Chapter 7. Network security

Procedure

1. Create a policy rule:

   1. Create a <policy_name>.yaml file:

      $ touch <policy_name>.yaml

      where:

      <policy_name>

      Specifies the network policy file name.

   2. Define a network policy in the file that you just created, such as in the following examples:

      Deny ingress from all pods in all namespaces

      This is a fundamental policy, blocking all cross-pod networking other than cross-pod traffic allowed by the configuration of other Network Policies.

      kind: NetworkPolicy
      apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
      metadata:
        name: deny-by-default
      spec:
        podSelector: {}
        policyTypes:
        - Ingress
        ingress: []

      Allow ingress from all pods in the same namespace

      kind: NetworkPolicy
      apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
      metadata:
        name: allow-same-namespace
      spec:
        podSelector:
        ingress:
        - from:
          - podSelector: {}

      Allow ingress traffic to one pod from a particular namespace

      This policy allows traffic to pods labelled pod-a from pods running in namespace-y.

      kind: NetworkPolicy
      apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
      metadata:
        name: allow-traffic-pod
      spec:
        podSelector:
         matchLabels:
            pod: pod-a
        policyTypes:
        - Ingress
        ingress:
        - from:
          - namespaceSelector:
              matchLabels:
                 kubernetes.io/metadata.name: namespace-y

2. To create the network policy object, enter the following command:

   $ oc apply -f <policy_name>.yaml -n <namespace>

   where:

   <policy_name>

   Specifies the network policy file name.

   <namespace>

   Optional: Specifies the namespace if the object is defined in a different namespace than the current namespace.

   Example output

   networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/deny-by-default created

Procedure

1. Create the following YAML that defines a deny-by-default policy to deny ingress from all pods in all namespaces. Save the YAML in the deny-by-default.yaml file:

   kind: NetworkPolicy
   apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
   metadata:
     name: deny-by-default
     namespace: default 1
   spec:
     podSelector: {} 2
     ingress: [] 3

   1

   namespace: default deploys this policy to the default namespace.

   2

   podSelector: is empty, this means it matches all the pods. Therefore, the policy applies to all pods in the default namespace.

   3

   There are no ingress rules specified. This causes incoming traffic to be dropped to all pods.

2. Apply the policy by entering the following command:

   $ oc apply -f deny-by-default.yaml

   Example output

   networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/deny-by-default created

Procedure

1. Create a policy that allows traffic from the public Internet directly or by using a load balancer to access the pod. Save the YAML in the web-allow-external.yaml file:

   kind: NetworkPolicy
   apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
   metadata:
     name: web-allow-external
     namespace: default
   spec:
     policyTypes:
     - Ingress
     podSelector:
       matchLabels:
         app: web
     ingress:
       - {}

2. Apply the policy by entering the following command:

   $ oc apply -f web-allow-external.yaml

   Example output

   networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/web-allow-external created

   This policy allows traffic from all resources, including external traffic as illustrated in the following diagram:

Procedure

1. Create a policy that allows traffic from all pods in all namespaces to a particular application. Save the YAML in the web-allow-all-namespaces.yaml file:

   kind: NetworkPolicy
   apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
   metadata:
     name: web-allow-all-namespaces
     namespace: default
   spec:
     podSelector:
       matchLabels:
         app: web 1
     policyTypes:
     - Ingress
     ingress:
     - from:
       - namespaceSelector: {} 2

   1

   Applies the policy only to app:web pods in default namespace.

   2

   Selects all pods in all namespaces.

   Note

   By default, if you omit specifying a namespaceSelector it does not select any namespaces, which means the policy allows traffic only from the namespace the network policy is deployed to.

2. Apply the policy by entering the following command:

   $ oc apply -f web-allow-all-namespaces.yaml

   Example output

   networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/web-allow-all-namespaces created

Verification

1. Start a web service in the default namespace by entering the following command:

   $ oc run web --namespace=default --image=nginx --labels="app=web" --expose --port=80

2. Run the following command to deploy an alpine image in the secondary namespace and to start a shell:

   $ oc run test-$RANDOM --namespace=secondary --rm -i -t --image=alpine -- sh

3. Run the following command in the shell and observe that the request is allowed:

   # wget -qO- --timeout=2 http://web.default

   Expected output

   <!DOCTYPE html>
   <html>
   <head>
   <title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
   <style>
   html { color-scheme: light dark; }
   body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
   font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
   </style>
   </head>
   <body>
   <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
   <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
   working. Further configuration is required.</p>
   
   <p>For online documentation and support please refer to
   <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
   Commercial support is available at
   <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
   
   <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
   </body>
   </html>

Procedure

1. Create a policy that allows traffic from all pods in a particular namespaces with a label purpose=production. Save the YAML in the web-allow-prod.yaml file:

   kind: NetworkPolicy
   apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
   metadata:
     name: web-allow-prod
     namespace: default
   spec:
     podSelector:
       matchLabels:
         app: web 1
     policyTypes:
     - Ingress
     ingress:
     - from:
       - namespaceSelector:
           matchLabels:
             purpose: production 2

   1

   Applies the policy only to app:web pods in the default namespace.

   2

   Restricts traffic to only pods in namespaces that have the label purpose=production.

2. Apply the policy by entering the following command:

   $ oc apply -f web-allow-prod.yaml

   Example output

   networkpolicy.networking.k8s.io/web-allow-prod created

Verification

1. Start a web service in the default namespace by entering the following command:

   $ oc run web --namespace=default --image=nginx --labels="app=web" --expose --port=80

2. Run the following command to create the prod namespace:

   $ oc create namespace prod

3. Run the following command to label the prod namespace:

   $ oc label namespace/prod purpose=production

4. Run the following command to create the dev namespace:

   $ oc create namespace dev

5. Run the following command to label the dev namespace:

   $ oc label namespace/dev purpose=testing

6. Run the following command to deploy an alpine image in the dev namespace and to start a shell:

   $ oc run test-$RANDOM --namespace=dev --rm -i -t --image=alpine -- sh

7. Run the following command in the shell and observe that the request is blocked:

   # wget -qO- --timeout=2 http://web.default

   Expected output

   wget: download timed out

8. Run the following command to deploy an alpine image in the prod namespace and start a shell:

   $ oc run test-$RANDOM --namespace=prod --rm -i -t --image=alpine -- sh

9. Run the following command in the shell and observe that the request is allowed:

   # wget -qO- --timeout=2 http://web.default

   Expected output

   <!DOCTYPE html>
   <html>
   <head>
   <title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
   <style>
   html { color-scheme: light dark; }
   body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
   font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
   </style>
   </head>
   <body>
   <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
   <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
   working. Further configuration is required.</p>
   
   <p>For online documentation and support please refer to
   <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
   Commercial support is available at
   <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
   
   <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
   </body>
   </html>