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Chapter 12. Managing access control instructions

When Directory Server receives a request, it uses the authentication information provided by the user in the bind operation and the access control instructions (ACI) defined in the directory to allow or deny access to the requested entry or attribute. The server can allow or deny permissions for actions, such as read, write, search, and compare. The permission level granted to a user depends on the authentication information provided.

Access control in Directory Server enables you to set precise rules on when the ACIs are applicable:

  • For the entire directory, a subtree, or specific entries
  • For a specific user, all users belonging to a specific group or role, or all users in the directory

  • For a specific location, such as an IP address, an IP range, or a DNS name.

    Note that load balancers can affect location-specific rules.

Important

Complex ACIs are difficult to read and understand. Instead of one complex ACI, you can write multiple simple rules to achieve the same effect. However, a higher number of ACIs also increases the costs of ACI processing.

12.1. ACI placement
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Directory Server stores access control instruction (ACI) in the multi-valued aci operational attribute in directory entries. To set an ACI, add the aci attribute to the corresponding directory entry. Directory Server applies the ACIs:

  • Only to the entry that contains the ACI, if it does not have any child entries. For example, if a client requires access to the uid=user_name,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com object, and an ACI is only set on dc=example,dc=com and not on any child entries, only this ACI is applied.

    Note

    ACIs with add permissions also apply to child entries created in future.

  • To the entry that contains the ACI and to all entries below it, if it has child entries. As a direct consequence, when the server evaluates access permissions to any given entry, it verifies the ACIs for every entry between the one requested and the directory suffix, as well as the ACIs on the entry itself.

    For example, ACIs are set on the dc=example,dc=com and the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry: If a client wants to access the uid=user_name,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com object, which has no ACI set, Directory Server first validates the ACI on the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry. If this ACI grants access, evaluation stops and grants access. If not, Directory Server verifies the ACI on ou=People,dc=example,dc=com. If this ACI successfully authorizes the client, it can access the object.

Note

ACIs set in the rootDSE entry apply only to this entry.

An ACI created on an entry can be set not to apply directly to that entry but rather to some or all of the entries in the subtree below. The advantage of this approach is that general ACIs can be placed higher in the directory tree to have effect on entries located lower in the tree. For example, an ACI that targets entries that include the inetOrgPerson object class can be created at the level of an organizationalUnit entry or a locality entry.

Note

Minimize the number of ACIs in the directory tree by placing general rules at high level branch points. To limit the scope of more specific rules, place them to leaf entries as closely as possible.

12.2. The structure of an ACI
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The aci attribute uses the following syntax: 

(target_rule) (version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules;)
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  • target_rule specifies the entry, attributes, or set of entries and attributes for which to control access.
  • version 3.0 is a required string which identifies the access control instructions (ACI) version.
  • acl "ACL name" sets a name or string that describes the ACI.
  • permission_rule sets what rights, such as read or write, are allowed or denied.
  • bind_rules specifies which rules must match during the bind to allow or deny access.

The permission and the bind rule pair are called an access control rule.

To efficiently set multiple access controls for a given target, you can set multiple access control rules for each target: 

(target_rule)(version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules; permission_rule bind_rules; ... ;)
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12.3. ACI evaluation
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To evaluate the access rights to a particular entry, the server creates a list of the access control instructions (ACI) present on the entry itself and on the parent entries back up to the top level entry stored in Directory Server. ACIs are evaluated across all databases for a particular instance but not across different instances.

Directory Server evaluates this list of ACIs based on the semantics of the ACIs, not on their placement in the directory tree. This means that ACIs that are close to the root of the directory tree do not take precedence over ACIs that are closer to the leaves of the directory tree.

In Directory Server, the deny permission in ACIs take precedence over the allow permission. For example, if you deny write permission at the directory’s root level, none of the users can write to the directory, regardless if an other ACI grants this permission. To grant a specific user write permissions to the directory, you have to add an exception to the original denying rule to allow the user to write in that directory.

Note

For improved ACIs, use fine-grained allow rules instead of deny rules.

12.4. Limitations of ACIs
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When you set access control instructions (ACI), the following restrictions apply:

  • If your directory database is distributed over multiple servers, the following restrictions apply to the keywords you can use in ACIs:

    • ACIs depending on group entries using the groupdn keyword must be located on the same server as the group entry.

      If the group is dynamic, all members of the group must have an entry on the server. Member entries of static groups can be located on the remote server.

    • ACIs depending on role definitions using the roledn keyword, must be located on the same server as the role definition entry. Every entry that is intended to have the role must also be located on the same server.

    However, you can match values stored in the target entry with values stored in the entry of the bind user by, for example, using the userattr keyword. In this case, access is evaluated normally even if the bind user does not have an entry on the server that stores the ACI.

  • You cannot use virtual attributes, such as Class of Service (CoS) attributes, in the following ACI keywords:

    • targetfilter
    • targattrfilters
    • userattr
  • Access control rules are evaluated only on the local server. For example, if you specify the host name of a server in LDAP URLs in ACI keywords, the URL will be ignored.

Access control instructions (ACI) are stored in aci attributes of entries. Therefore, if an entry containing ACIs is part of a replicated database, the ACIs are replicated.

ACIs are always evaluated on the server that resolves the incoming LDAP requests. When a consumer server receives an update request, it returns a referral to the supplier server before evaluating whether the request can be serviced on the supplier.

You can use the ldapsearch utility to search, and the ldapmodify utility to add, delete, and update Access Control Instructions (ACI).

Displaying ACIs:

For example, to display the ACIs set on dc=example,dc=com and sub-entries, enter: 

# ldapsearch -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x -b "dc=example,dc=com" -s sub '(aci=*)' aci
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Adding an ACI

For example, to add an ACI to the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry, enter: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="userPassword") (version 3.0; acl
  "Allow users updating their password";
  allow (write) userdn= "ldap:///self";)
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Deleting an ACI

To delete an ACI:

  • If only one aci attribute is set on the entry or you want to remove all ACIs from the entry: 

    # ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: delete
delete: aci
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  • If multiple ACIs exist on the entry and you want to delete a specific ACI, specify the exact ACI: 

    # ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
delete: aci
aci: (targetattr="userPassword") (version 3.0; acl "Allow users
  updating their password"; allow (write) userdn= "ldap:///self";)
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Updating an ACI

To update an ACI:

  • Delete the existing ACI.
  • Add a new ACI with the updated settings.

12.7. Defining ACI targets
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Target rules in an access control instruction (ACI) define to which entries Directory Server applies the ACI. If you do not set a target, the ACI applies to the entry containing the aci attribute and to entries below.

In an ACI, the following highlighted part is the target rule: 

(target_rule)(version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules;)
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For complex ACIs, Directory Server supports multiple target rules with different keywords in an ACI: 

(target_rule_1)(target_rule_2)(...)(version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules;)
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If you specify multiple target rules, the order is not relevant. Note that you can use each of the following keywords only once in an ACI:

  • target
  • targetattr
  • targetattrfilters
  • targetfilter
  • target_from
  • target_to

12.7.1. The syntax of target rules
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The general syntax of a target rule is: 

(keyword comparison_operator "expression")
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  • keyword: Sets the type of the target.

  • comparison_operator: Valid values are = and != and indicate whether or not the target is the object specified in the expression.

    Warning

    For security reasons, Red Hat recommends not using the != operator, because it allows the specified operation on all other entries or attributes. For example: 

    (targetattr != "userPassword");(version 3.0; acl "example"); allow (write) ... );
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    The previous example allows users to set, update, or delete any attribute except the userPassword attribute under the Distinguished Name (DN) you set the ACI. However, also this enables users, for example, to add an additional aci attribute that allows write access to this attribute as well.

  • expression: Sets the target and must be surrounded by quotation marks. The expression itself depends on the keyword you use.

12.7.2. Targeting a directory entry
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To control access based on a Distinguished Name (DN) and the entries below it, use the target keyword in the access control instruction (ACI). A target rule which uses the target keyword takes a DN as expression: 

(target comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name")
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Note

You must set the ACI with the target keyword on the DN you are targeting or a higher-level DN of it. For example, if you target ou=People,dc=example,dc=com, you must either set the ACI on ou=People,dc=example,dc=com or dc=example,dc=com.

Example 12.1. Using the target keyword

To enable users that are stored in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry to search and display all attributes in their own entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target = "ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users to read and search attributes of own entry"; allow (search, read)
 (userdn = "ldap:///self");)
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Using wildcards with the target keyword

You can use the * wildcard character target multiple entries.

The following target rule example matches all entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com whose uid attribute is set to a value that starts with the letter a: 

(target = "ldap:///uid=a*,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com")
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Depending on the position of the wildcard, the rule not only applies to attribute values, but also to the full DN. Therefore, you can use the wildcard as a substitute for portions of the DN.

Example 12.2. Targeting a directory entries using wildcards

The following rule targets all entries in the dc=example,dc=com tree with a matching uid attribute and not only entries which are stored in the dc=example,dc=com entry itself: 

(target = "ldap:///uid=user_name*,dc=example,dc=com")
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The previous target rule matches multiple entries, such as:

  • uid=user_name,dc=example,dc=com
  • uid=user_name,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
  • uid=user_name2,dc=example,dc=com
Important

Directory Serverdoes not support wildcards in the suffix part of a DN. For example, if your directory’s suffix is dc=example,dc=com, you cannot use a target with a wildcard in this suffix, such as (target = "ldap:///dc=*.com").

12.7.3. Targeting attributes
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To limit access in an access control instruction (ACI) to certain attributes, use the targetattr keyword. For example, this keyword defines:

  • In a read operation, what attributes will be returned to a client
  • In a search operation, what attributes will be searched
  • In a write operation, what attributes can be written to an object
  • In an add operation, what attributes can be added when creating a new object

In certain situations, you can use the targetattr keyword to secure ACIs by combining other target keywords with targetattr. See Advanced usage of target rules.

Important

In read and search operations, the default targets no attribute. An ACI without a targetattr keyword is only useful for ACIs with rights affecting a complete entry, such as add or delete.

To separate multiple attributes in a target rule that uses the targetattr keyword, use ||: 

(targetattr comparison_operator "attribute_1 || attribute_2 || ...")
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The attributes set in the expression must be defined in the schema.

The attributes specified in the expression apply to the entry on which you create the ACI and to all entries below it if not restricted by further target rules.

Example 12.3. Using the targetattr keyword

To enable users stored in dc=example,dc=com and all subentries to update the userPassword attribute in their own entry, enter: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap::server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "userPassword") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users updating own userPassword";
 allow (write) (userdn = "ldap:///self");)
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Using wildcards with the targetattr keyword

Using the * wildcard character, you can, for example, target all attributes: 

(targetattr = "*")
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Warning

For security reasons, do not use wildcards with the targetattr, because it allows access to all attributes, including operational attributes. For example, if users can add or modify all attributes, users might create additional ACIs and increase their own permissions.

To target a group of entries that match a certain criteria, use the targetfilter keyword with an LDAP filter: 

(targetfilter comparison_operator "LDAP_filter")
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The filter expression is a standard LDAP search filter.

Example 12.4. Using the targetfilter keyword

To grant permissions to members of the cn=Human Resources,dc=example,dc.com group to modify all entries having the department attribute set to Engineering or Sales: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetfilter = "(|(department=Engineering)(department=Sales)"))
 (version 3.0; acl "Allow HR updating engineering and sales entries";
 allow (write) (groupdn = "ldap:///cn=Human Resources,dc=example,dc.com");)
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The targetfilter keyword targets whole entries. If you combine it with the targetattr keyword, the access control instruction (ACI) applies only to a subset of attributes of the targeted entries. See Targeting certain attributes of entries matching a filter.

Note

Using LDAP filters is useful when targeting entries and attributes that are spread across the directory. However, the results are sometimes unpredictable because filters do not directly name the object for which you are managing access. The set of entries targeted by a filtered ACI is likely to change as attributes are added or deleted. Therefore, if you use LDAP filters in ACIs, verify that they target the correct entries and attributes by using the same filter, for example, in an ldapsearch operation.

Using wildcards with the targetfilter keyword

The targetfilter keyword supports wildcards similarly to standard LDAP filters. For example, to target all uid attributes whose value starts with adm, use: 

(targetfilter = "(uid=adm*) ...)
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You can use access control to target specific values of attributes. This means that you can grant or deny permissions on an attribute if that attribute’s value meets the criteria that is defined in the access control instruction (ACI). An ACI that grants or denies access based on an attribute’s value is called a value-based ACI. This applies only to ADD and DEL operations. You cannot limit search rights by specific values.

To create a value-based ACI, use the targattrfilters keyword with the following syntax:

  • For one operation with one attribute and filter combination: 

    (targattrfilters="operation=attribute:filter")
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  • For one operation with multiple attribute and filter combinations: 

    (targattrfilters="operation=attribute_1:filter_1 && attribute_2:filter_2 ... && attribute_m:filter_m")
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  • For two operations, each with multiple attribute and filter combinations: 

    (targattrfilters="operation_1=attribute_1_1:filter_1_1 && attribute_1_2:filter_1_2 ... && attribute_1_m:filter_1_m , operation_2=attribute_2_1:filter_2_1 && attribute_2_2:filter_2_2 ... & attribute_2_n:filter_2_n ")
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In the previous syntax examples, you can set the operations either to add or del. The attribute:filter combination sets the filter and the attribute the filter is applied to.

The following describes how filter must match:

  • When creating an entry and a filter applies to an attribute in the new entry, then each instance of that attribute must match the filter.
  • When deleting an entry and a filter applies to an attribute in the entry, then each instance of that attribute must also match the filter.
  • When modifying an entry and the operation adds an attribute, then the add filter that applies to that attribute must match.
  • If the operation deletes an attribute, then the del filter that applies to that attribute must match. If the individual values of an attribute already present in the entry are replaced, then both the add and del filters must match.

Example 12.5. Using the targattrfilters keyword

To create an ACI that enables users to add any role to their own entry, except the Admin role, and to add the telephone attribute, as long as the value begins with the 123 prefix, enter: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap::server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targattrfilters="add=nsroledn:(!(nsroledn=cn=Admin)) &&
 telephoneNumber:(telephoneNumber=123*)") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow adding roles and telephone";
 allow (add) (userdn = "ldap:///self");)
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12.7.6. Targeting source and destination DNs
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In certain situations, administrators want to allow users to move directory entries. Using the target_from and target_to keywords in an access control instruction (ACI), you can specify the source and destination of the operation, however, without enabling the user:

  • To move entries from a different source as set in the ACI.
  • To move entries to a different destination as set in the ACI.
  • To delete existing entries from the source Distinguished Name (DN).
  • To add new entries to the destination DN.

Using the target_from and target_to keywords

For example, to enable the uid=user,dc=example,dc=com account to move user accounts from the cn=staging,dc=example,dc=com entry to cn=people,dc=example,dc=com, enter: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap:server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target_from="ldap:///uid=*,cn=staging,dc=example,dc=com")
 (target_to="ldap:///cn=People,dc=example,dc=com")
 (version 3.0; acl "MODDN from"; allow (moddn))
 userdn="ldap:///uid=user,dc=example,dc=com";)
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Note

ACIs apply only to the subtree where they are defined. In the previous example, the ACI is applied only to the dc=example,dc=com subtree.

If the target_from or target_to keyword is not set, the ACI matches any source or destination.

12.8. Advanced usage of target rules
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By combining multiple keywords, you can create complex target rules. This section provides examples of the advanced usage of target rules.

In certain situations, administrators want to delegate permissions to other accounts or groups. By combining target keywords, you can create secure access control instructions (ACI) that solve this request.

Example 12.6. Delegating permissions to create and maintain groups

To enable the uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" account to create and update groups in the ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target = "ldap:///cn=*,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com")
 (targattrfilters="add=objectclass:(|(objectclas=top)(objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames)))
 (targetattr="cn || uniqueMember || objectClass")
 (version 3.0; acl "example"; allow (read, search, write, add)
 (userdn = "ldap:///uid=test,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com");)
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For security reasons, the previous example adds certain limitations. The uid=test,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user:

  • Can create objects that must contain the top and groupOfUniqueNames object classes.
  • Cannot add additional object classes, such as account. For example, this prevents if you use Directory Server accounts for local authentication, to create new users with an invalid user ID, such as 0 for the root user.

The targetfilter rule ensures that the ACI entry applies only to entries with the groupofuniquenames object class and the targetattrfilter rule ensures that no other object class can be added.

12.8.2. Targeting both an entry and attributes
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The target controls access based on a distinguished name (DN). However, if you use it in combination with a wildcard and the targetattr keyword, you can target both entries and attributes.

Example 12.7. Targeting both an entry and attributes

To enable the uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc.com user to read and search members of groups in all organizational units in the dc=example,dc=com subtree: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target="ldap:///cn=*,dc=example,dc=com")(targetattr="member" || "cn") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow uid=user to search and read members of groups";
 allow (read, search) (userdn = "ldap:///uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc.com");)
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If you combine the targetattr and targetfilter keywords in two target rules, you can target certain attributes in entries that match a filter.

Example 12.8. Targeting certain attributes of entries matching a filter

To allow members of the cn=Engineering Admins,dc=example,dc=com group to modify the jpegPhoto and manager attributes of all entries having the department attribute set to Engineering, enter: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "jpegPhoto || manager")
 (targetfilter = "(department=Engineering)") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow engineering admins updating jpegPhoto and manager of department members";
 allow (write) (groupdn = "ldap:///cn=Engineering Admins,dc=example,dc.com");)
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12.8.4. Targeting a single directory entry
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To target a single directory entry, combine the targetattr and targetfilter keywords.

Example 12.9. Targeting a single directory entry

To enable the uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user to read and search the ou and cn attributes in the ou=Engineering,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=Engineering,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "ou || cn")
 (targetfilter = "(ou=Engineering)") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow uid=user to search and read engineering attributes";
 allow (read, search) (userdn = "ldap:///uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc.com");)
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To enable the previous example to target only the ou=Engineering,dc=example,dc=com entry, sub-entries in ou=Engineering,dc=example,dc=com must not have the ou attribute set to Engineering.

Important

These kinds of ACIs can fail if the structure of your directory changes.

Alternatively, you can create a bind rule that matches the user input in the bind request with an attribute value that is stored in the targeted entry. See Defining access based on value matching.

12.9. Defining ACI permissions
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Permission rules define the rights that are associated with the access control instruction (ACI) and whether access is allowed or denied.

In an ACI, the following highlighted part is the permission rule: 

(target_rule) (version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules;)
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12.9.1. The syntax of permission rules
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The general syntax of a permission rule is: 

permission (rights)
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  • permission: Sets if the access control instruction (ACI) allows or denies permission.
  • rights: Sets the rights which the ACI allows or denies. See User rights in permission rules.

Example 12.10. Defining permissions

To enable users stored in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry to search and display all attributes in their own entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target = "ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users to read and search attributes of own entry"; allow (search, read)
 (userdn = "ldap:///self");)
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12.9.2. User rights in permission rules
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The rights in a permission rule define what operations are granted or denied. In an ACI, you can set one or multiple of the following rights:

Expand
Table 12.1. User rights
RightDescription

read

Sets whether users can read directory data. This permission applies only to search operations in LDAP.

write

Sets whether users can modify an entry by adding, modifying, or deleting attributes. This permission applies to the modify and modrdn operations in LDAP.

add

Sets whether users can create an entry. This permission applies only to the add operation in LDAP.

delete

Sets whether users can delete an entry. This permission applies only to the delete operation in LDAP.

search

Sets whether users can search for directory data. To view data returned as part of a search result, assign search and read rights. This permission applies only to search operations in LDAP.

compare

Sets whether the users can compare data they supply with data stored in the directory. With compare rights, the directory returns a success or failure message in response to an inquiry, but the user cannot see the value of the entry or attribute. This permission applies only to the compare operation in LDAP.

selfwrite

Sets whether users can add or delete their own distinguished name (DN) from a group. This right is used only for group management.

proxy

Sets whether the specified DN can access the target with the rights of another entry. The proxy right is granted within the scope of the ACL, and the user or group who as the right granted can run commands as any Directory Server user. You cannot restrict the proxy rights to certain users. For security reasons, set ACIs that use the proxy right at the most targeted level of the directory.

all

Sets all of the rights, except proxy.

12.9.3. Rights required for LDAP operations
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This section describes the rights you must grant to users depending on the type of LDAP operation you want to authorize them to perform.
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  • Adding an entry:

    • Grant add permission on the entry that you want to add.
    • Grant write permission on the value of each attribute in the entry. This right is granted by default but can be restricted using the targattrfilters keyword.

  • Deleting an entry:

    • Grant delete permission on the entry that you want to delete.
    • Grant write permission on the value of each attribute in the entry. This right is granted by default but can be restricted using the targattrfilters keyword.

  • Modifying an attribute in an entry:

    • Grant write permission on the attribute type.
    • Grant write permission on the value of each attribute type. This right is granted by default but can be restricted using the targattrfilters keyword.

  • Modifying the RDN of an entry:

    • Grant write permission on the entry.
    • Grant write permission on the attribute type that is used in the new RDN.
    • Grant write permission on the attribute type that is used in the old RDN, if you want to grant the right to delete the old RDN.
    • Grant write permission on the value of attribute type that is used in the new RDN. This right is granted by default but can be restricted using the targattrfilters keyword.

  • Comparing the value of an attribute:

    • Grant compare permission on the attribute type.

  • Searching for entries:

    • Grant search permission on each attribute type used in the search filter.
    • Grant read permission on attribute types used in the entry.

12.10. Defining ACI bind rules
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The bind rules in an access control instruction (ACI) define the required bind parameters that must meet so that Directory Server applies the ACI. For example, you can set bind rules based on:

  • DNs
  • Group memberships or assigned roles
  • Locations from which an entry must bind
  • Types of authentication that must be in use during the bind
  • Times or days on which the bind occurs

In an ACI, the following highlighted part is the bind rule: 

(target_rule) (version 3.0; acl "ACL_name"; permission_rule bind_rules;)
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12.10.1. The syntax of bind rules
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The general syntax of a bind rule is: 

keyword comparison_operator "expression"
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  • keyword: Sets the type of the bind operation.
  • comparison_operator: Valid values are = and != and indicate whether or not the target is the object specified in the expression. If a keyword supports additional comparison operators, it is mentioned in the corresponding section.
  • expression: Sets the expression and must be surrounded by quotation marks. The expression itself depends on the keyword you use.

12.10.2. Defining user-based access
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The userdn keyword enables you to grant or deny access based on one or multiple DNs and uses the following syntax: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name || ldap:///distinguished_name || ..."
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Set the DN in the expression to:

Note

Do not specify a host name or port number within the LDAP URL. The URL always applies to the local server.

Using a DN with the userdn keyword

Set the userdn keyword to a distinguished name (DN) to apply the ACI only to the matching entry. To match multiple entries, use the * wildcard in the DN.

Using the userdn keyword with a DN must match the following syntax: 

userdn comparison_operator ldap:///distinguished_name
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Example 12.11. Using a DN with the userdn keyword

To enable the uid=admin,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user to read the manager attribute of all other users in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="manager") (version 3.0; acl "Allow uid=admin reading manager attribute";
 allow (search, read) userdn = "ldap:///uid=admin,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com";)
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Using the userdn keyword with an LDAP filter

If you want to dynamically allow or deny permissions to users, use the userdn keyword with an LDAP filter: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name??scope?(filter)"
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Note

The LDAP filter supports the * wildcard.

Example 12.12. Using the userdn keyword with an LDAP filter

To enable users who have the department attribute set to Human Resources to update the homePostalAddress attribute of users in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="homePostalAddress") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow HR setting homePostalAddress"; allow (write)
 userdn = "ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com??sub?(department=Human Resources)";)
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Granting anonymous access

In certain situations, administrators want to configure anonymous access to data in the directory. Anonymous access means that it is possible to bind to the directory by providing:

  • No bind DN and password
  • A valid bind DN and password

To configure anonymous access, use the ldap:///anyone expression with the userdn keyword in a bind rule: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///anyone"
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Example 12.13. Granting anonymous access

To enable anyone without authentication to read and search the sn, givenName, and telephoneNumber attributes in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H __ldap://server.example.com -x
dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="sn" || targetattr="givenName" || targetattr = "telephoneNumber")
 (version 3.0; acl "Anonymous read, search for names and phone numbers";
 allow (read, search) userdn = "ldap:///anyone")
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Granting access to authenticated users

In certain situations, administrators want to grant permission to any user who is able to successfully bind to Directory Server, except anonymous binds. To configure this feature, use the ldap:///all expression with the userdn keyword in a bind rule: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///all"
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Example 12.14. Granting access to authenticated users

To enable authenticated users to add and remove themselves as a member to or from the ou=example,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com group: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=example,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="member") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users to add/remove themselves from example group";
 allow (selfwrite) userdn = "ldap:///all")
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Enabling users to access their own entries

To set ACI which allow or deny access to users to their own entry, use the ldap:///self expression with the userdn keyword in a bind rule: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///self"
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Example 12.15. Enabling users to access their own entries

To enable users in the ou=People,dc=example,dc=com entry to update their own userPassword attribute: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="userPassword") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users updating their password";
 allow (write) userdn = "ldap:///self")
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Setting access for child entries of a user

To specify that users are granted or denied access to an entry only if their bind DN is the parent of the targeted entry, use the self:///parent expression with the userdn keyword in a bind rule: 

userdn comparison_operator "ldap:///parent"
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Example 12.16. Setting access for child entries of a user

To enable the cn=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user to update the manager attribute of its own sub-entries, such as cn=example,cn=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x
dn: cn=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="manager") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow cn=user to update manager attributes";
 allow (write) userdn = "ldap:///parent")
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12.10.3. Defining group-based access
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Group-based access control instructions (ACI) enable you to manage access by adding or removing users to or from a group. To configure an ACI that is based on a group membership, use the groupdn keyword. If the user is a member of one or multiple of the specified groups, the ACI matches.

When using the groupdn keyword, Directory Server verifies the group membership based on the following attributes:

  • member
  • uniqueMember
  • memberURL
  • memberCertificateDescription

Bind rules with the groupdn keyword use the following syntax: 

groupdn comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name || ldap:///distinguished_name || ..."
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Set the distinguished name (DN) in the expression to:

If you set multiple DNs in one bind rule, Directory Server applies the ACI if the authenticated user is a member of one of these groups. To set the user as a member of multiple groups, use multiple groupdn keywords and combine them using the Boolean and operator. For details, see Combining Bind Rules Using Boolean Operators.

Note

Do not specify a host name or port number within the LDAP URL. The URL always applies to the local server.

Using a DN with the groupdn keyword

To apply an ACI to members of a group, set the groupdn keyword to the group’s DN.

The groupdn keyword set to a DN uses the following syntax: 

groupdn comparison_operator ldap:///distinguished_name
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Example 12.17. Using a DN with the groupdn Keyword

To enable members of the cn=example,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com group to search and read the manager attribute of entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="manager") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow example group to read manager attribute";
 allow (search, read) groupdn = "ldap:///cn=example,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com";)
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Using The groupdn keyword with an LDAP filter

Using an LDAP filter with the groupdn keyword, you can define that the authenticated user must be a member of at least one of the groups that the filter search returns, to match the ACI.

The groupdn keyword with an LDAP filter uses the following syntax: 

groupdn comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name??scope?(filter)"
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Note

The LDAP filter supports the * wildcard.

Example 12.18. Using the groupdn keyword with an LDAP filter

To enable members of groups in dc=example,dc=com and subtrees, which have the manager attribute set to example, update the homePostalAddress of entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x
dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="homePostalAddress") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow manager=example setting homePostalAddress"; allow (write)
 userdn = "ldap:///dc=example,dc=com??sub?(manager=example)";)
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12.10.4. Defining access based on value matching
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Use the userattr keyword in a bind rule to specify which attribute must match between the entry used to bind to the directory and the targeted entry.

The userattr keyword uses the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#bind_type_or_attribute_value
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For further details, see:

Important

By default, Directory Server evaluates access rights on the entry they are created. However, to prevent user objects on the same level, Directory Server does not grant add permissions to the entry where you set the access control instructions (ACI), when using the userattr keyword. To configure this behavior, use the userattr keyword in conjunction with the parent keyword and grant the permission additionally on level 0.

For details about inheritance, see Defining access based on value matching.

Using the USERDN bind type

To apply an ACI when the binding user distinguished name (DN) matches the DN stored in an attribute, use the USERDN bind type.

The userattr keyword with the USERDN bind type requires the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#USERDN"
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Example 12.19. Using the USERDN bind type

To grant a manager all permissions to the telephoneNumber attribute of its own associates: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "telephoneNumber")
 (version 3.0; acl "Manager: telephoneNumber";
 allow (all) userattr = "manager#USERDN";)
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The previous ACI is evaluated to be true if the DN of the user who performs the operation on an entry in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com, matches the DN stored in the manager attribute of this entry.

Using the GROUPDN bind type

To apply an ACI when the binding user DN is a member of a group set in an attribute, use the GROUPDN bind type.

The userattr keyword with the GROUPDN bind type requires the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#GROUPDN"
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Example 12.20. Using the GROUPDN bind type

To grant users the permission to delete a group entry which they own under the ou=Social Committee,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=Social Committee,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target="ou=Social Committee,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com)
 (targattrfilters="del=objectClass:(objectClass=groupOfNames)")
 (version 3.0; acl "Delete Group";
 allow (delete) userattr = "owner#GROUPDN";)
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The previous ACI is evaluated to be true if the DN of the user who performs the operation is a member of the group specified in the owner attribute.

The specified group can be a dynamic group, and the DN of the group can be under any suffix in the database. However, the evaluation of this type of ACI by the server is very resource-intensive.

If you are using static groups that are under the same suffix as the targeted entry, use the following expression for better performance: 

userattr comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name?attribute_name#GROUPDN"
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Using the ROLEDN bind type

To apply an ACI when the binding user belongs to a role specified in an attribute, use the ROLEDN bind type.

The userattr keyword with the ROLEDN bind type requires the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#ROLEDN"
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Example 12.21. Using the ROLEDN bind type

To enable users with the cn=Administrators,dc=example,dc=com role to search and read the manager attribute of entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (version 3.0; acl "Allow example role owners to read manager attribute";
 allow (search, read) userattr = manager#ROLEDN;)
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The specified role can be under any suffix in the database. If you are also using filtered roles, the evaluation of this type of ACI uses a lot of resources on the server.

If you are using a static role definition and the role entry is under the same suffix as the targeted entry, use the following expression for better performance:

Using the SELFDN bind type

The SELFDN bind type enables you to grant permissions, when the bound user’s DN is set in a single-value attribute of the entry.

The userattr keyword with the SELFDN bind type requires the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#SELFDN"
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Example 12.22. Using the SELFDN bind type

To enable a user to add ipatokenuniqueid=*,cn=otp,dc=example,dc=com entries that have the bind user’s DN set in the ipatokenOwner attribute: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=otp,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target = "ldap:///ipatokenuniqueid=*,cn=otp,dc=example,dc=com")
 (targetfilter = "(objectClass=ipaToken)")(version 3.0;
 acl "token-add-delete"; allow (add) userattr = "ipatokenOwner#SELFDN";)
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Using the LDAPURL bind type

To apply an ACL when the bind DN matches the filter specified in an attribute of the targeted entry, use the LDAPURL bind type.

The userattr keyword with the LDAPURL bind type requires the following syntax: 

userattr comparison_operator "attribute_name#LDAPURL"
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Example 12.23. Using the LDAPURL bind type

To grant read and search permissions to user objects which contain the aciurl attribute set to ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com??one?(uid=user*): 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x
dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "*")
 (version 3.0; acl "Allow read,search "; allow (read,search)
 (userattr = "aciurl#LDAPURL);)
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Using the userattr keyword with inheritance

When you use the userattr keyword to associate the entry used to bind with the target entry, the ACI applies only to the target specified and not to the entries below it. In certain situations, administrators want to extend the application of the ACI several levels below the targeted entry. This is possible by using the parent keyword and specifying the number of levels below the target that should inherit the ACI.

When using the userattr keyword with the parent keyword, the syntax is as follows: 

userattr comparison_operator "parent[inheritance_level].attribute_name#bind_type_or_attribute_value
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  • inheritance_level: Comma-separated list that indicates how many levels below the target inherit the ACI. You can include five levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) below the targeted entry. Zero (0) indicates the targeted entry.
  • attribute_name: The attribute targeted by the userattr or groupattr keyword.
  • bind_type_or_attribute_value: Sets the attribute value or a bind type, such as USERDN.

For example: 

userattr = "parent[0,1].manager#USERDN"
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This bind rule is evaluated to be true if the bind DN matches the manager attribute of the targeted entry. The permissions granted when the bind rule is evaluated to be true apply to the target entry and to all entries immediately below it.

Example 12.24. Using the userattr keyword with inheritance

To enable a user to read and search the cn=Profiles,dc=example,dc=com entry where the user’s DN is set in the owner attribute, as well as the first level of child entries which includes cn=mail,cn=Profiles,dc=example,dc=com and cn=news,cn=Profiles,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: cn=Profiles,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="*") (version 3.0; acl "Profile access",
 allow (read,search) userattr="parent[0,1].owner#USERDN" ;)
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The ip keyword in a bind rule enables you to grant or deny access from a specific IP address or a range of IP addresses.

Bind rules with the ip keyword use the following syntax: 

ip comparison_operator "IP_address_or_range"
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Example 12.25. Using IPv4 address ranges in bind rules

To deny access from the 192.0.2.0/24 network to the dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "*") (version 3.0;acl "Deny 192.0.2.0/24"; deny (all)
 (userdn = "ldap:///anyone") and (ip != "192.0.2.");)
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Example 12.26. Using IPv6 address ranges in bind rules

To deny access from the 2001:db8::/64 network to the dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "*") (version 3.0;acl "Deny 2001:db8::/64"; deny (all)
 (userdn = "ldap:///anyone") and (ip != "2001:db8::");)
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The dns keyword in a bind rule enables you to grant or deny access from a specific host or domain.

Warning

If Directory Server cannot resolve a connecting IP address to its fully qualified domain name (FQDN) using DNS, the server does not apply access control instructions (ACI) with the dns bind rule for this client.

If client IP addresses are not resolvable using DNS, use the ip keyword and IP addresses instead. See Defining access from specific IP addresses or ranges.

Bind rules with the dns keyword use the following syntax: 

dns comparison_operator "host_name_or_domain_name"
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Example 12.27. Defining access from a specific host

To deny access from the client.example.com host to the dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "*") (version 3.0;acl "Deny client.example.com"; deny (all)
 (userdn = "ldap:///anyone") and (dns != "client.example.com");)
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Example 12.28. Defining access from a specific domain

To deny access from all hosts within the example.com domain to the dc=example,dc=com entry: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "") (version 3.0;acl "Deny example.com"; deny (all) (userdn = "ldap:///anyone") and (dns != ".example.com");)
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The security of a connection is determined by its security strength factor (SSF), which sets the minimum key strength required to process operations. Using the ssf keyword in a bind rule, you can set that a connection must use a certain level of security. This enables you to force operations, for example password changes, to be performed over an encrypted connection.

The value for the SSF for any operation is the higher of the values between a TLS connection and a SASL bind. This means that if a server is configured to run over TLS and a replication agreement is configured for SASL/GSSAPI, the SSF for the operation is whichever available encryption type is more secure.

Bind rules with the ssf keyword use the following syntax: 

ssf comparison_operator key_strength
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You can use the following comparison operators:

  • = (equal to)
  • ! (not equal to)
  • < (less than)
  • > (greater than)
  • ⇐ (less than or equal to)
  • >= (greater than or equal to)

If the key_strength parameter is set to 0, no secure operation is required for the LDAP operation.

Example 12.29. Requiring a certain level of security in connections

To configure that users in the dc=example,dc=com entry can only update their userPassword attribute when the SSF is 128 or higher: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "userPassword") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow users updating own userPassword";
 allow (write) (userdn = "ldap:///self") and (ssf >= "128");)
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The dayofweek keyword in a bind rule enables you to grant or deny access based on the day of the week.

Note

Directory Server uses the time on the server to evaluate the access control instruction (ACI); not the time on the client.

Bind rules with the dayofweek keyword use the following syntax: 

dayofweek comparison_operator "comma-separated_list_of_days"
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Example 12.30. Granting access on specific days of the week

To deny access for the uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user entry to bind to the server on Saturdays and Sundays: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (version 3.0; acl "Deny access on Saturdays and Sundays";
 deny (all)
 (userdn = "ldap:///uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com") and
 (dayofweek = "Sun,Sat");)
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12.10.9. Defining access at a specific time of day
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The timeofday keyword in a bind rule enables you to grant or deny access based on the time of day.

Note

Directory Server uses the time on the server to evaluate the access control instructions (ACI); not the time on the client.

Bind rules with the timeofday keyword use the following syntax: 

timeofday comparison_operator "time"
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You can use the following comparison operators:

  • = (equal to)
  • ! (not equal to)
  • < (less than)
  • > (greater than)
  • ⇐ (less than or equal to)
  • >= (greater than or equal to)
Important

The timeofday keyword requires that you specify the time in 24-hour format.

Example 12.31. Defining access at a specific time of a day

To deny access for the uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com user entry to bind to the server between 6pm and 0am: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
 aci: (version 3.0; acl "Deny access between 6pm and 0am";
 deny (all)
 (userdn = "ldap:///uid=user,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com") and
 (timeofday >= "1800" and timeofday < "2400");)
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The authmethod keyword in a bind rule sets what authentication method a client must use when connecting to the server, to apply the access control instruction (ACI).

Bind rules with the authmethod keyword use the following syntax: 

authmethod comparison_operator "authentication_method"
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You can set the following authentication methods:

  • none: Authentication is not required and represents anonymous access. This is the default.
  • simple: The client must provide a user name and password to bind to the directory.
  • SSL: The client must bind to the directory using a TLS certificate either in a database, smart card, or other device. For details about certificate-based authentication, see Defining access based on the authentication method.
  • SASL: The client must bind to the directory over a Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) connection. When you use this authentication method in a bind rule, additionally specify the SASL mechanism, such as EXTERNAL.

Example 12.32. Enabling access only for connections using the EXTERNAL SASL authentication method

To deny access to the server if the connection does not use a certificate-based authentication method or SASL: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (version 3.0; acl "Deny all access without certificate"; deny (all)
 (authmethod = "none" or authmethod = "simple");)
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12.10.11. Defining access based on roles
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The roledn keyword in a bind rule enables you to grant or deny access to users having one or multiple role sets.

Note

Red Hat recommends using groups instead of roles.

Bind rules with the roledn keyword use the following syntax: 

roledn comparison_operator "ldap:///distinguished_name || ldap:///distinguished_name || ..."
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If a distinguished name (DN) contains a comma, escape the comma with a backslash.

Example 12.33. Defining access based on roles

To enable users that have the cn=Human Resources,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com role set in the nsRole attribute to search and read the manager attribute of entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr="manager") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow manager role to update manager attribute";
 allow (search, read) roledn = "ldap:///cn=Human Resources,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com";)
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When creating complex bind rules, the AND, OR, and NOT Boolean operators enable you to combine multiple keywords.

Bind rules combined with Boolean operators have the following syntax: 

bind_rule_1 boolean_operator bind_rule_2...
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Example 12.34. Combining bind rules using Boolean operators

To configure that users which are member of both the cn=Administrators,ou=Groups,dc=example,com and cn=Operators,ou=Groups,dc=example,com group can read, search, add, update, and delete entries in ou=People,dc=example,dc=com: 

# ldapmodify -D "cn=Directory Manager" -W -H ldap://server.example.com -x

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target="ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com") (version 3.0;
 acl "Allow members of administrators and operators group to manage users";
 allow (read, search, add, write, delete)
 groupdn = "ldap:///cn=Administrators,ou=Groups,dc=example,com" AND
 groupdn = "ldap:///cn=Operators,ou=Groups,dc=example,com";)
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How Directory Server evaluates boolean operators

Directory Server evaluates Boolean operators by using the following rules:

  • All expressions from left to right.

    In the following example, bind_rule_1 is evaluated first: 

    (bind_rule_1) OR (bind_rule_2)
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  • From innermost to outermost parenthetical expressions first.

    In the following example, bind_rule_2 is evaluated first and bind_rule_3 second: 

    (bind_rule_1) OR ((bind_rule_2) AND (bind_rule_3))
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  • NOT before AND or OR operators.

    In the following example, bind_rule_2 is evaluated first: 

    (bind_rule_1) AND NOT (bind_rule_2)
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    The AND and OR operators have no order of precedence.

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