Networking

OpenShift Container Platform 4.8

Configuring and managing cluster networking

Red Hat OpenShift Documentation Team

Abstract

This document provides instructions for configuring and managing your OpenShift Container Platform cluster network, including DNS, ingress, and the Pod network.

Chapter 1. Understanding networking

Cluster Administrators have several options for exposing applications that run inside a cluster to external traffic and securing network connections:

Service types, such as node ports or load balancers
API resources, such as Ingress and Route

By default, Kubernetes allocates each pod an internal IP address for applications running within the pod. Pods and their containers can network, but clients outside the cluster do not have networking access. When you expose your application to external traffic, giving each pod its own IP address means that pods can be treated like physical hosts or virtual machines in terms of port allocation, networking, naming, service discovery, load balancing, application configuration, and migration.

Note

Some cloud platforms offer metadata APIs that listen on the 169.254.169.254 IP address, a link-local IP address in the IPv4 169.254.0.0/16 CIDR block.

This CIDR block is not reachable from the pod network. Pods that need access to these IP addresses must be given host network access by setting the spec.hostNetwork field in the pod spec to true.

If you allow a pod host network access, you grant the pod privileged access to the underlying network infrastructure.

1.1. OpenShift Container Platform DNS

If you are running multiple services, such as front-end and back-end services for use with multiple pods, environment variables are created for user names, service IPs, and more so the front-end pods can communicate with the back-end services. If the service is deleted and recreated, a new IP address can be assigned to the service, and requires the front-end pods to be recreated to pick up the updated values for the service IP environment variable. Additionally, the back-end service must be created before any of the front-end pods to ensure that the service IP is generated properly, and that it can be provided to the front-end pods as an environment variable.

For this reason, OpenShift Container Platform has a built-in DNS so that the services can be reached by the service DNS as well as the service IP/port.

1.2. OpenShift Container Platform Ingress Operator

When you create your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, pods and services running on the cluster are each allocated their own IP addresses. The IP addresses are accessible to other pods and services running nearby but are not accessible to outside clients. The Ingress Operator implements the IngressController API and is the component responsible for enabling external access to OpenShift Container Platform cluster services.

The Ingress Operator makes it possible for external clients to access your service by deploying and managing one or more HAProxy-based Ingress Controllers to handle routing. You can use the Ingress Operator to route traffic by specifying OpenShift Container Platform Route and Kubernetes Ingress resources. Configurations within the Ingress Controller, such as the ability to define endpointPublishingStrategy type and internal load balancing, provide ways to publish Ingress Controller endpoints.

1.2.1. Comparing routes and Ingress

The Kubernetes Ingress resource in OpenShift Container Platform implements the Ingress Controller with a shared router service that runs as a pod inside the cluster. The most common way to manage Ingress traffic is with the Ingress Controller. You can scale and replicate this pod like any other regular pod. This router service is based on HAProxy, which is an open source load balancer solution.

The OpenShift Container Platform route provides Ingress traffic to services in the cluster. Routes provide advanced features that might not be supported by standard Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, such as TLS re-encryption, TLS passthrough, and split traffic for blue-green deployments.

Ingress traffic accesses services in the cluster through a route. Routes and Ingress are the main resources for handling Ingress traffic. Ingress provides features similar to a route, such as accepting external requests and delegating them based on the route. However, with Ingress you can only allow certain types of connections: HTTP/2, HTTPS and server name identification (SNI), and TLS with certificate. In OpenShift Container Platform, routes are generated to meet the conditions specified by the Ingress resource.

1.3. Glossary of common terms for OpenShift Container Platform networking

This glossary defines common terms that are used in the networking content.

authentication: To control access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, a cluster administrator can configure user authentication and ensure only approved users access the cluster. To interact with an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you must authenticate to the OpenShift Container Platform API. You can authenticate by providing an OAuth access token or an X.509 client certificate in your requests to the OpenShift Container Platform API.
AWS Load Balancer Operator: The AWS Load Balancer (ALB) Operator deploys and manages an instance of the aws-load-balancer-controller.
Cluster Network Operator: The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) deploys and manages the cluster network components in an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. This includes deployment of the Container Network Interface (CNI) default network provider plug-in selected for the cluster during installation.
config map: A config map provides a way to inject configuration data into pods. You can reference the data stored in a config map in a volume of type ConfigMap. Applications running in a pod can use this data.
custom resource (CR): A CR is extension of the Kubernetes API. You can create custom resources.
DNS: Cluster DNS is a DNS server which serves DNS records for Kubernetes services. Containers started by Kubernetes automatically include this DNS server in their DNS searches.
DNS Operator: The DNS Operator deploys and manages CoreDNS to provide a name resolution service to pods. This enables DNS-based Kubernetes Service discovery in OpenShift Container Platform.
deployment: A Kubernetes resource object that maintains the life cycle of an application.
domain: Domain is a DNS name serviced by the Ingress Controller.
egress: The process of data sharing externally through a network’s outbound traffic from a pod.
External DNS Operator: The External DNS Operator deploys and manages ExternalDNS to provide the name resolution for services and routes from the external DNS provider to OpenShift Container Platform.
HTTP-based route: An HTTP-based route is an unsecured route that uses the basic HTTP routing protocol and exposes a service on an unsecured application port.
Ingress: The Kubernetes Ingress resource in OpenShift Container Platform implements the Ingress Controller with a shared router service that runs as a pod inside the cluster.
Ingress Controller: The Ingress Operator manages Ingress Controllers. Using an Ingress Controller is the most common way to allow external access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
installer-provisioned infrastructure: The installation program deploys and configures the infrastructure that the cluster runs on.
kubelet: A primary node agent that runs on each node in the cluster to ensure that containers are running in a pod.
Kubernetes NMState Operator: The Kubernetes NMState Operator provides a Kubernetes API for performing state-driven network configuration across the OpenShift Container Platform cluster’s nodes with NMState.
kube-proxy: Kube-proxy is a proxy service which runs on each node and helps in making services available to the external host. It helps in forwarding the request to correct containers and is capable of performing primitive load balancing.
load balancers: OpenShift Container Platform uses load balancers for communicating from outside the cluster with services running in the cluster.
MetalLB Operator: As a cluster administrator, you can add the MetalLB Operator to your cluster so that when a service of type LoadBalancer is added to the cluster, MetalLB can add an external IP address for the service.
multicast: With IP multicast, data is broadcast to many IP addresses simultaneously.
namespaces: A namespace isolates specific system resources that are visible to all processes. Inside a namespace, only processes that are members of that namespace can see those resources.
networking: Network information of a OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
node: A worker machine in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A node is either a virtual machine (VM) or a physical machine.
OpenShift Container Platform Ingress Operator: The Ingress Operator implements the IngressController API and is the component responsible for enabling external access to OpenShift Container Platform services.
pod: One or more containers with shared resources, such as volume and IP addresses, running in your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A pod is the smallest compute unit defined, deployed, and managed.
PTP Operator: The PTP Operator creates and manages the linuxptp services.
route: The OpenShift Container Platform route provides Ingress traffic to services in the cluster. Routes provide advanced features that might not be supported by standard Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, such as TLS re-encryption, TLS passthrough, and split traffic for blue-green deployments.
scaling: Increasing or decreasing the resource capacity.
service: Exposes a running application on a set of pods.
Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) Network Operator: The Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) Network Operator manages the SR-IOV network devices and network attachments in your cluster.
software-defined networking (SDN): OpenShift Container Platform uses a software-defined networking (SDN) approach to provide a unified cluster network that enables communication between pods across the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP): SCTP is a reliable message based protocol that runs on top of an IP network.
taint: Taints and tolerations ensure that pods are scheduled onto appropriate nodes. You can apply one or more taints on a node.
toleration: You can apply tolerations to pods. Tolerations allow the scheduler to schedule pods with matching taints.
web console: A user interface (UI) to manage OpenShift Container Platform.

Chapter 2. Accessing hosts

Learn how to create a bastion host to access OpenShift Container Platform instances and access the control plane nodes (also known as the master nodes) with secure shell (SSH) access.

2.1. Accessing hosts on Amazon Web Services in an installer-provisioned infrastructure cluster

The OpenShift Container Platform installer does not create any public IP addresses for any of the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances that it provisions for your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. To be able to SSH to your OpenShift Container Platform hosts, you must follow this procedure.

Procedure

Create a security group that allows SSH access into the virtual private cloud (VPC) created by the openshift-install command.
Create an Amazon EC2 instance on one of the public subnets the installer created.
Associate a public IP address with the Amazon EC2 instance that you created.
Unlike with the OpenShift Container Platform installation, you should associate the Amazon EC2 instance you created with an SSH keypair. It does not matter what operating system you choose for this instance, as it will simply serve as an SSH bastion to bridge the internet into your OpenShift Container Platform cluster’s VPC. The Amazon Machine Image (AMI) you use does matter. With Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), for example, you can provide keys via Ignition, like the installer does.
After you provisioned your Amazon EC2 instance and can SSH into it, you must add the SSH key that you associated with your OpenShift Container Platform installation. This key can be different from the key for the bastion instance, but does not have to be.
Note
Direct SSH access is only recommended for disaster recovery. When the Kubernetes API is responsive, run privileged pods instead.
Run oc get nodes, inspect the output, and choose one of the nodes that is a master. The hostname looks similar to ip-10-0-1-163.ec2.internal.
From the bastion SSH host you manually deployed into Amazon EC2, SSH into that control plane host (also known as the master host). Ensure that you use the same SSH key you specified during the installation:
```
$ ssh -i <ssh-key-path> core@<master-hostname>
```

Chapter 3. Networking Operators overview

OpenShift Container Platform supports multiple types of networking Operators. You can manage the cluster networking using these networking Operators.

3.1. Cluster Network Operator

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) deploys and manages the cluster network components in an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. This includes deployment of the Container Network Interface (CNI) default network provider plugin selected for the cluster during installation. For more information, see Cluster Network Operator in OpenShift Container Platform.

3.2. DNS Operator

The DNS Operator deploys and manages CoreDNS to provide a name resolution service to pods. This enables DNS-based Kubernetes Service discovery in OpenShift Container Platform. For more information, see DNS Operator in OpenShift Container Platform.

3.3. Ingress Operator

When you create your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, pods and services running on the cluster are each allocated IP addresses. The IP addresses are accessible to other pods and services running nearby but are not accessible to external clients. The Ingress Operator implements the Ingress Controller API and is responsible for enabling external access to OpenShift Container Platform cluster services. For more information, see Ingress Operator in OpenShift Container Platform.

Chapter 4. Cluster Network Operator in OpenShift Container Platform

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) deploys and manages the cluster network components on an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, including the Container Network Interface (CNI) default network provider plugin selected for the cluster during installation.

4.1. Cluster Network Operator

The Cluster Network Operator implements the network API from the operator.openshift.io API group. The Operator deploys the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plugin, or the default network provider plugin that you selected during cluster installation, by using a daemon set.

Procedure

The Cluster Network Operator is deployed during installation as a Kubernetes Deployment.

Run the following command to view the Deployment status:

$ oc get -n openshift-network-operator deployment/network-operator

Example output

NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
network-operator   1/1     1            1           56m

Run the following command to view the state of the Cluster Network Operator:
```
$ oc get clusteroperator/network
```
Example output
```
NAME      VERSION   AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE
network   4.5.4     True        False         False      50m
```
The following fields provide information about the status of the operator: AVAILABLE, PROGRESSING, and DEGRADED. The AVAILABLE field is True when the Cluster Network Operator reports an available status condition.

4.2. Viewing the cluster network configuration

Every new OpenShift Container Platform installation has a network.config object named cluster.

Procedure

Use the oc describe command to view the cluster network configuration:

$ oc describe network.config/cluster

Example output

Name:         cluster
Namespace:
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  config.openshift.io/v1
Kind:         Network
Metadata:
  Self Link:           /apis/config.openshift.io/v1/networks/cluster
Spec: 1
  Cluster Network:
    Cidr:         10.128.0.0/14
    Host Prefix:  23
  Network Type:   OpenShiftSDN
  Service Network:
    172.30.0.0/16
Status: 2
  Cluster Network:
    Cidr:               10.128.0.0/14
    Host Prefix:        23
  Cluster Network MTU:  8951
  Network Type:         OpenShiftSDN
  Service Network:
    172.30.0.0/16
Events:  <none>

1: The Spec field displays the configured state of the cluster network.
2: The Status field displays the current state of the cluster network configuration.

4.3. Viewing Cluster Network Operator status

You can inspect the status and view the details of the Cluster Network Operator using the oc describe command.

Procedure

Run the following command to view the status of the Cluster Network Operator:
```
$ oc describe clusteroperators/network
```

4.4. Viewing Cluster Network Operator logs

You can view Cluster Network Operator logs by using the oc logs command.

Procedure

Run the following command to view the logs of the Cluster Network Operator:

$ oc logs --namespace=openshift-network-operator deployment/network-operator

4.5. Cluster Network Operator configuration

The configuration for the cluster network is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration and stored in a custom resource (CR) object that is named cluster. The CR specifies the fields for the Network API in the operator.openshift.io API group.

The CNO configuration inherits the following fields during cluster installation from the Network API in the Network.config.openshift.io API group and these fields cannot be changed:

clusterNetwork: IP address pools from which pod IP addresses are allocated.
serviceNetwork: IP address pool for services.
defaultNetwork.type: Cluster network provider, such as OpenShift SDN or OVN-Kubernetes.

Note

After cluster installation, you cannot modify the fields listed in the previous section.

You can specify the cluster network provider configuration for your cluster by setting the fields for the defaultNetwork object in the CNO object named cluster.

4.5.1. Cluster Network Operator configuration object

The fields for the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) are described in the following table:

Table 4.1. Cluster Network Operator configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`metadata.name`	`string`	The name of the CNO object. This name is always `cluster`.
`spec.clusterNetwork`	`array`	A list specifying the blocks of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated and the subnet prefix length assigned to each individual node in the cluster. For example: spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 This value is ready-only and inherited from the `Network.config.openshift.io` object named `cluster` during cluster installation.
`spec.serviceNetwork`	`array`	A block of IP addresses for services. The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) network providers support only a single IP address block for the service network. For example: spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14 This value is ready-only and inherited from the `Network.config.openshift.io` object named `cluster` during cluster installation.
`spec.defaultNetwork`	`object`	Configures the Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider for the cluster network.
`spec.kubeProxyConfig`	`object`	The fields for this object specify the kube-proxy configuration. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider, the kube-proxy configuration has no effect.

defaultNetwork object configuration

The values for the defaultNetwork object are defined in the following table:

Table 4.2. defaultNetwork object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	Either `OpenShiftSDN` or `OVNKubernetes`. The cluster network provider is selected during installation. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. Note OpenShift Container Platform uses the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider by default.
`openshiftSDNConfig`	`object`	This object is only valid for the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider.
`ovnKubernetesConfig`	`object`	This object is only valid for the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider.

Configuration for the OpenShift SDN CNI cluster network provider

The following table describes the configuration fields for the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider.

Table 4.3. openshiftSDNConfig object
Field	Type	Description
`mode`	`string`	The network isolation mode for OpenShift SDN.
`mtu`	`integer`	The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the VXLAN overlay network. This value is normally configured automatically.
`vxlanPort`	`integer`	The port to use for all VXLAN packets. The default value is `4789`.

Note

You can only change the configuration for your cluster network provider during cluster installation.

Example OpenShift SDN configuration

defaultNetwork:
  type: OpenShiftSDN
  openshiftSDNConfig:
    mode: NetworkPolicy
    mtu: 1450
    vxlanPort: 4789

Configuration for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider

The following table describes the configuration fields for the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider.

Table 4.4. ovnKubernetesConfig object
Field	Type	Description
`mtu`	`integer`	The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) overlay network. This value is normally configured automatically.
`genevePort`	`integer`	The UDP port for the Geneve overlay network.
`ipsecConfig`	`object`	If the field is present, IPsec is enabled for the cluster.
`policyAuditConfig`	`object`	Specify a configuration object for customizing network policy audit logging. If unset, the defaults audit log settings are used.

Table 4.5. policyAuditConfig object
Field	Type	Description
`rateLimit`	integer	The maximum number of messages to generate every second per node. The default value is `20` messages per second.
`maxFileSize`	integer	The maximum size for the audit log in bytes. The default value is `50000000` or 50 MB.
`destination`	string	One of the following additional audit log targets: `libc` The libc `syslog()` function of the journald process on the host. `udp:<host>:<port>` A syslog server. Replace `<host>:<port>` with the host and port of the syslog server. `unix:<file>` A Unix Domain Socket file specified by `<file>`. `null` Do not send the audit logs to any additional target.
`syslogFacility`	string	The syslog facility, such as `kern`, as defined by RFC5424. The default value is `local0`.

Note

You can only change the configuration for your cluster network provider during cluster installation.

Example OVN-Kubernetes configuration

defaultNetwork:
  type: OVNKubernetes
  ovnKubernetesConfig:
    mtu: 1400
    genevePort: 6081
    ipsecConfig: {}

kubeProxyConfig object configuration

The values for the kubeProxyConfig object are defined in the following table:

Table 4.6. kubeProxyConfig object
Field	Type	Description
`iptablesSyncPeriod`	`string`	The refresh period for `iptables` rules. The default value is `30s`. Valid suffixes include `s`, `m`, and `h` and are described in the Go `time` package documentation. Note Because of performance improvements introduced in OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and greater, adjusting the `iptablesSyncPeriod` parameter is no longer necessary.
`proxyArguments.iptables-min-sync-period`	`array`	The minimum duration before refreshing `iptables` rules. This field ensures that the refresh does not happen too frequently. Valid suffixes include `s`, `m`, and `h` and are described in the Go `time` package. The default value is: kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s

4.5.2. Cluster Network Operator example configuration

A complete CNO configuration is specified in the following example:

Example Cluster Network Operator object

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  clusterNetwork: 1
  - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14
    hostPrefix: 23
  serviceNetwork: 2
  - 172.30.0.0/16
  defaultNetwork: 3
    type: OpenShiftSDN
    openshiftSDNConfig:
      mode: NetworkPolicy
      mtu: 1450
      vxlanPort: 4789
  kubeProxyConfig:
    iptablesSyncPeriod: 30s
    proxyArguments:
      iptables-min-sync-period:
      - 0s

1 2 3: Configured only during cluster installation.

4.6. Additional resources

Network API in the operator.openshift.io API group

Chapter 5. DNS Operator in OpenShift Container Platform

The DNS Operator deploys and manages CoreDNS to provide a name resolution service to pods, enabling DNS-based Kubernetes Service discovery in OpenShift Container Platform.

5.1. DNS Operator

The DNS Operator implements the dns API from the operator.openshift.io API group. The Operator deploys CoreDNS using a daemon set, creates a service for the daemon set, and configures the kubelet to instruct pods to use the CoreDNS service IP address for name resolution.

Procedure

The DNS Operator is deployed during installation with a Deployment object.

Use the oc get command to view the deployment status:

$ oc get -n openshift-dns-operator deployment/dns-operator

Example output

NAME           READY     UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
dns-operator   1/1       1            1           23h

Use the oc get command to view the state of the DNS Operator:
```
$ oc get clusteroperator/dns
```
Example output
```
NAME      VERSION     AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE
dns       4.1.0-0.11  True        False         False      92m
```
AVAILABLE, PROGRESSING and DEGRADED provide information about the status of the operator. AVAILABLE is True when at least 1 pod from the CoreDNS daemon set reports an Available status condition.

5.2. Controlling DNS pod placement

The DNS Operator has two daemon sets: one for CoreDNS and one for managing the /etc/hosts file. The daemon set for /etc/hosts must run on every node host to add an entry for the cluster image registry to support pulling images. Security policies can prohibit communication between pairs of nodes, which prevents the daemon set for CoreDNS from running on every node.

As a cluster administrator, you can use a custom node selector to configure the daemon set for CoreDNS to run or not run on certain nodes.

Prerequisites

You installed the oc CLI.
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To prevent communication between certain nodes, configure the spec.nodePlacement.nodeSelector API field:
1. Modify the DNS Operator object named default:
```
$ oc edit dns.operator/default
```
2. Specify a node selector that includes only control plane nodes in the spec.nodePlacement.nodeSelector API field:
```
 spec:
   nodePlacement:
     nodeSelector:
       node-role.kubernetes.io/worker: ""
```
To allow the daemon set for CoreDNS to run on nodes, configure a taint and toleration:
1. Modify the DNS Operator object named default:
```
$ oc edit dns.operator/default
```
2. Specify a taint key and a toleration for the taint:
```
 spec:
   nodePlacement:
     tolerations:
     - effect: NoExecute
       key: "dns-only"
       operators: Equal
       value: abc
       tolerationSeconds: 3600 1
```
  1
  If the taint is dns-only, it can be tolerated indefinitely. You can omit tolerationSeconds.

5.3. View the default DNS

Every new OpenShift Container Platform installation has a dns.operator named default.

Procedure

Use the oc describe command to view the default dns:
```
$ oc describe dns.operator/default
```
Example output
```
Name:         default
Namespace:
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  operator.openshift.io/v1
Kind:         DNS
...
Status:
  Cluster Domain:  cluster.local 1
  Cluster IP:      172.30.0.10 2
...
```
1
The Cluster Domain field is the base DNS domain used to construct fully qualified pod and service domain names.
2
The Cluster IP is the address pods query for name resolution. The IP is defined as the 10th address in the service CIDR range.

To find the service CIDR of your cluster, use the oc get command:

$ oc get networks.config/cluster -o jsonpath='{$.status.serviceNetwork}'

Example output

[172.30.0.0/16]

5.4. Using DNS forwarding

You can use DNS forwarding to override the forwarding configuration identified in /etc/resolv.conf on a per-zone basis by specifying which name server should be used for a given zone. If the forwarded zone is the Ingress domain managed by OpenShift Container Platform, then the upstream name server must be authorized for the domain.

Procedure

Modify the DNS Operator object named default:
```
$ oc edit dns.operator/default
```
This allows the Operator to create and update the ConfigMap named dns-default with additional server configuration blocks based on Server. If none of the servers has a zone that matches the query, then name resolution falls back to the name servers that are specified in /etc/resolv.conf.
Sample DNS
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: DNS
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  servers:
  - name: foo-server 1
    zones: 2
      - example.com
    forwardPlugin:
      upstreams: 3
        - 1.1.1.1
        - 2.2.2.2:5353
  - name: bar-server
    zones:
      - bar.com
      - example.com
    forwardPlugin:
      upstreams:
        - 3.3.3.3
        - 4.4.4.4:5454
```
1
name must comply with the rfc6335 service name syntax.
2
zones must conform to the definition of a subdomain in rfc1123. The cluster domain, cluster.local, is an invalid subdomain for zones.
3
A maximum of 15 upstreams is allowed per forwardPlugin.
Note
If servers is undefined or invalid, the ConfigMap only contains the default server.

View the ConfigMap:

$ oc get configmap/dns-default -n openshift-dns -o yaml

Sample DNS ConfigMap based on previous sample DNS

apiVersion: v1
data:
  Corefile: |
    example.com:5353 {
        forward . 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2:5353
    }
    bar.com:5353 example.com:5353 {
        forward . 3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4:5454 1
    }
    .:5353 {
        errors
        health
        kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
            pods insecure
            upstream
            fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
        }
        prometheus :9153
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf {
            policy sequential
        }
        cache 30
        reload
    }
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  labels:
    dns.operator.openshift.io/owning-dns: default
  name: dns-default
  namespace: openshift-dns

1: Changes to the forwardPlugin triggers a rolling update of the CoreDNS daemon set.

Additional resources

For more information on DNS forwarding, see the CoreDNS forward documentation.

5.5. DNS Operator status

You can inspect the status and view the details of the DNS Operator using the oc describe command.

Procedure

View the status of the DNS Operator:

$ oc describe clusteroperators/dns

5.6. DNS Operator logs

You can view DNS Operator logs by using the oc logs command.

Procedure

View the logs of the DNS Operator:

$ oc logs -n openshift-dns-operator deployment/dns-operator -c dns-operator

Chapter 6. Ingress Operator in OpenShift Container Platform

6.1. OpenShift Container Platform Ingress Operator

6.2. The Ingress configuration asset

The installation program generates an asset with an Ingress resource in the config.openshift.io API group, cluster-ingress-02-config.yml.

YAML Definition of the Ingress resource

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  domain: apps.openshiftdemos.com

The installation program stores this asset in the cluster-ingress-02-config.yml file in the manifests/ directory. This Ingress resource defines the cluster-wide configuration for Ingress. This Ingress configuration is used as follows:

The Ingress Operator uses the domain from the cluster Ingress configuration as the domain for the default Ingress Controller.
The OpenShift API Server Operator uses the domain from the cluster Ingress configuration. This domain is also used when generating a default host for a Route resource that does not specify an explicit host.

6.3. Ingress Controller configuration parameters

The ingresscontrollers.operator.openshift.io resource offers the following configuration parameters.

Parameter	Description
`domain`	`domain` is a DNS name serviced by the Ingress Controller and is used to configure multiple features: For the `LoadBalancerService` endpoint publishing strategy, `domain` is used to configure DNS records. See `endpointPublishingStrategy`. When using a generated default certificate, the certificate is valid for `domain` and its `subdomains`. See `defaultCertificate`. The value is published to individual Route statuses so that users know where to target external DNS records. The `domain` value must be unique among all Ingress Controllers and cannot be updated. If empty, the default value is `ingress.config.openshift.io/cluster` `.spec.domain`.
`replicas`	`replicas` is the desired number of Ingress Controller replicas. If not set, the default value is `2`.
`endpointPublishingStrategy`	`endpointPublishingStrategy` is used to publish the Ingress Controller endpoints to other networks, enable load balancer integrations, and provide access to other systems. If not set, the default value is based on `infrastructure.config.openshift.io/cluster` `.status.platform`: AWS: `LoadBalancerService` (with external scope) Azure: `LoadBalancerService` (with external scope) GCP: `LoadBalancerService` (with external scope) Bare metal: `NodePortService` Other: `HostNetwork` For most platforms, the `endpointPublishingStrategy` value cannot be updated. However, on GCP, you can configure the `loadbalancer.providerParameters.gcp.clientAccess` subfield.
`defaultCertificate`	The `defaultCertificate` value is a reference to a secret that contains the default certificate that is served by the Ingress Controller. When Routes do not specify their own certificate, `defaultCertificate` is used. The secret must contain the following keys and data: * `tls.crt`: certificate file contents * `tls.key`: key file contents If not set, a wildcard certificate is automatically generated and used. The certificate is valid for the Ingress Controller `domain` and `subdomains`, and the generated certificate’s CA is automatically integrated with the cluster’s trust store. The in-use certificate, whether generated or user-specified, is automatically integrated with OpenShift Container Platform built-in OAuth server.
`namespaceSelector`	`namespaceSelector` is used to filter the set of namespaces serviced by the Ingress Controller. This is useful for implementing shards.
`routeSelector`	`routeSelector` is used to filter the set of Routes serviced by the Ingress Controller. This is useful for implementing shards.
`nodePlacement`	`nodePlacement` enables explicit control over the scheduling of the Ingress Controller. If not set, the defaults values are used. Note The `nodePlacement` parameter includes two parts, `nodeSelector` and `tolerations`. For example: nodePlacement: nodeSelector: matchLabels: kubernetes.io/os: linux tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule operator: Exists
`tlsSecurityProfile`	`tlsSecurityProfile` specifies settings for TLS connections for Ingress Controllers. If not set, the default value is based on the `apiservers.config.openshift.io/cluster` resource. When using the `Old`, `Intermediate`, and `Modern` profile types, the effective profile configuration is subject to change between releases. For example, given a specification to use the `Intermediate` profile deployed on release `X.Y.Z`, an upgrade to release `X.Y.Z+1` may cause a new profile configuration to be applied to the Ingress Controller, resulting in a rollout. The minimum TLS version for Ingress Controllers is `1.1`, and the maximum TLS version is `1.2`. Important The HAProxy Ingress Controller image does not support TLS `1.3` and because the `Modern` profile requires TLS `1.3`, it is not supported. The Ingress Operator converts the `Modern` profile to `Intermediate`. The Ingress Operator also converts the TLS `1.0` of an `Old` or `Custom` profile to `1.1`, and TLS `1.3` of a `Custom` profile to `1.2`. OpenShift Container Platform router enables Red Hat-distributed OpenSSL default set of TLS `1.3` cipher suites, which uses TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, and TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256. Your cluster might accept TLS `1.3` connections and cipher suites, even though TLS `1.3` is unsupported in OpenShift Container Platform 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8. Note Ciphers and the minimum TLS version of the configured security profile are reflected in the `TLSProfile` status.
`routeAdmission`	`routeAdmission` defines a policy for handling new route claims, such as allowing or denying claims across namespaces. `namespaceOwnership` describes how hostname claims across namespaces should be handled. The default is `Strict`. `Strict`: does not allow routes to claim the same hostname across namespaces. `InterNamespaceAllowed`: allows routes to claim different paths of the same hostname across namespaces. `wildcardPolicy` describes how routes with wildcard policies are handled by the Ingress Controller. `WildcardsAllowed`: Indicates routes with any wildcard policy are admitted by the Ingress Controller. `WildcardsDisallowed`: Indicates only routes with a wildcard policy of `None` are admitted by the Ingress Controller. Updating `wildcardPolicy` from `WildcardsAllowed` to `WildcardsDisallowed` causes admitted routes with a wildcard policy of `Subdomain` to stop working. These routes must be recreated to a wildcard policy of `None` to be readmitted by the Ingress Controller. `WildcardsDisallowed` is the default setting.
`IngressControllerLogging`	`logging` defines parameters for what is logged where. If this field is empty, operational logs are enabled but access logs are disabled. `access` describes how client requests are logged. If this field is empty, access logging is disabled. `destination` describes a destination for log messages. `type` is the type of destination for logs: `Container` specifies that logs should go to a sidecar container. The Ingress Operator configures the container, named logs, on the Ingress Controller pod and configures the Ingress Controller to write logs to the container. The expectation is that the administrator configures a custom logging solution that reads logs from this container. Using container logs means that logs may be dropped if the rate of logs exceeds the container runtime capacity or the custom logging solution capacity. `Syslog` specifies that logs are sent to a Syslog endpoint. The administrator must specify an endpoint that can receive Syslog messages. The expectation is that the administrator has configured a custom Syslog instance. `container` describes parameters for the `Container` logging destination type. Currently there are no parameters for container logging, so this field must be empty. `syslog` describes parameters for the `Syslog` logging destination type: `address` is the IP address of the syslog endpoint that receives log messages. `port` is the UDP port number of the syslog endpoint that receives log messages. `facility` specifies the syslog facility of log messages. If this field is empty, the facility is `local1`. Otherwise, it must specify a valid syslog facility: `kern`, `user`, `mail`, `daemon`, `auth`, `syslog`, `lpr`, `news`, `uucp`, `cron`, `auth2`, `ftp`, `ntp`, `audit`, `alert`, `cron2`, `local0`, `local1`, `local2`, `local3`. `local4`, `local5`, `local6`, or `local7`. `httpLogFormat` specifies the format of the log message for an HTTP request. If this field is empty, log messages use the implementation’s default HTTP log format. For HAProxy’s default HTTP log format, see the HAProxy documentation.
`httpHeaders`	`httpHeaders` defines the policy for HTTP headers. By setting the `forwardedHeaderPolicy` for the `IngressControllerHTTPHeaders`, you specify when and how the Ingress controller sets the `Forwarded`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, and `X-Forwarded-Proto-Version` HTTP headers. By default, the policy is set to `Append`. `Append` specifies that the Ingress Controller appends the headers, preserving any existing headers. `Replace` specifies that the Ingress Controller sets the headers, removing any existing headers. `IfNone` specifies that the Ingress Controller sets the headers if they are not already set. `Never` specifies that the Ingress Controller never sets the headers, preserving any existing headers. By setting `headerNameCaseAdjustments`, you can specify case adjustments that can be applied to HTTP header names. Each adjustment is specified as an HTTP header name with the desired capitalization. For example, specifying `X-Forwarded-For` indicates that the `x-forwarded-for` HTTP header should be adjusted to have the specified capitalization. These adjustments are only applied to cleartext, edge-terminated, and re-encrypt routes, and only when using HTTP/1. For request headers, these adjustments are applied only for routes that have the `haproxy.router.openshift.io/h1-adjust-case=true` annotation. For response headers, these adjustments are applied to all HTTP responses. If this field is empty, no request headers are adjusted.
`httpCompression`	`httpCompression` defines the policy for HTTP traffic compression. `mimeTypes` defines a list of MIME types to which compression should be applied. For example, `text/css; charset=utf-8`, `text/html`, `text/*`, `image/svg+xml`, `application/octet-stream`, `X-custom/customsub`, using the format pattern, `type/subtype; [;attribute=value]`. The `types` are: application, image, message, multipart, text, video, or a custom type prefaced by `X-`; e.g. To see the full notation for MIME types and subtypes, see RFC1341
`httpErrorCodePages`	`httpErrorCodePages` specifies custom HTTP error code response pages. By default, an IngressController uses error pages built into the IngressController image.
`httpCaptureCookies`	`httpCaptureCookies` specifies HTTP cookies that you want to capture in access logs. If the `httpCaptureCookies` field is empty, the access logs do not capture the cookies. For any cookie that you want to capture, the following parameters must be in your `IngressController` configuration: `name` specifies the name of the cookie. `maxLength` specifies tha maximum length of the cookie. `matchType` specifies if the field `name` of the cookie exactly matches the capture cookie setting or is a prefix of the capture cookie setting. The `matchType` field uses the `Exact` and `Prefix` parameters. For example: httpCaptureCookies: - matchType: Exact maxLength: 128 name: MYCOOKIE
`httpCaptureHeaders`	`httpCaptureHeaders` specifies the HTTP headers that you want to capture in the access logs. If the `httpCaptureHeaders` field is empty, the access logs do not capture the headers. `httpCaptureHeaders` contains two lists of headers to capture in the access logs. The two lists of header fields are `request` and `response`. In both lists, the `name` field must specify the header name and the `maxlength` field must specify the maximum length of the header. For example: httpCaptureHeaders: request: - maxLength: 256 name: Connection - maxLength: 128 name: User-Agent response: - maxLength: 256 name: Content-Type - maxLength: 256 name: Content-Length
`tuningOptions`	`tuningOptions` specifies options for tuning the performance of Ingress Controller pods. `headerBufferBytes` specifies how much memory is reserved, in bytes, for Ingress Controller connection sessions. This value must be at least `16384` if HTTP/2 is enabled for the Ingress Controller. If not set, the default value is `32768` bytes. Setting this field not recommended because `headerBufferBytes` values that are too small can break the Ingress Controller, and `headerBufferBytes` values that are too large could cause the Ingress Controller to use significantly more memory than necessary. `headerBufferMaxRewriteBytes` specifies how much memory should be reserved, in bytes, from `headerBufferBytes` for HTTP header rewriting and appending for Ingress Controller connection sessions. The minimum value for `headerBufferMaxRewriteBytes` is `4096`. `headerBufferBytes` must be greater than `headerBufferMaxRewriteBytes` for incoming HTTP requests. If not set, the default value is `8192` bytes. Setting this field not recommended because `headerBufferMaxRewriteBytes` values that are too small can break the Ingress Controller and `headerBufferMaxRewriteBytes` values that are too large could cause the Ingress Controller to use significantly more memory than necessary. `threadCount` specifies the number of threads to create per HAProxy process. Creating more threads allows each Ingress Controller pod to handle more connections, at the cost of more system resources being used. HAProxy supports up to `64` threads. If this field is empty, the Ingress Controller uses the default value of `4` threads. The default value can change in future releases. Setting this field is not recommended because increasing the number of HAProxy threads allows Ingress Controller pods to use more CPU time under load, and prevent other pods from receiving the CPU resources they need to perform. Reducing the number of threads can cause the Ingress Controller to perform poorly.

Note

All parameters are optional.

6.3.1. Ingress Controller TLS security profiles

TLS security profiles provide a way for servers to regulate which ciphers a connecting client can use when connecting to the server.

6.3.1.1. Understanding TLS security profiles

You can use a TLS (Transport Layer Security) security profile to define which TLS ciphers are required by various OpenShift Container Platform components. The OpenShift Container Platform TLS security profiles are based on Mozilla recommended configurations.

You can specify one of the following TLS security profiles for each component:

Table 6.1. TLS security profiles
Profile	Description
`Old`	This profile is intended for use with legacy clients or libraries. The profile is based on the Old backward compatibility recommended configuration. The `Old` profile requires a minimum TLS version of 1.0. Note For the Ingress Controller, the minimum TLS version is converted from 1.0 to 1.1.
`Intermediate`	This profile is the recommended configuration for the majority of clients. It is the default TLS security profile for the Ingress Controller, kubelet, and control plane. The profile is based on the Intermediate compatibility recommended configuration. The `Intermediate` profile requires a minimum TLS version of 1.2.
`Modern`	This profile is intended for use with modern clients that have no need for backwards compatibility. This profile is based on the Modern compatibility recommended configuration. The `Modern` profile requires a minimum TLS version of 1.3. Note In OpenShift Container Platform 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8, the `Modern` profile is unsupported. If selected, the `Intermediate` profile is enabled. Important The `Modern` profile is currently not supported.
`Custom`	This profile allows you to define the TLS version and ciphers to use. Warning Use caution when using a `Custom` profile, because invalid configurations can cause problems. Note OpenShift Container Platform router enables Red Hat-distributed OpenSSL default set of TLS `1.3` cipher suites. Your cluster might accept TLS `1.3` connections and cipher suites, even though TLS `1.3` is unsupported in OpenShift Container Platform 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8.

Note

When using one of the predefined profile types, the effective profile configuration is subject to change between releases. For example, given a specification to use the Intermediate profile deployed on release X.Y.Z, an upgrade to release X.Y.Z+1 might cause a new profile configuration to be applied, resulting in a rollout.

6.3.1.2. Configuring the TLS security profile for the Ingress Controller

To configure a TLS security profile for an Ingress Controller, edit the IngressController custom resource (CR) to specify a predefined or custom TLS security profile. If a TLS security profile is not configured, the default value is based on the TLS security profile set for the API server.

Sample IngressController CR that configures the Old TLS security profile

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
 ...
spec:
  tlsSecurityProfile:
    old: {}
    type: Old
 ...

The TLS security profile defines the minimum TLS version and the TLS ciphers for TLS connections for Ingress Controllers.

You can see the ciphers and the minimum TLS version of the configured TLS security profile in the IngressController custom resource (CR) under Status.Tls Profile and the configured TLS security profile under Spec.Tls Security Profile. For the Custom TLS security profile, the specific ciphers and minimum TLS version are listed under both parameters.

Important

The HAProxy Ingress Controller image does not support TLS 1.3 and because the Modern profile requires TLS 1.3, it is not supported. The Ingress Operator converts the Modern profile to Intermediate.

The Ingress Operator also converts the TLS 1.0 of an Old or Custom profile to 1.1, and TLS 1.3 of a Custom profile to 1.2.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Edit the IngressController CR in the openshift-ingress-operator project to configure the TLS security profile:
```
$ oc edit IngressController default -n openshift-ingress-operator
```

Add the spec.tlsSecurityProfile field:

Sample IngressController CR for a Custom profile

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
 ...
spec:
  tlsSecurityProfile:
    type: Custom 1
    custom: 2
      ciphers: 3
      - ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
      - ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
      - ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
      - ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
      minTLSVersion: VersionTLS11
 ...

1

Specify the TLS security profile type (Old, Intermediate, or Custom). The default is Intermediate.

2

Specify the appropriate field for the selected type:

old: {}
intermediate: {}
custom:

3

For the custom type, specify a list of TLS ciphers and minimum accepted TLS version.

Save the file to apply the changes.

Verification

Verify that the profile is set in the IngressController CR:

$ oc describe IngressController default -n openshift-ingress-operator

Example output

Name:         default
Namespace:    openshift-ingress-operator
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  operator.openshift.io/v1
Kind:         IngressController
 ...
Spec:
 ...
  Tls Security Profile:
    Custom:
      Ciphers:
        ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
        ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
        ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
        ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
      Min TLS Version:  VersionTLS11
    Type:               Custom
 ...

6.3.2. Ingress controller endpoint publishing strategy

NodePortService endpoint publishing strategy

The NodePortService endpoint publishing strategy publishes the Ingress Controller using a Kubernetes NodePort service.

In this configuration, the Ingress Controller deployment uses container networking. A NodePortService is created to publish the deployment. The specific node ports are dynamically allocated by OpenShift Container Platform; however, to support static port allocations, your changes to the node port field of the managed NodePortService are preserved.

Figure 6.1. Diagram of NodePortService

OpenShift Container Platform Ingress NodePort endpoint publishing strategy

The preceding graphic shows the following concepts pertaining to OpenShift Container Platform Ingress NodePort endpoint publishing strategy:

All the available nodes in the cluster have their own, externally accessible IP addresses. The service running in the cluster is bound to the unique NodePort for all the nodes.
When the client connects to a node that is down, for example, by connecting the 10.0.128.4 IP address in the graphic, the node port directly connects the client to an available node that is running the service. In this scenario, no load balancing is required. As the image shows, the 10.0.128.4 address is down and another IP address must be used instead.

Note

The Ingress Operator ignores any updates to .spec.ports[].nodePort fields of the service.

By default, ports are allocated automatically and you can access the port allocations for integrations. However, sometimes static port allocations are necessary to integrate with existing infrastructure which may not be easily reconfigured in response to dynamic ports. To achieve integrations with static node ports, you can update the managed service resource directly.

For more information, see the Kubernetes Services documentation on NodePort.

HostNetwork endpoint publishing strategy

The HostNetwork endpoint publishing strategy publishes the Ingress Controller on node ports where the Ingress Controller is deployed.

An Ingress controller with the HostNetwork endpoint publishing strategy can have only one pod replica per node. If you want n replicas, you must use at least n nodes where those replicas can be scheduled. Because each pod replica requests ports 80 and 443 on the node host where it is scheduled, a replica cannot be scheduled to a node if another pod on the same node is using those ports.

6.4. View the default Ingress Controller

The Ingress Operator is a core feature of OpenShift Container Platform and is enabled out of the box.

Every new OpenShift Container Platform installation has an ingresscontroller named default. It can be supplemented with additional Ingress Controllers. If the default ingresscontroller is deleted, the Ingress Operator will automatically recreate it within a minute.

Procedure

View the default Ingress Controller:

$ oc describe --namespace=openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontroller/default

6.5. View Ingress Operator status

You can view and inspect the status of your Ingress Operator.

Procedure

View your Ingress Operator status:
```
$ oc describe clusteroperators/ingress
```

6.6. View Ingress Controller logs

You can view your Ingress Controller logs.

Procedure

View your Ingress Controller logs:

$ oc logs --namespace=openshift-ingress-operator deployments/ingress-operator

6.7. View Ingress Controller status

Your can view the status of a particular Ingress Controller.

Procedure

View the status of an Ingress Controller:

$ oc describe --namespace=openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontroller/<name>

6.8. Configuring the Ingress Controller

6.8.1. Setting a custom default certificate

As an administrator, you can configure an Ingress Controller to use a custom certificate by creating a Secret resource and editing the IngressController custom resource (CR).

Prerequisites

You must have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority or by a private trusted certificate authority that you configured in a custom PKI.
Your certificate meets the following requirements:
- The certificate is valid for the ingress domain.
- The certificate uses the subjectAltName extension to specify a wildcard domain, such as *.apps.ocp4.example.com.

You must have an IngressController CR. You may use the default one:

$ oc --namespace openshift-ingress-operator get ingresscontrollers

Example output

NAME      AGE
default   10m

Note

If you have intermediate certificates, they must be included in the tls.crt file of the secret containing a custom default certificate. Order matters when specifying a certificate; list your intermediate certificate(s) after any server certificate(s).

Procedure

The following assumes that the custom certificate and key pair are in the tls.crt and tls.key files in the current working directory. Substitute the actual path names for tls.crt and tls.key. You also may substitute another name for custom-certs-default when creating the Secret resource and referencing it in the IngressController CR.

Note

This action will cause the Ingress Controller to be redeployed, using a rolling deployment strategy.

Create a Secret resource containing the custom certificate in the openshift-ingress namespace using the tls.crt and tls.key files.
```
$ oc --namespace openshift-ingress create secret tls custom-certs-default --cert=tls.crt --key=tls.key
```

Update the IngressController CR to reference the new certificate secret:

$ oc patch --type=merge --namespace openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontrollers/default \
  --patch '{"spec":{"defaultCertificate":{"name":"custom-certs-default"}}}'

Verify the update was effective:

$ echo Q |\
  openssl s_client -connect console-openshift-console.apps.<domain>:443 -showcerts 2>/dev/null |\
  openssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -enddate

where:

<domain>: Specifies the base domain name for your cluster.

Example output

subject=C = US, ST = NC, L = Raleigh, O = RH, OU = OCP4, CN = *.apps.example.com
issuer=C = US, ST = NC, L = Raleigh, O = RH, OU = OCP4, CN = example.com
notAfter=May 10 08:32:45 2022 GM

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to set a custom default certificate:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  defaultCertificate:
    name: custom-certs-default

The certificate secret name should match the value used to update the CR.

Once the IngressController CR has been modified, the Ingress Operator updates the Ingress Controller’s deployment to use the custom certificate.

6.8.2. Removing a custom default certificate

As an administrator, you can remove a custom certificate that you configured an Ingress Controller to use.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You previously configured a custom default certificate for the Ingress Controller.

Procedure

To remove the custom certificate and restore the certificate that ships with OpenShift Container Platform, enter the following command:
```
$ oc patch -n openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontrollers/default \
  --type json -p $'- op: remove\n  path: /spec/defaultCertificate'
```
There can be a delay while the cluster reconciles the new certificate configuration.

Verification

To confirm that the original cluster certificate is restored, enter the following command:

$ echo Q | \
  openssl s_client -connect console-openshift-console.apps.<domain>:443 -showcerts 2>/dev/null | \
  openssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -enddate

where:

<domain>: Specifies the base domain name for your cluster.

Example output

subject=CN = *.apps.<domain>
issuer=CN = ingress-operator@1620633373
notAfter=May 10 10:44:36 2023 GMT

6.8.3. Scaling an Ingress Controller

Manually scale an Ingress Controller to meeting routing performance or availability requirements such as the requirement to increase throughput. oc commands are used to scale the IngressController resource. The following procedure provides an example for scaling up the default IngressController.

Note

Scaling is not an immediate action, as it takes time to create the desired number of replicas.

Procedure

View the current number of available replicas for the default IngressController:

$ oc get -n openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontrollers/default -o jsonpath='{$.status.availableReplicas}'

Example output

Scale the default IngressController to the desired number of replicas using the oc patch command. The following example scales the default IngressController to 3 replicas:
```
$ oc patch -n openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontroller/default --patch '{"spec":{"replicas": 3}}' --type=merge
```
Example output
```
ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/default patched
```

Verify that the default IngressController scaled to the number of replicas that you specified:

$ oc get -n openshift-ingress-operator ingresscontrollers/default -o jsonpath='{$.status.availableReplicas}'

Example output

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to scale an Ingress Controller to three replicas:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  replicas: 3               1

1: If you need a different amount of replicas, change the replicas value.

6.8.4. Configuring Ingress access logging

You can configure the Ingress Controller to enable access logs. If you have clusters that do not receive much traffic, then you can log to a sidecar. If you have high traffic clusters, to avoid exceeding the capacity of the logging stack or to integrate with a logging infrastructure outside of OpenShift Container Platform, you can forward logs to a custom syslog endpoint. You can also specify the format for access logs.

Container logging is useful to enable access logs on low-traffic clusters when there is no existing Syslog logging infrastructure, or for short-term use while diagnosing problems with the Ingress Controller.

Syslog is needed for high-traffic clusters where access logs could exceed the OpenShift Logging stack’s capacity, or for environments where any logging solution needs to integrate with an existing Syslog logging infrastructure. The Syslog use-cases can overlap.

Prerequisites

Procedure

Configure Ingress access logging to a sidecar.

To configure Ingress access logging, you must specify a destination using spec.logging.access.destination. To specify logging to a sidecar container, you must specify Container spec.logging.access.destination.type. The following example is an Ingress Controller definition that logs to a Container destination:
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  replicas: 2
  logging:
    access:
      destination:
        type: Container
```

When you configure the Ingress Controller to log to a sidecar, the operator creates a container named logs inside the Ingress Controller Pod:

$ oc -n openshift-ingress logs deployment.apps/router-default -c logs

Example output

2020-05-11T19:11:50.135710+00:00 router-default-57dfc6cd95-bpmk6 router-default-57dfc6cd95-bpmk6 haproxy[108]: 174.19.21.82:39654 [11/May/2020:19:11:50.133] public be_http:hello-openshift:hello-openshift/pod:hello-openshift:hello-openshift:10.128.2.12:8080 0/0/1/0/1 200 142 - - --NI 1/1/0/0/0 0/0 "GET / HTTP/1.1"

Configure Ingress access logging to a Syslog endpoint.

To configure Ingress access logging, you must specify a destination using spec.logging.access.destination. To specify logging to a Syslog endpoint destination, you must specify Syslog for spec.logging.access.destination.type. If the destination type is Syslog, you must also specify a destination endpoint using spec.logging.access.destination.syslog.endpoint and you can specify a facility using spec.logging.access.destination.syslog.facility. The following example is an Ingress Controller definition that logs to a Syslog destination:
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  replicas: 2
  logging:
    access:
      destination:
        type: Syslog
        syslog:
          address: 1.2.3.4
          port: 10514
```
Note
The syslog destination port must be UDP.

Configure Ingress access logging with a specific log format.

You can specify spec.logging.access.httpLogFormat to customize the log format. The following example is an Ingress Controller definition that logs to a syslog endpoint with IP address 1.2.3.4 and port 10514:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  replicas: 2
  logging:
    access:
      destination:
        type: Syslog
        syslog:
          address: 1.2.3.4
          port: 10514
      httpLogFormat: '%ci:%cp [%t] %ft %b/%s %B %bq %HM %HU %HV'

Disable Ingress access logging.

To disable Ingress access logging, leave spec.logging or spec.logging.access empty:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  replicas: 2
  logging:
    access: null

6.8.5. Setting Ingress Controller thread count

A cluster administrator can set the thread count to increase the amount of incoming connections a cluster can handle. You can patch an existing Ingress Controller to increase the amount of threads.

Prerequisites

The following assumes that you already created an Ingress Controller.

Procedure

Update the Ingress Controller to increase the number of threads:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator patch ingresscontroller/default --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"tuningOptions": {"threadCount": 8}}}'
```
Note
If you have a node that is capable of running large amounts of resources, you can configure spec.nodePlacement.nodeSelector with labels that match the capacity of the intended node, and configure spec.tuningOptions.threadCount to an appropriately high value.

6.8.6. Ingress Controller sharding

As the primary mechanism for traffic to enter the cluster, the demands on the Ingress Controller, or router, can be significant. As a cluster administrator, you can shard the routes to:

Balance Ingress Controllers, or routers, with several routes to speed up responses to changes.
Allocate certain routes to have different reliability guarantees than other routes.
Allow certain Ingress Controllers to have different policies defined.
Allow only specific routes to use additional features.
Expose different routes on different addresses so that internal and external users can see different routes, for example.

Ingress Controller can use either route labels or namespace labels as a sharding method.

6.8.6.1. Configuring Ingress Controller sharding by using route labels

Ingress Controller sharding by using route labels means that the Ingress Controller serves any route in any namespace that is selected by the route selector.

Ingress Controller sharding is useful when balancing incoming traffic load among a set of Ingress Controllers and when isolating traffic to a specific Ingress Controller. For example, company A goes to one Ingress Controller and company B to another.

Procedure

Edit the router-internal.yaml file:

# cat router-internal.yaml
apiVersion: v1
items:
- apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
  kind: IngressController
  metadata:
    name: sharded
    namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  spec:
    domain: <apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>
    nodePlacement:
      nodeSelector:
        matchLabels:
          node-role.kubernetes.io/worker: ""
    routeSelector:
      matchLabels:
        type: sharded
  status: {}
kind: List
metadata:
  resourceVersion: ""
  selfLink: ""

Apply the Ingress Controller router-internal.yaml file:
```
# oc apply -f router-internal.yaml
```
The Ingress Controller selects routes in any namespace that have the label type: sharded.

6.8.6.2. Configuring Ingress Controller sharding by using namespace labels

Ingress Controller sharding by using namespace labels means that the Ingress Controller serves any route in any namespace that is selected by the namespace selector.

Warning

If you deploy the Keepalived Ingress VIP, do not deploy a non-default Ingress Controller with value HostNetwork for the endpointPublishingStrategy parameter. Doing so might cause issues. Use value NodePort instead of HostNetwork for endpointPublishingStrategy.

Procedure

Edit the router-internal.yaml file:

# cat router-internal.yaml

Example output

apiVersion: v1
items:
- apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
  kind: IngressController
  metadata:
    name: sharded
    namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  spec:
    domain: <apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>
    nodePlacement:
      nodeSelector:
        matchLabels:
          node-role.kubernetes.io/worker: ""
    namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels:
        type: sharded
  status: {}
kind: List
metadata:
  resourceVersion: ""
  selfLink: ""

Apply the Ingress Controller router-internal.yaml file:
```
# oc apply -f router-internal.yaml
```
The Ingress Controller selects routes in any namespace that is selected by the namespace selector that have the label type: sharded.

6.8.7. Configuring an Ingress Controller to use an internal load balancer

When creating an Ingress Controller on cloud platforms, the Ingress Controller is published by a public cloud load balancer by default. As an administrator, you can create an Ingress Controller that uses an internal cloud load balancer.

Warning

If your cloud provider is Microsoft Azure, you must have at least one public load balancer that points to your nodes. If you do not, all of your nodes will lose egress connectivity to the internet.

Important

If you want to change the scope for an IngressController object, you must delete and then recreate that IngressController object. You cannot change the .spec.endpointPublishingStrategy.loadBalancer.scope parameter after the custom resource (CR) is created.

Figure 6.2. Diagram of LoadBalancer

OpenShift Container Platform Ingress LoadBalancerService endpoint publishing strategy

The preceding graphic shows the following concepts pertaining to OpenShift Container Platform Ingress LoadBalancerService endpoint publishing strategy:

You can load load balance externally, using the cloud provider load balancer, or internally, using the OpenShift Ingress Controller Load Balancer.
You can use the single IP address of the load balancer and more familiar ports, such as 8080 and 4200 as shown on the cluster depicted in the graphic.
Traffic from the external load balancer is directed at the pods, and managed by the load balancer, as depicted in the instance of a down node. See the Kubernetes Services documentation for implementation details.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create an IngressController custom resource (CR) in a file named <name>-ingress-controller.yaml, such as in the following example:
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  domain: <domain> 2
  endpointPublishingStrategy:
    type: LoadBalancerService
    loadBalancer:
      scope: Internal 3
```
1
Replace <name> with a name for the IngressController object.
2
Specify the domain for the application published by the controller.
3
Specify a value of Internal to use an internal load balancer.
Create the Ingress Controller defined in the previous step by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f <name>-ingress-controller.yaml 1
```
1
Replace <name> with the name of the IngressController object.
Optional: Confirm that the Ingress Controller was created by running the following command:
```
$ oc --all-namespaces=true get ingresscontrollers
```

6.8.8. Configuring global access for an Ingress Controller on GCP

An Ingress Controller created on GCP with an internal load balancer generates an internal IP address for the service. A cluster administrator can specify the global access option, which enables clients in any region within the same VPC network and compute region as the load balancer, to reach the workloads running on your cluster.

For more information, see the GCP documentation for global access.

Prerequisites

You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on GCP infrastructure.
You configured an Ingress Controller to use an internal load balancer.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Configure the Ingress Controller resource to allow global access.
Note
You can also create an Ingress Controller and specify the global access option.
1. Configure the Ingress Controller resource:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator edit ingresscontroller/default
```
2. Edit the YAML file:
  Sample clientAccess configuration to Global
```
  spec:
    endpointPublishingStrategy:
      loadBalancer:
        providerParameters:
          gcp:
            clientAccess: Global 1
          type: GCP
        scope: Internal
      type: LoadBalancerService
```
  1
  Set gcp.clientAccess to Global.
3. Save the file to apply the changes.
Run the following command to verify that the service allows global access:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ingress edit svc/router-default -o yaml
```
The output shows that global access is enabled for GCP with the annotation, networking.gke.io/internal-load-balancer-allow-global-access.

6.8.9. Configuring the default Ingress Controller for your cluster to be internal

You can configure the default Ingress Controller for your cluster to be internal by deleting and recreating it.

Warning

If your cloud provider is Microsoft Azure, you must have at least one public load balancer that points to your nodes. If you do not, all of your nodes will lose egress connectivity to the internet.

Important

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Configure the default Ingress Controller for your cluster to be internal by deleting and recreating it.

$ oc replace --force --wait --filename - <<EOF
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  name: default
spec:
  endpointPublishingStrategy:
    type: LoadBalancerService
    loadBalancer:
      scope: Internal
EOF

6.8.10. Configuring the route admission policy

Administrators and application developers can run applications in multiple namespaces with the same domain name. This is for organizations where multiple teams develop microservices that are exposed on the same hostname.

Warning

Allowing claims across namespaces should only be enabled for clusters with trust between namespaces, otherwise a malicious user could take over a hostname. For this reason, the default admission policy disallows hostname claims across namespaces.

Prerequisites

Cluster administrator privileges.

Procedure

Edit the .spec.routeAdmission field of the ingresscontroller resource variable using the following command:

$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator patch ingresscontroller/default --patch '{"spec":{"routeAdmission":{"namespaceOwnership":"InterNamespaceAllowed"}}}' --type=merge

Sample Ingress Controller configuration

spec:
  routeAdmission:
    namespaceOwnership: InterNamespaceAllowed
...

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to configure the route admission policy:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  routeAdmission:
    namespaceOwnership: InterNamespaceAllowed

6.8.11. Using wildcard routes

The HAProxy Ingress Controller has support for wildcard routes. The Ingress Operator uses wildcardPolicy to configure the ROUTER_ALLOW_WILDCARD_ROUTES environment variable of the Ingress Controller.

The default behavior of the Ingress Controller is to admit routes with a wildcard policy of None, which is backwards compatible with existing IngressController resources.

Procedure

Configure the wildcard policy.
1. Use the following command to edit the IngressController resource:
```
$ oc edit IngressController
```
2. Under spec, set the wildcardPolicy field to WildcardsDisallowed or WildcardsAllowed:
```
spec:
  routeAdmission:
    wildcardPolicy: WildcardsDisallowed # or WildcardsAllowed
```

6.8.12. Using X-Forwarded headers

You configure the HAProxy Ingress Controller to specify a policy for how to handle HTTP headers including Forwarded and X-Forwarded-For. The Ingress Operator uses the HTTPHeaders field to configure the ROUTER_SET_FORWARDED_HEADERS environment variable of the Ingress Controller.

Procedure

Configure the HTTPHeaders field for the Ingress Controller.

Use the following command to edit the IngressController resource:
```
$ oc edit IngressController
```

Under spec, set the HTTPHeaders policy field to Append, Replace, IfNone, or Never:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  httpHeaders:
    forwardedHeaderPolicy: Append

Example use cases

As a cluster administrator, you can:

Configure an external proxy that injects the X-Forwarded-For header into each request before forwarding it to an Ingress Controller.
To configure the Ingress Controller to pass the header through unmodified, you specify the never policy. The Ingress Controller then never sets the headers, and applications receive only the headers that the external proxy provides.
Configure the Ingress Controller to pass the X-Forwarded-For header that your external proxy sets on external cluster requests through unmodified.
To configure the Ingress Controller to set the X-Forwarded-For header on internal cluster requests, which do not go through the external proxy, specify the if-none policy. If an HTTP request already has the header set through the external proxy, then the Ingress Controller preserves it. If the header is absent because the request did not come through the proxy, then the Ingress Controller adds the header.

As an application developer, you can:

Configure an application-specific external proxy that injects the X-Forwarded-For header.
To configure an Ingress Controller to pass the header through unmodified for an application’s Route, without affecting the policy for other Routes, add an annotation haproxy.router.openshift.io/set-forwarded-headers: if-none or haproxy.router.openshift.io/set-forwarded-headers: never on the Route for the application.
Note
You can set the haproxy.router.openshift.io/set-forwarded-headers annotation on a per route basis, independent from the globally set value for the Ingress Controller.

6.8.13. Enabling HTTP/2 Ingress connectivity

You can enable transparent end-to-end HTTP/2 connectivity in HAProxy. It allows application owners to make use of HTTP/2 protocol capabilities, including single connection, header compression, binary streams, and more.

You can enable HTTP/2 connectivity for an individual Ingress Controller or for the entire cluster.

To enable the use of HTTP/2 for the connection from the client to HAProxy, a route must specify a custom certificate. A route that uses the default certificate cannot use HTTP/2. This restriction is necessary to avoid problems from connection coalescing, where the client re-uses a connection for different routes that use the same certificate.

The connection from HAProxy to the application pod can use HTTP/2 only for re-encrypt routes and not for edge-terminated or insecure routes. This restriction is because HAProxy uses Application-Level Protocol Negotiation (ALPN), which is a TLS extension, to negotiate the use of HTTP/2 with the back-end. The implication is that end-to-end HTTP/2 is possible with passthrough and re-encrypt and not with insecure or edge-terminated routes.

Warning

Using WebSockets with a re-encrypt route and with HTTP/2 enabled on an Ingress Controller requires WebSocket support over HTTP/2. WebSockets over HTTP/2 is a feature of HAProxy 2.4, which is unsupported in OpenShift Container Platform at this time.

Important

For non-passthrough routes, the Ingress Controller negotiates its connection to the application independently of the connection from the client. This means a client may connect to the Ingress Controller and negotiate HTTP/1.1, and the Ingress Controller may then connect to the application, negotiate HTTP/2, and forward the request from the client HTTP/1.1 connection using the HTTP/2 connection to the application. This poses a problem if the client subsequently tries to upgrade its connection from HTTP/1.1 to the WebSocket protocol, because the Ingress Controller cannot forward WebSocket to HTTP/2 and cannot upgrade its HTTP/2 connection to WebSocket. Consequently, if you have an application that is intended to accept WebSocket connections, it must not allow negotiating the HTTP/2 protocol or else clients will fail to upgrade to the WebSocket protocol.

Procedure

Enable HTTP/2 on a single Ingress Controller.

To enable HTTP/2 on an Ingress Controller, enter the oc annotate command:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator annotate ingresscontrollers/<ingresscontroller_name> ingress.operator.openshift.io/default-enable-http2=true
```
Replace <ingresscontroller_name> with the name of the Ingress Controller to annotate.

Enable HTTP/2 on the entire cluster.

To enable HTTP/2 for the entire cluster, enter the oc annotate command:

$ oc annotate ingresses.config/cluster ingress.operator.openshift.io/default-enable-http2=true

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to add the annotation:

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: cluster
  annotations:
    ingress.operator.openshift.io/default-enable-http2: "true"

6.8.14. Configuring the PROXY protocol for an Ingress Controller

A cluster administrator can configure the PROXY protocol when an Ingress Controller uses either the HostNetwork or NodePortService endpoint publishing strategy types. The PROXY protocol enables the load balancer to preserve the original client addresses for connections that the Ingress Controller receives. The original client addresses are useful for logging, filtering, and injecting HTTP headers. In the default configuration, the connections that the Ingress Controller receives only contain the source address that is associated with the load balancer.

This feature is not supported in cloud deployments. This restriction is because when OpenShift Container Platform runs in a cloud platform, and an IngressController specifies that a service load balancer should be used, the Ingress Operator configures the load balancer service and enables the PROXY protocol based on the platform requirement for preserving source addresses.

Important

You must configure both OpenShift Container Platform and the external load balancer to either use the PROXY protocol or to use TCP.

Warning

The PROXY protocol is unsupported for the default Ingress Controller with installer-provisioned clusters on non-cloud platforms that use a Keepalived Ingress VIP.

Prerequisites

You created an Ingress Controller.

Procedure

Edit the Ingress Controller resource:

$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator edit ingresscontroller/default

Set the PROXY configuration:
- If your Ingress Controller uses the hostNetwork endpoint publishing strategy type, set the spec.endpointPublishingStrategy.hostNetwork.protocol subfield to PROXY:
  Sample hostNetwork configuration to PROXY
```
  spec:
    endpointPublishingStrategy:
      hostNetwork:
        protocol: PROXY
      type: HostNetwork
```
- If your Ingress Controller uses the NodePortService endpoint publishing strategy type, set the spec.endpointPublishingStrategy.nodePort.protocol subfield to PROXY:
  Sample nodePort configuration to PROXY
```
  spec:
    endpointPublishingStrategy:
      nodePort:
        protocol: PROXY
      type: NodePortService
```

6.8.15. Specifying an alternative cluster domain using the appsDomain option

As a cluster administrator, you can specify an alternative to the default cluster domain for user-created routes by configuring the appsDomain field. The appsDomain field is an optional domain for OpenShift Container Platform to use instead of the default, which is specified in the domain field. If you specify an alternative domain, it overrides the default cluster domain for the purpose of determining the default host for a new route.

For example, you can use the DNS domain for your company as the default domain for routes and ingresses for applications running on your cluster.

Prerequisites

You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
You installed the oc command line interface.

Procedure

Configure the appsDomain field by specifying an alternative default domain for user-created routes.
1. Edit the ingress cluster resource:
```
$ oc edit ingresses.config/cluster -o yaml
```
2. Edit the YAML file:
  Sample appsDomain configuration to test.example.com
```
apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  domain: apps.example.com            1
  appsDomain: <test.example.com>      2
```
  1
  Specifies the default domain. You cannot modify the default domain after installation.
  2
  Optional: Domain for OpenShift Container Platform infrastructure to use for application routes. Instead of the default prefix, apps, you can use an alternative prefix like test.

Verify that an existing route contains the domain name specified in the appsDomain field by exposing the route and verifying the route domain change:

Note

Wait for the openshift-apiserver finish rolling updates before exposing the route.

Expose the route:

$ oc expose service hello-openshift
route.route.openshift.io/hello-openshift exposed

Example output:

$ oc get routes
NAME              HOST/PORT                                   PATH   SERVICES          PORT       TERMINATION   WILDCARD
hello-openshift   hello_openshift-<my_project>.test.example.com
hello-openshift   8080-tcp                 None

6.8.16. Converting HTTP header case

HAProxy 2.2 lowercases HTTP header names by default, for example, changing Host: xyz.com to host: xyz.com. If legacy applications are sensitive to the capitalization of HTTP header names, use the Ingress Controller spec.httpHeaders.headerNameCaseAdjustments API field for a solution to accommodate legacy applications until they can be fixed.

Important

Because OpenShift Container Platform 4.8 includes HAProxy 2.2, make sure to add the necessary configuration by using spec.httpHeaders.headerNameCaseAdjustments before upgrading.

Prerequisites

You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

As a cluster administrator, you can convert the HTTP header case by entering the oc patch command or by setting the HeaderNameCaseAdjustments field in the Ingress Controller YAML file.

Specify an HTTP header to be capitalized by entering the oc patch command.
1. Enter the oc patch command to change the HTTP host header to Host:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator patch ingresscontrollers/default --type=merge --patch='{"spec":{"httpHeaders":{"headerNameCaseAdjustments":["Host"]}}}'
```
2. Annotate the route of the application:
```
$ oc annotate routes/my-application haproxy.router.openshift.io/h1-adjust-case=true
```
  The Ingress Controller then adjusts the host request header as specified.

Specify adjustments using the HeaderNameCaseAdjustments field by configuring the Ingress Controller YAML file.
1. The following example Ingress Controller YAML adjusts the host header to Host for HTTP/1 requests to appropriately annotated routes:
  Example Ingress Controller YAML
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  httpHeaders:
    headerNameCaseAdjustments:
    - Host
```
2. The following example route enables HTTP response header name case adjustments using the haproxy.router.openshift.io/h1-adjust-case annotation:
  Example route YAML
```
apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/h1-adjust-case: true 1
  name: my-application
  namespace: my-application
spec:
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: my-application
```
  1
  Set haproxy.router.openshift.io/h1-adjust-case to true.

6.9. Additional resources

Configuring a custom PKI

Chapter 7. Verifying connectivity to an endpoint

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) runs a controller, the connectivity check controller, that performs a connection health check between resources within your cluster. By reviewing the results of the health checks, you can diagnose connection problems or eliminate network connectivity as the cause of an issue that you are investigating.

7.1. Connection health checks performed

To verify that cluster resources are reachable, a TCP connection is made to each of the following cluster API services:

Kubernetes API server service
Kubernetes API server endpoints
OpenShift API server service
OpenShift API server endpoints
Load balancers

To verify that services and service endpoints are reachable on every node in the cluster, a TCP connection is made to each of the following targets:

Health check target service
Health check target endpoints

7.2. Implementation of connection health checks

The connectivity check controller orchestrates connection verification checks in your cluster. The results for the connection tests are stored in PodNetworkConnectivity objects in the openshift-network-diagnostics namespace. Connection tests are performed every minute in parallel.

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) deploys several resources to the cluster to send and receive connectivity health checks:

Health check source: This program deploys in a single pod replica set managed by a Deployment object. The program consumes PodNetworkConnectivity objects and connects to the spec.targetEndpoint specified in each object.
Health check target: A pod deployed as part of a daemon set on every node in the cluster. The pod listens for inbound health checks. The presence of this pod on every node allows for the testing of connectivity to each node.

7.3. PodNetworkConnectivityCheck object fields

The PodNetworkConnectivityCheck object fields are described in the following tables.

Table 7.1. PodNetworkConnectivityCheck object fields
Field	Type	Description
`metadata.name`	`string`	The name of the object in the following format: `<source>-to-<target>`. The destination described by `<target>` includes one of following strings: `load-balancer-api-external` `load-balancer-api-internal` `kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint` `kubernetes-apiserver-service-cluster` `network-check-target` `openshift-apiserver-endpoint` `openshift-apiserver-service-cluster`
`metadata.namespace`	`string`	The namespace that the object is associated with. This value is always `openshift-network-diagnostics`.
`spec.sourcePod`	`string`	The name of the pod where the connection check originates, such as `network-check-source-596b4c6566-rgh92`.
`spec.targetEndpoint`	`string`	The target of the connection check, such as `api.devcluster.example.com:6443`.
`spec.tlsClientCert`	`object`	Configuration for the TLS certificate to use.
`spec.tlsClientCert.name`	`string`	The name of the TLS certificate used, if any. The default value is an empty string.
`status`	`object`	An object representing the condition of the connection test and logs of recent connection successes and failures.
`status.conditions`	`array`	The latest status of the connection check and any previous statuses.
`status.failures`	`array`	Connection test logs from unsuccessful attempts.
`status.outages`	`array`	Connect test logs covering the time periods of any outages.
`status.successes`	`array`	Connection test logs from successful attempts.

The following table describes the fields for objects in the status.conditions array:

Table 7.2. status.conditions
Field	Type	Description
`lastTransitionTime`	`string`	The time that the condition of the connection transitioned from one status to another.
`message`	`string`	The details about last transition in a human readable format.
`reason`	`string`	The last status of the transition in a machine readable format.
`status`	`string`	The status of the condition.
`type`	`string`	The type of the condition.

The following table describes the fields for objects in the status.conditions array:

Table 7.3. status.outages
Field	Type	Description
`end`	`string`	The timestamp from when the connection failure is resolved.
`endLogs`	`array`	Connection log entries, including the log entry related to the successful end of the outage.
`message`	`string`	A summary of outage details in a human readable format.
`start`	`string`	The timestamp from when the connection failure is first detected.
`startLogs`	`array`	Connection log entries, including the original failure.

Connection log fields

The fields for a connection log entry are described in the following table. The object is used in the following fields:

status.failures[]
status.successes[]
status.outages[].startLogs[]
status.outages[].endLogs[]

Table 7.4. Connection log object
Field	Type	Description
`latency`	`string`	Records the duration of the action.
`message`	`string`	Provides the status in a human readable format.
`reason`	`string`	Provides the reason for status in a machine readable format. The value is one of `TCPConnect`, `TCPConnectError`, `DNSResolve`, `DNSError`.
`success`	`boolean`	Indicates if the log entry is a success or failure.
`time`	`string`	The start time of connection check.

7.4. Verifying network connectivity for an endpoint

As a cluster administrator, you can verify the connectivity of an endpoint, such as an API server, load balancer, service, or pod.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

To list the current PodNetworkConnectivityCheck objects, enter the following command:

$ oc get podnetworkconnectivitycheck -n openshift-network-diagnostics

Example output

NAME                                                                                                                                AGE
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0   75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-1   73m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-2   75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-apiserver-service-cluster                               75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-default-service-cluster                                 75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-load-balancer-api-external                                         75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-load-balancer-api-internal                                         75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0            75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-1            75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-2            75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh      74m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-c-n8mbf      74m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-d-4hnrz      74m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-network-check-target-service-cluster                               75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-openshift-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0    75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-openshift-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-1    75m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-openshift-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-2    74m
network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-openshift-apiserver-service-cluster                                75m

View the connection test logs:

From the output of the previous command, identify the endpoint that you want to review the connectivity logs for.

To view the object, enter the following command:

$ oc get podnetworkconnectivitycheck <name> \
  -n openshift-network-diagnostics -o yaml

where <name> specifies the name of the PodNetworkConnectivityCheck object.

Example output

apiVersion: controlplane.operator.openshift.io/v1alpha1
kind: PodNetworkConnectivityCheck
metadata:
  name: network-check-source-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-worker-b-6xdmh-to-kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0
  namespace: openshift-network-diagnostics
  ...
spec:
  sourcePod: network-check-source-7c88f6d9f-hmg2f
  targetEndpoint: 10.0.0.4:6443
  tlsClientCert:
    name: ""
status:
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T20:11:34Z"
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnectSuccess
    status: "True"
    type: Reachable
  failures:
  - latency: 2.241775ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: failed
      to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443: connect:
      connection refused'
    reason: TCPConnectError
    success: false
    time: "2021-01-13T20:10:34Z"
  - latency: 2.582129ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: failed
      to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443: connect:
      connection refused'
    reason: TCPConnectError
    success: false
    time: "2021-01-13T20:09:34Z"
  - latency: 3.483578ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: failed
      to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443: connect:
      connection refused'
    reason: TCPConnectError
    success: false
    time: "2021-01-13T20:08:34Z"
  outages:
  - end: "2021-01-13T20:11:34Z"
    endLogs:
    - latency: 2.032018ms
      message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0:
        tcp connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
      reason: TCPConnect
      success: true
      time: "2021-01-13T20:11:34Z"
    - latency: 2.241775ms
      message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0:
        failed to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443:
        connect: connection refused'
      reason: TCPConnectError
      success: false
      time: "2021-01-13T20:10:34Z"
    - latency: 2.582129ms
      message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0:
        failed to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443:
        connect: connection refused'
      reason: TCPConnectError
      success: false
      time: "2021-01-13T20:09:34Z"
    - latency: 3.483578ms
      message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0:
        failed to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443:
        connect: connection refused'
      reason: TCPConnectError
      success: false
      time: "2021-01-13T20:08:34Z"
    message: Connectivity restored after 2m59.999789186s
    start: "2021-01-13T20:08:34Z"
    startLogs:
    - latency: 3.483578ms
      message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0:
        failed to establish a TCP connection to 10.0.0.4:6443: dial tcp 10.0.0.4:6443:
        connect: connection refused'
      reason: TCPConnectError
      success: false
      time: "2021-01-13T20:08:34Z"
  successes:
  - latency: 2.845865ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:14:34Z"
  - latency: 2.926345ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:13:34Z"
  - latency: 2.895796ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:12:34Z"
  - latency: 2.696844ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:11:34Z"
  - latency: 1.502064ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:10:34Z"
  - latency: 1.388857ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:09:34Z"
  - latency: 1.906383ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:08:34Z"
  - latency: 2.089073ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:07:34Z"
  - latency: 2.156994ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:06:34Z"
  - latency: 1.777043ms
    message: 'kubernetes-apiserver-endpoint-ci-ln-x5sv9rb-f76d1-4rzrp-master-0: tcp
      connection to 10.0.0.4:6443 succeeded'
    reason: TCPConnect
    success: true
    time: "2021-01-13T21:05:34Z"

Chapter 8. Configuring the node port service range

As a cluster administrator, you can expand the available node port range. If your cluster uses of a large number of node ports, you might need to increase the number of available ports.

The default port range is 30000-32767. You can never reduce the port range, even if you first expand it beyond the default range.

8.1. Prerequisites

Your cluster infrastructure must allow access to the ports that you specify within the expanded range. For example, if you expand the node port range to 30000-32900, the inclusive port range of 32768-32900 must be allowed by your firewall or packet filtering configuration.

8.2. Expanding the node port range

You can expand the node port range for the cluster.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To expand the node port range, enter the following command. Replace <port> with the largest port number in the new range.

$ oc patch network.config.openshift.io cluster --type=merge -p \
  '{
    "spec":
      { "serviceNodePortRange": "30000-<port>" }
  }'

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to update the node port range:

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  serviceNodePortRange: "30000-<port>"

Example output

network.config.openshift.io/cluster patched

To confirm that the configuration is active, enter the following command. It can take several minutes for the update to apply.

$ oc get configmaps -n openshift-kube-apiserver config \
  -o jsonpath="{.data['config\.yaml']}" | \
  grep -Eo '"service-node-port-range":["[[:digit:]]+-[[:digit:]]+"]'

Example output

"service-node-port-range":["30000-33000"]

8.3. Additional resources

Chapter 9. Configuring IP failover

This topic describes configuring IP failover for pods and services on your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

IP failover manages a pool of Virtual IP (VIP) addresses on a set of nodes. Every VIP in the set is serviced by a node selected from the set. As long a single node is available, the VIPs are served. There is no way to explicitly distribute the VIPs over the nodes, so there can be nodes with no VIPs and other nodes with many VIPs. If there is only one node, all VIPs are on it.

Note

The VIPs must be routable from outside the cluster.

IP failover monitors a port on each VIP to determine whether the port is reachable on the node. If the port is not reachable, the VIP is not assigned to the node. If the port is set to 0, this check is suppressed. The check script does the needed testing.

IP failover uses Keepalived to host a set of externally accessible VIP addresses on a set of hosts. Each VIP is only serviced by a single host at a time. Keepalived uses the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) to determine which host, from the set of hosts, services which VIP. If a host becomes unavailable, or if the service that Keepalived is watching does not respond, the VIP is switched to another host from the set. This means a VIP is always serviced as long as a host is available.

When a node running Keepalived passes the check script, the VIP on that node can enter the master state based on its priority and the priority of the current master and as determined by the preemption strategy.

A cluster administrator can provide a script through the OPENSHIFT_HA_NOTIFY_SCRIPT variable, and this script is called whenever the state of the VIP on the node changes. Keepalived uses the master state when it is servicing the VIP, the backup state when another node is servicing the VIP, or in the fault state when the check script fails. The notify script is called with the new state whenever the state changes.

You can create an IP failover deployment configuration on OpenShift Container Platform. The IP failover deployment configuration specifies the set of VIP addresses, and the set of nodes on which to service them. A cluster can have multiple IP failover deployment configurations, with each managing its own set of unique VIP addresses. Each node in the IP failover configuration runs an IP failover pod, and this pod runs Keepalived.

When using VIPs to access a pod with host networking, the application pod runs on all nodes that are running the IP failover pods. This enables any of the IP failover nodes to become the master and service the VIPs when needed. If application pods are not running on all nodes with IP failover, either some IP failover nodes never service the VIPs or some application pods never receive any traffic. Use the same selector and replication count, for both IP failover and the application pods, to avoid this mismatch.

While using VIPs to access a service, any of the nodes can be in the IP failover set of nodes, since the service is reachable on all nodes, no matter where the application pod is running. Any of the IP failover nodes can become master at any time. The service can either use external IPs and a service port or it can use a NodePort.

When using external IPs in the service definition, the VIPs are set to the external IPs, and the IP failover monitoring port is set to the service port. When using a node port, the port is open on every node in the cluster, and the service load-balances traffic from whatever node currently services the VIP. In this case, the IP failover monitoring port is set to the NodePort in the service definition.

Important

Setting up a NodePort is a privileged operation.

Important

Even though a service VIP is highly available, performance can still be affected. Keepalived makes sure that each of the VIPs is serviced by some node in the configuration, and several VIPs can end up on the same node even when other nodes have none. Strategies that externally load-balance across a set of VIPs can be thwarted when IP failover puts multiple VIPs on the same node.

When you use ingressIP, you can set up IP failover to have the same VIP range as the ingressIP range. You can also disable the monitoring port. In this case, all the VIPs appear on same node in the cluster. Any user can set up a service with an ingressIP and have it highly available.

Important

There are a maximum of 254 VIPs in the cluster.

9.1. IP failover environment variables

The following table contains the variables used to configure IP failover.

Table 9.1. IP failover environment variables
Variable Name	Default	Description
`OPENSHIFT_HA_MONITOR_PORT`	`80`	The IP failover pod tries to open a TCP connection to this port on each Virtual IP (VIP). If connection is established, the service is considered to be running. If this port is set to `0`, the test always passes.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_NETWORK_INTERFACE`		The interface name that IP failover uses to send Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) traffic. The default value is `eth0`.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_REPLICA_COUNT`	`2`	The number of replicas to create. This must match `spec.replicas` value in IP failover deployment configuration.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_VIRTUAL_IPS`		The list of IP address ranges to replicate. This must be provided. For example, `1.2.3.4-6,1.2.3.9`.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_VRRP_ID_OFFSET`	`0`	The offset value used to set the virtual router IDs. Using different offset values allows multiple IP failover configurations to exist within the same cluster. The default offset is `0`, and the allowed range is `0` through `255`.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS`		The number of groups to create for VRRP. If not set, a group is created for each virtual IP range specified with the `OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS` variable.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_IPTABLES_CHAIN`	INPUT	The name of the iptables chain, to automatically add an `iptables` rule to allow the VRRP traffic on. If the value is not set, an `iptables` rule is not added. If the chain does not exist, it is not created.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_SCRIPT`		The full path name in the pod file system of a script that is periodically run to verify the application is operating.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_INTERVAL`	`2`	The period, in seconds, that the check script is run.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_NOTIFY_SCRIPT`		The full path name in the pod file system of a script that is run whenever the state changes.
`OPENSHIFT_HA_PREEMPTION`	`preempt_nodelay 300`	The strategy for handling a new higher priority host. The `nopreempt` strategy does not move master from the lower priority host to the higher priority host.

9.2. Configuring IP failover

As a cluster administrator, you can configure IP failover on an entire cluster, or on a subset of nodes, as defined by the label selector. You can also configure multiple IP failover deployment configurations in your cluster, where each one is independent of the others.

The IP failover deployment configuration ensures that a failover pod runs on each of the nodes matching the constraints or the label used.

This pod runs Keepalived, which can monitor an endpoint and use Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) to fail over the virtual IP (VIP) from one node to another if the first node cannot reach the service or endpoint.

For production use, set a selector that selects at least two nodes, and set replicas equal to the number of selected nodes.

Prerequisites

You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You created a pull secret.

Procedure

Create an IP failover service account:
```
$ oc create sa ipfailover
```

Update security context constraints (SCC) for hostNetwork:

$ oc adm policy add-scc-to-user privileged -z ipfailover
$ oc adm policy add-scc-to-user hostnetwork -z ipfailover

Create a deployment YAML file to configure IP failover:

Example deployment YAML for IP failover configuration

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: ipfailover-keepalived 1
  labels:
    ipfailover: hello-openshift
spec:
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      ipfailover: hello-openshift
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        ipfailover: hello-openshift
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: ipfailover
      privileged: true
      hostNetwork: true
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/worker: ""
      containers:
      - name: openshift-ipfailover
        image: quay.io/openshift/origin-keepalived-ipfailover
        ports:
        - containerPort: 63000
          hostPort: 63000
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        securityContext:
          privileged: true
        volumeMounts:
        - name: lib-modules
          mountPath: /lib/modules
          readOnly: true
        - name: host-slash
          mountPath: /host
          readOnly: true
          mountPropagation: HostToContainer
        - name: etc-sysconfig
          mountPath: /etc/sysconfig
          readOnly: true
        - name: config-volume
          mountPath: /etc/keepalive
        env:
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_CONFIG_NAME
          value: "ipfailover"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_VIRTUAL_IPS 2
          value: "1.1.1.1-2"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS 3
          value: "10"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_NETWORK_INTERFACE 4
          value: "ens3" #The host interface to assign the VIPs
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_MONITOR_PORT 5
          value: "30060"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_VRRP_ID_OFFSET 6
          value: "0"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_REPLICA_COUNT 7
          value: "2" #Must match the number of replicas in the deployment
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_USE_UNICAST
          value: "false"
        #- name: OPENSHIFT_HA_UNICAST_PEERS
          #value: "10.0.148.40,10.0.160.234,10.0.199.110"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_IPTABLES_CHAIN 8
          value: "INPUT"
        #- name: OPENSHIFT_HA_NOTIFY_SCRIPT 9
        #  value: /etc/keepalive/mynotifyscript.sh
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_SCRIPT 10
          value: "/etc/keepalive/mycheckscript.sh"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_PREEMPTION 11
          value: "preempt_delay 300"
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_INTERVAL 12
          value: "2"
        livenessProbe:
          initialDelaySeconds: 10
          exec:
            command:
            - pgrep
            - keepalived
      volumes:
      - name: lib-modules
        hostPath:
          path: /lib/modules
      - name: host-slash
        hostPath:
          path: /
      - name: etc-sysconfig
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/sysconfig
      # config-volume contains the check script
      # created with `oc create configmap keepalived-checkscript --from-file=mycheckscript.sh`
      - configMap:
          defaultMode: 0755
          name: keepalived-checkscript
        name: config-volume
      imagePullSecrets:
        - name: openshift-pull-secret 13

1: The name of the IP failover deployment.
2: The list of IP address ranges to replicate. This must be provided. For example, 1.2.3.4-6,1.2.3.9.
3: The number of groups to create for VRRP. If not set, a group is created for each virtual IP range specified with the OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS variable.
4: The interface name that IP failover uses to send VRRP traffic. By default, eth0 is used.
5: The IP failover pod tries to open a TCP connection to this port on each VIP. If connection is established, the service is considered to be running. If this port is set to 0, the test always passes. The default value is 80.
6: The offset value used to set the virtual router IDs. Using different offset values allows multiple IP failover configurations to exist within the same cluster. The default offset is 0, and the allowed range is 0 through 255.
7: The number of replicas to create. This must match spec.replicas value in IP failover deployment configuration. The default value is 2.
8: The name of the iptables chain to automatically add an iptables rule to allow the VRRP traffic on. If the value is not set, an iptables rule is not added. If the chain does not exist, it is not created, and Keepalived operates in unicast mode. The default is INPUT.
9: The full path name in the pod file system of a script that is run whenever the state changes.
10: The full path name in the pod file system of a script that is periodically run to verify the application is operating.
11: The strategy for handling a new higher priority host. The default value is preempt_delay 300, which causes a Keepalived instance to take over a VIP after 5 minutes if a lower-priority master is holding the VIP.
12: The period, in seconds, that the check script is run. The default value is 2.
13: Create the pull secret before creating the deployment, otherwise you will get an error when creating the deployment.

9.3. About virtual IP addresses

Keepalived manages a set of virtual IP addresses (VIP). The administrator must make sure that all of these addresses:

Are accessible on the configured hosts from outside the cluster.
Are not used for any other purpose within the cluster.

Keepalived on each node determines whether the needed service is running. If it is, VIPs are supported and Keepalived participates in the negotiation to determine which node serves the VIP. For a node to participate, the service must be listening on the watch port on a VIP or the check must be disabled.

Note

Each VIP in the set may end up being served by a different node.

9.4. Configuring check and notify scripts

Keepalived monitors the health of the application by periodically running an optional user supplied check script. For example, the script can test a web server by issuing a request and verifying the response.

When a check script is not provided, a simple default script is run that tests the TCP connection. This default test is suppressed when the monitor port is 0.

Each IP failover pod manages a Keepalived daemon that manages one or more virtual IPs (VIP) on the node where the pod is running. The Keepalived daemon keeps the state of each VIP for that node. A particular VIP on a particular node may be in master, backup, or fault state.

When the check script for that VIP on the node that is in master state fails, the VIP on that node enters the fault state, which triggers a renegotiation. During renegotiation, all VIPs on a node that are not in the fault state participate in deciding which node takes over the VIP. Ultimately, the VIP enters the master state on some node, and the VIP stays in the backup state on the other nodes.

When a node with a VIP in backup state fails, the VIP on that node enters the fault state. When the check script passes again for a VIP on a node in the fault state, the VIP on that node exits the fault state and negotiates to enter the master state. The VIP on that node may then enter either the master or the backup state.

As cluster administrator, you can provide an optional notify script, which is called whenever the state changes. Keepalived passes the following three parameters to the script:

$1 - group or instance
$2 - Name of the group or instance
$3 - The new state: master, backup, or fault

The check and notify scripts run in the IP failover pod and use the pod file system, not the host file system. However, the IP failover pod makes the host file system available under the /hosts mount path. When configuring a check or notify script, you must provide the full path to the script. The recommended approach for providing the scripts is to use a config map.

The full path names of the check and notify scripts are added to the Keepalived configuration file, _/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf, which is loaded every time Keepalived starts. The scripts can be added to the pod with a config map as follows.

Prerequisites

You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the desired script and create a config map to hold it. The script has no input arguments and must return 0 for OK and 1 for fail.
The check script, mycheckscript.sh:
```
#!/bin/bash
    # Whatever tests are needed
    # E.g., send request and verify response
exit 0
```

Create the config map:

$ oc create configmap mycustomcheck --from-file=mycheckscript.sh

Add the script to the pod. The defaultMode for the mounted config map files must able to run by using oc commands or by editing the deployment configuration. A value of 0755, 493 decimal, is typical:

$ oc set env deploy/ipfailover-keepalived \
    OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_SCRIPT=/etc/keepalive/mycheckscript.sh

$ oc set volume deploy/ipfailover-keepalived --add --overwrite \
    --name=config-volume \
    --mount-path=/etc/keepalive \
    --source='{"configMap": { "name": "mycustomcheck", "defaultMode": 493}}'

Note

The oc set env command is whitespace sensitive. There must be no whitespace on either side of the = sign.

Tip

You can alternatively edit the ipfailover-keepalived deployment configuration:

$ oc edit deploy ipfailover-keepalived

    spec:
      containers:
      - env:
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_SCRIPT  1
          value: /etc/keepalive/mycheckscript.sh
...
        volumeMounts: 2
        - mountPath: /etc/keepalive
          name: config-volume
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
...
      volumes: 3
      - configMap:
          defaultMode: 0755 4
          name: customrouter
        name: config-volume
...

1: In the spec.container.env field, add the OPENSHIFT_HA_CHECK_SCRIPT environment variable to point to the mounted script file.
2: Add the spec.container.volumeMounts field to create the mount point.
3: Add a new spec.volumes field to mention the config map.
4: This sets run permission on the files. When read back, it is displayed in decimal, 493.

Save the changes and exit the editor. This restarts ipfailover-keepalived.

9.5. Configuring VRRP preemption

When a Virtual IP (VIP) on a node leaves the fault state by passing the check script, the VIP on the node enters the backup state if it has lower priority than the VIP on the node that is currently in the master state. However, if the VIP on the node that is leaving fault state has a higher priority, the preemption strategy determines its role in the cluster.

The nopreempt strategy does not move master from the lower priority VIP on the host to the higher priority VIP on the host. With preempt_delay 300, the default, Keepalived waits the specified 300 seconds and moves master to the higher priority VIP on the host.

Prerequisites

You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

To specify preemption enter oc edit deploy ipfailover-keepalived to edit the router deployment configuration:
```
$ oc edit deploy ipfailover-keepalived
```
```
...
    spec:
      containers:
      - env:
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_PREEMPTION  1
          value: preempt_delay 300
...
```
1
Set the OPENSHIFT_HA_PREEMPTION value:
preempt_delay 300: Keepalived waits the specified 300 seconds and moves master to the higher priority VIP on the host. This is the default value.
nopreempt: does not move master from the lower priority VIP on the host to the higher priority VIP on the host.

9.6. About VRRP ID offset

Each IP failover pod managed by the IP failover deployment configuration, 1 pod per node or replica, runs a Keepalived daemon. As more IP failover deployment configurations are configured, more pods are created and more daemons join into the common Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) negotiation. This negotiation is done by all the Keepalived daemons and it determines which nodes service which virtual IPs (VIP).

Internally, Keepalived assigns a unique vrrp-id to each VIP. The negotiation uses this set of vrrp-ids, when a decision is made, the VIP corresponding to the winning vrrp-id is serviced on the winning node.

Therefore, for every VIP defined in the IP failover deployment configuration, the IP failover pod must assign a corresponding vrrp-id. This is done by starting at OPENSHIFT_HA_VRRP_ID_OFFSET and sequentially assigning the vrrp-ids to the list of VIPs. The vrrp-ids can have values in the range 1..255.

When there are multiple IP failover deployment configurations, you must specify OPENSHIFT_HA_VRRP_ID_OFFSET so that there is room to increase the number of VIPs in the deployment configuration and none of the vrrp-id ranges overlap.

9.7. Configuring IP failover for more than 254 addresses

IP failover management is limited to 254 groups of Virtual IP (VIP) addresses. By default OpenShift Container Platform assigns one IP address to each group. You can use the OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS variable to change this so multiple IP addresses are in each group and define the number of VIP groups available for each Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) instance when configuring IP failover.

Grouping VIPs creates a wider range of allocation of VIPs per VRRP in the case of VRRP failover events, and is useful when all hosts in the cluster have access to a service locally. For example, when a service is being exposed with an ExternalIP.

Note

As a rule for failover, do not limit services, such as the router, to one specific host. Instead, services should be replicated to each host so that in the case of IP failover, the services do not have to be recreated on the new host.

Note

If you are using OpenShift Container Platform health checks, the nature of IP failover and groups means that all instances in the group are not checked. For that reason, the Kubernetes health checks must be used to ensure that services are live.

Prerequisites

You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To change the number of IP addresses assigned to each group, change the value for the OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS variable, for example:
Example Deployment YAML for IP failover configuration
```
...
    spec:
        env:
        - name: OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS 1
          value: "3"
...
```
1
If OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS is set to 3 in an environment with seven VIPs, it creates three groups, assigning three VIPs to the first group, and two VIPs to the two remaining groups.

Note

If the number of groups set by OPENSHIFT_HA_VIP_GROUPS is fewer than the number of IP addresses set to fail over, the group contains more than one IP address, and all of the addresses move as a single unit.

9.8. High availability For ingressIP

In non-cloud clusters, IP failover and ingressIP to a service can be combined. The result is high availability services for users that create services using ingressIP.

The approach is to specify an ingressIPNetworkCIDR range and then use the same range in creating the ipfailover configuration.

Because IP failover can support up to a maximum of 255 VIPs for the entire cluster, the ingressIPNetworkCIDR needs to be /24 or smaller.

Chapter 10. Using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) on a bare metal cluster

As a cluster administrator, you can use the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) on a cluster.

10.1. Support for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) on OpenShift Container Platform

As a cluster administrator, you can enable SCTP on the hosts in the cluster. On Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), the SCTP module is disabled by default.

SCTP is a reliable message based protocol that runs on top of an IP network.

When enabled, you can use SCTP as a protocol with pods, services, and network policy. A Service object must be defined with the type parameter set to either the ClusterIP or NodePort value.

10.1.1. Example configurations using SCTP protocol

You can configure a pod or service to use SCTP by setting the protocol parameter to the SCTP value in the pod or service object.

In the following example, a pod is configured to use SCTP:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: project1
  name: example-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: example-pod
...
      ports:
        - containerPort: 30100
          name: sctpserver
          protocol: SCTP

In the following example, a service is configured to use SCTP:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  namespace: project1
  name: sctpserver
spec:
...
  ports:
    - name: sctpserver
      protocol: SCTP
      port: 30100
      targetPort: 30100
  type: ClusterIP

In the following example, a NetworkPolicy object is configured to apply to SCTP network traffic on port 80 from any pods with a specific label:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-sctp-on-http
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      role: web
  ingress:
  - ports:
    - protocol: SCTP
      port: 80

10.2. Enabling Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

As a cluster administrator, you can load and enable the blacklisted SCTP kernel module on worker nodes in your cluster.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Create a file named load-sctp-module.yaml that contains the following YAML definition:

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: load-sctp-module
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.2.0
    storage:
      files:
        - path: /etc/modprobe.d/sctp-blacklist.conf
          mode: 0644
          overwrite: true
          contents:
            source: data:,
        - path: /etc/modules-load.d/sctp-load.conf
          mode: 0644
          overwrite: true
          contents:
            source: data:,sctp

To create the MachineConfig object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc create -f load-sctp-module.yaml
```
Optional: To watch the status of the nodes while the MachineConfig Operator applies the configuration change, enter the following command. When the status of a node transitions to Ready, the configuration update is applied.
```
$ oc get nodes
```

10.3. Verifying Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is enabled

You can verify that SCTP is working on a cluster by creating a pod with an application that listens for SCTP traffic, associating it with a service, and then connecting to the exposed service.

Prerequisites

Access to the internet from the cluster to install the nc package.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Create a pod starts an SCTP listener:

Create a file named sctp-server.yaml that defines a pod with the following YAML:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sctpserver
  labels:
    app: sctpserver
spec:
  containers:
    - name: sctpserver
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["dnf install -y nc && sleep inf"]
      ports:
        - containerPort: 30102
          name: sctpserver
          protocol: SCTP

Create the pod by entering the following command:
```
$ oc create -f sctp-server.yaml
```

Create a service for the SCTP listener pod.

Create a file named sctp-service.yaml that defines a service with the following YAML:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: sctpservice
  labels:
    app: sctpserver
spec:
  type: NodePort
  selector:
    app: sctpserver
  ports:
    - name: sctpserver
      protocol: SCTP
      port: 30102
      targetPort: 30102

To create the service, enter the following command:
```
$ oc create -f sctp-service.yaml
```

Create a pod for the SCTP client.

Create a file named sctp-client.yaml with the following YAML:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sctpclient
  labels:
    app: sctpclient
spec:
  containers:
    - name: sctpclient
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["dnf install -y nc && sleep inf"]

To create the Pod object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f sctp-client.yaml
```

Run an SCTP listener on the server.
1. To connect to the server pod, enter the following command:
```
$ oc rsh sctpserver
```
2. To start the SCTP listener, enter the following command:
```
$ nc -l 30102 --sctp
```
Connect to the SCTP listener on the server.
1. Open a new terminal window or tab in your terminal program.
2. Obtain the IP address of the sctpservice service. Enter the following command:
```
$ oc get services sctpservice -o go-template='{{.spec.clusterIP}}{{"\n"}}'
```
3. To connect to the client pod, enter the following command:
```
$ oc rsh sctpclient
```
4. To start the SCTP client, enter the following command. Replace <cluster_IP> with the cluster IP address of the sctpservice service.
```
# nc <cluster_IP> 30102 --sctp
```

Chapter 11. Configuring PTP hardware

Note

PTP hardware with ordinary clock is generally available and fully supported in OpenShift Container Platform 4.8.

11.1. About PTP hardware

OpenShift Container Platform includes the capability to use Precision Time Protocol (PTP) hardware on your nodes. You can configure linuxptp services on nodes in your cluster that have PTP-capable hardware.

Note

The PTP Operator works with PTP-capable devices on clusters provisioned only on bare-metal infrastructure.

You can use the OpenShift Container Platform console to install PTP by deploying the PTP Operator. The PTP Operator creates and manages the linuxptp services. The Operator provides the following features:

Discovery of the PTP-capable devices in a cluster.
Management of the configuration of linuxptp services.

11.2. Automated discovery of PTP network devices

The PTP Operator adds the NodePtpDevice.ptp.openshift.io custom resource definition (CRD) to OpenShift Container Platform. The PTP Operator will search your cluster for PTP capable network devices on each node. The Operator creates and updates a NodePtpDevice custom resource (CR) object for each node that provides a compatible PTP device.

One CR is created for each node, and shares the same name as the node. The .status.devices list provides information about the PTP devices on a node.

The following is an example of a NodePtpDevice CR created by the PTP Operator:

apiVersion: ptp.openshift.io/v1
kind: NodePtpDevice
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2019-11-15T08:57:11Z"
  generation: 1
  name: dev-worker-0 1
  namespace: openshift-ptp 2
  resourceVersion: "487462"
  selfLink: /apis/ptp.openshift.io/v1/namespaces/openshift-ptp/nodeptpdevices/dev-worker-0
  uid: 08d133f7-aae2-403f-84ad-1fe624e5ab3f
spec: {}
status:
  devices: 3
  - name: eno1
  - name: eno2
  - name: ens787f0
  - name: ens787f1
  - name: ens801f0
  - name: ens801f1
  - name: ens802f0
  - name: ens802f1
  - name: ens803

1: The value for the name parameter is the same as the name of the node.
2: The CR is created in openshift-ptp namespace by PTP Operator.
3: The devices collection includes a list of all of the PTP capable devices discovered by the Operator on the node.

11.3. Installing the PTP Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the PTP Operator using the OpenShift Container Platform CLI or the web console.

11.3.1. CLI: Installing the PTP Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the CLI.

Prerequisites

A cluster installed on bare-metal hardware with nodes that have hardware that supports PTP.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To create a namespace for the PTP Operator, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: openshift-ptp
  annotations:
    workload.openshift.io/allowed: management
  labels:
    name: openshift-ptp
    openshift.io/cluster-monitoring: "true"
EOF

To create an Operator group for the Operator, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1
kind: OperatorGroup
metadata:
  name: ptp-operators
  namespace: openshift-ptp
spec:
  targetNamespaces:
  - openshift-ptp
EOF

Subscribe to the PTP Operator.

Run the following command to set the OpenShift Container Platform major and minor version as an environment variable, which is used as the channel value in the next step.
```
$ OC_VERSION=$(oc version -o yaml | grep openshiftVersion | \
    grep -o '[0-9]*[.][0-9]*' | head -1)
```

To create a subscription for the PTP Operator, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1
kind: Subscription
metadata:
  name: ptp-operator-subscription
  namespace: openshift-ptp
spec:
  channel: "${OC_VERSION}"
  name: ptp-operator
  source: redhat-operators
  sourceNamespace: openshift-marketplace
EOF

To verify that the Operator is installed, enter the following command:

$ oc get csv -n openshift-ptp \
  -o custom-columns=Name:.metadata.name,Phase:.status.phase

Example output

Name                                        Phase
ptp-operator.4.4.0-202006160135             Succeeded

11.3.2. Web console: Installing the PTP Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the web console.

Note

You have to create the namespace and operator group as mentioned in the previous section.

Procedure

Install the PTP Operator using the OpenShift Container Platform web console:
1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, click Operators → OperatorHub.
2. Choose PTP Operator from the list of available Operators, and then click Install.
3. On the Install Operator page, under A specific namespace on the cluster select openshift-ptp. Then, click Install.
Optional: Verify that the PTP Operator installed successfully:
1. Switch to the Operators → Installed Operators page.
2. Ensure that PTP Operator is listed in the openshift-ptp project with a Status of InstallSucceeded.
  Note
  During installation an Operator might display a Failed status. If the installation later succeeds with an InstallSucceeded message, you can ignore the Failed message.
  If the operator does not appear as installed, to troubleshoot further:
  - Go to the Operators → Installed Operators page and inspect the Operator Subscriptions and Install Plans tabs for any failure or errors under Status.
  - Go to the Workloads → Pods page and check the logs for pods in the openshift-ptp project.

11.4. Configuring Linuxptp services

The PTP Operator adds the PtpConfig.ptp.openshift.io custom resource definition (CRD) to OpenShift Container Platform. You can configure the Linuxptp services (ptp4l, phc2sys) by creating a PtpConfig custom resource (CR) object.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You must have installed the PTP Operator.

Procedure

Create the following PtpConfig CR, and then save the YAML in the <name>-ptp-config.yaml file. Replace <name> with the name for this configuration.
```
apiVersion: ptp.openshift.io/v1
kind: PtpConfig
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
  namespace: openshift-ptp 2
spec:
  profile: 3
  - name: "profile1" 4
    interface: "ens787f1" 5
    ptp4lOpts: "-s -2" 6
    phc2sysOpts: "-a -r" 7
    ptp4lConf: "" 8
  recommend: 9
  - profile: "profile1" 10
    priority: 10 11
    match: 12
    - nodeLabel: "node-role.kubernetes.io/worker" 13
      nodeName: "dev-worker-0" 14
```
1
Specify a name for the PtpConfig CR.
2
Specify the namespace where the PTP Operator is installed.
3
Specify an array of one or more profile objects.
4
Specify the name of a profile object which is used to uniquely identify a profile object.
5
Specify the network interface name to use by the ptp4l service, for example ens787f1.
6
Specify system config options for the ptp4l service, for example -s -2. This should not include the interface name -i <interface> and service config file -f /etc/ptp4l.conf because these will be automatically appended.
7
Specify system config options for the phc2sys service, for example -a -r.
8
Specify a string that contains the configuration to replace the default /etc/ptp4l.conf file. To use the default configuration, leave the field empty.
9
Specify an array of one or more recommend objects, which define rules on how the profile should be applied to nodes.
10
Specify the profile object name defined in the profile section.
11
Specify the priority with an integer value between 0 and 99. A larger number gets lower priority, so a priority of 99 is lower than a priority of 10. If a node can be matched with multiple profiles according to rules defined in the match field, the profile with the higher priority will be applied to that node.
12
Specify match rules with nodeLabel or nodeName.
13
Specify nodeLabel with the key of node.Labels from the node object by using the oc get nodes --show-labels command.
14
Specify nodeName with node.Name from the node object by using the oc get nodes command.
Create the CR by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f <filename> 1
```
1
Replace <filename> with the name of the file you created in the previous step.

Optional: Check that the PtpConfig profile is applied to nodes that match with nodeLabel or nodeName.

$ oc get pods -n openshift-ptp -o wide

Example output

NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP               NODE           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
linuxptp-daemon-4xkbb           1/1     Running   0          43m   192.168.111.15   dev-worker-0   <none>           <none>
linuxptp-daemon-tdspf           1/1     Running   0          43m   192.168.111.11   dev-master-0   <none>           <none>
ptp-operator-657bbb64c8-2f8sj   1/1     Running   0          43m   10.128.0.116     dev-master-0   <none>           <none>

$ oc logs linuxptp-daemon-4xkbb -n openshift-ptp
I1115 09:41:17.117596 4143292 daemon.go:107] in applyNodePTPProfile
I1115 09:41:17.117604 4143292 daemon.go:109] updating NodePTPProfile to:
I1115 09:41:17.117607 4143292 daemon.go:110] ------------------------------------
I1115 09:41:17.117612 4143292 daemon.go:102] Profile Name: profile1 1
I1115 09:41:17.117616 4143292 daemon.go:102] Interface: ens787f1    2
I1115 09:41:17.117620 4143292 daemon.go:102] Ptp4lOpts: -s -2       3
I1115 09:41:17.117623 4143292 daemon.go:102] Phc2sysOpts: -a -r     4
I1115 09:41:17.117626 4143292 daemon.go:116] ------------------------------------
I1115 09:41:18.117934 4143292 daemon.go:186] Starting phc2sys...
I1115 09:41:18.117985 4143292 daemon.go:187] phc2sys cmd: &{Path:/usr/sbin/phc2sys Args:[/usr/sbin/phc2sys -a -r] Env:[] Dir: Stdin:<nil> Stdout:<nil> Stderr:<nil> ExtraFiles:[] SysProcAttr:<nil> Process:<nil> ProcessState:<nil> ctx:<nil> lookPathErr:<nil> finished:false childFiles:[] closeAfterStart:[] closeAfterWait:[] goroutine:[] errch:<nil> waitDone:<nil>}
I1115 09:41:19.118175 4143292 daemon.go:186] Starting ptp4l...
I1115 09:41:19.118209 4143292 daemon.go:187] ptp4l cmd: &{Path:/usr/sbin/ptp4l Args:[/usr/sbin/ptp4l -m -f /etc/ptp4l.conf -i ens787f1 -s -2] Env:[] Dir: Stdin:<nil> Stdout:<nil> Stderr:<nil> ExtraFiles:[] SysProcAttr:<nil> Process:<nil> ProcessState:<nil> ctx:<nil> lookPathErr:<nil> finished:false childFiles:[] closeAfterStart:[] closeAfterWait:[] goroutine:[] errch:<nil> waitDone:<nil>}
ptp4l[102189.864]: selected /dev/ptp5 as PTP clock
ptp4l[102189.886]: port 1: INITIALIZING to LISTENING on INIT_COMPLETE
ptp4l[102189.886]: port 0: INITIALIZING to LISTENING on INIT_COMPLETE

1: Profile Name is the name that is applied to node dev-worker-0.
2: Interface is the PTP device specified in the profile1 interface field. The ptp4l service runs on this interface.
3: Ptp4lOpts are the ptp4l sysconfig options specified in profile1 Ptp4lOpts field.
4: Phc2sysOpts are the phc2sys sysconfig options specified in profile1 Phc2sysOpts field.

Chapter 12. Network policy

12.1. About network policy

As a cluster administrator, you can define network policies that restrict traffic to pods in your cluster.

12.1.1. About network policy

In a cluster using a Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin that supports Kubernetes network policy, network isolation is controlled entirely by NetworkPolicy objects. In OpenShift Container Platform 4.8, OpenShift SDN supports using network policy in its default network isolation mode.

Note

When using the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider, the following limitations apply regarding network policies:

Egress network policy as specified by the egress field is not supported.
IPBlock is supported by network policy, but without support for except clauses. If you create a policy with an IPBlock section that includes an except clause, the SDN pods log warnings and the entire IPBlock section of that policy is ignored.

Warning

Network policy does not apply to the host network namespace. Pods with host networking enabled are unaffected by network policy rules.

By default, all pods in a project are accessible from other pods and network endpoints. To isolate one or more pods in a project, you can create NetworkPolicy objects in that project to indicate the allowed incoming connections. Project administrators can create and delete NetworkPolicy objects within their own project.

If a pod is matched by selectors in one or more NetworkPolicy objects, then the pod will accept only connections that are allowed by at least one of those NetworkPolicy objects. A pod that is not selected by any NetworkPolicy objects is fully accessible.

The following example NetworkPolicy objects demonstrate supporting different scenarios:

Deny all traffic:

To make a project deny by default, add a NetworkPolicy object that matches all pods but accepts no traffic:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: deny-by-default
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress: []

Only allow connections from the OpenShift Container Platform Ingress Controller:

To make a project allow only connections from the OpenShift Container Platform Ingress Controller, add the following NetworkPolicy object.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-from-openshift-ingress
spec:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          network.openshift.io/policy-group: ingress
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress

Only accept connections from pods within a project:
To make pods accept connections from other pods in the same project, but reject all other connections from pods in other projects, add the following NetworkPolicy object:
```
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-same-namespace
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}
```

Only allow HTTP and HTTPS traffic based on pod labels:

To enable only HTTP and HTTPS access to the pods with a specific label (role=frontend in following example), add a NetworkPolicy object similar to the following:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-http-and-https
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      role: frontend
  ingress:
  - ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 443

Accept connections by using both namespace and pod selectors:

To match network traffic by combining namespace and pod selectors, you can use a NetworkPolicy object similar to the following:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-pod-and-namespace-both
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      name: test-pods
  ingress:
    - from:
      - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
            project: project_name
        podSelector:
          matchLabels:
            name: test-pods

NetworkPolicy objects are additive, which means you can combine multiple NetworkPolicy objects together to satisfy complex network requirements.

For example, for the NetworkPolicy objects defined in previous samples, you can define both allow-same-namespace and allow-http-and-https policies within the same project. Thus allowing the pods with the label role=frontend, to accept any connection allowed by each policy. That is, connections on any port from pods in the same namespace, and connections on ports 80 and 443 from pods in any namespace.

12.1.2. Optimizations for network policy

Use a network policy to isolate pods that are differentiated from one another by labels within a namespace.

Note

The guidelines for efficient use of network policy rules applies to only the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider.

It is inefficient to apply NetworkPolicy objects to large numbers of individual pods in a single namespace. Pod labels do not exist at the IP address level, so a network policy generates a separate Open vSwitch (OVS) flow rule for every possible link between every pod selected with a podSelector.

For example, if the spec podSelector and the ingress podSelector within a NetworkPolicy object each match 200 pods, then 40,000 (200*200) OVS flow rules are generated. This might slow down a node.

When designing your network policy, refer to the following guidelines:

Reduce the number of OVS flow rules by using namespaces to contain groups of pods that need to be isolated.
NetworkPolicy objects that select a whole namespace, by using the namespaceSelector or an empty podSelector, generate only a single OVS flow rule that matches the VXLAN virtual network ID (VNID) of the namespace.
Keep the pods that do not need to be isolated in their original namespace, and move the pods that require isolation into one or more different namespaces.
Create additional targeted cross-namespace network policies to allow the specific traffic that you do want to allow from the isolated pods.

12.1.3. Next steps

Creating a network policy
Optional: Defining a default network policy

12.1.4. Additional resources

12.2. Logging network policy events

As a cluster administrator, you can configure network policy audit logging for your cluster and enable logging for one or more namespaces.

Note

Audit logging of network policies is available for only the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider.

12.2.1. Network policy audit logging

The OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider uses Open Virtual Network (OVN) ACLs to manage network policy. Audit logging exposes allow and deny ACL events.

You can configure the destination for network policy audit logs, such as a syslog server or a UNIX domain socket. Regardless of any additional configuration, an audit log is always saved to /var/log/ovn/acl-audit-log.log on each OVN-Kubernetes pod in the cluster.

Network policy audit logging is enabled per namespace by annotating the namespace with the k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging key as in the following example:

Example namespace annotation

kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: example1
  annotations:
    k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging: |-
      {
        "deny": "info",
        "allow": "info"
      }

The logging format is compatible with syslog as defined by RFC5424. The syslog facility is configurable and defaults to local0. An example log entry might resemble the following:

Example ACL deny log entry

2021-06-13T19:33:11.590Z|00005|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_deny-all", verdict=drop, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:39,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:37,nw_src=10.128.2.57,nw_dst=10.128.2.55,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0

The following table describes namespace annotation values:

Table 12.1. Network policy audit logging namespace annotation
Annotation	Value
`k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging`	You must specify at least one of `allow`, `deny`, or both to enable network policy audit logging for a namespace. `deny` Optional: Specify `alert`, `warning`, `notice`, `info`, or `debug`. `allow` Optional: Specify `alert`, `warning`, `notice`, `info`, or `debug`.

12.2.2. Network policy audit configuration

The configuration for audit logging is specified as part of the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider configuration. The following YAML illustrates default values for network policy audit logging feature.

Audit logging configuration

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  defaultNetwork:
    ovnKubernetesConfig:
      policyAuditConfig:
        destination: "null"
        maxFileSize: 50
        rateLimit: 20
        syslogFacility: local0

The following table describes the configuration fields for network policy audit logging.

Table 12.2. policyAuditConfig object
Field	Type	Description
`rateLimit`	integer	The maximum number of messages to generate every second per node. The default value is `20` messages per second.
`maxFileSize`	integer	The maximum size for the audit log in bytes. The default value is `50000000` or 50 MB.
`destination`	string	One of the following additional audit log targets: `libc` The libc `syslog()` function of the journald process on the host. `udp:<host>:<port>` A syslog server. Replace `<host>:<port>` with the host and port of the syslog server. `unix:<file>` A Unix Domain Socket file specified by `<file>`. `null` Do not send the audit logs to any additional target.
`syslogFacility`	string	The syslog facility, such as `kern`, as defined by RFC5424. The default value is `local0`.

12.2.3. Configuring network policy auditing for a cluster

As a cluster administrator, you can customize network policy audit logging for your cluster.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To customize the network policy audit logging configuration, enter the following command:

$ oc edit network.operator.openshift.io/cluster

Tip

You can alternatively customize and apply the following YAML to configure audit logging:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  defaultNetwork:
    ovnKubernetesConfig:
      policyAuditConfig:
        destination: "null"
        maxFileSize: 50
        rateLimit: 20
        syslogFacility: local0

Verification

To create a namespace with network policies complete the following steps:

Create a namespace for verification:

$ cat <<EOF| oc create -f -
kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: verify-audit-logging
  annotations:
    k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging: '{ "deny": "alert", "allow": "alert" }'
EOF

Example output

namespace/verify-audit-logging created

Enable audit logging:

$ oc annotate namespace verify-audit-logging k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging='{ "deny": "alert", "allow": "alert" }'

namespace/verify-audit-logging annotated

Create network policies for the namespace:

$ cat <<EOF| oc create -n verify-audit-logging -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-all
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  - Egress
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-from-same-namespace
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
   - Ingress
   - Egress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector: {}
  egress:
    - to:
       - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
            namespace: verify-audit-logging
EOF

Example output

networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/deny-all created
networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/allow-from-same-namespace created

Create a pod for source traffic in the default namespace:

$ cat <<EOF| oc create -n default -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: client
spec:
  containers:
    - name: client
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/rhel-tools
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["sleep inf"]
EOF

Create two pods in the verify-audit-logging namespace:

$ for name in client server; do
cat <<EOF| oc create -n verify-audit-logging -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: ${name}
spec:
  containers:
    - name: ${name}
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/rhel-tools
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["sleep inf"]
EOF
done

Example output

pod/client created
pod/server created

To generate traffic and produce network policy audit log entries, complete the following steps:

Obtain the IP address for pod named server in the verify-audit-logging namespace:

$ POD_IP=$(oc get pods server -n verify-audit-logging -o jsonpath='{.status.podIP}')

Ping the IP address from the previous command from the pod named client in the default namespace and confirm that all packets are dropped:

$ oc exec -it client -n default -- /bin/ping -c 2 $POD_IP

Example output

PING 10.128.2.55 (10.128.2.55) 56(84) bytes of data.

--- 10.128.2.55 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2041ms

Ping the IP address saved in the POD_IP shell environment variable from the pod named client in the verify-audit-logging namespace and confirm that all packets are allowed:

$ oc exec -it client -n verify-audit-logging -- /bin/ping -c 2 $POD_IP

Example output

PING 10.128.0.86 (10.128.0.86) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.128.0.86: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=2.21 ms
64 bytes from 10.128.0.86: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.440 ms

--- 10.128.0.86 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.440/1.329/2.219/0.890 ms

Display the latest entries in the network policy audit log:

$ for pod in $(oc get pods -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes -l app=ovnkube-node --no-headers=true | awk '{ print $1 }') ; do
    oc exec -it $pod -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes -- tail -4 /var/log/ovn/acl-audit-log.log
  done

Example output

Defaulting container name to ovn-controller.
Use 'oc describe pod/ovnkube-node-hdb8v -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes' to see all of the containers in this pod.
2021-06-13T19:33:11.590Z|00005|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_deny-all", verdict=drop, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:39,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:37,nw_src=10.128.2.57,nw_dst=10.128.2.55,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0
2021-06-13T19:33:12.614Z|00006|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_deny-all", verdict=drop, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:39,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:37,nw_src=10.128.2.57,nw_dst=10.128.2.55,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0
2021-06-13T19:44:10.037Z|00007|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_allow-from-same-namespace_0", verdict=allow, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:3b,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:3a,nw_src=10.128.2.59,nw_dst=10.128.2.58,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0
2021-06-13T19:44:11.037Z|00008|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_allow-from-same-namespace_0", verdict=allow, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:3b,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:3a,nw_src=10.128.2.59,nw_dst=10.128.2.58,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0

12.2.4. Enabling network policy audit logging for a namespace

As a cluster administrator, you can enable network policy audit logging for a namespace.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To enable network policy audit logging for a namespace, enter the following command:

$ oc annotate namespace <namespace> \
  k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging='{ "deny": "alert", "allow": "notice" }'

where:

<namespace>: Specifies the name of the namespace.

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to enable audit logging:

kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: <namespace>
  annotations:
    k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging: |-
      {
        "deny": "alert",
        "allow": "notice"
      }

Example output

namespace/verify-audit-logging annotated

Verification

Display the latest entries in the network policy audit log:

$ for pod in $(oc get pods -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes -l app=ovnkube-node --no-headers=true | awk '{ print $1 }') ; do
    oc exec -it $pod -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes -- tail -4 /var/log/ovn/acl-audit-log.log
  done

Example output

2021-06-13T19:33:11.590Z|00005|acl_log(ovn_pinctrl0)|INFO|name="verify-audit-logging_deny-all", verdict=drop, severity=alert: icmp,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=0a:58:0a:80:02:39,dl_dst=0a:58:0a:80:02:37,nw_src=10.128.2.57,nw_dst=10.128.2.55,nw_tos=0,nw_ecn=0,nw_ttl=64,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0

12.2.5. Disabling network policy audit logging for a namespace

As a cluster administrator, you can disable network policy audit logging for a namespace.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To disable network policy audit logging for a namespace, enter the following command:
```
$ oc annotate --overwrite namespace <namespace> k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging={}
```
where:
<namespace>
Specifies the name of the namespace.
Tip
You can alternatively apply the following YAML to disable audit logging:
```
kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: <namespace>
  annotations:
    k8s.ovn.org/acl-logging: null
```
Example output
```
namespace/verify-audit-logging annotated
```

12.2.6. Additional resources

About network policy

12.3. Creating a network policy

As a user with the admin role, you can create a network policy for a namespace.

12.3.1. Creating a network policy

To define granular rules describing ingress or egress network traffic allowed for namespaces in your cluster, you can create a network policy.

Note

If you log in with a user with the cluster-admin role, then you can create a network policy in any namespace in the cluster.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace that the network policy applies to.

Procedure

Create a policy rule:

Create a <policy_name>.yaml file:
```
$ touch <policy_name>.yaml
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the network policy file name.
Define a network policy in the file that you just created, such as in the following examples:
Deny ingress from all pods in all namespaces
```
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: deny-by-default
spec:
  podSelector:
  ingress: []
```

.Allow ingress from all pods in the same namespace

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-same-namespace
spec:
  podSelector:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}

To create the network policy object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f <policy_name>.yaml -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the network policy file name.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Example output
```
networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/default-deny created
```

12.3.2. Example NetworkPolicy object

The following annotates an example NetworkPolicy object:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-27107 1
spec:
  podSelector: 2
    matchLabels:
      app: mongodb
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: 3
        matchLabels:
          app: app
    ports: 4
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 27017

1: The name of the NetworkPolicy object.
2: A selector that describes the pods to which the policy applies. The policy object can only select pods in the project that defines the NetworkPolicy object.
3: A selector that matches the pods from which the policy object allows ingress traffic. The selector matches pods in the same namespace as the NetworkPolicy.
4: A list of one or more destination ports on which to accept traffic.

12.4. Viewing a network policy

As a user with the admin role, you can view a network policy for a namespace.

12.4.1. Viewing network policies

You can examine the network policies in a namespace.

Note

If you log in with a user with the cluster-admin role, then you can view any network policy in the cluster.

Prerequisites

You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the network policy exists.

Procedure

List network policies in a namespace:

To view network policy objects defined in a namespace, enter the following command:
```
$ oc get networkpolicy
```

Optional: To examine a specific network policy, enter the following command:

$ oc describe networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>

where:

<policy_name>: Specifies the name of the network policy to inspect.
<namespace>: Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.

For example:

$ oc describe networkpolicy allow-same-namespace

Output for oc describe command

Name:         allow-same-namespace
Namespace:    ns1
Created on:   2021-05-24 22:28:56 -0400 EDT
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
Spec:
  PodSelector:     <none> (Allowing the specific traffic to all pods in this namespace)
  Allowing ingress traffic:
    To Port: <any> (traffic allowed to all ports)
    From:
      PodSelector: <none>
  Not affecting egress traffic
  Policy Types: Ingress

12.4.2. Example NetworkPolicy object

The following annotates an example NetworkPolicy object:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-27107 1
spec:
  podSelector: 2
    matchLabels:
      app: mongodb
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: 3
        matchLabels:
          app: app
    ports: 4
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 27017

1: The name of the NetworkPolicy object.
2: A selector that describes the pods to which the policy applies. The policy object can only select pods in the project that defines the NetworkPolicy object.
3: A selector that matches the pods from which the policy object allows ingress traffic. The selector matches pods in the same namespace as the NetworkPolicy.
4: A list of one or more destination ports on which to accept traffic.

12.5. Editing a network policy

As a user with the admin role, you can edit an existing network policy for a namespace.

12.5.1. Editing a network policy

You can edit a network policy in a namespace.

Note

If you log in with a user with the cluster-admin role, then you can edit a network policy in any namespace in the cluster.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the network policy exists.

Procedure

Optional: To list the network policy objects in a namespace, enter the following command:
```
$ oc get networkpolicy
```
where:
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Edit the network policy object.
- If you saved the network policy definition in a file, edit the file and make any necessary changes, and then enter the following command.
```
$ oc apply -n <namespace> -f <policy_file>.yaml
```
  where:
  <namespace>
  Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
  <policy_file>
  Specifies the name of the file containing the network policy.
- If you need to update the network policy object directly, enter the following command:
```
$ oc edit networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
  where:
  <policy_name>
  Specifies the name of the network policy.
  <namespace>
  Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Confirm that the network policy object is updated.
```
$ oc describe networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the name of the network policy.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.

12.5.2. Example NetworkPolicy object

The following annotates an example NetworkPolicy object:

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-27107 1
spec:
  podSelector: 2
    matchLabels:
      app: mongodb
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: 3
        matchLabels:
          app: app
    ports: 4
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 27017

1: The name of the NetworkPolicy object.
2: A selector that describes the pods to which the policy applies. The policy object can only select pods in the project that defines the NetworkPolicy object.
3: A selector that matches the pods from which the policy object allows ingress traffic. The selector matches pods in the same namespace as the NetworkPolicy.
4: A list of one or more destination ports on which to accept traffic.

12.5.3. Additional resources

Creating a network policy

12.6. Deleting a network policy

As a user with the admin role, you can delete a network policy from a namespace.

12.6.1. Deleting a network policy

You can delete a network policy in a namespace.

Note

If you log in with a user with the cluster-admin role, then you can delete any network policy in the cluster.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the network policy exists.

Procedure

To delete a network policy object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc delete networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the name of the network policy.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Example output
```
networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/default-deny deleted
```

12.7. Defining a default network policy for projects

As a cluster administrator, you can modify the new project template to automatically include network policies when you create a new project. If you do not yet have a customized template for new projects, you must first create one.

12.7.1. Modifying the template for new projects

As a cluster administrator, you can modify the default project template so that new projects are created using your custom requirements.

To create your own custom project template:

Procedure

Generate the default project template:

$ oc adm create-bootstrap-project-template -o yaml > template.yaml

Use a text editor to modify the generated template.yaml file by adding objects or modifying existing objects.
The project template must be created in the openshift-config namespace. Load your modified template:
```
$ oc create -f template.yaml -n openshift-config
```
Edit the project configuration resource using the web console or CLI.
- Using the web console:
  1. Navigate to the Administration → Cluster Settings page.
  2. Click Global Configuration to view all configuration resources.
  3. Find the entry for Project and click Edit YAML.
- Using the CLI:
  1. Edit the project.config.openshift.io/cluster resource:
    $ oc edit project.config.openshift.io/cluster
Update the spec section to include the projectRequestTemplate and name parameters, and set the name of your uploaded project template. The default name is project-request.
Project configuration resource with custom project template
```
apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Project
metadata:
  ...
spec:
  projectRequestTemplate:
    name: <template_name>
```
After you save your changes, create a new project to verify that your changes were successfully applied.

12.7.2. Adding network policies to the new project template

As a cluster administrator, you can add network policies to the default template for new projects. OpenShift Container Platform will automatically create all the NetworkPolicy objects specified in the template in the project.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a default CNI network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You must log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You must have created a custom default project template for new projects.

Procedure

Edit the default template for a new project by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit template <project_template> -n openshift-config
```
Replace <project_template> with the name of the default template that you configured for your cluster. The default template name is project-request.

In the template, add each NetworkPolicy object as an element to the objects parameter. The objects parameter accepts a collection of one or more objects.

In the following example, the objects parameter collection includes several NetworkPolicy objects.

objects:
- apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
  kind: NetworkPolicy
  metadata:
    name: allow-from-same-namespace
  spec:
    podSelector: {}
    ingress:
    - from:
      - podSelector: {}
- apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
  kind: NetworkPolicy
  metadata:
    name: allow-from-openshift-ingress
  spec:
    ingress:
    - from:
      - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
            network.openshift.io/policy-group: ingress
    podSelector: {}
    policyTypes:
    - Ingress
...

Optional: Create a new project to confirm that your network policy objects are created successfully by running the following commands:
1. Create a new project:
```
$ oc new-project <project> 1
```
  1
  Replace <project> with the name for the project you are creating.
2. Confirm that the network policy objects in the new project template exist in the new project:
```
$ oc get networkpolicy
NAME                           POD-SELECTOR   AGE
allow-from-openshift-ingress   <none>         7s
allow-from-same-namespace      <none>         7s
```

12.8. Configuring multitenant isolation with network policy

As a cluster administrator, you can configure your network policies to provide multitenant network isolation.

Note

If you are using the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider, configuring network policies as described in this section provides network isolation similar to multitenant mode but with network policy mode set.

12.8.1. Configuring multitenant isolation by using network policy

You can configure your project to isolate it from pods and services in other project namespaces.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the following NetworkPolicy objects:

A policy named allow-from-openshift-ingress.

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-from-openshift-ingress
spec:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          policy-group.network.openshift.io/ingress: ""
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
EOF

Note

policy-group.network.openshift.io/ingress: "" is the preferred namespace selector label for OpenShift SDN. You can use the network.openshift.io/policy-group: ingress namespace selector label, but this is a legacy label.

A policy named allow-from-openshift-monitoring:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-from-openshift-monitoring
spec:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          network.openshift.io/policy-group: monitoring
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
EOF

A policy named allow-same-namespace:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-same-namespace
spec:
  podSelector:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}
EOF

Optional: To confirm that the network policies exist in your current project, enter the following command:

$ oc describe networkpolicy

Example output

Name:         allow-from-openshift-ingress
Namespace:    example1
Created on:   2020-06-09 00:28:17 -0400 EDT
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
Spec:
  PodSelector:     <none> (Allowing the specific traffic to all pods in this namespace)
  Allowing ingress traffic:
    To Port: <any> (traffic allowed to all ports)
    From:
      NamespaceSelector: network.openshift.io/policy-group: ingress
  Not affecting egress traffic
  Policy Types: Ingress


Name:         allow-from-openshift-monitoring
Namespace:    example1
Created on:   2020-06-09 00:29:57 -0400 EDT
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
Spec:
  PodSelector:     <none> (Allowing the specific traffic to all pods in this namespace)
  Allowing ingress traffic:
    To Port: <any> (traffic allowed to all ports)
    From:
      NamespaceSelector: network.openshift.io/policy-group: monitoring
  Not affecting egress traffic
  Policy Types: Ingress

12.8.2. Next steps

Defining a default network policy

12.8.3. Additional resources

OpenShift SDN network isolation modes

Chapter 13. Multiple networks

13.1. Understanding multiple networks

In Kubernetes, container networking is delegated to networking plugins that implement the Container Network Interface (CNI).

OpenShift Container Platform uses the Multus CNI plugin to allow chaining of CNI plugins. During cluster installation, you configure your default pod network. The default network handles all ordinary network traffic for the cluster. You can define an additional network based on the available CNI plugins and attach one or more of these networks to your pods. You can define more than one additional network for your cluster, depending on your needs. This gives you flexibility when you configure pods that deliver network functionality, such as switching or routing.

13.1.1. Usage scenarios for an additional network

You can use an additional network in situations where network isolation is needed, including data plane and control plane separation. Isolating network traffic is useful for the following performance and security reasons:

Performance: You can send traffic on two different planes to manage how much traffic is along each plane.
Security: You can send sensitive traffic onto a network plane that is managed specifically for security considerations, and you can separate private data that must not be shared between tenants or customers.

All of the pods in the cluster still use the cluster-wide default network to maintain connectivity across the cluster. Every pod has an eth0 interface that is attached to the cluster-wide pod network. You can view the interfaces for a pod by using the oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip a command. If you add additional network interfaces that use Multus CNI, they are named net1, net2, …, netN.

To attach additional network interfaces to a pod, you must create configurations that define how the interfaces are attached. You specify each interface by using a NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR). A CNI configuration inside each of these CRs defines how that interface is created.

13.1.2. Additional networks in OpenShift Container Platform

OpenShift Container Platform provides the following CNI plugins for creating additional networks in your cluster:

bridge: Configure a bridge-based additional network to allow pods on the same host to communicate with each other and the host.
host-device: Configure a host-device additional network to allow pods access to a physical Ethernet network device on the host system.
ipvlan: Configure an ipvlan-based additional network to allow pods on a host to communicate with other hosts and pods on those hosts, similar to a macvlan-based additional network. Unlike a macvlan-based additional network, each pod shares the same MAC address as the parent physical network interface.
macvlan: Configure a macvlan-based additional network to allow pods on a host to communicate with other hosts and pods on those hosts by using a physical network interface. Each pod that is attached to a macvlan-based additional network is provided a unique MAC address.
SR-IOV: Configure an SR-IOV based additional network to allow pods to attach to a virtual function (VF) interface on SR-IOV capable hardware on the host system.

13.2. Configuring an additional network

As a cluster administrator, you can configure an additional network for your cluster. The following network types are supported:

13.2.1. Approaches to managing an additional network

You can manage the life cycle of an additional network by two approaches. Each approach is mutually exclusive and you can only use one approach for managing an additional network at a time. For either approach, the additional network is managed by a Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin that you configure.

For an additional network, IP addresses are provisioned through an IP Address Management (IPAM) CNI plugin that you configure as part of the additional network. The IPAM plugin supports a variety of IP address assignment approaches including DHCP and static assignment.

Modify the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration: The CNO automatically creates and manages the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object. In addition to managing the object lifecycle the CNO ensures a DHCP is available for an additional network that uses a DHCP assigned IP address.
Applying a YAML manifest: You can manage the additional network directly by creating an NetworkAttachmentDefinition object. This approach allows for the chaining of CNI plugins.

13.2.2. Configuration for an additional network attachment

An additional network is configured via the NetworkAttachmentDefinition API in the k8s.cni.cncf.io API group. The configuration for the API is described in the following table:

Table 13.1. NetworkAttachmentDefinition API fields
Field	Type	Description
`metadata.name`	`string`	The name for the additional network.
`metadata.namespace`	`string`	The namespace that the object is associated with.
`spec.config`	`string`	The CNI plugin configuration in JSON format.

13.2.2.1. Configuration of an additional network through the Cluster Network Operator

The configuration for an additional network attachment is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration.

The following YAML describes the configuration parameters for managing an additional network with the CNO:

Cluster Network Operator configuration

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  # ...
  additionalNetworks: 1
  - name: <name> 2
    namespace: <namespace> 3
    rawCNIConfig: |- 4
      {
        ...
      }
    type: Raw

1: An array of one or more additional network configurations.
2: The name for the additional network attachment that you are creating. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
3: The namespace to create the network attachment in. If you do not specify a value, then the default namespace is used.
4: A CNI plugin configuration in JSON format.

13.2.2.2. Configuration of an additional network from a YAML manifest

The configuration for an additional network is specified from a YAML configuration file, such as in the following example:

apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1
kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  config: |- 2
    {
      ...
    }

1: The name for the additional network attachment that you are creating.
2: A CNI plugin configuration in JSON format.

13.2.3. Configurations for additional network types

The specific configuration fields for additional networks is described in the following sections.

13.2.3.1. Configuration for a bridge additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the bridge CNI plugin:

Table 13.2. Bridge CNI plugin JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`
`bridge`	`string`	Specify the name of the virtual bridge to use. If the bridge interface does not exist on the host, it is created. The default value is `cni0`.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plugin. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
`ipMasq`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to enable IP masquerading for traffic that leaves the virtual network. The source IP address for all traffic is rewritten to the bridge’s IP address. If the bridge does not have an IP address, this setting has no effect. The default value is `false`.
`isGateway`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to assign an IP address to the bridge. The default value is `false`.
`isDefaultGateway`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to configure the bridge as the default gateway for the virtual network. The default value is `false`. If `isDefaultGateway` is set to `true`, then `isGateway` is also set to `true` automatically.
`forceAddress`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to allow assignment of a previously assigned IP address to the virtual bridge. When set to `false`, if an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address from overlapping subsets is assigned to the virtual bridge, an error occurs. The default value is `false`.
`hairpinMode`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to allow the virtual bridge to send an Ethernet frame back through the virtual port it was received on. This mode is also known as reflective relay. The default value is `false`.
`promiscMode`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to enable promiscuous mode on the bridge. The default value is `false`.
`vlan`	`string`	Specify a virtual LAN (VLAN) tag as an integer value. By default, no VLAN tag is assigned.
`mtu`	`string`	Set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.

13.2.3.1.1. bridge configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named bridge-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "bridge",
  "isGateway": true,
  "vlan": 2,
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
    }
}

13.2.3.2. Configuration for a host device additional network

Note

Specify your network device by setting only one of the following parameters: device, hwaddr, kernelpath, or pciBusID.

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the host-device CNI plugin:

Table 13.3. Host device CNI plugin JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plugin to configure: `host-device`.
`device`	`string`	Optional: The name of the device, such as `eth0`.
`hwaddr`	`string`	Optional: The device hardware MAC address.
`kernelpath`	`string`	Optional: The Linux kernel device path, such as `/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.6`.
`pciBusID`	`string`	Optional: The PCI address of the network device, such as `0000:00:1f.6`.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plug-in. The plug-in manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.

13.2.3.2.1. host-device configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named hostdev-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "host-device",
  "device": "eth1",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

13.2.3.3. Configuration for an IPVLAN additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the IPVLAN CNI plugin:

Table 13.4. IPVLAN CNI plugin JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plugin to configure: `ipvlan`.
`mode`	`string`	The operating mode for the virtual network. The value must be `l2`, `l3`, or `l3s`. The default value is `l2`.
`master`	`string`	The Ethernet interface to associate with the network attachment. If a `master` is not specified, the interface for the default network route is used.
`mtu`	`integer`	Set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plugin. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition. Do not specify `dhcp`. Configuring IPVLAN with DHCP is not supported because IPVLAN interfaces share the MAC address with the host interface.

13.2.3.3.1. ipvlan configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named ipvlan-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "ipvlan",
  "master": "eth1",
  "mode": "l3",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
    "addresses": [
       {
         "address": "192.168.10.10/24"
       }
    ]
  }
}

13.2.3.4. Configuration for a MACVLAN additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the macvlan CNI plugin:

Table 13.5. MACVLAN CNI plugin JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plugin to configure: `macvlan`.
`mode`	`string`	Configures traffic visibility on the virtual network. Must be either `bridge`, `passthru`, `private`, or `vepa`. If a value is not provided, the default value is `bridge`.
`master`	`string`	The Ethernet, bonded, or VLAN interface to associate with the virtual interface. If a value is not specified, then the host system’s primary Ethernet interface is used.
`mtu`	`string`	The maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plugin. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.

13.2.3.4.1. macvlan configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named macvlan-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "macvlan-net",
  "type": "macvlan",
  "master": "eth1",
  "mode": "bridge",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
    }
}

13.2.4. Configuration of IP address assignment for an additional network

The IP address management (IPAM) Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin provides IP addresses for other CNI plugins.

You can use the following IP address assignment types:

Static assignment.
Dynamic assignment through a DHCP server. The DHCP server you specify must be reachable from the additional network.
Dynamic assignment through the Whereabouts IPAM CNI plugin.

13.2.4.1. Static IP address assignment configuration

The following table describes the configuration for static IP address assignment:

Table 13.6. ipam static configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `static` is required.
`addresses`	`array`	An array of objects specifying IP addresses to assign to the virtual interface. Both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses are supported.
`routes`	`array`	An array of objects specifying routes to configure inside the pod.
`dns`	`array`	Optional: An array of objects specifying the DNS configuration.

The addresses array requires objects with the following fields:

Table 13.7. ipam.addresses[] array
Field	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	An IP address and network prefix that you specify. For example, if you specify `10.10.21.10/24`, then the additional network is assigned an IP address of `10.10.21.10` and the netmask is `255.255.255.0`.
`gateway`	`string`	The default gateway to route egress network traffic to.

Table 13.8. ipam.routes[] array
Field	Type	Description
`dst`	`string`	The IP address range in CIDR format, such as `192.168.17.0/24` or `0.0.0.0/0` for the default route.
`gw`	`string`	The gateway where network traffic is routed.

Table 13.9. ipam.dns object
Field	Type	Description
`nameservers`	`array`	An of array of one or more IP addresses for to send DNS queries to.
`domain`	`array`	The default domain to append to a hostname. For example, if the domain is set to `example.com`, a DNS lookup query for `example-host` is rewritten as `example-host.example.com`.
`search`	`array`	An array of domain names to append to an unqualified hostname, such as `example-host`, during a DNS lookup query.

Static IP address assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
      "addresses": [
        {
          "address": "191.168.1.7/24"
        }
      ]
  }
}

13.2.4.2. Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration

The following JSON describes the configuration for dynamic IP address address assignment with DHCP.

Renewal of DHCP leases

A pod obtains its original DHCP lease when it is created. The lease must be periodically renewed by a minimal DHCP server deployment running on the cluster.

To trigger the deployment of the DHCP server, you must create a shim network attachment by editing the Cluster Network Operator configuration, as in the following example:

Example shim network attachment definition

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: dhcp-shim
    namespace: default
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "name": "dhcp-shim",
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "type": "bridge",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "dhcp"
        }
      }
  # ...

Table 13.10. ipam DHCP configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `dhcp` is required.

Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

13.2.4.3. Dynamic IP address assignment configuration with Whereabouts

The Whereabouts CNI plugin allows the dynamic assignment of an IP address to an additional network without the use of a DHCP server.

The following table describes the configuration for dynamic IP address assignment with Whereabouts:

Table 13.11. ipam whereabouts configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `whereabouts` is required.
`range`	`string`	An IP address and range in CIDR notation. IP addresses are assigned from within this range of addresses.
`exclude`	`array`	Optional: A list of zero ore more IP addresses and ranges in CIDR notation. IP addresses within an excluded address range are not assigned.

Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example that uses Whereabouts

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "whereabouts",
    "range": "192.0.2.192/27",
    "exclude": [
       "192.0.2.192/30",
       "192.0.2.196/32"
    ]
  }
}

13.2.5. Creating an additional network attachment with the Cluster Network Operator

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) manages additional network definitions. When you specify an additional network to create, the CNO creates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object automatically.

Important

Do not edit the NetworkAttachmentDefinition objects that the Cluster Network Operator manages. Doing so might disrupt network traffic on your additional network.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To edit the CNO configuration, enter the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```

Modify the CR that you are creating by adding the configuration for the additional network that you are creating, as in the following example CR.

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  # ...
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: tertiary-net
    namespace: project2
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "name": "tertiary-net",
        "type": "ipvlan",
        "master": "eth1",
        "mode": "l2",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "static",
          "addresses": [
            {
              "address": "192.168.1.23/24"
            }
          ]
        }
      }

Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.

Verification

Confirm that the CNO created the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object by running the following command. There might be a delay before the CNO creates the object.
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definitions -n <namespace>
```
where:
<namespace>
Specifies the namespace for the network attachment that you added to the CNO configuration.
Example output
```
NAME                 AGE
test-network-1       14m
```

13.2.6. Creating an additional network attachment by applying a YAML manifest

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create a YAML file with your additional network configuration, such as in the following example:

apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1
kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition
metadata:
  name: next-net
spec:
  config: |-
    {
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "name": "work-network",
      "type": "host-device",
      "device": "eth1",
      "ipam": {
        "type": "dhcp"
      }
    }

To create the additional network, enter the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f <file>.yaml
```
where:
<file>
Specifies the name of the file contained the YAML manifest.

13.3. About virtual routing and forwarding

13.3.1. About virtual routing and forwarding

Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) devices combined with IP rules provide the ability to create virtual routing and forwarding domains. VRF reduces the number of permissions needed by CNF, and provides increased visibility of the network topology of secondary networks. VRF is used to provide multi-tenancy functionality, for example, where each tenant has its own unique routing tables and requires different default gateways.

Processes can bind a socket to the VRF device. Packets through the binded socket use the routing table associated with the VRF device. An important feature of VRF is that it impacts only OSI model layer 3 traffic and above so L2 tools, such as LLDP, are not affected. This allows higher priority IP rules such as policy based routing to take precedence over the VRF device rules directing specific traffic.

13.3.1.1. Benefits of secondary networks for pods for telecommunications operators

In telecommunications use cases, each CNF can potentially be connected to multiple different networks sharing the same address space. These secondary networks can potentially conflict with the cluster’s main network CIDR. Using the CNI VRF plugin, network functions can be connected to different customers' infrastructure using the same IP address, keeping different customers isolated. IP addresses are overlapped with OpenShift Container Platform IP space. The CNI VRF plugin also reduces the number of permissions needed by CNF and increases the visibility of network topologies of secondary networks.

13.4. Configuring multi-network policy

As a cluster administrator, you can configure network policy for additional networks.

Note

You can specify multi-network policy for only macvlan additional networks. Other types of additional networks, such as ipvlan, are not supported.

13.4.1. Differences between multi-network policy and network policy

Although the MultiNetworkPolicy API implements the NetworkPolicy API, there are several important differences:

You must use the MultiNetworkPolicy API:

apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1beta1
kind: MultiNetworkPolicy

You must use the multi-networkpolicy resource name when using the CLI to interact with multi-network policies. For example, you can view a multi-network policy object with the oc get multi-networkpolicy <name> command where <name> is the name of a multi-network policy.
You must specify an annotation with the name of the network attachment definition that defines the macvlan additional network:
```
apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1beta1
kind: MultiNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/policy-for: <network_name>
```
where:
<network_name>
Specifies the name of a network attachment definition.

13.4.2. Enabling multi-network policy for the cluster

As a cluster administrator, you can enable multi-network policy support on your cluster.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the multinetwork-enable-patch.yaml file with the following YAML:

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  useMultiNetworkPolicy: true

Configure the cluster to enable multi-network policy:

$ oc patch network.operator.openshift.io cluster --type=merge --patch-file=multinetwork-enable-patch.yaml

Example output

network.operator.openshift.io/cluster patched

13.4.3. Working with multi-network policy

As a cluster administrator, you can create, edit, view, and delete multi-network policies.

13.4.3.1. Prerequisites

You have enabled multi-network policy support for your cluster.

13.4.3.2. Creating a multi-network policy

To define granular rules describing ingress or egress network traffic allowed for namespaces in your cluster, you can create a multi-network policy.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace that the multi-network policy applies to.

Procedure

Create a policy rule:
1. Create a <policy_name>.yaml file:
```
$ touch <policy_name>.yaml
```
  where:
  <policy_name>
  Specifies the multi-network policy file name.
2. Define a multi-network policy in the file that you just created, such as in the following examples:
  Deny ingress from all pods in all namespaces
```
apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1beta1
kind: MultiNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-by-default
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/policy-for: <network_name>
spec:
  podSelector:
  ingress: []
```
  where
  <network_name>
  Specifies the name of a network attachment definition.
  Allow ingress from all pods in the same namespace
```
apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1beta1
kind: MultiNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-same-namespace
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/policy-for: <network_name>
spec:
  podSelector:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}
```
  where
  <network_name>
  Specifies the name of a network attachment definition.
To create the multi-network policy object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f <policy_name>.yaml -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the multi-network policy file name.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Example output
```
multinetworkpolicy.k8s.cni.cncf.io/default-deny created
```

13.4.3.3. Editing a multi-network policy

You can edit a multi-network policy in a namespace.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the multi-network policy exists.

Procedure

Optional: To list the multi-network policy objects in a namespace, enter the following command:
```
$ oc get multi-networkpolicy
```
where:
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Edit the multi-network policy object.
- If you saved the multi-network policy definition in a file, edit the file and make any necessary changes, and then enter the following command.
```
$ oc apply -n <namespace> -f <policy_file>.yaml
```
  where:
  <namespace>
  Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
  <policy_file>
  Specifies the name of the file containing the network policy.
- If you need to update the multi-network policy object directly, enter the following command:
```
$ oc edit multi-networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
  where:
  <policy_name>
  Specifies the name of the network policy.
  <namespace>
  Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Confirm that the multi-network policy object is updated.
```
$ oc describe multi-networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the name of the multi-network policy.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.

13.4.3.4. Viewing multi-network policies

You can examine the multi-network policies in a namespace.

Prerequisites

You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the multi-network policy exists.

Procedure

List multi-network policies in a namespace:
- To view multi-network policy objects defined in a namespace, enter the following command:
```
$ oc get multi-networkpolicy
```
- Optional: To examine a specific multi-network policy, enter the following command:
```
$ oc describe multi-networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
  where:
  <policy_name>
  Specifies the name of the multi-network policy to inspect.
  <namespace>
  Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.

13.4.3.5. Deleting a multi-network policy

You can delete a multi-network policy in a namespace.

Prerequisites

Your cluster uses a cluster network provider that supports NetworkPolicy objects, such as the OVN-Kubernetes network provider or the OpenShift SDN network provider with mode: NetworkPolicy set. This mode is the default for OpenShift SDN.
You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You are logged in to the cluster with a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You are working in the namespace where the multi-network policy exists.

Procedure

To delete a multi-network policy object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc delete multi-networkpolicy <policy_name> -n <namespace>
```
where:
<policy_name>
Specifies the name of the multi-network policy.
<namespace>
Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.
Example output
```
multinetworkpolicy.k8s.cni.cncf.io/default-deny deleted
```

13.4.4. Additional resources

13.5. Attaching a pod to an additional network

As a cluster user you can attach a pod to an additional network.

13.5.1. Adding a pod to an additional network

You can add a pod to an additional network. The pod continues to send normal cluster-related network traffic over the default network.

When a pod is created additional networks are attached to it. However, if a pod already exists, you cannot attach additional networks to it.

The pod must be in the same namespace as the additional network.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster.

Procedure

Add an annotation to the Pod object. Only one of the following annotation formats can be used:
1. To attach an additional network without any customization, add an annotation with the following format. Replace <network> with the name of the additional network to associate with the pod:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: <network>[,<network>,...] 1
```
  1
  To specify more than one additional network, separate each network with a comma. Do not include whitespace between the comma. If you specify the same additional network multiple times, that pod will have multiple network interfaces attached to that network.
2. To attach an additional network with customizations, add an annotation with the following format:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: |-
      [
        {
          "name": "<network>", 1
          "namespace": "<namespace>", 2
          "default-route": ["<default-route>"] 3
        }
      ]
```
  1
  Specify the name of the additional network defined by a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object.
  2
  Specify the namespace where the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object is defined.
  3
  Optional: Specify an override for the default route, such as 192.168.17.1.
To create the pod, enter the following command. Replace <name> with the name of the pod.
```
$ oc create -f <name>.yaml
```

Optional: To Confirm that the annotation exists in the Pod CR, enter the following command, replacing <name> with the name of the pod.

$ oc get pod <name> -o yaml

In the following example, the example-pod pod is attached to the net1 additional network:

$ oc get pod example-pod -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: macvlan-bridge
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status: |- 1
      [{
          "name": "openshift-sdn",
          "interface": "eth0",
          "ips": [
              "10.128.2.14"
          ],
          "default": true,
          "dns": {}
      },{
          "name": "macvlan-bridge",
          "interface": "net1",
          "ips": [
              "20.2.2.100"
          ],
          "mac": "22:2f:60:a5:f8:00",
          "dns": {}
      }]
  name: example-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  ...
status:
  ...

1: The k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status parameter is a JSON array of objects. Each object describes the status of an additional network attached to the pod. The annotation value is stored as a plain text value.

13.5.1.1. Specifying pod-specific addressing and routing options

When attaching a pod to an additional network, you may want to specify further properties about that network in a particular pod. This allows you to change some aspects of routing, as well as specify static IP addresses and MAC addresses. To accomplish this, you can use the JSON formatted annotations.

Prerequisites

The pod must be in the same namespace as the additional network.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You must log in to the cluster.

Procedure

To add a pod to an additional network while specifying addressing and/or routing options, complete the following steps:

Edit the Pod resource definition. If you are editing an existing Pod resource, run the following command to edit its definition in the default editor. Replace <name> with the name of the Pod resource to edit.
```
$ oc edit pod <name>
```
In the Pod resource definition, add the k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks parameter to the pod metadata mapping. The k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks accepts a JSON string of a list of objects that reference the name of NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR) names in addition to specifying additional properties.
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '[<network>[,<network>,...]]' 1
```
1
Replace <network> with a JSON object as shown in the following examples. The single quotes are required.
In the following example the annotation specifies which network attachment will have the default route, using the default-route parameter.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: example-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '
    {
      "name": "net1"
    },
    {
      "name": "net2", 1
      "default-route": ["192.0.2.1"] 2
    }'
spec:
  containers:
  - name: example-pod
    command: ["/bin/bash", "-c", "sleep 2000000000000"]
    image: centos/tools
```
1
The name key is the name of the additional network to associate with the pod.
2
The default-route key specifies a value of a gateway for traffic to be routed over if no other routing entry is present in the routing table. If more than one default-route key is specified, this will cause the pod to fail to become active.

The default route will cause any traffic that is not specified in other routes to be routed to the gateway.

Important

Setting the default route to an interface other than the default network interface for OpenShift Container Platform may cause traffic that is anticipated for pod-to-pod traffic to be routed over another interface.

To verify the routing properties of a pod, the oc command may be used to execute the ip command within a pod.

$ oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip route

Note

You may also reference the pod’s k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status to see which additional network has been assigned the default route, by the presence of the default-route key in the JSON-formatted list of objects.

To set a static IP address or MAC address for a pod you can use the JSON formatted annotations. This requires you create networks that specifically allow for this functionality. This can be specified in a rawCNIConfig for the CNO.

Edit the CNO CR by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```

The following YAML describes the configuration parameters for the CNO:

Cluster Network Operator YAML configuration

name: <name> 1
namespace: <namespace> 2
rawCNIConfig: '{ 3
  ...
}'
type: Raw

1: Specify a name for the additional network attachment that you are creating. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
2: Specify the namespace to create the network attachment in. If you do not specify a value, then the default namespace is used.
3: Specify the CNI plugin configuration in JSON format, which is based on the following template.

The following object describes the configuration parameters for utilizing static MAC address and IP address using the macvlan CNI plugin:

macvlan CNI plugin JSON configuration object using static IP and MAC address

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "<name>", 1
  "plugins": [{ 2
      "type": "macvlan",
      "capabilities": { "ips": true }, 3
      "master": "eth0", 4
      "mode": "bridge",
      "ipam": {
        "type": "static"
      }
    }, {
      "capabilities": { "mac": true }, 5
      "type": "tuning"
    }]
}

1: Specifies the name for the additional network attachment to create. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
2: Specifies an array of CNI plugin configurations. The first object specifies a macvlan plugin configuration and the second object specifies a tuning plugin configuration.
3: Specifies that a request is made to enable the static IP address functionality of the CNI plugin runtime configuration capabilities.
4: Specifies the interface that the macvlan plugin uses.
5: Specifies that a request is made to enable the static MAC address functionality of a CNI plugin.

The above network attachment can be referenced in a JSON formatted annotation, along with keys to specify which static IP and MAC address will be assigned to a given pod.

Edit the pod with:

$ oc edit pod <name>

macvlan CNI plugin JSON configuration object using static IP and MAC address

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: example-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '[
      {
        "name": "<name>", 1
        "ips": [ "192.0.2.205/24" ], 2
        "mac": "CA:FE:C0:FF:EE:00" 3
      }
    ]'

1: Use the <name> as provided when creating the rawCNIConfig above.
2: Provide an IP address including the subnet mask.
3: Provide the MAC address.

Note

Static IP addresses and MAC addresses do not have to be used at the same time, you may use them individually, or together.

To verify the IP address and MAC properties of a pod with additional networks, use the oc command to execute the ip command within a pod.

$ oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip a

13.6. Removing a pod from an additional network

As a cluster user you can remove a pod from an additional network.

13.6.1. Removing a pod from an additional network

You can remove a pod from an additional network only by deleting the pod.

Prerequisites

An additional network is attached to the pod.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster.

Procedure

To delete the pod, enter the following command:
```
$ oc delete pod <name> -n <namespace>
```
- <name> is the name of the pod.
- <namespace> is the namespace that contains the pod.

13.7. Editing an additional network

As a cluster administrator you can modify the configuration for an existing additional network.

13.7.1. Modifying an additional network attachment definition

As a cluster administrator, you can make changes to an existing additional network. Any existing pods attached to the additional network will not be updated.

Prerequisites

You have configured an additional network for your cluster.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To edit an additional network for your cluster, complete the following steps:

Run the following command to edit the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) CR in your default text editor:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```
In the additionalNetworks collection, update the additional network with your changes.
Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.

Optional: Confirm that the CNO updated the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object by running the following command. Replace <network-name> with the name of the additional network to display. There might be a delay before the CNO updates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object to reflect your changes.

$ oc get network-attachment-definitions <network-name> -o yaml

For example, the following console output displays a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object that is named net1:

$ oc get network-attachment-definitions net1 -o go-template='{{printf "%s\n" .spec.config}}'
{ "cniVersion": "0.3.1", "type": "macvlan",
"master": "ens5",
"mode": "bridge",
"ipam":       {"type":"static","routes":[{"dst":"0.0.0.0/0","gw":"10.128.2.1"}],"addresses":[{"address":"10.128.2.100/23","gateway":"10.128.2.1"}],"dns":{"nameservers":["172.30.0.10"],"domain":"us-west-2.compute.internal","search":["us-west-2.compute.internal"]}} }

13.8. Removing an additional network

As a cluster administrator you can remove an additional network attachment.

13.8.1. Removing an additional network attachment definition

As a cluster administrator, you can remove an additional network from your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. The additional network is not removed from any pods it is attached to.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To remove an additional network from your cluster, complete the following steps:

Edit the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) in your default text editor by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```
Modify the CR by removing the configuration from the additionalNetworks collection for the network attachment definition you are removing.
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks: [] 1
```
1
If you are removing the configuration mapping for the only additional network attachment definition in the additionalNetworks collection, you must specify an empty collection.
Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.
Optional: Confirm that the additional network CR was deleted by running the following command:
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definition --all-namespaces
```

13.9. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

Important

CNI VRF plug-in is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

13.9.1. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

As a cluster administrator, you can configure an additional network for your VRF domain by using the CNI VRF plugin. The virtual network created by this plugin is associated with a physical interface that you specify.

Note

Applications that use VRFs need to bind to a specific device. The common usage is to use the SO_BINDTODEVICE option for a socket. SO_BINDTODEVICE binds the socket to a device that is specified in the passed interface name, for example, eth1. To use SO_BINDTODEVICE, the application must have CAP_NET_RAW capabilities.

13.9.1.1. Creating an additional network attachment with the CNI VRF plugin

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) manages additional network definitions. When you specify an additional network to create, the CNO creates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR) automatically.

Note

Do not edit the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CRs that the Cluster Network Operator manages. Doing so might disrupt network traffic on your additional network.

To create an additional network attachment with the CNI VRF plugin, perform the following procedure.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift Container Platform CLI (oc).
Log in to the OpenShift cluster as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the Network custom resource (CR) for the additional network attachment and insert the rawCNIConfig configuration for the additional network, as in the following example CR. Save the YAML as the file additional-network-attachment.yaml.
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
  spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: test-network-1
    namespace: additional-network-1
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: '{
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "name": "macvlan-vrf",
      "plugins": [  1
      {
        "type": "macvlan",  2
        "master": "eth1",
        "ipam": {
            "type": "static",
            "addresses": [
            {
                "address": "191.168.1.23/24"
            }
            ]
        }
      },
      {
        "type": "vrf",
        "vrfname": "example-vrf-name",  3
        "table": 1001   4
      }]
    }'
```
1
plugins must be a list. The first item in the list must be the secondary network underpinning the VRF network. The second item in the list is the VRF plugin configuration.
2
type must be set to vrf.
3
vrfname is the name of the VRF that the interface is assigned to. If it does not exist in the pod, it is created.
4
Optional. table is the routing table ID. By default, the tableid parameter is used. If it is not specified, the CNI assigns a free routing table ID to the VRF.
Note
VRF functions correctly only when the resource is of type netdevice.

Create the Network resource:

$ oc create -f additional-network-attachment.yaml

Confirm that the CNO created the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CR by running the following command. Replace <namespace> with the namespace that you specified when configuring the network attachment, for example, additional-network-1.
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definitions -n <namespace>
```
Example output
```
NAME                       AGE
additional-network-1       14m
```
Note
There might be a delay before the CNO creates the CR.

Verifying that the additional VRF network attachment is successful

To verify that the VRF CNI is correctly configured and the additional network attachment is attached, do the following:

Create a network that uses the VRF CNI.
Assign the network to a pod.
Verify that the pod network attachment is connected to the VRF additional network. Remote shell into the pod and run the following command:
```
$ ip vrf show
```
Example output
```
Name              Table
-----------------------
red                 10
```

Confirm the VRF interface is master of the secondary interface:

$ ip link

Example output

5: net1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master red state UP mode

Chapter 14. Hardware networks

14.1. About Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) hardware networks

The Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) specification is a standard for a type of PCI device assignment that can share a single device with multiple pods.

SR-IOV can segment a compliant network device, recognized on the host node as a physical function (PF), into multiple virtual functions (VFs). The VF is used like any other network device. The SR-IOV network device driver for the device determines how the VF is exposed in the container:

netdevice driver: A regular kernel network device in the netns of the container
vfio-pci driver: A character device mounted in the container

You can use SR-IOV network devices with additional networks on your OpenShift Container Platform cluster installed on bare metal or Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP) infrastructure for applications that require high bandwidth or low latency.

You can enable SR-IOV on a node by using the following command:

$ oc label node <node_name> feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable="true"

14.1.1. Components that manage SR-IOV network devices

The SR-IOV Network Operator creates and manages the components of the SR-IOV stack. It performs the following functions:

Orchestrates discovery and management of SR-IOV network devices
Generates NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resources for the SR-IOV Container Network Interface (CNI)
Creates and updates the configuration of the SR-IOV network device plugin
Creates node specific SriovNetworkNodeState custom resources
Updates the spec.interfaces field in each SriovNetworkNodeState custom resource

The Operator provisions the following components:

SR-IOV network configuration daemon: A daemon set that is deployed on worker nodes when the SR-IOV Network Operator starts. The daemon is responsible for discovering and initializing SR-IOV network devices in the cluster.
SR-IOV Network Operator webhook: A dynamic admission controller webhook that validates the Operator custom resource and sets appropriate default values for unset fields.
SR-IOV Network resources injector: A dynamic admission controller webhook that provides functionality for patching Kubernetes pod specifications with requests and limits for custom network resources such as SR-IOV VFs. The SR-IOV network resources injector adds the resource field to only the first container in a pod automatically.
SR-IOV network device plugin: A device plugin that discovers, advertises, and allocates SR-IOV network virtual function (VF) resources. Device plugins are used in Kubernetes to enable the use of limited resources, typically in physical devices. Device plugins give the Kubernetes scheduler awareness of resource availability, so that the scheduler can schedule pods on nodes with sufficient resources.
SR-IOV CNI plugin: A CNI plugin that attaches VF interfaces allocated from the SR-IOV network device plugin directly into a pod.
SR-IOV InfiniBand CNI plugin: A CNI plugin that attaches InfiniBand (IB) VF interfaces allocated from the SR-IOV network device plugin directly into a pod.

Note

The SR-IOV Network resources injector and SR-IOV Network Operator webhook are enabled by default and can be disabled by editing the default SriovOperatorConfig CR.

14.1.1.1. Supported platforms

The SR-IOV Network Operator is supported on the following platforms:

Bare metal
Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP)

14.1.1.2. Supported devices

OpenShift Container Platform supports the following network interface controllers:

Table 14.1. Supported network interface controllers
Manufacturer	Model	Vendor ID	Device ID
Intel	X710	8086	1572
Intel	XL710	8086	1583
Intel	XXV710	8086	158b
Intel	E810-CQDA2	8086	1592
Intel	E810-2CQDA2	8086	1592
Intel	E810-XXVDA2	8086	159b
Intel	E810-XXVDA4	8086	1593
Mellanox	MT27700 Family [ConnectX‑4]	15b3	1013
Mellanox	MT27710 Family [ConnectX‑4 Lx]	15b3	1015
Mellanox	MT27800 Family [ConnectX‑5]	15b3	1017
Mellanox	MT28880 Family [ConnectX‑5 Ex]	15b3	1019
Mellanox	MT28908 Family [ConnectX‑6]	15b3	101b

Note

For the most up-to-date list of supported cards and compatible OpenShift Container Platform versions available, see Openshift Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) and PTP hardware networks Support Matrix.

14.1.1.3. Automated discovery of SR-IOV network devices

The SR-IOV Network Operator searches your cluster for SR-IOV capable network devices on worker nodes. The Operator creates and updates a SriovNetworkNodeState custom resource (CR) for each worker node that provides a compatible SR-IOV network device.

The CR is assigned the same name as the worker node. The status.interfaces list provides information about the network devices on a node.

Important

Do not modify a SriovNetworkNodeState object. The Operator creates and manages these resources automatically.

14.1.1.3.1. Example SriovNetworkNodeState object

The following YAML is an example of a SriovNetworkNodeState object created by the SR-IOV Network Operator:

An SriovNetworkNodeState object

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodeState
metadata:
  name: node-25 1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
    blockOwnerDeletion: true
    controller: true
    kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
    name: default
spec:
  dpConfigVersion: "39824"
status:
  interfaces: 2
  - deviceID: "1017"
    driver: mlx5_core
    mtu: 1500
    name: ens785f0
    pciAddress: "0000:18:00.0"
    totalvfs: 8
    vendor: 15b3
  - deviceID: "1017"
    driver: mlx5_core
    mtu: 1500
    name: ens785f1
    pciAddress: "0000:18:00.1"
    totalvfs: 8
    vendor: 15b3
  - deviceID: 158b
    driver: i40e
    mtu: 1500
    name: ens817f0
    pciAddress: 0000:81:00.0
    totalvfs: 64
    vendor: "8086"
  - deviceID: 158b
    driver: i40e
    mtu: 1500
    name: ens817f1
    pciAddress: 0000:81:00.1
    totalvfs: 64
    vendor: "8086"
  - deviceID: 158b
    driver: i40e
    mtu: 1500
    name: ens803f0
    pciAddress: 0000:86:00.0
    totalvfs: 64
    vendor: "8086"
  syncStatus: Succeeded

1: The value of the name field is the same as the name of the worker node.
2: The interfaces stanza includes a list of all of the SR-IOV devices discovered by the Operator on the worker node.

14.1.1.4. Example use of a virtual function in a pod

You can run a remote direct memory access (RDMA) or a Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) application in a pod with SR-IOV VF attached.

This example shows a pod using a virtual function (VF) in RDMA mode:

Pod spec that uses RDMA mode

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: rdma-app
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: sriov-rdma-mlnx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: testpmd
    image: <RDMA_image>
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 0
      capabilities:
        add: ["IPC_LOCK","SYS_RESOURCE","NET_RAW"]
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]

The following example shows a pod with a VF in DPDK mode:

Pod spec that uses DPDK mode

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dpdk-app
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: sriov-dpdk-net
spec:
  containers:
  - name: testpmd
    image: <DPDK_image>
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 0
      capabilities:
        add: ["IPC_LOCK","SYS_RESOURCE","NET_RAW"]
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /dev/hugepages
      name: hugepage
    resources:
      limits:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "2"
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi"
      requests:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "2"
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi"
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
  volumes:
  - name: hugepage
    emptyDir:
      medium: HugePages

14.1.1.5. DPDK library for use with container applications

An optional library, app-netutil, provides several API methods for gathering network information about a pod from within a container running within that pod.

This library can assist with integrating SR-IOV virtual functions (VFs) in Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) mode into the container. The library provides both a Golang API and a C API.

Currently there are three API methods implemented:

GetCPUInfo(): This function determines which CPUs are available to the container and returns the list.
GetHugepages(): This function determines the amount of huge page memory requested in the Pod spec for each container and returns the values.
GetInterfaces(): This function determines the set of interfaces in the container and returns the list. The return value includes the interface type and type-specific data for each interface.

The repository for the library includes a sample Dockerfile to build a container image, dpdk-app-centos. The container image can run one of the following DPDK sample applications, depending on an environment variable in the pod specification: l2fwd, l3wd or testpmd. The container image provides an example of integrating the app-netutil library into the container image itself. The library can also integrate into an init container. The init container can collect the required data and pass the data to an existing DPDK workload.

14.1.1.6. Huge pages resource injection for Downward API

When a pod specification includes a resource request or limit for huge pages, the Network Resources Injector automatically adds Downward API fields to the pod specification to provide the huge pages information to the container.

The Network Resources Injector adds a volume that is named podnetinfo and is mounted at /etc/podnetinfo for each container in the pod. The volume uses the Downward API and includes a file for huge pages requests and limits. The file naming convention is as follows:

/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_1G_request_<container-name>
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_1G_limit_<container-name>
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_2M_request_<container-name>
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_2M_limit_<container-name>

The paths specified in the previous list are compatible with the app-netutil library. By default, the library is configured to search for resource information in the /etc/podnetinfo directory. If you choose to specify the Downward API path items yourself manually, the app-netutil library searches for the following paths in addition to the paths in the previous list.

/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_request
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_limit
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_1G_request
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_1G_limit
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_2M_request
/etc/podnetinfo/hugepages_2M_limit

As with the paths that the Network Resources Injector can create, the paths in the preceding list can optionally end with a _<container-name> suffix.

14.1.2. Next steps

Installing the SR-IOV Network Operator
Optional: Configuring the SR-IOV Network Operator
Configuring an SR-IOV network device
If you use OpenShift Virtualization: Configuring an SR-IOV network device for virtual machines
Configuring an SR-IOV network attachment
Adding a pod to an SR-IOV additional network

14.2. Installing the SR-IOV Network Operator

You can install the Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) Network Operator on your cluster to manage SR-IOV network devices and network attachments.

14.2.1. Installing SR-IOV Network Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the SR-IOV Network Operator by using the OpenShift Container Platform CLI or the web console.

14.2.1.1. CLI: Installing the SR-IOV Network Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the CLI.

Prerequisites

A cluster installed on bare-metal hardware with nodes that have hardware that supports SR-IOV.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
An account with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To create the openshift-sriov-network-operator namespace, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: openshift-sriov-network-operator
  annotations:
    workload.openshift.io/allowed: management
EOF

To create an OperatorGroup CR, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1
kind: OperatorGroup
metadata:
  name: sriov-network-operators
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  targetNamespaces:
  - openshift-sriov-network-operator
EOF

Subscribe to the SR-IOV Network Operator.

Run the following command to get the OpenShift Container Platform major and minor version. It is required for the channel value in the next step.
```
$ OC_VERSION=$(oc version -o yaml | grep openshiftVersion | \
    grep -o '[0-9]*[.][0-9]*' | head -1)
```

To create a Subscription CR for the SR-IOV Network Operator, enter the following command:

$ cat << EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1
kind: Subscription
metadata:
  name: sriov-network-operator-subscription
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  channel: "${OC_VERSION}"
  name: sriov-network-operator
  source: redhat-operators
  sourceNamespace: openshift-marketplace
EOF

To verify that the Operator is installed, enter the following command:

$ oc get csv -n openshift-sriov-network-operator \
  -o custom-columns=Name:.metadata.name,Phase:.status.phase

Example output

Name                                        Phase
sriov-network-operator.4.4.0-202006160135   Succeeded

14.2.1.2. Web console: Installing the SR-IOV Network Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the web console.

Note

You must create the operator group by using the CLI.

Prerequisites

A cluster installed on bare-metal hardware with nodes that have hardware that supports SR-IOV.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
An account with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create a namespace for the SR-IOV Network Operator:
1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, click Administration → Namespaces.
2. Click Create Namespace.
3. In the Name field, enter openshift-sriov-network-operator, and then click Create.
Install the SR-IOV Network Operator:
1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, click Operators → OperatorHub.
2. Select SR-IOV Network Operator from the list of available Operators, and then click Install.
3. On the Install Operator page, under A specific namespace on the cluster, select openshift-sriov-network-operator.
4. Click Install.
Verify that the SR-IOV Network Operator is installed successfully:
1. Navigate to the Operators → Installed Operators page.
2. Ensure that SR-IOV Network Operator is listed in the openshift-sriov-network-operator project with a Status of InstallSucceeded.
  Note
  During installation an Operator might display a Failed status. If the installation later succeeds with an InstallSucceeded message, you can ignore the Failed message.
  If the operator does not appear as installed, to troubleshoot further:
  - Inspect the Operator Subscriptions and Install Plans tabs for any failure or errors under Status.
  - Navigate to the Workloads → Pods page and check the logs for pods in the openshift-sriov-network-operator project.

14.2.2. Next steps

Optional: Configuring the SR-IOV Network Operator

14.3. Configuring the SR-IOV Network Operator

The Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) Network Operator manages the SR-IOV network devices and network attachments in your cluster.

14.3.1. Configuring the SR-IOV Network Operator

Important

Modifying the SR-IOV Network Operator configuration is not normally necessary. The default configuration is recommended for most use cases. Complete the steps to modify the relevant configuration only if the default behavior of the Operator is not compatible with your use case.

The SR-IOV Network Operator adds the SriovOperatorConfig.sriovnetwork.openshift.io CustomResourceDefinition resource. The operator automatically creates a SriovOperatorConfig custom resource (CR) named default in the openshift-sriov-network-operator namespace.

Note

The default CR contains the SR-IOV Network Operator configuration for your cluster. To change the operator configuration, you must modify this CR.

The SriovOperatorConfig object provides several fields for configuring the operator:

enableInjector allows project administrators to enable or disable the Network Resources Injector daemon set.
enableOperatorWebhook allows project administrators to enable or disable the Operator Admission Controller webhook daemon set.
configDaemonNodeSelector allows project administrators to schedule the SR-IOV Network Config Daemon on selected nodes.

14.3.1.1. About the Network Resources Injector

The Network Resources Injector is a Kubernetes Dynamic Admission Controller application. It provides the following capabilities:

Mutation of resource requests and limits in a pod specification to add an SR-IOV resource name according to an SR-IOV network attachment definition annotation.
Mutation of a pod specification with a Downward API volume to expose pod annotations, labels, and huge pages requests and limits. Containers that run in the pod can access the exposed information as files under the /etc/podnetinfo path.

By default, the Network Resources Injector is enabled by the SR-IOV Network Operator and runs as a daemon set on all control plane nodes (also known as the master nodes). The following is an example of Network Resources Injector pods running in a cluster with three control plane nodes:

$ oc get pods -n openshift-sriov-network-operator

Example output

NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
network-resources-injector-5cz5p          1/1     Running   0          10m
network-resources-injector-dwqpx          1/1     Running   0          10m
network-resources-injector-lktz5          1/1     Running   0          10m

14.3.1.2. About the SR-IOV Network Operator admission controller webhook

The SR-IOV Network Operator Admission Controller webhook is a Kubernetes Dynamic Admission Controller application. It provides the following capabilities:

Validation of the SriovNetworkNodePolicy CR when it is created or updated.
Mutation of the SriovNetworkNodePolicy CR by setting the default value for the priority and deviceType fields when the CR is created or updated.

By default the SR-IOV Network Operator Admission Controller webhook is enabled by the Operator and runs as a daemon set on all control plane nodes. The following is an example of the Operator Admission Controller webhook pods running in a cluster with three control plane nodes:

$ oc get pods -n openshift-sriov-network-operator

Example output

NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
operator-webhook-9jkw6                    1/1     Running   0          16m
operator-webhook-kbr5p                    1/1     Running   0          16m
operator-webhook-rpfrl                    1/1     Running   0          16m

14.3.1.3. About custom node selectors

The SR-IOV Network Config daemon discovers and configures the SR-IOV network devices on cluster nodes. By default, it is deployed to all the worker nodes in the cluster. You can use node labels to specify on which nodes the SR-IOV Network Config daemon runs.

14.3.1.4. Disabling or enabling the Network Resources Injector

To disable or enable the Network Resources Injector, which is enabled by default, complete the following procedure.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You must have installed the SR-IOV Network Operator.

Procedure

Set the enableInjector field. Replace <value> with false to disable the feature or true to enable the feature.

$ oc patch sriovoperatorconfig default \
  --type=merge -n openshift-sriov-network-operator \
  --patch '{ "spec": { "enableInjector": <value> } }'

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to update the Operator:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovOperatorConfig
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  enableInjector: <value>

14.3.1.5. Disabling or enabling the SR-IOV Network Operator admission controller webhook

To disable or enable the admission controller webhook, which is enabled by default, complete the following procedure.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.
You must have installed the SR-IOV Network Operator.

Procedure

Set the enableOperatorWebhook field. Replace <value> with false to disable the feature or true to enable it:

$ oc patch sriovoperatorconfig default --type=merge \
  -n openshift-sriov-network-operator \
  --patch '{ "spec": { "enableOperatorWebhook": <value> } }'

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to update the Operator:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovOperatorConfig
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  enableOperatorWebhook: <value>

14.3.1.6. Configuring a custom NodeSelector for the SR-IOV Network Config daemon

To specify the nodes where the SR-IOV Network Config daemon is deployed, complete the following procedure.

Important

When you update the configDaemonNodeSelector field, the SR-IOV Network Config daemon is recreated on each selected node. While the daemon is recreated, cluster users are unable to apply any new SR-IOV Network node policy or create new SR-IOV pods.

Procedure

To update the node selector for the operator, enter the following command:

$ oc patch sriovoperatorconfig default --type=json \
  -n openshift-sriov-network-operator \
  --patch '[{
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/spec/configDaemonNodeSelector",
      "value": {<node_label>}
    }]'

Replace <node_label> with a label to apply as in the following example: "node-role.kubernetes.io/worker": "".

Tip

You can alternatively apply the following YAML to update the Operator:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovOperatorConfig
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  configDaemonNodeSelector:
    <node_label>

14.3.2. Next steps

Configuring an SR-IOV network device

14.4. Configuring an SR-IOV network device

You can configure a Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) device in your cluster.

14.4.1. SR-IOV network node configuration object

You specify the SR-IOV network device configuration for a node by creating an SR-IOV network node policy. The API object for the policy is part of the sriovnetwork.openshift.io API group.

The following YAML describes an SR-IOV network node policy:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator 2
spec:
  resourceName: <sriov_resource_name> 3
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true" 4
  priority: <priority> 5
  mtu: <mtu> 6
  numVfs: <num> 7
  nicSelector: 8
    vendor: "<vendor_code>" 9
    deviceID: "<device_id>" 10
    pfNames: ["<pf_name>", ...] 11
    rootDevices: ["<pci_bus_id>", ...] 12
    netFilter: "<filter_string>" 13
  deviceType: <device_type> 14
  isRdma: false 15
  linkType: <link_type> 16

1

The name for the custom resource object.

2

The namespace where the SR-IOV Network Operator is installed.

3

The resource name of the SR-IOV network device plugin. You can create multiple SR-IOV network node policies for a resource name.

4

The node selector specifies the nodes to configure. Only SR-IOV network devices on the selected nodes are configured. The SR-IOV Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin and device plugin are deployed on selected nodes only.

5

Optional: The priority is an integer value between 0 and 99. A smaller value receives higher priority. For example, a priority of 10 is a higher priority than 99. The default value is 99.

6

Optional: The maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the virtual function. The maximum MTU value can vary for different network interface controller (NIC) models.

7

The number of the virtual functions (VF) to create for the SR-IOV physical network device. For an Intel network interface controller (NIC), the number of VFs cannot be larger than the total VFs supported by the device. For a Mellanox NIC, the number of VFs cannot be larger than 128.

8

The NIC selector identifies the device for the Operator to configure. You do not have to specify values for all the parameters. It is recommended to identify the network device with enough precision to avoid selecting a device unintentionally.

If you specify rootDevices, you must also specify a value for vendor, deviceID, or pfNames. If you specify both pfNames and rootDevices at the same time, ensure that they refer to the same device. If you specify a value for netFilter, then you do not need to specify any other parameter because a network ID is unique.

9

Optional: The vendor hexadecimal code of the SR-IOV network device. The only allowed values are 8086 and 15b3.

10

Optional: The device hexadecimal code of the SR-IOV network device. For example, 101b is the device ID for a Mellanox ConnectX-6 device.

11

Optional: An array of one or more physical function (PF) names for the device.

12

Optional: An array of one or more PCI bus addresses for the PF of the device. Provide the address in the following format: 0000:02:00.1.

13

Optional: The platform-specific network filter. The only supported platform is Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP). Acceptable values use the following format: openstack/NetworkID:xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx. Replace xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx with the value from the /var/config/openstack/latest/network_data.json metadata file.

14

Optional: The driver type for the virtual functions. The only allowed values are netdevice and vfio-pci. The default value is netdevice.

For a Mellanox NIC to work in Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) mode on bare metal nodes, use the netdevice driver type and set isRdma to true.

15

Optional: Whether to enable remote direct memory access (RDMA) mode. The default value is false.

If the isRDMA parameter is set to true, you can continue to use the RDMA-enabled VF as a normal network device. A device can be used in either mode.

16

Optional: The link type for the VFs. The default value is eth for Ethernet. Change this value to ib for InfiniBand.

When linkType is set to ib, isRdma is automatically set to true by the SR-IOV Network Operator webhook. When linkType is set to ib, deviceType should not be set to vfio-pci.

Do not set linkType to eth for SriovNetworkNodePolicy, because this can lead to an incorrect number of available devices reported by the device plug-in.

14.4.1.1. SR-IOV network node configuration examples

The following example describes the configuration for an InfiniBand device:

Example configuration for an InfiniBand device

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: policy-ib-net-1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: ibnic1
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  numVfs: 4
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "15b3"
    deviceID: "101b"
    rootDevices:
      - "0000:19:00.0"
  linkType: ib
  isRdma: true

The following example describes the configuration for an SR-IOV network device in a RHOSP virtual machine:

Example configuration for an SR-IOV device in a virtual machine

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: policy-sriov-net-openstack-1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: sriovnic1
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  numVfs: 1 1
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "15b3"
    deviceID: "101b"
    netFilter: "openstack/NetworkID:ea24bd04-8674-4f69-b0ee-fa0b3bd20509" 2

1: The numVfs field is always set to 1 when configuring the node network policy for a virtual machine.
2: The netFilter field must refer to a network ID when the virtual machine is deployed on RHOSP. Valid values for netFilter are available from an SriovNetworkNodeState object.

14.4.1.2. Virtual function (VF) partitioning for SR-IOV devices

In some cases, you might want to split virtual functions (VFs) from the same physical function (PF) into multiple resource pools. For example, you might want some of the VFs to load with the default driver and the remaining VFs load with the vfio-pci driver. In such a deployment, the pfNames selector in your SriovNetworkNodePolicy custom resource (CR) can be used to specify a range of VFs for a pool using the following format: <pfname>#<first_vf>-<last_vf>.

For example, the following YAML shows the selector for an interface named netpf0 with VF 2 through 7:

pfNames: ["netpf0#2-7"]

netpf0 is the PF interface name.
2 is the first VF index (0-based) that is included in the range.
7 is the last VF index (0-based) that is included in the range.

You can select VFs from the same PF by using different policy CRs if the following requirements are met:

The numVfs value must be identical for policies that select the same PF.
The VF index must be in the range of 0 to <numVfs>-1. For example, if you have a policy with numVfs set to 8, then the <first_vf> value must not be smaller than 0, and the <last_vf> must not be larger than 7.
The VFs ranges in different policies must not overlap.
The <first_vf> must not be larger than the <last_vf>.

The following example illustrates NIC partitioning for an SR-IOV device.

The policy policy-net-1 defines a resource pool net-1 that contains the VF 0 of PF netpf0 with the default VF driver. The policy policy-net-1-dpdk defines a resource pool net-1-dpdk that contains the VF 8 to 15 of PF netpf0 with the vfio VF driver.

Policy policy-net-1:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: policy-net-1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: net1
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  numVfs: 16
  nicSelector:
    pfNames: ["netpf0#0-0"]
  deviceType: netdevice

Policy policy-net-1-dpdk:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: policy-net-1-dpdk
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: net1dpdk
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  numVfs: 16
  nicSelector:
    pfNames: ["netpf0#8-15"]
  deviceType: vfio-pci

14.4.2. Configuring SR-IOV network devices

The SR-IOV Network Operator adds the SriovNetworkNodePolicy.sriovnetwork.openshift.io CustomResourceDefinition to OpenShift Container Platform. You can configure an SR-IOV network device by creating a SriovNetworkNodePolicy custom resource (CR).

Note

When applying the configuration specified in a SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, the SR-IOV Operator might drain the nodes, and in some cases, reboot nodes.

It might take several minutes for a configuration change to apply.

Prerequisites

You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have installed the SR-IOV Network Operator.
You have enough available nodes in your cluster to handle the evicted workload from drained nodes.
You have not selected any control plane nodes for SR-IOV network device configuration.

Procedure

Create an SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, and then save the YAML in the <name>-sriov-node-network.yaml file. Replace <name> with the name for this configuration.
Optional: Label the SR-IOV capable cluster nodes with SriovNetworkNodePolicy.Spec.NodeSelector if they are not already labeled. For more information about labeling nodes, see "Understanding how to update labels on nodes".
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object:
```
$ oc create -f <name>-sriov-node-network.yaml
```
where <name> specifies the name for this configuration.
After applying the configuration update, all the pods in sriov-network-operator namespace transition to the Running status.
To verify that the SR-IOV network device is configured, enter the following command. Replace <node_name> with the name of a node with the SR-IOV network device that you just configured.
```
$ oc get sriovnetworknodestates -n openshift-sriov-network-operator <node_name> -o jsonpath='{.status.syncStatus}'
```

Additional resources

Understanding how to update labels on nodes.

14.4.3. Troubleshooting SR-IOV configuration

After following the procedure to configure an SR-IOV network device, the following sections address some error conditions.

To display the state of nodes, run the following command:

$ oc get sriovnetworknodestates -n openshift-sriov-network-operator <node_name>

where: <node_name> specifies the name of a node with an SR-IOV network device.

Error output: Cannot allocate memory

"lastSyncError": "write /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:3b:00.1/sriov_numvfs: cannot allocate memory"

When a node indicates that it cannot allocate memory, check the following items:

Confirm that global SR-IOV settings are enabled in the BIOS for the node.
Confirm that VT-d is enabled in the BIOS for the node.

14.4.4. Assigning an SR-IOV network to a VRF

Important

CNI VRF plugin is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

As a cluster administrator, you can assign an SR-IOV network interface to your VRF domain by using the CNI VRF plugin.

To do this, add the VRF configuration to the optional metaPlugins parameter of the SriovNetwork resource.

Note

14.4.4.1. Creating an additional SR-IOV network attachment with the CNI VRF plugin

The SR-IOV Network Operator manages additional network definitions. When you specify an additional SR-IOV network to create, the SR-IOV Network Operator creates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR) automatically.

Note

Do not edit NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resources that the SR-IOV Network Operator manages. Doing so might disrupt network traffic on your additional network.

To create an additional SR-IOV network attachment with the CNI VRF plugin, perform the following procedure.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift Container Platform CLI (oc).
Log in to the OpenShift Container Platform cluster as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the SriovNetwork custom resource (CR) for the additional SR-IOV network attachment and insert the metaPlugins configuration, as in the following example CR. Save the YAML as the file sriov-network-attachment.yaml.

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: example-network
  namespace: additional-sriov-network-1
spec:
  ipam: |
    {
      "type": "host-local",
      "subnet": "10.56.217.0/24",
      "rangeStart": "10.56.217.171",
      "rangeEnd": "10.56.217.181",
      "routes": [{
        "dst": "0.0.0.0/0"
      }],
      "gateway": "10.56.217.1"
    }
  vlan: 0
  resourceName: intelnics
  metaPlugins : |
    {
      "type": "vrf", 1
      "vrfname": "example-vrf-name" 2
    }

1: type must be set to vrf.
2: vrfname is the name of the VRF that the interface is assigned to. If it does not exist in the pod, it is created.

Create the SriovNetwork resource:

$ oc create -f sriov-network-attachment.yaml

Verifying that the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CR is successfully created

Confirm that the SR-IOV Network Operator created the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CR by running the following command.
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definitions -n <namespace> 1
```
1
Replace <namespace> with the namespace that you specified when configuring the network attachment, for example, additional-sriov-network-1.
Example output
```
NAME                            AGE
additional-sriov-network-1      14m
```
Note
There might be a delay before the SR-IOV Network Operator creates the CR.

Verifying that the additional SR-IOV network attachment is successful

To verify that the VRF CNI is correctly configured and the additional SR-IOV network attachment is attached, do the following:

Create an SR-IOV network that uses the VRF CNI.
Assign the network to a pod.
Verify that the pod network attachment is connected to the SR-IOV additional network. Remote shell into the pod and run the following command:
```
$ ip vrf show
```
Example output
```
Name              Table
-----------------------
red                 10
```

Confirm the VRF interface is master of the secondary interface:

$ ip link

Example output

...
5: net1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master red state UP mode
...

14.4.5. Next steps

Configuring an SR-IOV network attachment

14.5. Configuring an SR-IOV Ethernet network attachment

You can configure an Ethernet network attachment for an Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) device in the cluster.

14.5.1. Ethernet device configuration object

You can configure an Ethernet network device by defining an SriovNetwork object.

The following YAML describes an SriovNetwork object:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator 2
spec:
  resourceName: <sriov_resource_name> 3
  networkNamespace: <target_namespace> 4
  vlan: <vlan> 5
  spoofChk: "<spoof_check>" 6
  ipam: |- 7
    {}
  linkState: <link_state> 8
  maxTxRate: <max_tx_rate> 9
  minTxRate: <min_tx_rate> 10
  vlanQoS: <vlan_qos> 11
  trust: "<trust_vf>" 12
  capabilities: <capabilities> 13

1: A name for the object. The SR-IOV Network Operator creates a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object with same name.
2: The namespace where the SR-IOV Network Operator is installed.
3: The value for the spec.resourceName parameter from the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object that defines the SR-IOV hardware for this additional network.
4: The target namespace for the SriovNetwork object. Only pods in the target namespace can attach to the additional network.
5: Optional: A Virtual LAN (VLAN) ID for the additional network. The integer value must be from 0 to 4095. The default value is 0.
6: Optional: The spoof check mode of the VF. The allowed values are the strings "on" and "off".
Important
You must enclose the value you specify in quotes or the object is rejected by the SR-IOV Network Operator.
7: A configuration object for the IPAM CNI plugin as a YAML block scalar. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
8: Optional: The link state of virtual function (VF). Allowed value are enable, disable and auto.
9: Optional: A maximum transmission rate, in Mbps, for the VF.
10: Optional: A minimum transmission rate, in Mbps, for the VF. This value must be less than or equal to the maximum transmission rate.
Note
Intel NICs do not support the minTxRate parameter. For more information, see BZ#1772847.
11: Optional: An IEEE 802.1p priority level for the VF. The default value is 0.
12: Optional: The trust mode of the VF. The allowed values are the strings "on" and "off".
Important
You must enclose the value that you specify in quotes, or the SR-IOV Network Operator rejects the object.
13: Optional: The capabilities to configure for this additional network. You can specify "{ "ips": true }" to enable IP address support or "{ "mac": true }" to enable MAC address support.

14.5.1.1. Configuration of IP address assignment for an additional network

The IP address management (IPAM) Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin provides IP addresses for other CNI plugins.

You can use the following IP address assignment types:

Static assignment.
Dynamic assignment through a DHCP server. The DHCP server you specify must be reachable from the additional network.
Dynamic assignment through the Whereabouts IPAM CNI plugin.

14.5.1.1.1. Static IP address assignment configuration

The following table describes the configuration for static IP address assignment:

Table 14.2. ipam static configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `static` is required.
`addresses`	`array`	An array of objects specifying IP addresses to assign to the virtual interface. Both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses are supported.
`routes`	`array`	An array of objects specifying routes to configure inside the pod.
`dns`	`array`	Optional: An array of objects specifying the DNS configuration.

The addresses array requires objects with the following fields:

Table 14.3. ipam.addresses[] array
Field	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	An IP address and network prefix that you specify. For example, if you specify `10.10.21.10/24`, then the additional network is assigned an IP address of `10.10.21.10` and the netmask is `255.255.255.0`.
`gateway`	`string`	The default gateway to route egress network traffic to.

Table 14.4. ipam.routes[] array
Field	Type	Description
`dst`	`string`	The IP address range in CIDR format, such as `192.168.17.0/24` or `0.0.0.0/0` for the default route.
`gw`	`string`	The gateway where network traffic is routed.

Table 14.5. ipam.dns object
Field	Type	Description
`nameservers`	`array`	An of array of one or more IP addresses for to send DNS queries to.
`domain`	`array`	The default domain to append to a hostname. For example, if the domain is set to `example.com`, a DNS lookup query for `example-host` is rewritten as `example-host.example.com`.
`search`	`array`	An array of domain names to append to an unqualified hostname, such as `example-host`, during a DNS lookup query.

Static IP address assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
      "addresses": [
        {
          "address": "191.168.1.7/24"
        }
      ]
  }
}

14.5.1.1.2. Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration

The following JSON describes the configuration for dynamic IP address address assignment with DHCP.

Renewal of DHCP leases

A pod obtains its original DHCP lease when it is created. The lease must be periodically renewed by a minimal DHCP server deployment running on the cluster.

The SR-IOV Network Operator does not create a DHCP server deployment; The Cluster Network Operator is responsible for creating the minimal DHCP server deployment.

To trigger the deployment of the DHCP server, you must create a shim network attachment by editing the Cluster Network Operator configuration, as in the following example:

Example shim network attachment definition

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: dhcp-shim
    namespace: default
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "name": "dhcp-shim",
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "type": "bridge",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "dhcp"
        }
      }
  # ...

Table 14.6. ipam DHCP configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `dhcp` is required.

Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

14.5.1.1.3. Dynamic IP address assignment configuration with Whereabouts

The Whereabouts CNI plugin allows the dynamic assignment of an IP address to an additional network without the use of a DHCP server.

The following table describes the configuration for dynamic IP address assignment with Whereabouts:

Table 14.7. ipam whereabouts configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `whereabouts` is required.
`range`	`string`	An IP address and range in CIDR notation. IP addresses are assigned from within this range of addresses.
`exclude`	`array`	Optional: A list of zero ore more IP addresses and ranges in CIDR notation. IP addresses within an excluded address range are not assigned.

Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example that uses Whereabouts

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "whereabouts",
    "range": "192.0.2.192/27",
    "exclude": [
       "192.0.2.192/30",
       "192.0.2.196/32"
    ]
  }
}

14.5.2. Configuring SR-IOV additional network

You can configure an additional network that uses SR-IOV hardware by creating a SriovNetwork object. When you create a SriovNetwork object, the SR-IOV Operator automatically creates a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object.

Note

Do not modify or delete a SriovNetwork object if it is attached to any pods in the running state.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create a SriovNetwork object, and then save the YAML in the <name>.yaml file, where <name> is a name for this additional network. The object specification might resemble the following example:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: attach1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: net1
  networkNamespace: project2
  ipam: |-
    {
      "type": "host-local",
      "subnet": "10.56.217.0/24",
      "rangeStart": "10.56.217.171",
      "rangeEnd": "10.56.217.181",
      "gateway": "10.56.217.1"
    }

To create the object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc create -f <name>.yaml
```
where <name> specifies the name of the additional network.
Optional: To confirm that the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object that is associated with the SriovNetwork object that you created in the previous step exists, enter the following command. Replace <namespace> with the networkNamespace you specified in the SriovNetwork object.
```
$ oc get net-attach-def -n <namespace>
```

14.5.3. Next steps

Adding a pod to an SR-IOV additional network

14.5.4. Additional resources

Configuring an SR-IOV network device

14.6. Configuring an SR-IOV InfiniBand network attachment

You can configure an InfiniBand (IB) network attachment for an Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) device in the cluster.

14.6.1. InfiniBand device configuration object

You can configure an InfiniBand (IB) network device by defining an SriovIBNetwork object.

The following YAML describes an SriovIBNetwork object:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovIBNetwork
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator 2
spec:
  resourceName: <sriov_resource_name> 3
  networkNamespace: <target_namespace> 4
  ipam: |- 5
    {}
  linkState: <link_state> 6
  capabilities: <capabilities> 7

1: A name for the object. The SR-IOV Network Operator creates a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object with same name.
2: The namespace where the SR-IOV Operator is installed.
3: The value for the spec.resourceName parameter from the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object that defines the SR-IOV hardware for this additional network.
4: The target namespace for the SriovIBNetwork object. Only pods in the target namespace can attach to the network device.
5: Optional: A configuration object for the IPAM CNI plugin as a YAML block scalar. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
6: Optional: The link state of virtual function (VF). Allowed values are enable, disable and auto.
7: Optional: The capabilities to configure for this network. You can specify "{ "ips": true }" to enable IP address support or "{ "infinibandGUID": true }" to enable IB Global Unique Identifier (GUID) support.

14.6.1.1. Configuration of IP address assignment for an additional network

The IP address management (IPAM) Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin provides IP addresses for other CNI plugins.

You can use the following IP address assignment types:

Static assignment.
Dynamic assignment through a DHCP server. The DHCP server you specify must be reachable from the additional network.
Dynamic assignment through the Whereabouts IPAM CNI plugin.

14.6.1.1.1. Static IP address assignment configuration

The following table describes the configuration for static IP address assignment:

Table 14.8. ipam static configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `static` is required.
`addresses`	`array`	An array of objects specifying IP addresses to assign to the virtual interface. Both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses are supported.
`routes`	`array`	An array of objects specifying routes to configure inside the pod.
`dns`	`array`	Optional: An array of objects specifying the DNS configuration.

The addresses array requires objects with the following fields:

Table 14.9. ipam.addresses[] array
Field	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	An IP address and network prefix that you specify. For example, if you specify `10.10.21.10/24`, then the additional network is assigned an IP address of `10.10.21.10` and the netmask is `255.255.255.0`.
`gateway`	`string`	The default gateway to route egress network traffic to.

Table 14.10. ipam.routes[] array
Field	Type	Description
`dst`	`string`	The IP address range in CIDR format, such as `192.168.17.0/24` or `0.0.0.0/0` for the default route.
`gw`	`string`	The gateway where network traffic is routed.

Table 14.11. ipam.dns object
Field	Type	Description
`nameservers`	`array`	An of array of one or more IP addresses for to send DNS queries to.
`domain`	`array`	The default domain to append to a hostname. For example, if the domain is set to `example.com`, a DNS lookup query for `example-host` is rewritten as `example-host.example.com`.
`search`	`array`	An array of domain names to append to an unqualified hostname, such as `example-host`, during a DNS lookup query.

Static IP address assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
      "addresses": [
        {
          "address": "191.168.1.7/24"
        }
      ]
  }
}

14.6.1.1.2. Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration

The following JSON describes the configuration for dynamic IP address address assignment with DHCP.

Renewal of DHCP leases

A pod obtains its original DHCP lease when it is created. The lease must be periodically renewed by a minimal DHCP server deployment running on the cluster.

To trigger the deployment of the DHCP server, you must create a shim network attachment by editing the Cluster Network Operator configuration, as in the following example:

Example shim network attachment definition

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: dhcp-shim
    namespace: default
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "name": "dhcp-shim",
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "type": "bridge",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "dhcp"
        }
      }
  # ...

Table 14.12. ipam DHCP configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `dhcp` is required.

Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

14.6.1.1.3. Dynamic IP address assignment configuration with Whereabouts

The Whereabouts CNI plugin allows the dynamic assignment of an IP address to an additional network without the use of a DHCP server.

The following table describes the configuration for dynamic IP address assignment with Whereabouts:

Table 14.13. ipam whereabouts configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `whereabouts` is required.
`range`	`string`	An IP address and range in CIDR notation. IP addresses are assigned from within this range of addresses.
`exclude`	`array`	Optional: A list of zero ore more IP addresses and ranges in CIDR notation. IP addresses within an excluded address range are not assigned.

Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example that uses Whereabouts

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "whereabouts",
    "range": "192.0.2.192/27",
    "exclude": [
       "192.0.2.192/30",
       "192.0.2.196/32"
    ]
  }
}

14.6.2. Configuring SR-IOV additional network

You can configure an additional network that uses SR-IOV hardware by creating a SriovIBNetwork object. When you create a SriovIBNetwork object, the SR-IOV Operator automatically creates a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object.

Note

Do not modify or delete a SriovIBNetwork object if it is attached to any pods in the running state.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create a SriovIBNetwork object, and then save the YAML in the <name>.yaml file, where <name> is a name for this additional network. The object specification might resemble the following example:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovIBNetwork
metadata:
  name: attach1
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: net1
  networkNamespace: project2
  ipam: |-
    {
      "type": "host-local",
      "subnet": "10.56.217.0/24",
      "rangeStart": "10.56.217.171",
      "rangeEnd": "10.56.217.181",
      "gateway": "10.56.217.1"
    }

To create the object, enter the following command:
```
$ oc create -f <name>.yaml
```
where <name> specifies the name of the additional network.
Optional: To confirm that the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object that is associated with the SriovIBNetwork object that you created in the previous step exists, enter the following command. Replace <namespace> with the networkNamespace you specified in the SriovIBNetwork object.
```
$ oc get net-attach-def -n <namespace>
```

14.6.3. Next steps

Adding a pod to an SR-IOV additional network

14.6.4. Additional resources

Configuring an SR-IOV network device

14.7. Adding a pod to an SR-IOV additional network

You can add a pod to an existing Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) network.

14.7.1. Runtime configuration for a network attachment

When attaching a pod to an additional network, you can specify a runtime configuration to make specific customizations for the pod. For example, you can request a specific MAC hardware address.

You specify the runtime configuration by setting an annotation in the pod specification. The annotation key is k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks, and it accepts a JSON object that describes the runtime configuration.

14.7.1.1. Runtime configuration for an Ethernet-based SR-IOV attachment

The following JSON describes the runtime configuration options for an Ethernet-based SR-IOV network attachment.

[
  {
    "name": "<name>", 1
    "mac": "<mac_address>", 2
    "ips": ["<cidr_range>"] 3
  }
]

1: The name of the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR.
2: Optional: The MAC address for the SR-IOV device that is allocated from the resource type defined in the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR. To use this feature, you also must specify { "mac": true } in the SriovNetwork object.
3: Optional: IP addresses for the SR-IOV device that is allocated from the resource type defined in the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR. Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are supported. To use this feature, you also must specify { "ips": true } in the SriovNetwork object.

Example runtime configuration

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sample-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: |-
      [
        {
          "name": "net1",
          "mac": "20:04:0f:f1:88:01",
          "ips": ["192.168.10.1/24", "2001::1/64"]
        }
      ]
spec:
  containers:
  - name: sample-container
    image: <image>
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]

14.7.1.2. Runtime configuration for an InfiniBand-based SR-IOV attachment

The following JSON describes the runtime configuration options for an InfiniBand-based SR-IOV network attachment.

[
  {
    "name": "<network_attachment>", 1
    "infiniband-guid": "<guid>", 2
    "ips": ["<cidr_range>"] 3
  }
]

1: The name of the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR.
2: The InfiniBand GUID for the SR-IOV device. To use this feature, you also must specify { "infinibandGUID": true } in the SriovIBNetwork object.
3: The IP addresses for the SR-IOV device that is allocated from the resource type defined in the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR. Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are supported. To use this feature, you also must specify { "ips": true } in the SriovIBNetwork object.

Example runtime configuration

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sample-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: |-
      [
        {
          "name": "ib1",
          "infiniband-guid": "c2:11:22:33:44:55:66:77",
          "ips": ["192.168.10.1/24", "2001::1/64"]
        }
      ]
spec:
  containers:
  - name: sample-container
    image: <image>
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]

14.7.2. Adding a pod to an additional network

You can add a pod to an additional network. The pod continues to send normal cluster-related network traffic over the default network.

When a pod is created additional networks are attached to it. However, if a pod already exists, you cannot attach additional networks to it.

The pod must be in the same namespace as the additional network.

Note

The SR-IOV Network Resource Injector adds the resource field to the first container in a pod automatically.

If you are using an Intel network interface controller (NIC) in Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) mode, only the first container in your pod is configured to access the NIC. Your SR-IOV additional network is configured for DPDK mode if the deviceType is set to vfio-pci in the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object.

You can work around this issue by either ensuring that the container that needs access to the NIC is the first container defined in the Pod object or by disabling the Network Resource Injector. For more information, see BZ#1990953.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster.
Install the SR-IOV Operator.
Create either an SriovNetwork object or an SriovIBNetwork object to attach the pod to.

Procedure

Add an annotation to the Pod object. Only one of the following annotation formats can be used:
1. To attach an additional network without any customization, add an annotation with the following format. Replace <network> with the name of the additional network to associate with the pod:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: <network>[,<network>,...] 1
```
  1
  To specify more than one additional network, separate each network with a comma. Do not include whitespace between the comma. If you specify the same additional network multiple times, that pod will have multiple network interfaces attached to that network.
2. To attach an additional network with customizations, add an annotation with the following format:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: |-
      [
        {
          "name": "<network>", 1
          "namespace": "<namespace>", 2
          "default-route": ["<default-route>"] 3
        }
      ]
```
  1
  Specify the name of the additional network defined by a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object.
  2
  Specify the namespace where the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object is defined.
  3
  Optional: Specify an override for the default route, such as 192.168.17.1.
To create the pod, enter the following command. Replace <name> with the name of the pod.
```
$ oc create -f <name>.yaml
```

Optional: To Confirm that the annotation exists in the Pod CR, enter the following command, replacing <name> with the name of the pod.

$ oc get pod <name> -o yaml

In the following example, the example-pod pod is attached to the net1 additional network:

$ oc get pod example-pod -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: macvlan-bridge
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status: |- 1
      [{
          "name": "openshift-sdn",
          "interface": "eth0",
          "ips": [
              "10.128.2.14"
          ],
          "default": true,
          "dns": {}
      },{
          "name": "macvlan-bridge",
          "interface": "net1",
          "ips": [
              "20.2.2.100"
          ],
          "mac": "22:2f:60:a5:f8:00",
          "dns": {}
      }]
  name: example-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  ...
status:
  ...

1: The k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status parameter is a JSON array of objects. Each object describes the status of an additional network attached to the pod. The annotation value is stored as a plain text value.

14.7.3. Creating a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) aligned SR-IOV pod

You can create a NUMA aligned SR-IOV pod by restricting SR-IOV and the CPU resources allocated from the same NUMA node with restricted or single-numa-node Topology Manager polices.

Prerequisites

You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You have configured the CPU Manager policy to static. For more information on CPU Manager, see the "Additional resources" section.
You have configured the Topology Manager policy to single-numa-node.
Note
When single-numa-node is unable to satisfy the request, you can configure the Topology Manager policy to restricted.

Procedure

Create the following SR-IOV pod spec, and then save the YAML in the <name>-sriov-pod.yaml file. Replace <name> with a name for this pod.
The following example shows an SR-IOV pod spec:
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sample-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: <name> 1
spec:
  containers:
  - name: sample-container
    image: <image> 2
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    resources:
      limits:
        memory: "1Gi" 3
        cpu: "2" 4
      requests:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "2"
```
1
Replace <name> with the name of the SR-IOV network attachment definition CR.
2
Replace <image> with the name of the sample-pod image.
3
To create the SR-IOV pod with guaranteed QoS, set memory limits equal to memory requests.
4
To create the SR-IOV pod with guaranteed QoS, set cpu limits equals to cpu requests.
Create the sample SR-IOV pod by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f <filename> 1
```
1
Replace <filename> with the name of the file you created in the previous step.
Confirm that the sample-pod is configured with guaranteed QoS.
```
$ oc describe pod sample-pod
```

Confirm that the sample-pod is allocated with exclusive CPUs.

$ oc exec sample-pod -- cat /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset/cpuset.cpus

Confirm that the SR-IOV device and CPUs that are allocated for the sample-pod are on the same NUMA node.
```
$ oc exec sample-pod -- cat /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset/cpuset.cpus
```

14.7.4. Additional resources

14.8. Using high performance multicast

You can use multicast on your Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) hardware network.

14.8.1. High performance multicast

The OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider supports multicast between pods on the default network. This is best used for low-bandwidth coordination or service discovery, and not high-bandwidth applications. For applications such as streaming media, like Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and multipoint videoconferencing, you can utilize Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) hardware to provide near-native performance.

When using additional SR-IOV interfaces for multicast:

Multicast packages must be sent or received by a pod through the additional SR-IOV interface.
The physical network which connects the SR-IOV interfaces decides the multicast routing and topology, which is not controlled by OpenShift Container Platform.

14.8.2. Configuring an SR-IOV interface for multicast

The follow procedure creates an example SR-IOV interface for multicast.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You must log in to the cluster with a user that has the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Create a SriovNetworkNodePolicy object:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: policy-example
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: example
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  numVfs: 4
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "8086"
    pfNames: ['ens803f0']
    rootDevices: ['0000:86:00.0']

Create a SriovNetwork object:

apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: net-example
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  networkNamespace: default
  ipam: | 1
    {
      "type": "host-local", 2
      "subnet": "10.56.217.0/24",
      "rangeStart": "10.56.217.171",
      "rangeEnd": "10.56.217.181",
      "routes": [
        {"dst": "224.0.0.0/5"},
        {"dst": "232.0.0.0/5"}
      ],
      "gateway": "10.56.217.1"
    }
  resourceName: example

1 2: If you choose to configure DHCP as IPAM, ensure that you provision the following default routes through your DHCP server: 224.0.0.0/5 and 232.0.0.0/5. This is to override the static multicast route set by the default network provider.

Create a pod with multicast application:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: testpmd
  namespace: default
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: nic1
spec:
  containers:
  - name: example
    image: rhel7:latest
    securityContext:
      capabilities:
        add: ["NET_ADMIN"] 1
    command: [ "sleep", "infinity"]

1: The NET_ADMIN capability is required only if your application needs to assign the multicast IP address to the SR-IOV interface. Otherwise, it can be omitted.

14.9. Using virtual functions (VFs) with DPDK and RDMA modes

You can use Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) network hardware with the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) and with remote direct memory access (RDMA).

Important

The Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

14.9.1. Using a virtual function in DPDK mode with an Intel NIC

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Install the SR-IOV Network Operator.
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the following SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, and then save the YAML in the intel-dpdk-node-policy.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: intel-dpdk-node-policy
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: intelnics
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  priority: <priority>
  numVfs: <num>
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "8086"
    deviceID: "158b"
    pfNames: ["<pf_name>", ...]
    rootDevices: ["<pci_bus_id>", "..."]
  deviceType: vfio-pci 1
```
1
Specify the driver type for the virtual functions to vfio-pci.
Note
See the Configuring SR-IOV network devices section for a detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetworkNodePolicy.
When applying the configuration specified in a SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, the SR-IOV Operator may drain the nodes, and in some cases, reboot nodes. It may take several minutes for a configuration change to apply. Ensure that there are enough available nodes in your cluster to handle the evicted workload beforehand.
After the configuration update is applied, all the pods in openshift-sriov-network-operator namespace will change to a Running status.
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f intel-dpdk-node-policy.yaml
```
Create the following SriovNetwork object, and then save the YAML in the intel-dpdk-network.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: intel-dpdk-network
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  networkNamespace: <target_namespace>
  ipam: "{}" 1
  vlan: <vlan>
  resourceName: intelnics
```
1
Specify an empty object "{}" for the ipam CNI plugin. DPDK works in userspace mode and does not require an IP address.
Note
See the "Configuring SR-IOV additional network" section for a detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetwork.
Create the SriovNetwork object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f intel-dpdk-network.yaml
```
Create the following Pod spec, and then save the YAML in the intel-dpdk-pod.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dpdk-app
  namespace: <target_namespace> 1
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: intel-dpdk-network
spec:
  containers:
  - name: testpmd
    image: <DPDK_image> 2
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 0
      capabilities:
        add: ["IPC_LOCK","SYS_RESOURCE","NET_RAW"] 3
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /dev/hugepages 4
      name: hugepage
    resources:
      limits:
        openshift.io/intelnics: "1" 5
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4" 6
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi" 7
      requests:
        openshift.io/intelnics: "1"
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4"
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi"
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
  volumes:
  - name: hugepage
    emptyDir:
      medium: HugePages
```
1
Specify the same target_namespace where the SriovNetwork object intel-dpdk-network is created. If you would like to create the pod in a different namespace, change target_namespace in both the Pod spec and the SriovNetowrk object.
2
Specify the DPDK image which includes your application and the DPDK library used by application.
3
Specify additional capabilities required by the application inside the container for hugepage allocation, system resource allocation, and network interface access.
4
Mount a hugepage volume to the DPDK pod under /dev/hugepages. The hugepage volume is backed by the emptyDir volume type with the medium being Hugepages.
5
Optional: Specify the number of DPDK devices allocated to DPDK pod. This resource request and limit, if not explicitly specified, will be automatically added by the SR-IOV network resource injector. The SR-IOV network resource injector is an admission controller component managed by the SR-IOV Operator. It is enabled by default and can be disabled by setting enableInjector option to false in the default SriovOperatorConfig CR.
6
Specify the number of CPUs. The DPDK pod usually requires exclusive CPUs to be allocated from the kubelet. This is achieved by setting CPU Manager policy to static and creating a pod with Guaranteed QoS.
7
Specify hugepage size hugepages-1Gi or hugepages-2Mi and the quantity of hugepages that will be allocated to the DPDK pod. Configure 2Mi and 1Gi hugepages separately. Configuring 1Gi hugepage requires adding kernel arguments to Nodes. For example, adding kernel arguments default_hugepagesz=1GB, hugepagesz=1G and hugepages=16 will result in 16*1Gi hugepages be allocated during system boot.
Create the DPDK pod by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f intel-dpdk-pod.yaml
```

14.9.2. Using a virtual function in DPDK mode with a Mellanox NIC

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Install the SR-IOV Network Operator.
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the following SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, and then save the YAML in the mlx-dpdk-node-policy.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: mlx-dpdk-node-policy
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: mlxnics
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  priority: <priority>
  numVfs: <num>
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "15b3"
    deviceID: "1015" 1
    pfNames: ["<pf_name>", ...]
    rootDevices: ["<pci_bus_id>", "..."]
  deviceType: netdevice 2
  isRdma: true 3
```
1
Specify the device hex code of the SR-IOV network device. The only allowed values for Mellanox cards are 1015, 1017.
2
Specify the driver type for the virtual functions to netdevice. Mellanox SR-IOV VF can work in DPDK mode without using the vfio-pci device type. VF device appears as a kernel network interface inside a container.
3
Enable RDMA mode. This is required by Mellanox cards to work in DPDK mode.
Note
See the Configuring SR-IOV network devices section for detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetworkNodePolicy.
When applying the configuration specified in a SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, the SR-IOV Operator may drain the nodes, and in some cases, reboot nodes. It may take several minutes for a configuration change to apply. Ensure that there are enough available nodes in your cluster to handle the evicted workload beforehand.
After the configuration update is applied, all the pods in the openshift-sriov-network-operator namespace will change to a Running status.
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-dpdk-node-policy.yaml
```
Create the following SriovNetwork object, and then save the YAML in the mlx-dpdk-network.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: mlx-dpdk-network
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  networkNamespace: <target_namespace>
  ipam: |- 1
    ...
  vlan: <vlan>
  resourceName: mlxnics
```
1
Specify a configuration object for the ipam CNI plugin as a YAML block scalar. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
Note
See the "Configuring SR-IOV additional network" section for a detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetwork.
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-dpdk-network.yaml
```
Create the following Pod spec, and then save the YAML in the mlx-dpdk-pod.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dpdk-app
  namespace: <target_namespace> 1
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: mlx-dpdk-network
spec:
  containers:
  - name: testpmd
    image: <DPDK_image> 2
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 0
      capabilities:
        add: ["IPC_LOCK","SYS_RESOURCE","NET_RAW"] 3
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /dev/hugepages 4
      name: hugepage
    resources:
      limits:
        openshift.io/mlxnics: "1" 5
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4" 6
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi" 7
      requests:
        openshift.io/mlxnics: "1"
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4"
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi"
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
  volumes:
  - name: hugepage
    emptyDir:
      medium: HugePages
```
1
Specify the same target_namespace where SriovNetwork object mlx-dpdk-network is created. If you would like to create the pod in a different namespace, change target_namespace in both Pod spec and SriovNetowrk object.
2
Specify the DPDK image which includes your application and the DPDK library used by application.
3
Specify additional capabilities required by the application inside the container for hugepage allocation, system resource allocation, and network interface access.
4
Mount the hugepage volume to the DPDK pod under /dev/hugepages. The hugepage volume is backed by the emptyDir volume type with the medium being Hugepages.
5
Optional: Specify the number of DPDK devices allocated to the DPDK pod. This resource request and limit, if not explicitly specified, will be automatically added by SR-IOV network resource injector. The SR-IOV network resource injector is an admission controller component managed by SR-IOV Operator. It is enabled by default and can be disabled by setting the enableInjector option to false in the default SriovOperatorConfig CR.
6
Specify the number of CPUs. The DPDK pod usually requires exclusive CPUs be allocated from kubelet. This is achieved by setting CPU Manager policy to static and creating a pod with Guaranteed QoS.
7
Specify hugepage size hugepages-1Gi or hugepages-2Mi and the quantity of hugepages that will be allocated to DPDK pod. Configure 2Mi and 1Gi hugepages separately. Configuring 1Gi hugepage requires adding kernel arguments to Nodes.
Create the DPDK pod by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-dpdk-pod.yaml
```

14.9.3. Using a virtual function in RDMA mode with a Mellanox NIC

RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) is the only supported mode when using RDMA on OpenShift Container Platform.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Install the SR-IOV Network Operator.
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the following SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, and then save the YAML in the mlx-rdma-node-policy.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetworkNodePolicy
metadata:
  name: mlx-rdma-node-policy
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  resourceName: mlxnics
  nodeSelector:
    feature.node.kubernetes.io/network-sriov.capable: "true"
  priority: <priority>
  numVfs: <num>
  nicSelector:
    vendor: "15b3"
    deviceID: "1015" 1
    pfNames: ["<pf_name>", ...]
    rootDevices: ["<pci_bus_id>", "..."]
  deviceType: netdevice 2
  isRdma: true 3
```
1
Specify the device hex code of SR-IOV network device. The only allowed values for Mellanox cards are 1015, 1017.
2
Specify the driver type for the virtual functions to netdevice.
3
Enable RDMA mode.
Note
See the Configuring SR-IOV network devices section for a detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetworkNodePolicy.
When applying the configuration specified in a SriovNetworkNodePolicy object, the SR-IOV Operator may drain the nodes, and in some cases, reboot nodes. It may take several minutes for a configuration change to apply. Ensure that there are enough available nodes in your cluster to handle the evicted workload beforehand.
After the configuration update is applied, all the pods in the openshift-sriov-network-operator namespace will change to a Running status.
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-rdma-node-policy.yaml
```
Create the following SriovNetwork object, and then save the YAML in the mlx-rdma-network.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: sriovnetwork.openshift.io/v1
kind: SriovNetwork
metadata:
  name: mlx-rdma-network
  namespace: openshift-sriov-network-operator
spec:
  networkNamespace: <target_namespace>
  ipam: |- 1
    ...
  vlan: <vlan>
  resourceName: mlxnics
```
1
Specify a configuration object for the ipam CNI plugin as a YAML block scalar. The plugin manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
Note
See the "Configuring SR-IOV additional network" section for a detailed explanation on each option in SriovNetwork.
Create the SriovNetworkNodePolicy object by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-rdma-network.yaml
```
Create the following Pod spec, and then save the YAML in the mlx-rdma-pod.yaml file.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: rdma-app
  namespace: <target_namespace> 1
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: mlx-rdma-network
spec:
  containers:
  - name: testpmd
    image: <RDMA_image> 2
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 0
      capabilities:
        add: ["IPC_LOCK","SYS_RESOURCE","NET_RAW"] 3
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /dev/hugepages 4
      name: hugepage
    resources:
      limits:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4" 5
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi" 6
      requests:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "4"
        hugepages-1Gi: "4Gi"
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
  volumes:
  - name: hugepage
    emptyDir:
      medium: HugePages
```
1
Specify the same target_namespace where SriovNetwork object mlx-rdma-network is created. If you would like to create the pod in a different namespace, change target_namespace in both Pod spec and SriovNetowrk object.
2
Specify the RDMA image which includes your application and RDMA library used by application.
3
Specify additional capabilities required by the application inside the container for hugepage allocation, system resource allocation, and network interface access.
4
Mount the hugepage volume to RDMA pod under /dev/hugepages. The hugepage volume is backed by the emptyDir volume type with the medium being Hugepages.
5
Specify number of CPUs. The RDMA pod usually requires exclusive CPUs be allocated from the kubelet. This is achieved by setting CPU Manager policy to static and create pod with Guaranteed QoS.
6
Specify hugepage size hugepages-1Gi or hugepages-2Mi and the quantity of hugepages that will be allocated to the RDMA pod. Configure 2Mi and 1Gi hugepages separately. Configuring 1Gi hugepage requires adding kernel arguments to Nodes.
Create the RDMA pod by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f mlx-rdma-pod.yaml
```

14.10. Uninstalling the SR-IOV Network Operator

To uninstall the SR-IOV Network Operator, you must delete any running SR-IOV workloads, uninstall the Operator, and delete the webhooks that the Operator used.

14.10.1. Uninstalling the SR-IOV Network Operator

As a cluster administrator, you can uninstall the SR-IOV Network Operator.

Prerequisites

You have access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster using an account with cluster-admin permissions.
You have the SR-IOV Network Operator installed.

Procedure

Delete all SR-IOV custom resources (CRs):

$ oc delete sriovnetwork -n openshift-sriov-network-operator --all

$ oc delete sriovnetworknodepolicy -n openshift-sriov-network-operator --all

$ oc delete sriovibnetwork -n openshift-sriov-network-operator --all

Follow the instructions in the "Deleting Operators from a cluster" section to remove the SR-IOV Network Operator from your cluster.

Delete the SR-IOV custom resource definitions that remain in the cluster after the SR-IOV Network Operator is uninstalled:

$ oc delete crd sriovibnetworks.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

$ oc delete crd sriovnetworknodepolicies.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

$ oc delete crd sriovnetworknodestates.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

$ oc delete crd sriovnetworkpoolconfigs.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

$ oc delete crd sriovnetworks.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

$ oc delete crd sriovoperatorconfigs.sriovnetwork.openshift.io

Delete the SR-IOV webhooks:

$ oc delete mutatingwebhookconfigurations network-resources-injector-config

$ oc delete MutatingWebhookConfiguration sriov-operator-webhook-config

$ oc delete ValidatingWebhookConfiguration sriov-operator-webhook-config

Delete the SR-IOV Network Operator namespace:

$ oc delete namespace openshift-sriov-network-operator

Additional resources

Deleting Operators from a cluster

Chapter 15. OpenShift SDN default CNI network provider

15.1. About the OpenShift SDN default CNI network provider

OpenShift Container Platform uses a software-defined networking (SDN) approach to provide a unified cluster network that enables communication between pods across the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. This pod network is established and maintained by the OpenShift SDN, which configures an overlay network using Open vSwitch (OVS).

15.1.1. OpenShift SDN network isolation modes

OpenShift SDN provides three SDN modes for configuring the pod network:

Network policy mode allows project administrators to configure their own isolation policies using NetworkPolicy objects. Network policy is the default mode in OpenShift Container Platform 4.8.
Multitenant mode provides project-level isolation for pods and services. Pods from different projects cannot send packets to or receive packets from pods and services of a different project. You can disable isolation for a project, allowing it to send network traffic to all pods and services in the entire cluster and receive network traffic from those pods and services.
Subnet mode provides a flat pod network where every pod can communicate with every other pod and service. The network policy mode provides the same functionality as subnet mode.

15.1.2. Supported default CNI network provider feature matrix

OpenShift Container Platform offers two supported choices, OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes, for the default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider. The following table summarizes the current feature support for both network providers:

Table 15.1. Default CNI network provider feature comparison
Feature	OpenShift SDN	OVN-Kubernetes
Egress IPs	Supported	Supported
Egress firewall ^[1]	Supported	Supported
Egress router	Supported	Supported ^[2]
IPsec encryption	Not supported	Supported
IPv6	Not supported	Supported ^[3]
Kubernetes network policy	Partially supported ^[4]	Supported
Kubernetes network policy logs	Not supported	Supported
Multicast	Supported	Supported

Egress firewall is also known as egress network policy in OpenShift SDN. This is not the same as network policy egress.
Egress router for OVN-Kubernetes supports only redirect mode.
IPv6 is supported only on bare metal clusters.
Network policy for OpenShift SDN does not support egress rules and some ipBlock rules.

15.2. Configuring egress IPs for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can configure the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider to assign one or more egress IP addresses to a project.

15.2.1. Egress IP address assignment for project egress traffic

By configuring an egress IP address for a project, all outgoing external connections from the specified project will share the same, fixed source IP address. External resources can recognize traffic from a particular project based on the egress IP address. An egress IP address assigned to a project is different from the egress router, which is used to send traffic to specific destinations.

Egress IP addresses are implemented as additional IP addresses on the primary network interface of the node and must be in the same subnet as the node’s primary IP address.

Important

Egress IP addresses must not be configured in any Linux network configuration files, such as ifcfg-eth0.

Egress IPs on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Azure are supported only on OpenShift Container Platform version 4.10 and later.

Allowing additional IP addresses on the primary network interface might require extra configuration when using some cloud or virtual machines solutions.

You can assign egress IP addresses to namespaces by setting the egressIPs parameter of the NetNamespace object. After an egress IP is associated with a project, OpenShift SDN allows you to assign egress IPs to hosts in two ways:

In the automatically assigned approach, an egress IP address range is assigned to a node.
In the manually assigned approach, a list of one or more egress IP address is assigned to a node.

Namespaces that request an egress IP address are matched with nodes that can host those egress IP addresses, and then the egress IP addresses are assigned to those nodes. If the egressIPs parameter is set on a NetNamespace object, but no node hosts that egress IP address, then egress traffic from the namespace will be dropped.

High availability of nodes is automatic. If a node that hosts an egress IP address is unreachable and there are nodes that are able to host that egress IP address, then the egress IP address will move to a new node. When the unreachable node comes back online, the egress IP address automatically moves to balance egress IP addresses across nodes.

Important

The following limitations apply when using egress IP addresses with the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider:

You cannot use manually assigned and automatically assigned egress IP addresses on the same nodes.
If you manually assign egress IP addresses from an IP address range, you must not make that range available for automatic IP assignment.
You cannot share egress IP addresses across multiple namespaces using the OpenShift SDN egress IP address implementation. If you need to share IP addresses across namespaces, the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider egress IP address implementation allows you to span IP addresses across multiple namespaces.

Note

If you use OpenShift SDN in multitenant mode, you cannot use egress IP addresses with any namespace that is joined to another namespace by the projects that are associated with them. For example, if project1 and project2 are joined by running the oc adm pod-network join-projects --to=project1 project2 command, neither project can use an egress IP address. For more information, see BZ#1645577.

15.2.1.1. Considerations when using automatically assigned egress IP addresses

When using the automatic assignment approach for egress IP addresses the following considerations apply:

You set the egressCIDRs parameter of each node’s HostSubnet resource to indicate the range of egress IP addresses that can be hosted by a node. OpenShift Container Platform sets the egressIPs parameter of the HostSubnet resource based on the IP address range you specify.

If the node hosting the namespace’s egress IP address is unreachable, OpenShift Container Platform will reassign the egress IP address to another node with a compatible egress IP address range. The automatic assignment approach works best for clusters installed in environments with flexibility in associating additional IP addresses with nodes.

15.2.1.2. Considerations when using manually assigned egress IP addresses

This approach is used for clusters where there can be limitations on associating additional IP addresses with nodes such as in public cloud environments.

When using the manual assignment approach for egress IP addresses the following considerations apply:

You set the egressIPs parameter of each node’s HostSubnet resource to indicate the IP addresses that can be hosted by a node.
Multiple egress IP addresses per namespace are supported.

If a namespace has multiple egress IP addresses and those addresses are hosted on multiple nodes, the following additional considerations apply:

If a pod is on a node that is hosting an egress IP address, that pod always uses the egress IP address on the node.
If a pod is not on a node that is hosting an egress IP address, that pod uses an egress IP address at random.

15.2.2. Configuring automatically assigned egress IP addresses for a namespace

In OpenShift Container Platform you can enable automatic assignment of an egress IP address for a specific namespace across one or more nodes.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Update the NetNamespace object with the egress IP address using the following JSON:
```
 $ oc patch netnamespace <project_name> --type=merge -p \
  '{
    "egressIPs": [
      "<ip_address>"
    ]
  }'
```
where:
<project_name>
Specifies the name of the project.
<ip_address>
Specifies one or more egress IP addresses for the egressIPs array.
For example, to assign project1 to an IP address of 192.168.1.100 and project2 to an IP address of 192.168.1.101:
```
$ oc patch netnamespace project1 --type=merge -p \
  '{"egressIPs": ["192.168.1.100"]}'
$ oc patch netnamespace project2 --type=merge -p \
  '{"egressIPs": ["192.168.1.101"]}'
```
Note
Because OpenShift SDN manages the NetNamespace object, you can make changes only by modifying the existing NetNamespace object. Do not create a new NetNamespace object.
Indicate which nodes can host egress IP addresses by setting the egressCIDRs parameter for each host using the following JSON:
```
$ oc patch hostsubnet <node_name> --type=merge -p \
  '{
    "egressCIDRs": [
      "<ip_address_range>", "<ip_address_range>"
    ]
  }'
```
where:
<node_name>
Specifies a node name.
<ip_address_range>
Specifies an IP address range in CIDR format. You can specify more than one address range for the egressCIDRs array.
For example, to set node1 and node2 to host egress IP addresses in the range 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255:
```
$ oc patch hostsubnet node1 --type=merge -p \
  '{"egressCIDRs": ["192.168.1.0/24"]}'
$ oc patch hostsubnet node2 --type=merge -p \
  '{"egressCIDRs": ["192.168.1.0/24"]}'
```
OpenShift Container Platform automatically assigns specific egress IP addresses to available nodes in a balanced way. In this case, it assigns the egress IP address 192.168.1.100 to node1 and the egress IP address 192.168.1.101 to node2 or vice versa.

15.2.3. Configuring manually assigned egress IP addresses for a namespace

In OpenShift Container Platform you can associate one or more egress IP addresses with a namespace.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Update the NetNamespace object by specifying the following JSON object with the desired IP addresses:
```
 $ oc patch netnamespace <project_name> --type=merge -p \
  '{
    "egressIPs": [
      "<ip_address>"
    ]
  }'
```
where:
<project_name>
Specifies the name of the project.
<ip_address>
Specifies one or more egress IP addresses for the egressIPs array.
For example, to assign the project1 project to the IP addresses 192.168.1.100 and 192.168.1.101:
```
$ oc patch netnamespace project1 --type=merge \
  -p '{"egressIPs": ["192.168.1.100","192.168.1.101"]}'
```
To provide high availability, set the egressIPs value to two or more IP addresses on different nodes. If multiple egress IP addresses are set, then pods use all egress IP addresses roughly equally.
Note
Because OpenShift SDN manages the NetNamespace object, you can make changes only by modifying the existing NetNamespace object. Do not create a new NetNamespace object.
Manually assign the egress IP to the node hosts. Set the egressIPs parameter on the HostSubnet object on the node host. Using the following JSON, include as many IP addresses as you want to assign to that node host:
```
$ oc patch hostsubnet <node_name> --type=merge -p \
  '{
    "egressIPs": [
      "<ip_address>",
      "<ip_address>"
      ]
  }'
```
where:
<node_name>
Specifies a node name.
<ip_address>
Specifies an IP address. You can specify more than one IP address for the egressIPs array.
For example, to specify that node1 should have the egress IPs 192.168.1.100, 192.168.1.101, and 192.168.1.102:
```
$ oc patch hostsubnet node1 --type=merge -p \
  '{"egressIPs": ["192.168.1.100", "192.168.1.101", "192.168.1.102"]}'
```
In the previous example, all egress traffic for project1 will be routed to the node hosting the specified egress IP, and then connected through Network Address Translation (NAT) to that IP address.

15.3. Configuring an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can create an egress firewall for a project that restricts egress traffic leaving your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

15.3.1. How an egress firewall works in a project

As a cluster administrator, you can use an egress firewall to limit the external hosts that some or all pods can access from within the cluster. An egress firewall supports the following scenarios:

A pod can only connect to internal hosts and cannot initiate connections to the public internet.
A pod can only connect to the public internet and cannot initiate connections to internal hosts that are outside the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
A pod cannot reach specified internal subnets or hosts outside the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
A pod can connect to only specific external hosts.

For example, you can allow one project access to a specified IP range but deny the same access to a different project. Or you can restrict application developers from updating from Python pip mirrors, and force updates to come only from approved sources.

You configure an egress firewall policy by creating an EgressNetworkPolicy custom resource (CR) object. The egress firewall matches network traffic that meets any of the following criteria:

An IP address range in CIDR format
A DNS name that resolves to an IP address

Important

If your egress firewall includes a deny rule for 0.0.0.0/0, access to your OpenShift Container Platform API servers is blocked. To ensure that pods can continue to access the OpenShift Container Platform API servers, you must include the IP address range that the API servers listen on in your egress firewall rules, as in the following example:

apiVersion: network.openshift.io/v1
kind: EgressNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: <namespace> 1
spec:
  egress:
  - to:
      cidrSelector: <api_server_address_range> 2
    type: Allow
# ...
  - to:
      cidrSelector: 0.0.0.0/0 3
    type: Deny

1: The namespace for the egress firewall.
2: The IP address range that includes your OpenShift Container Platform API servers.
3: A global deny rule prevents access to the OpenShift Container Platform API servers.

To find the IP address for your API servers, run oc get ep kubernetes -n default.

For more information, see BZ#1988324.

Important

You must have OpenShift SDN configured to use either the network policy or multitenant mode to configure an egress firewall.

If you use network policy mode, an egress firewall is compatible with only one policy per namespace and will not work with projects that share a network, such as global projects.

Warning

Egress firewall rules do not apply to traffic that goes through routers. Any user with permission to create a Route CR object can bypass egress firewall policy rules by creating a route that points to a forbidden destination.

15.3.1.1. Limitations of an egress firewall

An egress firewall has the following limitations:

No project can have more than one EgressNetworkPolicy object.
A maximum of one EgressNetworkPolicy object with a maximum of 1,000 rules can be defined per project.
The default project cannot use an egress firewall.
When using the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider in multitenant mode, the following limitations apply:
- Global projects cannot use an egress firewall. You can make a project global by using the oc adm pod-network make-projects-global command.
- Projects merged by using the oc adm pod-network join-projects command cannot use an egress firewall in any of the joined projects.

Violating any of these restrictions results in a broken egress firewall for the project, and might cause all external network traffic to be dropped.

An Egress Firewall resource can be created in the kube-node-lease, kube-public, kube-system, openshift and openshift- projects.

15.3.1.2. Matching order for egress firewall policy rules

The egress firewall policy rules are evaluated in the order that they are defined, from first to last. The first rule that matches an egress connection from a pod applies. Any subsequent rules are ignored for that connection.

15.3.1.3. How Domain Name Server (DNS) resolution works

If you use DNS names in any of your egress firewall policy rules, proper resolution of the domain names is subject to the following restrictions:

Domain name updates are polled based on a time-to-live (TTL) duration. By default, the duration is 30 seconds. When the egress firewall controller queries the local name servers for a domain name, if the response includes a TTL that is less than 30 seconds, the controller sets the duration to the returned value. If the TTL in the response is greater than 30 minutes, the controller sets the duration to 30 minutes. If the TTL is between 30 seconds and 30 minutes, the controller ignores the value and sets the duration to 30 seconds.
The pod must resolve the domain from the same local name servers when necessary. Otherwise the IP addresses for the domain known by the egress firewall controller and the pod can be different. If the IP addresses for a hostname differ, the egress firewall might not be enforced consistently.
Because the egress firewall controller and pods asynchronously poll the same local name server, the pod might obtain the updated IP address before the egress controller does, which causes a race condition. Due to this current limitation, domain name usage in EgressNetworkPolicy objects is only recommended for domains with infrequent IP address changes.

Note

The egress firewall always allows pods access to the external interface of the node that the pod is on for DNS resolution.

If you use domain names in your egress firewall policy and your DNS resolution is not handled by a DNS server on the local node, then you must add egress firewall rules that allow access to your DNS server’s IP addresses. if you are using domain names in your pods.

15.3.2. EgressNetworkPolicy custom resource (CR) object

You can define one or more rules for an egress firewall. A rule is either an Allow rule or a Deny rule, with a specification for the traffic that the rule applies to.

The following YAML describes an EgressNetworkPolicy CR object:

EgressNetworkPolicy object

apiVersion: network.openshift.io/v1
kind: EgressNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  egress: 2
    ...

1: A name for your egress firewall policy.
2: A collection of one or more egress network policy rules as described in the following section.

15.3.2.1. EgressNetworkPolicy rules

The following YAML describes an egress firewall rule object. The egress stanza expects an array of one or more objects.

Egress policy rule stanza

egress:
- type: <type> 1
  to: 2
    cidrSelector: <cidr> 3
    dnsName: <dns_name> 4

1: The type of rule. The value must be either Allow or Deny.
2: A stanza describing an egress traffic match rule. A value for either the cidrSelector field or the dnsName field for the rule. You cannot use both fields in the same rule.
3: An IP address range in CIDR format.
4: A domain name.

15.3.2.2. Example EgressNetworkPolicy CR objects

The following example defines several egress firewall policy rules:

apiVersion: network.openshift.io/v1
kind: EgressNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  egress: 1
  - type: Allow
    to:
      cidrSelector: 1.2.3.0/24
  - type: Allow
    to:
      dnsName: www.example.com
  - type: Deny
    to:
      cidrSelector: 0.0.0.0/0

1: A collection of egress firewall policy rule objects.

15.3.3. Creating an egress firewall policy object

As a cluster administrator, you can create an egress firewall policy object for a project.

Important

If the project already has an EgressNetworkPolicy object defined, you must edit the existing policy to make changes to the egress firewall rules.

Prerequisites

A cluster that uses the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plugin.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
You must log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.

Procedure

Create a policy rule:
1. Create a <policy_name>.yaml file where <policy_name> describes the egress policy rules.
2. In the file you created, define an egress policy object.
Enter the following command to create the policy object. Replace <policy_name> with the name of the policy and <project> with the project that the rule applies to.
```
$ oc create -f <policy_name>.yaml -n <project>
```
In the following example, a new EgressNetworkPolicy object is created in a project named project1:
```
$ oc create -f default.yaml -n project1
```
Example output
```
egressnetworkpolicy.network.openshift.io/v1 created
```
Optional: Save the <policy_name>.yaml file so that you can make changes later.

15.4. Editing an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can modify network traffic rules for an existing egress firewall.

15.4.1. Viewing an EgressNetworkPolicy object

You can view an EgressNetworkPolicy object in your cluster.

Prerequisites

A cluster using the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plugin.
Install the OpenShift Command-line Interface (CLI), commonly known as oc.
You must log in to the cluster.

Procedure

Optional: To view the names of the EgressNetworkPolicy objects defined in your cluster, enter the following command:
```
$ oc get egressnetworkpolicy --all-namespaces
```

To inspect a policy, enter the following command. Replace <policy_name> with the name of the policy to inspect.

$ oc describe egressnetworkpolicy <policy_name>

Example output

Name:		default
Namespace:	project1
Created:	20 minutes ago
Labels:		<none>
Annotations:	<none>
Rule:		Allow to 1.2.3.0/24
Rule:		Allow to www.example.com
Rule:		Deny to 0.0.0.0/0

15.5. Editing an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can modify network traffic rules for an existing egress firewall.