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Chapter 23. Projected Volumes
23.1. Overview
A projected volume maps several existing volume sources into the same directory.
Currently, the following types of volume sources can be projected:
All sources are required to be in the same namespace as the pod.
Projected volumes can map any combination of these volume sources into a single directory, allowing the user to:
- automatically populate a single volume with the keys from multiple secrets, configmaps, and with downward API information, so that I can synthesize a single directory with various sources of information;
- populate a single volume with the keys from multiple secrets, configmaps, and with downward API information, explicitly specifying paths for each item, so that I can have full control over the contents of that volume.
23.2. Example Scenarios
The following general scenarios show how you can use projected volumes.
-
ConfigMap, Secrets, Downward API. Projected volumes allow you to deploy containers with configuration data that includes passwords. An application using these resources could be deploying OpenStack on Kubernetes. The configuration data may need to be assembled differently depending on if the services are going to be used for production or for testing. If a pod is labeled with production or testing, the downward API selector
metadata.labelscan be used to produce the correct OpenStack configs. - ConfigMap + Secrets. Projected volumes allow you to deploy containers involving configuration data and passwords. For example, you might execute an Ansible playbook stored as a configmap, with some sensitive encrypted tasks that are decrypted using a vault password file.
-
ConfigMap + Downward API. Projected volumes allow you to generate a config including the pod name (available via the
metadata.nameselector). This application can then pass the pod name along with requests in order to easily determine the source without using IP tracking. -
Secrets + Downward API. Projected volumes allow you to use a secret as a public key to encrypt the namespace of the pod (available via the
metadata.namespaceselector). This example allows the operator to use the application to deliver the namespace information securely without using an encrypted transport.
23.3. Example Pod Specifications
The following are examples of pod specifications for creating projected volumes.
Example 23.1. Pod with a secret, a downward API, and a configmap
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: volume-test
spec:
containers:
- name: container-test
image: busybox
volumeMounts: 1
- name: all-in-one
mountPath: "/projected-volume"2
readOnly: true 3
volumes: 4
- name: all-in-one 5
projected:
defaultMode: 0400 6
sources:
- secret:
name: mysecret 7
items:
- key: username
path: my-group/my-username 8
- downwardAPI: 9
items:
- path: "labels"
fieldRef:
fieldPath: metadata.labels
- path: "cpu_limit"
resourceFieldRef:
containerName: container-test
resource: limits.cpu
- configMap: 10
name: myconfigmap
items:
- key: config
path: my-group/my-config
mode: 0777 11- 1
- Add a
volumeMountssection for each container that needs the secret. - 2
- Specify a path to an unused directory where the secret will appear.
- 3
- Set
readOnlytotrue. - 4
- Add a
volumesblock to list each projected volume source. - 5
- Specify any name for the volume.
- 6
- Set the execute permission on the files.
- 7
- Add a secret. Enter the name of the secret object. Each secret you want to use must be listed.
- 8
- Specify the path to the secrets file under the
mountPath. Here, the secrets file is in /projected-volume/my-group/my-config. - 9
- Add a Downward API source.
- 10
- Add a ConfigMap source.
- 11
- Set the mode for the specific projection
If there are multiple containers in the pod, each container needs a volumeMounts section, but only one volumes section is needed.
Example 23.2. Pod with multiple secrets with a non-default permission mode set
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: volume-test
spec:
containers:
- name: container-test
image: busybox
volumeMounts:
- name: all-in-one
mountPath: "/projected-volume"
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: all-in-one
projected:
defaultMode: 0755
sources:
- secret:
name: mysecret
items:
- key: username
path: my-group/my-username
- secret:
name: mysecret2
items:
- key: password
path: my-group/my-password
mode: 511
The defaultMode can only be specified at the projected level and not for each volume source. However, as illustrated above, you can explicitly set the mode for each individual projection.
23.4. Pathing Considerations
When creating projected volumes, consider the following situations related to the volume file paths.
- Collisions Between Keys when Configured Paths are Identical
If you configure any keys with the same path, the pod spec will not be accepted as valid. In the following example, the specified path for
mysecretandmyconfigmapare the same:apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: volume-test spec: containers: - name: container-test image: busybox volumeMounts: - name: all-in-one mountPath: "/projected-volume" readOnly: true volumes: - name: all-in-one projected: sources: - secret: name: mysecret items: - key: username path: my-group/data - configMap: name: myconfigmap items: - key: config path: my-group/data- Collisions Between Keys without Configured Paths
- The only run-time validation that can occur is when all the paths are known at pod creation, similar to the above scenario. Otherwise, when a conflict occurs the most recent specified resource will overwrite anything preceding it (this is true for resources that are updated after pod creation as well).
- Collisions when One Path is Explicit and the Other is Automatically Projected
- In the event that there is a collision due to a user specified path matching data that is automatically projected, the latter resource will overwrite anything preceding it as before
23.5. Configuring a Projected Volume for a Pod
The following example shows how to use a projected volume to mount an existing Secret volume source.
The steps can be used to create a user name and password Secrets from local files. You then create a pod that runs one container, using a projected volume to mount the Secrets into the same shared directory.
Create files containing the secrets:
For example:
$ nano secret.yaml
Enter the following, replacing the password and user information as appropriate:
apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: mysecret type: Opaque data: pass: MWYyZDFlMmU2N2Rm user: YWRtaW4=
The
userandpassvalues can be any valid string that is base64 encoded. The examples used here are base64 encoded valuesuser: admin,pass:1f2d1e2e67df.$ echo -n "admin" | base64 YWRtaW4= $ echo -n "1f2d1e2e67df" | base64 MWYyZDFlMmU2N2Rm
Use the following command to create the secrets:
$ oc create -f <secrets-filename>
For example:
$ oc create -f secret.yaml secret "mysecret" created
You can check that the secret was created using the following commands:
$ oc get secret <secret-name> $ oc get secret <secret-name> -o yaml
For example:
$ oc get secret mysecret NAME TYPE DATA AGE mysecret Opaque 2 17h
oc get secret mysecret -o yaml apiVersion: v1 data: pass: MWYyZDFlMmU2N2Rm user: YWRtaW4= kind: Secret metadata: creationTimestamp: 2017-05-30T20:21:38Z name: mysecret namespace: default resourceVersion: "2107" selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/secrets/mysecret uid: 959e0424-4575-11e7-9f97-fa163e4bd54c type: Opaque
Create a pod configuration file similar to the following that includes a
volumessection:apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: test-projected-volume spec: containers: - name: test-projected-volume image: busybox args: - sleep - "86400" volumeMounts: - name: all-in-one mountPath: "/projected-volume" readOnly: true volumes: - name: all-in-one projected: sources: - secret: name: user - secret: name: passCreate the pod from the configuration file:
$ oc create -f <your_yaml_file>.yaml
For example:
$ oc create -f secret-pod.yaml pod "test-projected-volume" created
Verify that the pod container is running, and then watch for changes to the Pod:
$ oc get pod <name>
The output should appear similar to the following:
$ oc get pod test-projected-volume NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE test-projected-volume 1/1 Running 0 14s
In another terminal, use the
oc execcommand to open a shell to the running container:$ oc exec -it <pod> <command>
For example:
$ oc exec -it test-projected-volume -- /bin/sh
In your shell, verify that the
projected-volumesdirectory contains your projected sources:/ # ls bin home root tmp dev proc run usr etc projected-volume sys var
