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12.2. File System-Specific Information for fsck
12.2.1. ext2, ext3, and ext4
All of these file sytems use the
e2fsck binary to perform file system checks and repairs. The file names fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, and fsck.ext4 are hardlinks to this same binary. These binaries are run automatically at boot time and their behavior differs based on the file system being checked and the state of the file system.
A full file system check and repair is invoked for ext2, which is not a metadata journaling file system, and for ext4 file systems without a journal.
For ext3 and ext4 file systems with metadata journaling, the journal is replayed in userspace and the binary exits. This is the default action as journal replay ensures a consistent file system after a crash.
If these file systems encounter metadata inconsistencies while mounted, they record this fact in the file system superblock. If
e2fsck finds that a file system is marked with such an error, e2fsck performs a full check after replaying the journal (if present).
e2fsck may ask for user input during the run if the -p option is not specified. The -p option tells e2fsck to automatically do all repairs that may be done safely. If user intervention is required, e2fsck indicates the unfixed problem in its output and reflect this status in the exit code.
Commonly used
e2fsck run-time options include:
-n- No-modify mode. Check-only operation.
-bsuperblock- Specify block number of an alternate suprerblock if the primary one is damaged.
-f- Force full check even if the superblock has no recorded errors.
-jjournal-dev- Specify the external journal device, if any.
-p- Automatically repair or "preen" the file system with no user input.
-y- Assume an answer of "yes" to all questions.
All options for
e2fsck are specified in the e2fsck(8) manual page.
The following five basic phases are performed by
e2fsck while running:
- Inode, block, and size checks.
- Directory structure checks.
- Directory connectivity checks.
- Reference count checks.
- Group summary info checks.
The
e2image(8) utility can be used to create a metadata image prior to repair for diagnostic or testing purposes. The -r option should be used for testing purposes in order to create a sparse file of the same size as the file system itself. e2fsck can then operate directly on the resulting file. The -Q option should be specified if the image is to be archived or provided for diagnostic. This creates a more compact file format suitable for transfer.
12.2.2. XFS
No repair is performed automatically at boot time. To initiate a file system check or repair, use the
xfs_repair tool.
Note
Although an
fsck.xfs binary is present in the xfsprogs package, this is present only to satisfy initscripts that look for an fsck.file system binary at boot time. fsck.xfs immediately exits with an exit code of 0.
Older xfsprogs packages contain an
xfs_check tool. This tool is very slow and does not scale well for large file systems. As such, it has been deprecated in favor of xfs_repair -n.
A clean log on a file system is required for
xfs_repair to operate. If the file system was not cleanly unmounted, it should be mounted and unmounted prior to using xfs_repair. If the log is corrupt and cannot be replayed, the -L option may be used to zero the log.
Important
The
-L option must only be used if the log cannot be replayed. The option discards all metadata updates in the log and results in further inconsistencies.
It is possible to run
xfs_repair in a dry run, check-only mode by using the -n option. No changes will be made to the file system when this option is specified.
xfs_repair takes very few options. Commonly used options include:
-n- No modify mode. Check-only operation.
-L- Zero metadata log. Use only if log cannot be replayed with mount.
-mmaxmem- Limit memory used during run to maxmem MB. 0 can be specified to obtain a rough estimate of the minimum memory required.
-llogdev- Specify the external log device, if present.
All options for
xfs_repair are specified in the xfs_repair(8) manual page.
The following eight basic phases are performed by
xfs_repair while running:
- Inode and inode blockmap (addressing) checks.
- Inode allocation map checks.
- Inode size checks.
- Directory checks.
- Pathname checks.
- Link count checks.
- Freemap checks.
- Super block checks.
For more information, see the
xfs_repair(8) manual page.
xfs_repair is not interactive. All operations are performed automatically with no input from the user.
If it is desired to create a metadata image prior to repair for diagnostic or testing purposes, the
xfs_metadump(8) and xfs_mdrestore(8) utilities may be used.
12.2.3. Btrfs
Note
Btrfs is available as a Technology Preview feature in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 but has been deprecated since the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 release. It will be removed in a future major release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
For more information, see Deprecated Functionality in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 Release Notes.
The
btrfsck tool is used to check and repair btrfs file systems. This tool is still in early development and may not detect or repair all types of file system corruption.
By default,
btrfsck does not make changes to the file system; that is, it runs check-only mode by default. If repairs are desired the --repair option must be specified.
The following three basic phases are performed by
btrfsck while running:
- Extent checks.
- File system root checks.
- Root reference count checks.
The
btrfs-image(8) utility can be used to create a metadata image prior to repair for diagnostic or testing purposes.
