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Chapter 1. Routes

1.1. Creating basic routes
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If you have unencrypted HTTP, you can create a basic route with a route object.

1.1.1. Creating an HTTP-based route
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You can use the following procedure to create a simple HTTP-based route to a web application, using the hello-openshift application as an example.

You can create a route to host your application at a public URL. The route can either be secure or unsecured, depending on the network security configuration of your application. An HTTP-based route is an unsecured route that uses the basic HTTP routing protocol and exposes a service on an unsecured application port.

Prerequisites

  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You are logged in as an administrator.
  • You have a web application that exposes a port and a TCP endpoint listening for traffic on the port.

Procedure

  1. Create a project called hello-openshift by running the following command: 

    $ oc new-project hello-openshift
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  2. Create a pod in the project by running the following command: 

    $ oc create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openshift/origin/master/examples/hello-openshift/hello-pod.json
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  3. Create a service called hello-openshift by running the following command: 

    $ oc expose pod/hello-openshift
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  4. Create an unsecured route to the hello-openshift application by running the following command: 

    $ oc expose svc hello-openshift
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Verification

  • To verify that the route resource that you created, run the following command: 

    $ oc get routes -o yaml hello-openshift
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    Example YAML definition of the created unsecured route

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: hello-openshift
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  port:
    targetPort: 8080
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: hello-openshift
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    host
    Specifies an alias DNS record that points to the service. This field can be any valid DNS name, such as www.example.com. The DNS name must follow DNS952 subdomain conventions. If not specified, a route name is automatically generated.
    targetPort

    Specifies the target port on pods that is selected by the service that this route points to.

    Note

    To display your default ingress domain, run the following command: 

    $ oc get ingresses.config/cluster -o jsonpath={.spec.domain}
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1.1.2. Path-based routes
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To serve multiple applications by using a single hostname, configure path-based routes. This HTTP-based configuration directs traffic to specific services by comparing the URL path component, ensuring requests match the most specific route defined.

The following table shows example routes and their accessibility:

Expand
Table 1.1. Route availability
RouteWhen compared toAccessible

www.example.com/test

www.example.com/test

Yes

www.example.com

No

www.example.com/test and www.example.com

www.example.com/test

Yes

www.example.com

Yes

www.example.com

www.example.com/text

Yes (Matched by the host, not the route)

www.example.com

Yes

Example of an unsecured route with a path

apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: route-unsecured
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  path: "/test"
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: service-name
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  • spec.host: Specifies the path attribute for a path-based route.
Note

Path-based routing is not available when using passthrough TLS, as the router does not terminate TLS in that case and cannot read the contents of the request.

1.1.3. Creating a route for Ingress Controller sharding
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To host applications at specific URLs and balance traffic load in OpenShift Container Platform, configure Ingress Controller sharding. By sharding, you can isolate traffic for specific workloads or tenants, ensuring efficient resource management across your cluster.

The following procedure describes how to create a route for Ingress Controller sharding, using the hello-openshift application as an example.

Prerequisites

  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You are logged in as a project administrator.
  • You have a web application that exposes a port and an HTTP or TLS endpoint listening for traffic on the port.
  • You have configured the Ingress Controller for sharding.

Procedure

  1. Create a project called hello-openshift by running the following command: 

    $ oc new-project hello-openshift
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  2. Create a pod in the project by running the following command: 

    $ oc create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openshift/origin/master/examples/hello-openshift/hello-pod.json
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  3. Create a service called hello-openshift by running the following command: 

    $ oc expose pod/hello-openshift
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  4. Create a route definition called hello-openshift-route.yaml:

    YAML definition of the created route for sharding

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  labels:
    type: sharded
  name: hello-openshift-edge
  namespace: hello-openshift
spec:
  subdomain: hello-openshift
  tls:
    termination: edge
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: hello-openshift
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    type
    Specifies both the label key and its corresponding label value must match the ones specified in the Ingress Controller. In this example, the Ingress Controller has the label key and value type: sharded.
    subdomain
    Specifies the route gets exposed by using the value of the subdomain field. When you specify the subdomain field, you must leave the hostname unset. If you specify both the host and subdomain fields, then the route uses the value of the host field, and ignore the subdomain field.

  5. Use hello-openshift-route.yaml to create a route to the hello-openshift application by running the following command: 

    $ oc -n hello-openshift create -f hello-openshift-route.yaml
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Verification

  • Get the status of the route with the following command: 

    $ oc -n hello-openshift get routes/hello-openshift-edge -o yaml
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    The resulting Route resource should look similar to the following:

    Example output

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  labels:
    type: sharded
  name: hello-openshift-edge
  namespace: hello-openshift
spec:
  subdomain: hello-openshift
  tls:
    termination: edge
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: hello-openshift
status:
  ingress:
  - host: hello-openshift.<apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>
    routerCanonicalHostname: router-sharded.<apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>
    routerName: sharded
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    where:

    host
    Specifies the hostname the Ingress Controller, or router, uses to expose the route. The value of the host field is automatically determined by the Ingress Controller, and uses its domain. In this example, the domain of the Ingress Controller is <apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>.
    <apps-sharded.basedomain.example.net>
    Specifies the hostname of the Ingress Controller. If the hostname is not set, the route can use a subdomain instead. When you specify a subdomain, you automatically use the domain of the Ingress Controller that exposes the route. When a route is exposed by multiple Ingress Controllers, the route is hosted at multiple URLs.
    routerName
    Specifies the name of the Ingress Controller. In this example, the Ingress Controller has the name sharded.

1.1.4. Creating a route through an Ingress object
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To integrate ecosystem components that require Ingress resources, configure an Ingress object. OpenShift Container Platform automatically manages the lifecycle of the corresponding route objects, creating and deleting them to ensure seamless connectivity.

Procedure

  1. Define an Ingress object in the OpenShift Container Platform console or by entering the oc create command:

    YAML Definition of an Ingress

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: frontend
  annotations:
    route.openshift.io/termination: "reencrypt"
    route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret: secret-ca-cert
spec:
  rules:
  - host: www.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          service:
            name: frontend
            port:
              number: 443
        path: /
        pathType: Prefix
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - www.example.com
    secretName: example-com-tls-certificate
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    route.openshift.io/termination
    Specifies the route.openshift.io/termination annotation. You can configure the spec.tls.termination parameter of the Route because Ingress does not have this parameter. The accepted values are edge, passthrough, and reencrypt. All other values are silently ignored. When the annotation value is unset, edge is the default route. The TLS certificate details must be defined in the template file to implement the default edge route.
    rules.host
    Specifies an explicit hostname for the Ingress object. Mandatory parameter. You can use the <host_name>.<cluster_ingress_domain> syntax, for example apps.openshiftdemos.com, to take advantage of the *.<cluster_ingress_domain> wildcard DNS record and serving certificate for the cluster. Otherwise, you must ensure that there is a DNS record for the chosen hostname.
    destination-ca-certificate-secret

    Specifies the route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret annotation. The annotation can be used on an Ingress object to define a route with a custom destination certificate (CA). The annotation references a kubernetes secret, secret-ca-cert that will be inserted into the generated route.

    1. If you specify the passthrough value in the route.openshift.io/termination annotation, set path to '' and pathType to ImplementationSpecific in the spec: 

      apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
# ...
  spec:
    rules:
    - host: www.example.com
      http:
        paths:
        - path: ''
          pathType: ImplementationSpecific
          backend:
            service:
              name: frontend
              port:
                number: 443
# ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
      $ oc apply -f ingress.yaml
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    2. To specify a route object with a destination CA from an ingress object, you must create a kubernetes.io/tls or Opaque type secret with a certificate in PEM-encoded format in the data.tls.crt specifier of the secret.

  2. List your routes: 

    $ oc get routes
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    The result includes an autogenerated route whose name starts with frontend-: 

    NAME             HOST/PORT         PATH    SERVICES    PORT    TERMINATION          WILDCARD
frontend-gnztq   www.example.com           frontend    443     reencrypt/Redirect   None
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    YAML definition example of an autogenerated route

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: frontend-gnztq
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    controller: true
    kind: Ingress
    name: frontend
    uid: 4e6c59cc-704d-4f44-b390-617d879033b6
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  path: /
  port:
    targetPort: https
  tls:
    certificate: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy: Redirect
    key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      [...]
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    termination: reencrypt
    destinationCACertificate: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: frontend
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.2. Securing routes
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You can secure a route with HTTP strict transport security (HSTS).

1.2.1. HTTP Strict Transport Security
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To enhance security and optimize website performance, use the HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) policy. This mechanism signals browsers to use only HTTPS traffic on the route host, eliminating the need for HTTP redirects and speeding up user interactions.

When HSTS policy is enforced, HSTS adds a Strict Transport Security header to HTTP and HTTPS responses from the site. You can use the insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy value in a route to redirect HTTP to HTTPS. When HSTS is enforced, the client changes all requests from the HTTP URL to HTTPS before the request is sent, eliminating the need for a redirect.

Cluster administrators can configure HSTS to do the following:

  • Enable HSTS per-route
  • Disable HSTS per-route
  • Enforce HSTS per-domain, for a set of domains, or use namespace labels in combination with domains
Important

HSTS works only with secure routes, either edge-terminated or re-encrypt. The configuration is ineffective on HTTP or passthrough routes.

1.2.1.1. Enabling HTTP Strict Transport Security per-route
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To enforce secure HTTPS connections for specific applications, enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) on a per-route basis. Applying the haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header annotation to edge and re-encrypt routes ensures that browsers reject unencrypted traffic.

Prerequisites

  • You are logged in to the cluster with a user with administrator privileges for the project.
  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  • To enable HSTS on a route, add the haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header value to the edge-terminated or re-encrypt route. You can use the oc annotate tool to do this by running the following command: 

    $ oc annotate route <route_name> -n <namespace> --overwrite=true "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"="max-age=31536000;\
    1 
    
includeSubDomains;preload"
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    1
    In this example, the maximum age is set to 31536000 ms, which is approximately 8.5 hours.
    Note

    In this example, the equal sign (=) is in quotes. This is required to properly execute the annotate command.

    Example route configured with an annotation

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header: max-age=31536000;includeSubDomains;preload
# ...
spec:
  host: def.abc.com
  tls:
    termination: "reencrypt"
    ...
  wildcardPolicy: "Subdomain"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    max-age
    Specifies the measurement of the length of time, in seconds, for the HSTS policy. If set to 0, it negates the policy.
    includeSubDomains
    Specifies that all subdomains of the host must have the same HSTS policy as the host. Optional parameter.
    preload
    Specifies that the site is included in the HSTS preload list when max-age is greater than 0. For example, sites such as Google can construct a list of sites that have preload set. Browsers can then use these lists to determine which sites they can communicate with over HTTPS, even before they have interacted with the site. Without preload set, browsers must have interacted with the site over HTTPS, at least once, to get the header. Optional parameter.

1.2.1.2. Disabling HTTP Strict Transport Security per-route
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To allow unencrypted connections or troubleshoot access issues, disable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) for a specific route. Setting the max-age route annotation to 0 instructs browsers to stop enforcing HTTPS requirements on the route host.

Prerequisites

  • You are logged in to the cluster with a user with administrator privileges for the project.
  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  • To disable HSTS, enter the following to set the max-age value in the route annotation to 0: 

    $ oc annotate route <route_name> -n <namespace> --overwrite=true "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"="max-age=0"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    Tip

    You can alternatively apply the following YAML to create the config map:

    Example of disabling HSTS per-route

    kind: Route
apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header: max-age=0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • To disable HSTS for every route in a namespace, enter the following command: 

    $ oc annotate route --all -n <namespace> --overwrite=true "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"="max-age=0"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification

  1. To query the annotation for all routes, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get route  --all-namespaces -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if .metadata.annotations}}{{$a := index .metadata.annotations "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"}}{{$n := .metadata.name}}{{with $a}}Name: {{$n}} HSTS: {{$a}}{{"\n"}}{{else}}{{""}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    Name: routename HSTS: max-age=0
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1.2.1.3. Enforcing HTTP Strict Transport Security per-domain
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To enforce HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) per-domain for secure routes, add a requiredHSTSPolicies record to the Ingress spec to capture the configuration of the HSTS policy.

If you configure a requiredHSTSPolicy to enforce HSTS, then any newly created route must be configured with a compliant HSTS policy annotation.

Note

To handle upgraded clusters with non-compliant HSTS routes, you can update the manifests at the source and apply the updates.

Note

You cannot use oc expose route or oc create route commands to add a route in a domain that enforces HSTS, because the API for these commands does not accept annotations.

Important

HSTS cannot be applied to insecure, or non-TLS routes, even if HSTS is requested for all routes globally.

Prerequisites

  • You are logged in to the cluster with a user with administrator privileges for the project.
  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  1. Edit the Ingress configuration YAML by running the following command and updating fields as needed: 

    $ oc edit ingresses.config.openshift.io/cluster
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    Example HSTS policy

    apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  domain: 'hello-openshift-default.apps.username.devcluster.openshift.com'
  requiredHSTSPolicies:
    1 
    
  - domainPatterns:
    2 
    
    - '*hello-openshift-default.apps.username.devcluster.openshift.com'
    - '*hello-openshift-default2.apps.username.devcluster.openshift.com'
    namespaceSelector:
    3 
    
      matchLabels:
        myPolicy: strict
    maxAge:
    4 
    
      smallestMaxAge: 1
      largestMaxAge: 31536000
    preloadPolicy: RequirePreload
    5 
    
    includeSubDomainsPolicy: RequireIncludeSubDomains
    6 
    
  - domainPatterns:
    - 'abc.example.com'
    - '*xyz.example.com'
    namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels: {}
    maxAge: {}
    preloadPolicy: NoOpinion
    includeSubDomainsPolicy: RequireNoIncludeSubDomains
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Required. requiredHSTSPolicies are validated in order, and the first matching domainPatterns applies.
    2
    Required. You must specify at least one domainPatterns hostname. Any number of domains can be listed. You can include multiple sections of enforcing options for different domainPatterns.
    3
    Optional. If you include namespaceSelector, it must match the labels of the project where the routes reside, to enforce the set HSTS policy on the routes. Routes that only match the namespaceSelector and not the domainPatterns are not validated.
    4
    Required. max-age measures the length of time, in seconds, that the HSTS policy is in effect. This policy setting allows for a smallest and largest max-age to be enforced.
    • The largestMaxAge value must be between 0 and 2147483647. It can be left unspecified, which means no upper limit is enforced.
    • The smallestMaxAge value must be between 0 and 2147483647. Enter 0 to disable HSTS for troubleshooting, otherwise enter 1 if you never want HSTS to be disabled. It can be left unspecified, which means no lower limit is enforced.
    5
    Optional. Including preload in haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header allows external services to include this site in their HSTS preload lists. Browsers can then use these lists to determine which sites they can communicate with over HTTPS, before they have interacted with the site. Without preload set, browsers need to interact at least once with the site to get the header. preload can be set with one of the following:
    • RequirePreload: preload is required by the RequiredHSTSPolicy.
    • RequireNoPreload: preload is forbidden by the RequiredHSTSPolicy.
    • NoOpinion: preload does not matter to the RequiredHSTSPolicy.
    6
    Optional. includeSubDomainsPolicy can be set with one of the following:
    • RequireIncludeSubDomains: includeSubDomains is required by the RequiredHSTSPolicy.
    • RequireNoIncludeSubDomains: includeSubDomains is forbidden by the RequiredHSTSPolicy.
    • NoOpinion: includeSubDomains does not matter to the RequiredHSTSPolicy.

  2. You can apply HSTS to all routes in the cluster or in a particular namespace by entering the oc annotate command.

    • To apply HSTS to all routes in the cluster, enter the oc annotate command. For example: 

      $ oc annotate route --all --all-namespaces --overwrite=true "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"="max-age=31536000"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • To apply HSTS to all routes in a particular namespace, enter the oc annotate command. For example: 

      $ oc annotate route --all -n my-namespace --overwrite=true "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"="max-age=31536000"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification

You can review the HSTS policy you configured. For example:

  • To review the maxAge set for required HSTS policies, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get clusteroperator/ingress -n openshift-ingress-operator -o jsonpath='{range .spec.requiredHSTSPolicies[*]}{.spec.requiredHSTSPolicies.maxAgePolicy.largestMaxAge}{"\n"}{end}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  • To review the HSTS annotations on all routes, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get route  --all-namespaces -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if .metadata.annotations}}{{$a := index .metadata.annotations "haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header"}}{{$n := .metadata.name}}{{with $a}}Name: {{$n}} HSTS: {{$a}}{{"\n"}}{{else}}{{""}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    Name: <_routename_> HSTS: max-age=31536000;preload;includeSubDomains
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.3. Configuring routes
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To customise route configuration for specific traffic behaviors, apply annotations, headers, and cookies. By using these mechanisms, you can define granular routing rules, extending standard capabilities to meet complex application requirements.

1.3.1. Configuring route timeouts
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You can configure the default timeouts for an existing route when you have services in need of a low timeout, which is required for Service Level Availability (SLA) purposes, or a high timeout, for cases with a slow back end.

Important

If you configured a user-managed external load balancer in front of your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, ensure that the timeout value for the user-managed external load balancer is higher than the timeout value for the route. This configuration prevents network congestion issues over the network that your cluster uses.

Prerequisites

  • You deployed an Ingress Controller on a running cluster.

Procedure

  1. Using the oc annotate command, add the timeout to the route: 

    $ oc annotate route <route_name> \
    --overwrite haproxy.router.openshift.io/timeout=<timeout><time_unit>
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    • <timeout>: Supported time units are microseconds (us), milliseconds (ms), seconds (s), minutes (m), hours (h), or days (d).

      The following example sets a timeout of two seconds on a route named myroute: 

      $ oc annotate route myroute --overwrite haproxy.router.openshift.io/timeout=2s
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.3.2. HTTP header configuration
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To customize request and response headers for your applications, configure the Ingress Controller or apply specific route annotations. Understanding the interaction between these configuration methods ensures you effectively manage global and route-specific header policies.

You can also set certain headers by using route annotations. The various ways of configuring headers can present challenges when working together.

Note

You can only set or delete headers within an IngressController or Route CR, you cannot append them. If an HTTP header is set with a value, that value must be complete and not require appending in the future. In situations where it makes sense to append a header, such as the X-Forwarded-For header, use the spec.httpHeaders.forwardedHeaderPolicy field, instead of spec.httpHeaders.actions.

Order of precedence

When the same HTTP header is modified both in the Ingress Controller and in a route, HAProxy prioritizes the actions in certain ways depending on whether it is a request or response header.

  • For HTTP response headers, actions specified in the Ingress Controller are executed after the actions specified in a route. This means that the actions specified in the Ingress Controller take precedence.
  • For HTTP request headers, actions specified in a route are executed after the actions specified in the Ingress Controller. This means that the actions specified in the route take precedence.

For example, a cluster administrator sets the X-Frame-Options response header with the value DENY in the Ingress Controller using the following configuration:

Example IngressController spec

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
# ...
spec:
  httpHeaders:
    actions:
      response:
      - name: X-Frame-Options
        action:
          type: Set
          set:
            value: DENY
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A route owner sets the same response header that the cluster administrator set in the Ingress Controller, but with the value SAMEORIGIN using the following configuration:

Example Route spec

apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
# ...
spec:
  httpHeaders:
    actions:
      response:
      - name: X-Frame-Options
        action:
          type: Set
          set:
            value: SAMEORIGIN
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When both the IngressController spec and Route spec are configuring the X-Frame-Options response header, then the value set for this header at the global level in the Ingress Controller takes precedence, even if a specific route allows frames. For a request header, the Route spec value overrides the IngressController spec value.

This prioritization occurs because the haproxy.config file uses the following logic, where the Ingress Controller is considered the front end and individual routes are considered the back end. The header value DENY applied to the front end configurations overrides the same header with the value SAMEORIGIN that is set in the back end: 

frontend public
  http-response set-header X-Frame-Options 'DENY'

frontend fe_sni
  http-response set-header X-Frame-Options 'DENY'

frontend fe_no_sni
  http-response set-header X-Frame-Options 'DENY'

backend be_secure:openshift-monitoring:alertmanager-main
  http-response set-header X-Frame-Options 'SAMEORIGIN'
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Additionally, any actions defined in either the Ingress Controller or a route override values set using route annotations.

Special case headers
The following headers are either prevented entirely from being set or deleted, or allowed under specific circumstances:
Expand
Table 1.2. Special case header configuration options
Header nameConfigurable using IngressController specConfigurable using Route specReason for disallowmentConfigurable using another method

proxy

No

No

The proxy HTTP request header can be used to exploit vulnerable CGI applications by injecting the header value into the HTTP_PROXY environment variable. The proxy HTTP request header is also non-standard and prone to error during configuration.

No

host

No

Yes

When the host HTTP request header is set using the IngressController CR, HAProxy can fail when looking up the correct route.

No

strict-transport-security

No

No

The strict-transport-security HTTP response header is already handled using route annotations and does not need a separate implementation.

Yes: the haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header route annotation

cookie and set-cookie

No

No

The cookies that HAProxy sets are used for session tracking to map client connections to particular back-end servers. Allowing these headers to be set could interfere with HAProxy’s session affinity and restrict HAProxy’s ownership of a cookie.

Yes:

  • the haproxy.router.openshift.io/disable_cookie route annotation
  • the haproxy.router.openshift.io/cookie_name route annotation

You can set or delete certain HTTP request and response headers for compliance purposes or other reasons. You can set or delete these headers either for all routes served by an Ingress Controller or for specific routes.

For example, you might want to enable a web application to serve content in alternate locations for specific routes if that content is written in multiple languages, even if there is a default global location specified by the Ingress Controller serving the routes.

The following procedure creates a route that sets the Content-Location HTTP request header so that the URL associated with the application, https://app.example.com, directs to the location https://app.example.com/lang/en-us. Directing application traffic to this location means that anyone using that specific route is accessing web content written in American English.

Prerequisites

  • You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You are logged into an OpenShift Container Platform cluster as a project administrator.
  • You have a web application that exposes a port and an HTTP or TLS endpoint listening for traffic on the port.

Procedure

  1. Create a route definition and save it in a file called app-example-route.yaml:

    YAML definition of the created route with HTTP header directives

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
# ...
spec:
  host: app.example.com
  tls:
    termination: edge
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: app-example
  httpHeaders:
    actions:
      response:
      - name: Content-Location
        action:
          type: Set
          set:
            value: /lang/en-us
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    actions
    Specifies the list of actions you want to perform on the HTTP headers.
    response
    Specifies the type of header you want to change. In this case, a response header.
    response.name
    Specifies the name of the header you want to change. For a list of available headers you can set or delete, see HTTP header configuration.
    action.type
    Specifies the type of action being taken on the header. This field can have the value Set or Delete.
    set.value
    When setting HTTP headers, you must provide a value. The value can be a string from a list of available directives for that header, for example DENY, or it can be a dynamic value that will be interpreted using HAProxy’s dynamic value syntax. In this case, the value is set to the relative location of the content.

  2. Create a route to your existing web application using the newly created route definition: 

    $ oc -n app-example create -f app-example-route.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    For HTTP request headers, the actions specified in the route definitions are executed after any actions performed on HTTP request headers in the Ingress Controller. This means that any values set for those request headers in a route will take precedence over the ones set in the Ingress Controller. For more information on the processing order of HTTP headers, see HTTP header configuration.

1.3.4. Using cookies to keep route statefulness
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To maintain stateful application traffic during pod restarts or scaling events, configure sticky sessions by using cookies. By using this method, you ensure that all incoming traffic reaches the same endpoint, preventing state loss even if the specific endpoint pod changes.

OpenShift Container Platform can use cookies to configure session persistence. The Ingress Controller selects an endpoint to handle any user requests, and creates a cookie for the session. The cookie is passed back in the response to the request and the user sends the cookie back with the next request in the session. The cookie tells the Ingress Controller which endpoint is handling the session, ensuring that client requests use the cookie so that they are routed to the same pod.

Note

Cookies cannot be set on passthrough routes, because the HTTP traffic cannot be seen. Instead, a number is calculated based on the source IP address, which determines the backend.

If backends change, the traffic can be directed to the wrong server, making it less sticky. If you are using a load balancer, which hides source IP, the same number is set for all connections and traffic is sent to the same pod.

1.3.5. Route-specific annotations
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The Ingress Controller can set the default options for all the routes it exposes. An individual route can override some of these defaults by providing specific configurations in its annotations. Red Hat does not support adding a route annotation to an operator-managed route.

Important

To create a whitelist with multiple source IPs or subnets, use a space-delimited list. Any other delimiter type causes the list to be ignored without a warning or error message.

Expand
Table 1.3. Route annotations
VariableDescriptionEnvironment variable used as default

haproxy.router.openshift.io/balance

Sets the load-balancing algorithm. Available options are random, source, roundrobin[1], and leastconn. The default value is source for TLS passthrough routes. For all other routes, the default is random.

ROUTER_TCP_BALANCE_SCHEME for passthrough routes. Otherwise, use ROUTER_LOAD_BALANCE_ALGORITHM.

haproxy.router.openshift.io/disable_cookies

Disables the use of cookies to track related connections. If set to 'true' or 'TRUE', the balance algorithm is used to choose which back-end serves connections for each incoming HTTP request.

 

router.openshift.io/cookie_name

Specifies an optional cookie to use for this route. The name must consist of any combination of upper and lower case letters, digits, "_", and "-". The default is the hashed internal key name for the route.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/pod-concurrent-connections

Sets the maximum number of connections that are allowed to a backing pod from a router.
Note: If there are multiple pods, each can have this many connections. If you have multiple routers, there is no coordination among them, each may connect this many times. If not set, or set to 0, there is no limit.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/rate-limit-connections

Setting 'true' or 'TRUE' enables rate limiting functionality which is implemented through stick-tables on the specific backend per route.
Note: Using this annotation provides basic protection against denial-of-service attacks.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/rate-limit-connections.concurrent-tcp

Limits the number of concurrent TCP connections made through the same source IP address. It accepts a numeric value.
Note: Using this annotation provides basic protection against denial-of-service attacks.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/rate-limit-connections.rate-http

Limits the rate at which a client with the same source IP address can make HTTP requests. It accepts a numeric value.
Note: Using this annotation provides basic protection against denial-of-service attacks.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/rate-limit-connections.rate-tcp

Limits the rate at which a client with the same source IP address can make TCP connections. It accepts a numeric value.
Note: Using this annotation provides basic protection against denial-of-service attacks.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/timeout

Sets a server-side timeout for the route. (TimeUnits)

ROUTER_DEFAULT_SERVER_TIMEOUT

haproxy.router.openshift.io/timeout-tunnel

This timeout applies to a tunnel connection, for example, WebSocket over cleartext, edge, reencrypt, or passthrough routes. With cleartext, edge, or reencrypt route types, this annotation is applied as a timeout tunnel with the existing timeout value. For the passthrough route types, the annotation takes precedence over any existing timeout value set.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_TUNNEL_TIMEOUT

ingresses.config/cluster ingress.operator.openshift.io/hard-stop-after

You can set either an IngressController or the ingress config . This annotation redeploys the router and configures the HA proxy to emit the haproxy hard-stop-after global option, which defines the maximum time allowed to perform a clean soft-stop.

ROUTER_HARD_STOP_AFTER

router.openshift.io/haproxy.health.check.interval

Sets the interval for the back-end health checks. (TimeUnits)

ROUTER_BACKEND_CHECK_INTERVAL

haproxy.router.openshift.io/ip_whitelist

Sets an allowlist for the route. The allowlist is a space-separated list of IP addresses and CIDR ranges for the approved source addresses. Requests from IP addresses that are not in the allowlist are dropped.

The maximum number of IP addresses and CIDR ranges directly visible in the haproxy.config file is 61. [2]

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header

Sets a Strict-Transport-Security header for the edge terminated or re-encrypt route.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/rewrite-target

Sets the rewrite path of the request on the backend.

 

router.openshift.io/cookie-same-site

Sets a value to restrict cookies. The values are:

Lax: the browser does not send cookies on cross-site requests, but does send cookies when users navigate to the origin site from an external site. This is the default browser behavior when the SameSite value is not specified.

Strict: the browser sends cookies only for same-site requests.

None: the browser sends cookies for both cross-site and same-site requests.

This value is applicable to re-encrypt and edge routes only. For more information, see the SameSite cookies documentation.

 

haproxy.router.openshift.io/set-forwarded-headers

Sets the policy for handling the Forwarded and X-Forwarded-For HTTP headers per route. The values are:

append: appends the header, preserving any existing header. This is the default value.

replace: sets the header, removing any existing header.

never: never sets the header, but preserves any existing header.

if-none: sets the header if it is not already set.

ROUTER_SET_FORWARDED_HEADERS

  1. By default, the router reloads every 5 s which resets the balancing connection across pods from the beginning. As a result, the roundrobin state is not preserved across reloads. This algorithm works best when pods have nearly identical computing capabilites and storage capacity. If your application or service has continuously changing endpoints, for example, due to the use of a CI/CD pipeline, uneven balancing can result. In this case, use a different algorithm.

  2. If the number of IP addresses and CIDR ranges in an allowlist exceeds 61, they are written into a separate file that is then referenced from the haproxy.config file. This file is stored in the /var/lib/haproxy/router/allowlists folder.

    Note

    To ensure that the addresses are written to the allowlist, check that the full list of CIDR ranges are listed in the Ingress Controller configuration file. The etcd object size limit restricts how large a route annotation can be. Because of this, it creates a threshold for the maximum number of IP addresses and CIDR ranges that you can include in an allowlist.

Note

Environment variables cannot be edited.

Router timeout variables

TimeUnits are represented by a number followed by the unit: us *(microseconds), ms (milliseconds, default), s (seconds), m (minutes), h *(hours), d (days).

The regular expression is: [1-9][0-9]*(us\|ms\|s\|m\|h\|d).

Expand
VariableDefaultDescription

ROUTER_BACKEND_CHECK_INTERVAL

5000ms

Length of time between subsequent liveness checks on back ends.

ROUTER_CLIENT_FIN_TIMEOUT

1s

Controls the TCP FIN timeout period for the client connecting to the route. If the FIN sent to close the connection does not answer within the given time, HAProxy closes the connection. This is harmless if set to a low value and uses fewer resources on the router.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_CLIENT_TIMEOUT

30s

Length of time that a client has to acknowledge or send data.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT

5s

The maximum connection time.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_SERVER_FIN_TIMEOUT

1s

Controls the TCP FIN timeout from the router to the pod backing the route.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_SERVER_TIMEOUT

30s

Length of time that a server has to acknowledge or send data.

ROUTER_DEFAULT_TUNNEL_TIMEOUT

1h

Length of time for TCP or WebSocket connections to remain open. This timeout period resets whenever HAProxy reloads.

ROUTER_SLOWLORIS_HTTP_KEEPALIVE

300s

Set the maximum time to wait for a new HTTP request to appear. If this is set too low, it can cause problems with browsers and applications not expecting a small keepalive value.

Some effective timeout values can be the sum of certain variables, rather than the specific expected timeout. For example, ROUTER_SLOWLORIS_HTTP_KEEPALIVE adjusts timeout http-keep-alive. It is set to 300s by default, but HAProxy also waits on tcp-request inspect-delay, which is set to 5s. In this case, the overall timeout would be 300s plus 5s.

ROUTER_SLOWLORIS_TIMEOUT

10s

Length of time the transmission of an HTTP request can take.

RELOAD_INTERVAL

5s

Allows the minimum frequency for the router to reload and accept new changes.

ROUTER_METRICS_HAPROXY_TIMEOUT

5s

Timeout for the gathering of HAProxy metrics.

A route setting custom timeout

apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/timeout: 5500ms
1 

...
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1
Specifies the new timeout with HAProxy supported units (us, ms, s, m, h, d). If the unit is not provided, ms is the default.
Note

Setting a server-side timeout value for passthrough routes too low can cause WebSocket connections to timeout frequently on that route.

A route that allows only one specific IP address

metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/ip_whitelist: 192.168.1.10
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A route that allows several IP addresses

metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/ip_whitelist: 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.12
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

A route that allows an IP address CIDR network

metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/ip_whitelist: 192.168.1.0/24
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A route that allows both IP an address and IP address CIDR networks

metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/ip_whitelist: 180.5.61.153 192.168.1.0/24 10.0.0.0/8
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A route specifying a rewrite target

apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  annotations:
    haproxy.router.openshift.io/rewrite-target: /
1 

...
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1
Sets / as rewrite path of the request on the backend.

Setting the haproxy.router.openshift.io/rewrite-target annotation on a route specifies that the Ingress Controller should rewrite paths in HTTP requests using this route before forwarding the requests to the backend application. The part of the request path that matches the path specified in spec.path is replaced with the rewrite target specified in the annotation.

The following table provides examples of the path rewriting behavior for various combinations of spec.path, request path, and rewrite target.

Expand
Table 1.4. rewrite-target examples
Route.spec.pathRequest pathRewrite targetForwarded request path

/foo

/foo

/

/

/foo

/foo/

/

/

/foo

/foo/bar

/

/bar

/foo

/foo/bar/

/

/bar/

/foo

/foo

/bar

/bar

/foo

/foo/

/bar

/bar/

/foo

/foo/bar

/baz

/baz/bar

/foo

/foo/bar/

/baz

/baz/bar/

/foo/

/foo

/

N/A (request path does not match route path)

/foo/

/foo/

/

/

/foo/

/foo/bar

/

/bar

Certain special characters in haproxy.router.openshift.io/rewrite-target require special handling because they must be escaped properly. Refer to the following table to understand how these characters are handled.

Expand
Table 1.5. Special character handling
For characterUse charactersNotes

#

\#

Avoid # because it terminates the rewrite expression

%

% or %%

Avoid odd sequences such as %%%

‘

\’

Avoid ‘ because it is ignored

All other valid URL characters can be used without escaping.

1.3.6. Throughput issue troubleshooting methods
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To diagnose and resolve network throughput issues, such as unusually high latency between specific services, apply troubleshooting methods. Identifying connectivity bottlenecks helps ensure stable application performance within OpenShift Container Platform.

If pod logs do not reveal any cause of the problem, use the following methods to analyze performance issues:

  • Use a packet analyzer, such as ping or tcpdump to analyze traffic between a pod and its node.

    For example, run the tcpdump tool on each pod while reproducing the behavior that led to the issue. Review the captures on both sides to compare send and receive timestamps to analyze the latency of traffic to and from a pod. Latency can occur in OpenShift Container Platform if a node interface is overloaded with traffic from other pods, storage devices, or the data plane. 

    $ tcpdump -s 0 -i any -w /tmp/dump.pcap host <podip 1> && host <podip 2>
    1
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    where:

    podip

    Specifies the IP address for the pod. Run the oc get pod <pod_name> -o wide command to get the IP address of a pod.

    The tcpdump command generates a file at /tmp/dump.pcap containing all traffic between these two pods. You can run the analyzer shortly before the issue is reproduced and stop the analyzer shortly after the issue is finished reproducing to minimize the size of the file. You can also run a packet analyzer between the nodes with: 

    $ tcpdump -s 0 -i any -w /tmp/dump.pcap port 4789
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  • Use a bandwidth measuring tool, such as iperf, to measure streaming throughput and UDP throughput. Locate any bottlenecks by running the tool from the pods first, and then running it from the nodes.

  • In some cases, the cluster might mark the node with the router pod as unhealthy due to latency issues. Use worker latency profiles to adjust the frequency that the cluster waits for a status update from the node before taking action.
  • If your cluster has designated lower-latency and higher-latency nodes, configure the spec.nodePlacement field in the Ingress Controller to control the placement of the router pod.

1.3.7. Configuring the route admission policy
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Administrators and application developers can run applications in multiple namespaces with the same domain name. This is for organizations where multiple teams develop microservices that are exposed on the same hostname.

Warning

Allowing claims across namespaces should only be enabled for clusters with trust between namespaces, otherwise a malicious user could take over a hostname. For this reason, the default admission policy disallows hostname claims across namespaces.

Prerequisites

  • Cluster administrator privileges.

Procedure

  • Edit the .spec.routeAdmission field of the ingresscontroller resource variable using the following command: 

    $ oc -n openshift-ingress-operator patch ingresscontroller/default --patch '{"spec":{"routeAdmission":{"namespaceOwnership":"InterNamespaceAllowed"}}}' --type=merge
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Sample Ingress Controller configuration

    spec:
  routeAdmission:
    namespaceOwnership: InterNamespaceAllowed
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Tip

    You can alternatively apply the following YAML to configure the route admission policy: 

    apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
spec:
  routeAdmission:
    namespaceOwnership: InterNamespaceAllowed
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

If your OpenShift Container Platform cluster is configured for IPv4 and IPv6 dual-stack networking, your cluster is externally reachable by OpenShift Container Platform routes.

The Ingress Controller automatically serves services that have both IPv4 and IPv6 endpoints, but you can configure the Ingress Controller for single-stack or dual-stack services.

Prerequisites

  • You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster on bare metal.
  • You installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  1. To have the Ingress Controller serve traffic over IPv4/IPv6 to a workload, you can create a service YAML file or modify an existing service YAML file by setting the ipFamilies and ipFamilyPolicy fields. For example:

    Sample service YAML file

    apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: yyyy-mm-ddT00:00:00Z
  labels:
    name: <service_name>
    manager: kubectl-create
    operation: Update
    time: yyyy-mm-ddT00:00:00Z
  name: <service_name>
  namespace: <namespace_name>
  resourceVersion: "<resource_version_number>"
  selfLink: "/api/v1/namespaces/<namespace_name>/services/<service_name>"
  uid: <uid_number>
spec:
  clusterIP: 172.30.0.0/16
  clusterIPs:
    1 
    
  - 172.30.0.0/16
  - <second_IP_address>
  ipFamilies:
    2 
    
  - IPv4
  - IPv6
  ipFamilyPolicy: RequireDualStack
    3 
    
  ports:
  - port: 8080
    protocol: TCP
    targetport: 8080
  selector:
    name: <namespace_name>
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: ClusterIP
status:
  loadbalancer: {}
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1 1
    In a dual-stack instance, there are two different clusterIPs provided.
    2
    For a single-stack instance, enter IPv4 or IPv6. For a dual-stack instance, enter both IPv4 and IPv6.
    3
    For a single-stack instance, enter SingleStack. For a dual-stack instance, enter RequireDualStack.

    These resources generate corresponding endpoints. The Ingress Controller now watches endpointslices.

  2. To view endpoints, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get endpoints
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  3. To view endpointslices, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get endpointslices
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1.4. Creating advanced routes
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To secure application traffic and serve custom certificates to clients, configure routes by using edge, passthrough, or re-encrypt TLS termination. By using these methods, you can define granular encryption rules, ensuring that traffic is decrypted and re-encrypted according to your specific security requirements.

1.4.1. Creating an edge route with a custom certificate
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To secure traffic by using a custom certificate, configure a route with edge TLS termination by running the oc create route command. This configuration terminates encryption at the Ingress Controller before forwarding traffic to the destination pod.

The route specifies the TLS certificate and key that the Ingress Controller uses for the route.

Prerequisites

  • You must have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is valid for the route host.
  • You may have a separate CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file that completes the certificate chain.
Note

Password protected key files are not supported. To remove a passphrase from a key file, use the following command: 

$ openssl rsa -in password_protected_tls.key -out tls.key
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Procedure

This procedure creates a Route resource with a custom certificate and edge TLS termination. The following assumes that the certificate/key pair are in the tls.crt and tls.key files in the current working directory. You may also specify a CA certificate if needed to complete the certificate chain. Substitute the actual path names for tls.crt, tls.key, and (optionally) ca.crt. Substitute the name of the service that you want to expose for frontend. Substitute the appropriate hostname for www.example.com.

  • Create a secure Route resource using edge TLS termination and a custom certificate. 

    $ oc create route edge --service=frontend --cert=tls.crt --key=tls.key --ca-cert=ca.crt --hostname=www.example.com
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    If you examine the resulting Route resource, the resource should have a configuration similar to the following example:

    YAML Definition of the Secure Route

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: frontend
  tls:
    termination: edge
    key: |-
      -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
      [...]
      -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
    certificate: |-
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    caCertificate: |-
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    See oc create route edge --help for more options.

1.4.2. Creating a re-encrypt route with a custom certificate
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To secure traffic by using a custom certificate, configure a route with re-encrypt TLS termination by running the oc create route command. This configuration enables the Ingress Controller to decrypt traffic, and then re-encrypt traffic before forwarding the traffic to the destination pod.

Prerequisites

  • You must have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is valid for the route host.
  • You may have a separate CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file that completes the certificate chain.
  • You must have a separate destination CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file.
  • You must have a service that you want to expose.
Note

Password protected key files are not supported. To remove a passphrase from a key file, use the following command: 

$ openssl rsa -in password_protected_tls.key -out tls.key
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Procedure

This procedure creates a Route resource with a custom certificate and reencrypt TLS termination. The following assumes that the certificate/key pair are in the tls.crt and tls.key files in the current working directory. You must also specify a destination CA certificate to enable the Ingress Controller to trust the service’s certificate. You may also specify a CA certificate if needed to complete the certificate chain. Substitute the actual path names for tls.crt, tls.key, cacert.crt, and (optionally) ca.crt. Substitute the name of the Service resource that you want to expose for frontend. Substitute the appropriate hostname for www.example.com.

  • Create a secure Route resource using reencrypt TLS termination and a custom certificate: 

    $ oc create route reencrypt --service=frontend --cert=tls.crt --key=tls.key --dest-ca-cert=destca.crt --ca-cert=ca.crt --hostname=www.example.com
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    If you examine the resulting Route resource, the resource should have a configuration similar to the following example:

    YAML Definition of the Secure Route

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: frontend
  tls:
    termination: reencrypt
    key: |-
      -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
      [...]
      -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
    certificate: |-
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    caCertificate: |-
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    destinationCACertificate: |-
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    See oc create route reencrypt --help for more options.

1.4.3. Creating a passthrough route
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To send encrypted traffic directly to the destination without decryption at the router, configure a route with passthrough termination by running the oc create route command. This configuration requires no key or certificate on the route, as the destination pod handles TLS termination.

Prerequisites

  • You must have a service that you want to expose.

Procedure

  • Create a Route resource: 

    $ oc create route passthrough route-passthrough-secured --service=frontend --port=8080
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    If you examine the resulting Route resource, it should look similar to the following:

    A Secured Route Using Passthrough Termination

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: route-passthrough-secured
spec:
  host: www.example.com
  port:
    targetPort: 8080
  tls:
    termination: passthrough
    insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy: None
  to:
    kind: Service
    name: frontend
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    metadata.name
    Specifies the name of the object, which is limited to 63 characters.
    tls.termination
    Specifies the termination field is set to passthrough. This is the only required tls field.
    tls.insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy

    Specifies the type of edge termination policy. Optional parameter. The only valid values are None, Redirect, or empty for disabled.

    The destination pod is responsible for serving certificates for the traffic at the endpoint. This is currently the only method that can support requiring client certificates, also known as two-way authentication.

To define a route with a custom destination CA certificate, apply the route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret annotation to an Ingress object. This configuration ensures the Ingress Controller uses the specified secret to verify the identity of the destination service.

Prerequisites

  • You have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is valid for the route host.
  • You have a separate CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file that completes the certificate chain.
  • You have a separate destination CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file.
  • You have a service that you want to expose.

Procedure

  1. Create a secret for the destination CA certificate by entering the following command: 

    $ oc create secret generic dest-ca-cert --from-file=tls.crt=<file_path>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    For example: 

    $ oc -n test-ns create secret generic dest-ca-cert --from-file=tls.crt=tls.crt
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    secret/dest-ca-cert created
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  2. Add the route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret to the Ingress annotations: 

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: frontend
  annotations:
    route.openshift.io/termination: "reencrypt"
    route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret: secret-ca-cert
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    destination-ca-certificate-secret

    Specifies the route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret annotation. The annotation references a Kubernetes secret.

    The Ingress Controller inserts a secret that is referenced in the annotation into the generated route.

    Example output

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: frontend
  annotations:
    route.openshift.io/termination: reencrypt
    route.openshift.io/destination-ca-certificate-secret: secret-ca-cert
spec:
...
  tls:
    insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy: Redirect
    termination: reencrypt
    destinationCACertificate: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      [...]
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1.4.5. Creating a route with externally managed certificate
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Important

Securing route with external certificates in TLS secrets is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope.

You can configure OpenShift Container Platform routes with third-party certificate management solutions by using the .spec.tls.externalCertificate field of the route API. You can reference externally managed TLS certificates via secrets, eliminating the need for manual certificate management.

By using the externally managed certificate, you can reduce errors to ensure a smoother rollout of certificate updates and enable the OpenShift router to serve renewed certificates promptly. You can use externally managed certificates with both edge routes and re-encrypt routes.

Note

This feature applies to both edge routes and re-encrypt routes.

Prerequisites

  • You must enable the RouteExternalCertificate feature gate.
  • You have create permission on the routes/custom-host sub-resource, which is used for both creating and updating routes.
  • You must have a secret containing a valid certificate or key pair in PEM-encoded format of type kubernetes.io/tls, which includes both tls.key and tls.crt keys. Example command: $ oc create secret tls myapp-tls --cert=server.crt --key=server.key.

Procedure

  1. Create a role object in the same namespace as the secret to allow the router service account read access by running the following command: 

    $ oc create role secret-reader --verb=get,list,watch --resource=secrets --resource-name=<secret-name> \
--namespace=<current-namespace>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • <secret-name>: Specify the actual name of your secret.
    • <current-namespace>: Specify the namespace where both your secret and route reside.

  2. Create a rolebinding object in the same namespace as the secret and bind the router service account to the newly created role by running the following command: 

    $ oc create rolebinding secret-reader-binding --role=secret-reader --serviceaccount=openshift-ingress:router --namespace=<current-namespace>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • <current-namespace>: Specify the namespace where both your secret and route reside.

  3. Create a YAML file that defines the route and specifies the secret containing your certificate using the following example.

    YAML definition of the secure route

    apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
kind: Route
metadata:
  name: myedge
  namespace: test
spec:
  host: myedge-test.apps.example.com
  tls:
    externalCertificate:
      name: <secret-name>
    termination: edge
    [...]
[...]
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • <secret-name>: Specify the actual name of your secret.

  4. Create a route resource by running the following command. If the secret exists and has a certificate/key pair, the router serves the generated certificate if all prerequisites are met. 

    $ oc apply -f <route.yaml>
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    • <route.yaml>: Specify the generated YAML filename.
Note

If .spec.tls.externalCertificate is not provided, the router uses default generated certificates.

You cannot provide the .spec.tls.certificate field or the .spec.tls.key field when using the .spec.tls.externalCertificate field.

To generate a secure, edge-terminated route that uses the default ingress certificate, specify an empty TLS configuration in the Ingress object. This configuration overrides the default behavior, preventing the creation of an insecure route.

Prerequisites

  • You have a service that you want to expose.
  • You have access to the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  1. Create a YAML file for the Ingress object. In the following example, the file is called example-ingress.yaml:

    YAML definition of an Ingress object

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: frontend
  ...
spec:
  rules:
    ...
  tls:
  - {}
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    spec.tls
    Specifies the TLS configuration. Use the exact syntax shown to specify TLS without specifying a custom certificate.

  2. Create the Ingress object by running the following command: 

    $ oc create -f example-ingress.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification

  • Verify that OpenShift Container Platform has created the expected route for the Ingress object by running the following command: 

    $ oc get routes -o yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    apiVersion: v1
items:
- apiVersion: route.openshift.io/v1
  kind: Route
  metadata:
    name: frontend-j9sdd
# ...
  spec:
  ...
    tls:
      insecureEdgeTerminationPolicy: Redirect
      termination: edge
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    where:

    metadata.name
    Specifies the name of the route, which includes the name of the Ingress object followed by a random suffix.
    spec.tls
    To use the default certificate, the route should not specify spec.certificate.
    tls.termination
    Specifies the termination policy for the route. The route should specify the edge termination policy.
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