) ( < identifier > < lparen > ( < procedure parameter > ( < comma > < procedure parameter > )* )? < rparen > ( RETURNS ( ( ( TABLE )? < lparen > < procedure result column > ( < comma > < procedure result column > )* < rparen > ) | < data type > ) )? ( < options clause > )? ( AS < statement > )? )
Defines a procedure or function invocation.
Example:
CREATE FOREIGN PROCEDURE proc (param STRING) RETURNS STRING
CREATE FOREIGN PROCEDURE proc (param STRING) RETURNS STRINGprocedure parameter ::=
Expand ( IN | OUT | INOUT | VARIADIC )? < identifier > < data type > ( NOT NULL )? ( RESULT )? ( DEFAULT < string > )? ( < options clause > )?
A procedure or function parameter
Example:
OUT x INTEGER
OUT x INTEGERprocedure result column ::=
Expand < identifier > < data type > ( NOT NULL )? ( < options clause > )?
A procedure result column.
Example:
x INTEGER
x INTEGERcreate table ::=
Expand CREATE ( FOREIGN TABLE | ( VIRTUAL )? VIEW ) < identifier > ( < create table body > | ( < options clause > )? ) ( AS < query expression > )?
Defines a table or view.
Example:
CREATE VIEW vw AS SELECT 1
CREATE VIEW vw AS SELECT 1create foreign temp table ::=
Expand CREATE FOREIGN TEMPORARY TABLE < identifier > < create table body > ON < identifier >
Defines a foreign temp table
Example:
CREATE FOREIGN TEMPORARY TABLE t (x string) ON z
CREATE FOREIGN TEMPORARY TABLE t (x string) ON zcreate table body ::=
Expand ( < lparen > < table element > ( < comma > < table element > )* ( < comma > ( CONSTRAINT < identifier > )? ( < primary key > | < other constraints > | < foreign key > ) ( < options clause > )? )* < rparen > )? ( < options clause > )?
Defines a table.
Example:
(x string) OPTIONS (CARDINALITY 100)
(x string) OPTIONS (CARDINALITY 100)foreign key ::=
Expand FOREIGN KEY < column list > REFERENCES < identifier > ( < column list > )?
Defines the foreign key referential constraint.
Example:
FOREIGN KEY (a, b) REFERENCES tbl (x, y)
FOREIGN KEY (a, b) REFERENCES tbl (x, y)primary key ::=
Expand PRIMARY KEY < column list >
Defines the primary key.
Example:
PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
PRIMARY KEY (a, b)other constraints ::=
Expand ( ( UNIQUE | ACCESSPATTERN ) < column list > )Expand ( INDEX < lparen > < expression list > < rparen > )
Defines ACCESSPATTERN and UNIQUE constraints and INDEXes.
Example:
UNIQUE (a)
UNIQUE (a)column list ::=
Expand < lparen > < identifier > ( < comma > < identifier > )* < rparen >
A list of column names.
Example:
(a, b)
(a, b)table element ::=
Expand < identifier > < data type > ( NOT NULL )? ( AUTO_INCREMENT )? ( ( PRIMARY KEY ) | ( ( UNIQUE )? ( INDEX )? ) ) ( DEFAULT < string > )? ( < options clause > )?
Defines a table column.
Example:
x INTEGER NOT NULL
x INTEGER NOT NULLoptions clause ::=
Expand OPTIONS < lparen > < option pair > ( < comma > < option pair > )* < rparen >
A list of statement options.
Example:
OPTIONS ('x' 'y', 'a' 'b')
OPTIONS ('x' 'y', 'a' 'b')option pair ::=
Expand < identifier > ( < non numeric literal > | ( < plus or minus > )? < unsigned numeric literal > )
An option key/value pair.
Example:
'key' 'value'
'key' 'value'alter options ::=
Expand ALTER ( VIRTUAL | FOREIGN )? ( TABLE | VIEW | PROCEDURE ) < identifier > ( < alter options list > | < alter column options > )
alters options of tables/procedure
Example:
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE foo OPTIONS (ADD cardinality 100)
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE foo OPTIONS (ADD cardinality 100)alter options list ::=
Expand OPTIONS < lparen > ( < add set option > | < drop option > ) ( < comma > ( < add set option > | < drop option > ) )* < rparen >
a list of alterations to options
Example:
OPTIONS (ADD updatable true)
OPTIONS (ADD updatable true)drop option ::=
Expand DROP < identifier >
drop option
Example:
DROP updatable
DROP updatableadd set option ::=
Expand ( ADD | SET ) < option pair >
add or set an option pair
Example:
ADD updatable true
ADD updatable truealter column options ::=
Expand ALTER ( COLUMN | PARAMETER )? < identifier > < alter options list >
alters a set of column options
Example:
ALTER COLUMN bar OPTIONS (ADD updatable true)
ALTER COLUMN bar OPTIONS (ADD updatable true)
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