Chapter 4. Controlling access to smart cards by using polkit

The Personal Computer/Smart Card (PC/SC) protocol specifies a standard for integrating smart cards and their readers into computing systems. In RHEL, the pcsc-lite package provides middleware to access smart cards that use the PC/SC API. A part of this package, the pcscd (PC/SC Smart Card) daemon, ensures that the system can access a smart card by using the PC/SC protocol.

Because access-control mechanisms built into smart cards, such as PINs, PIN pads, and biometrics, do not cover all possible threats, RHEL uses the polkit framework for more robust access control. The polkit authorization manager can grant access to privileged operations. In addition to granting access to disks, you can use polkit also to specify policies for securing smart cards. For example, you can define which users can perform which operations with a smart card.

After installing the pcsc-lite package and starting the pcscd daemon, the system enforces policies defined in the /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/ directory. The default system-wide policy is in the /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.debian.pcsc-lite.policy file. Polkit policy files use the XML format and the syntax is described in the polkit(8) man page.

The polkitd service monitors the /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/ and /usr/share/polkit-1/rules.d/ directories for any changes in rule files stored in these directories. The files contain authorization rules in JavaScript format. System administrators can add custom rule files in both directories, and polkitd reads them in lexical order based on their file name. If two files have the same names, then the file in /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/ is read first.

Polkit policies that are automatically enforced after you install the pcsc-lite package and start the pcscd daemon may ask for authentication in the user’s session even if the user does not directly interact with a smart card. In GNOME, you can see the following error message:

Authentication is required to access the PC/SC daemon

Authentication is required to access the PC/SC daemon

Note that the system can install the pcsc-lite package as a dependency when you install other packages related to smart cards such as opensc.

If your scenario does not require any interaction with smart cards and you want to prevent displaying authorization requests for the PC/SC daemon, you can remove the pcsc-lite package. Keeping the minimum of necessary packages is a good security practice anyway.

If you use smart cards, start troubleshooting by checking the rules in the system-provided policy file at /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.debian.pcsc-lite.policy. You can add your custom rule files to the policy in the /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/ directory, for example, 03-allow-pcscd.rules. Note that the rule files use the JavaScript syntax, the policy file is in the XML format.

To understand what authorization requests the system displays, check the Journal log, for example:

journalctl -b | grep pcsc

$ journalctl -b | grep pcsc
…
Process 3087 (user: 1001) is NOT authorized for action: access_pcsc
…

The previous log entry means that the user is not authorized to perform an action by the policy. You can solve this denial by adding a corresponding rule to /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/.

You can search also for log entries related to the polkitd unit, for example:

journalctl -u polkit

$ journalctl -u polkit
…
polkitd[NNN]: Error compiling script /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/00-debug-pcscd.rules
…
polkitd[NNN]: Operator of unix-session:c2 FAILED to authenticate to gain authorization for action org.debian.pcsc-lite.access_pcsc for unix-process:4800:14441 [/usr/libexec/gsd-smartcard] (owned by unix-user:group)
…

In the previous output, the first entry means that the rule file contains some syntax error. The second entry means that the user failed to gain the access to pcscd.

You can also list all applications that use the PC/SC protocol by a short script. Create an executable file, for example, pcsc-apps.sh, and insert the following code:

#!/bin/bash

cd /proc

for p in [0-9]*
do
	if grep libpcsclite.so.1.0.0 $p/maps &> /dev/null
	then
		echo -n "process: "
		cat $p/cmdline
		echo " ($p)"
	fi
done

#!/bin/bash

cd /proc

for p in [0-9]*
do
	if grep libpcsclite.so.1.0.0 $p/maps &> /dev/null
	then
		echo -n "process: "
		cat $p/cmdline
		echo " ($p)"
	fi
done

Run the script as root:

./pcsc-apps.sh

# ./pcsc-apps.sh
process: /usr/libexec/gsd-smartcard (3048)
enable-sync --auto-ssl-client-auth --enable-crashpad (4828)
…

In the default configuration, the polkit authorization framework sends only limited information to the Journal log. You can extend polkit log entries related to the PC/SC protocol by adding new rules.