2.4. Bean Integration

Overview

Bean integration provides a general purpose mechanism for processing messages using arbitrary Java objects. By inserting a bean reference into a route, you can call an arbitrary method on a Java object, which can then access and modify the incoming exchange. The mechanism that maps an exchange's contents to the parameters and return values of a bean method is known as parameter binding. Parameter binding can use any combination of the following approaches in order to initialize a method's parameters:

Conventional method signatures — If the method signature conforms to certain conventions, the parameter binding can use Java reflection to determine what parameters to pass.
Annotations and dependency injection — For a more flexible binding mechanism, employ Java annotations to specify what to inject into the method's arguments. This dependency injection mechanism relies on Spring 2.5 component scanning. Normally, if you are deploying your Apache Camel application into a Spring container, the dependency injection mechanism will work automatically.
Explicitly specified parameters — You can specify parameters explicitly (either as constants or using the Simple language), at the point where the bean is invoked.

Bean registry

Beans are made accessible through a bean registry, which is a service that enables you to look up beans using either the class name or the bean ID as a key. The way that you create an entry in the bean registry depends on the underlying framework—for example, plain Java, Spring, Guice, or Blueprint. Registry entries are usually created implicitly (for example, when you instantiate a Spring bean in a Spring XML file).

Registry plug-in strategy

Apache Camel implements a plug-in strategy for the bean registry, defining an integration layer for accessing beans which makes the underlying registry implementation transparent. Hence, it is possible to integrate Apache Camel applications with a variety of different bean registries, as shown in Table 2.2, “Registry Plug-Ins”.

Table 2.2. Registry Plug-Ins
Registry Implementation	Camel Component with Registry Plug-In
Spring bean registry	`camel-spring`
Guice bean registry	`camel-guice`
Blueprint bean registry	`camel-blueprint`
OSGi service registry	deployed in OSGi container
JNDI registry

Normally, you do not have to worry about configuring bean registries, because the relevant bean registry is automatically installed for you. For example, if you are using the Spring framework to define your routes, the Spring ApplicationContextRegistry plug-in is automatically installed in the current CamelContext instance.

Deployment in an OSGi container is a special case. When an Apache Camel route is deployed into the OSGi container, the CamelContext automatically sets up a registry chain for resolving bean instances: the registry chain consists of the OSGi registry, followed by the Blueprint (or Spring) registry.

Accessing a bean created in Java

To process exchange objects using a Java bean (which is a plain old Java object or POJO), use the bean() processor, which binds the inbound exchange to a method on the Java object. For example, to process inbound exchanges using the class, MyBeanProcessor, define a route like the following:

from("file:data/inbound")
    .bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBody")
    .to("file:data/outbound");

Where the bean() processor creates an instance of MyBeanProcessor type and invokes the processBody() method to process inbound exchanges. This approach is adequate if you only want to access the MyBeanProcessor instance from a single route. However, if you want to access the same MyBeanProcessor instance from multiple routes, use the variant of bean() that takes the Object type as its first argument. For example:

MyBeanProcessor myBean = new MyBeanProcessor();

from("file:data/inbound")
    .bean(myBean, "processBody")
    .to("file:data/outbound");
from("activemq:inboundData")
    .bean(myBean, "processBody")
    .to("activemq:outboundData");

Accessing overloaded bean methods

If a bean defines overloaded methods, you can choose which of the overloaded methods to invoke by specifying the method name along with its parameter types. For example, if the MyBeanBrocessor class has two overloaded methods, processBody(String) and processBody(String,String), you can invoke the latter overloaded method as follows:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBody(String,String)")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

Alternatively, if you want to identify a method by the number of parameters it takes, rather than specifying the type of each parameter explicitly, you can use the wildcard character, *. For example, to invoke a method named processBody that takes two parameters, irrespective of the exact type of the parameters, invoke the bean() processor as follows:

from("file:data/inbound")
.bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBody(*,*)")
.to("file:data/outbound");

When specifying the method, you can use either a simple unqualified type name—for example, processBody(Exchange)—or a fully qualified type name—for example, processBody(org.apache.camel.Exchange).

Note

In the current implementation, the specified type name must be an exact match of the parameter type. Type inheritance is not taken into account.

Specify parameters explicitly

You can specify parameter values explicitly, when you call the bean method. The following simple type values can be passed:

Boolean: true or false.
Numeric: 123, 7, and so on.
String: 'In single quotes' or "In double quotes".
Null object: null.

The following example shows how you can mix explicit parameter values with type specifiers in the same method invocation:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBody(String, 'Sample string value', true, 7)")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

In the preceding example, the value of the first parameter would presumably be determined by a parameter binding annotation (see the section called “Basic annotations”).

In addition to the simple type values, you can also specify parameter values using the Simple language (Chapter 30, The Simple Language). This means that the full power of the Simple language is available when specifying parameter values. For example, to pass the message body and the value of the title header to a bean method:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBodyAndHeader(${body},${header.title})")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

You can also pass the entire header hash map as a parameter. For example, in the following example, the second method parameter must be declared to be of type java.util.Map:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(MyBeanProcessor.class, "processBodyAndAllHeaders(${body},${header})")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

Basic method signatures

To bind exchanges to a bean method, you can define a method signature that conforms to certain conventions. In particular, there are two basic conventions for method signatures:

Method signature for processing message bodies

If you want to implement a bean method that accesses or modifies the incoming message body, you must define a method signature that takes a single String argument and returns a String value. For example:

// Java
package com.acme;

public class MyBeanProcessor {
    public String processBody(String body) {
        // Do whatever you like to 'body'...
        return newBody;
    }
}

Method signature for processing exchanges

For greater flexibility, you can implement a bean method that accesses the incoming exchange. This enables you to access or modify all headers, bodies, and exchange properties. For processing exchanges, the method signature takes a single org.apache.camel.Exchange parameter and returns void. For example:

// Java
package com.acme;

public class MyBeanProcessor {
    public void processExchange(Exchange exchange) {
        // Do whatever you like to 'exchange'...
        exchange.getIn().setBody("Here is a new message body!");
    }
}

Accessing a Spring bean from Spring XML

Instead of creating a bean instance in Java, you can create an instance using Spring XML. In fact, this is the only feasible approach if you are defining your routes in XML. To define a bean in XML, use the standard Spring bean element. The following example shows how to create an instance of MyBeanProcessor:

<beans ...>
    ...
    <bean id="myBeanId" class="com.acme.MyBeanProcessor"/>
</beans>

It is also possible to pass data to the bean's constructor arguments using Spring syntax. For full details of how to use the Spring bean element, see The IoC Container from the Spring reference guide.

Where the beanRef() processor invokes the MyBeanProcessor.processBody() method on the specified bean instance. You can also invoke the bean from within a Spring XML route, using the Camel schema's bean element. For example:

<camelContext id="CamelContextID" xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">
  <route>
    <from uri="file:data/inbound"/>
    <bean ref="myBeanId" method="processBody"/>
    <to uri="file:data/outbound"/>
  </route>
</camelContext>

For a slight efficiency gain, you can set the cache option to true, which avoids looking up the registry every time a bean is used. For example, to enable caching, you can set the cache attribute on the bean element as follows:

<bean ref="myBeanId" method="processBody" cache="true"/>

Accessing a Spring bean from Java

When you create an object instance using the Spring bean element, you can reference it from Java using the bean's ID (the value of the bean element's id attribute). For example, given the bean element with ID equal to myBeanId, you can reference the bean in a Java DSL route using the beanRef() processor, as follows:

from("file:data/inbound").beanRef("myBeanId", "processBody").to("file:data/outbound");

Alternatively, you can reference the Spring bean by injection, using the @BeanInject annotation as follows:

// Java
import org.apache.camel.@BeanInject;
...
public class MyRouteBuilder extends RouteBuilder {
 
   @BeanInject("myBeanId")
   com.acme.MyBeanProcessor bean;
 
   public void configure() throws Exception {
     ..
   }
}

If you omit the bean ID from the @BeanInject annotation, Camel looks up the registry by type, but this only works if there is just a single bean of the given type. For example, to look up and inject the bean of com.acme.MyBeanProcessor type:

@BeanInject
com.acme.MyBeanProcessor bean;

Bean shutdown order in Spring XML

For the beans used by a Camel context, the correct shutdown order is usually:

Shut down the camelContext instance, followed by;
Shut down the used beans.

If this shutdown order is reversed, then it could happen that the Camel context tries to access a bean that is already destroyed (either leading directly to an error; or the Camel context tries to create the missing bean while it is being destroyed, which also causes an error). The default shutdown order in Spring XML depends on the order in which the beans and the camelContext appear in the Spring XML file. In order to avoid random errors due to incorrect shutdown order, therefore, the camelContext is configured to shut down before any of the other beans in the Spring XML file. This is the default behaviour since Apache Camel 2.13.0.

If you need to change this behaviour (so that the Camel context is not forced to shut down before the other beans), you can set the shutdownEager attribute on the camelContext element to false. In this case, you could potentially exercise more fine-grained control over shutdown order using the Spring depends-on attribute.

Parameter binding annotations

The basic parameter bindings described in the section called “Basic method signatures” might not always be convenient to use. For example, if you have a legacy Java class that performs some data manipulation, you might want to extract data from an inbound exchange and map it to the arguments of an existing method signature. For this kind of parameter binding, Apache Camel provides the following kinds of Java annotation:

Basic annotations

Table 2.3, “Basic Bean Annotations” shows the annotations from the org.apache.camel Java package that you can use to inject message data into the arguments of a bean method.

Table 2.3. Basic Bean Annotations
Annotation	Meaning	Parameter?
`@Attachments`	Binds to a list of attachments.
`@Body`	Binds to an inbound message body.
`@Header`	Binds to an inbound message header.	String name of the header.
`@Headers`	Binds to a `java.util.Map` of the inbound message headers.
`@OutHeaders`	Binds to a `java.util.Map` of the outbound message headers.
`@Property`	Binds to a named exchange property.	String name of the property.
`@Properties`	Binds to a `java.util.Map` of the exchange properties.

For example, the following class shows you how to use basic annotations to inject message data into the processExchange() method arguments.

// Java
import org.apache.camel.*;

public class MyBeanProcessor {
    public void processExchange(
        @Header(name="user") String user,
        @Body String body,
        Exchange exchange
    ) {
        // Do whatever you like to 'exchange'...
        exchange.getIn().setBody(body + "UserName = " + user);
    }
}

Notice how you are able to mix the annotations with the default conventions. As well as injecting the annotated arguments, the parameter binding also automatically injects the exchange object into the org.apache.camel.Exchange argument.

Expression language annotations

The expression language annotations provide a powerful mechanism for injecting message data into a bean method's arguments. Using these annotations, you can invoke an arbitrary script, written in the scripting language of your choice, to extract data from an inbound exchange and inject the data into a method argument. Table 2.4, “Expression Language Annotations” shows the annotations from the org.apache.camel.language package (and sub-packages, for the non-core annotations) that you can use to inject message data into the arguments of a bean method.

Table 2.4. Expression Language Annotations
Annotation	Description
`@Bean`	Injects a Bean expression.
`@Constant`	Injects a Constant expression
`@EL`	Injects an EL expression.
`@Groovy`	Injects a Groovy expression.
`@Header`	Injects a Header expression.
`@JavaScript`	Injects a JavaScript expression.
`@OGNL`	Injects an OGNL expression.
`@PHP`	Injects a PHP expression.
`@Python`	Injects a Python expression.
`@Ruby`	Injects a Ruby expression.
`@Simple`	Injects a Simple expression.
`@XPath`	Injects an XPath expression.
`@XQuery`	Injects an XQuery expression.

For example, the following class shows you how to use the @XPath annotation to extract a username and a password from the body of an incoming message in XML format:

// Java
import org.apache.camel.language.*;

public class MyBeanProcessor {
    public void checkCredentials(
        @XPath("/credentials/username/text()") String user,
        @XPath("/credentials/password/text()") String pass
    ) {
        // Check the user/pass credentials...
        ...
    }
}

The @Bean annotation is a special case, because it enables you to inject the result of invoking a registered bean. For example, to inject a correlation ID into a method argument, you can use the @Bean annotation to invoke an ID generator class, as follows:

// Java
import org.apache.camel.language.*;

public class MyBeanProcessor {
    public void processCorrelatedMsg(
        @Bean("myCorrIdGenerator") String corrId,
        @Body String body
    ) {
        // Check the user/pass credentials...
        ...
    }
}

Where the string, myCorrIdGenerator, is the bean ID of the ID generator instance. The ID generator class can be instantiated using the spring bean element, as follows:

<beans ...>
    ...
    <bean id="myCorrIdGenerator" class="com.acme.MyIdGenerator"/>
</beans>

Where the MySimpleIdGenerator class could be defined as follows:

// Java
package com.acme;

public class MyIdGenerator {

    private UserManager userManager;

    public String generate(
        @Header(name = "user") String user,
        @Body String payload
    ) throws Exception {
       User user = userManager.lookupUser(user);
       String userId = user.getPrimaryId();
       String id = userId + generateHashCodeForPayload(payload);
       return id;
   }
}

Notice that you can also use annotations in the referenced bean class, MyIdGenerator. The only restriction on the generate() method signature is that it must return the correct type to inject into the argument annotated by @Bean. Because the @Bean annotation does not let you specify a method name, the injection mechanism simply invokes the first method in the referenced bean that has the matching return type.

Note

Some of the language annotations are available in the core component (@Bean, @Constant, @Simple, and @XPath). For non-core components, however, you will have to make sure that you load the relevant component. For example, to use the OGNL script, you must load the camel-ognl component.

Inherited annotations

Parameter binding annotations can be inherited from an interface or from a superclass. For example, if you define a Java interface with a Header annotation and a Body annotation, as follows:

// Java
import org.apache.camel.*;

public interface MyBeanProcessorIntf {
    void processExchange(
        @Header(name="user") String user,
        @Body String body,
        Exchange exchange
    );
}

The overloaded methods defined in the implementation class, MyBeanProcessor, now inherit the annotations defined in the base interface, as follows:

// Java
import org.apache.camel.*;

public class MyBeanProcessor implements MyBeanProcessorIntf {
    public void processExchange(
        String user,  // Inherits Header annotation
        String body,  // Inherits Body annotation
        Exchange exchange
    ) {
        ...
    }
}

Interface implementations

The class that implements a Java interface is often protected, private or in package-only scope. If you try to invoke a method on an implementation class that is restricted in this way, the bean binding falls back to invoking the corresponding interface method, which is publicly accessible.

For example, consider the following public BeanIntf interface:

// Java
public interface BeanIntf {
    void processBodyAndHeader(String body, String title);
}

Where the BeanIntf interface is implemented by the following protected BeanIntfImpl class:

// Java
protected class BeanIntfImpl implements BeanIntf {
    void processBodyAndHeader(String body, String title) {
        ...
    }
}

The following bean invocation would fall back to invoking the public BeanIntf.processBodyAndHeader method:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(BeanIntfImpl.class, "processBodyAndHeader(${body}, ${header.title})")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

Invoking static methods

Bean integration has the capability to invoke static methods without creating an instance of the associated class. For example, consider the following Java class that defines the static method, changeSomething():

// Java
...
public final class MyStaticClass {
    private MyStaticClass() {
    }

    public static String changeSomething(String s) {
        if ("Hello World".equals(s)) {
            return "Bye World";
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void doSomething() {
        // noop
    }
}

You can use bean integration to invoke the static changeSomething method, as follows:

from("direct:a")
 .bean(MyStaticClass.class, "changeSomething")
  .to("mock:a");

Note that, although this syntax looks identical to the invocation of an ordinary function, bean integration exploits Java reflection to identify the method as static and proceeds to invoke the method without instantiating MyStaticClass.

Invoking an OSGi service

In the special case where a route is deployed into a Red Hat JBoss Fuse container, it is possible to invoke an OSGi service directly using bean integration. For example, assuming that one of the bundles in the OSGi container has exported the service, org.fusesource.example.HelloWorldOsgiService, you could invoke the sayHello method using the following bean integration code:

from("file:data/inbound")
  .bean(org.fusesource.example.HelloWorldOsgiService.class, "sayHello")
  .to("file:data/outbound");

You could also invoke the OSGi service from within a Spring or blueprint XML file, using the bean component, as follows:

<to uri="bean:org.fusesource.example.HelloWorldOsgiService?method=sayHello"/>

The way this works is that Apache Camel sets up a chain of registries when it is deployed in the OSGi container. First of all, it looks up the specified class name in the OSGi service registry; if this lookup fails, it then falls back to the local Spring DM or blueprint registry.