13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities
The suite of OpenLDAP libraries and tools are included within the following packages:
openldap— Contains the libraries necessary to run the OpenLDAP server and client applications.openldap-clients— Contains command line tools for viewing and modifying directories on an LDAP server.openldap-servers— Contains the servers and other utilities necessary to configure and run an LDAP server.
There are two servers contained in the
openldap-servers package: the Standalone LDAP Daemon (/usr/sbin/slapd) and the Standalone LDAP Update Replication Daemon (/usr/sbin/slurpd).
The
slapd daemon is the standalone LDAP server while the slurpd daemon is used to synchronize changes from one LDAP server to other LDAP servers on the network. The slurpd daemon is only used when dealing with multiple LDAP servers.
To perform administrative tasks, the
openldap-servers package installs the following utilities into the /usr/sbin/ directory:
slapadd— Adds entries from an LDIF file to an LDAP directory. For example, the command/usr/sbin/slapadd -l ldif-inputreads in the LDIF file,ldif-input, containing the new entries.Important
Only the root user may use/usr/sbin/slapadd. However, the directory server runs as theldapuser. Therefore the directory server is unable to modify any files created byslapadd. To correct this issue, after usingslapadd, type the following command:chown -R ldap /var/lib/ldapslapcat— Pulls entries from an LDAP directory in the default format, Sleepycat Software's Berkeley DB system, and saves them in an LDIF file. For example, the command/usr/sbin/slapcat -l ldif-outputoutputs an LDIF file calledldif-outputcontaining the entries from the LDAP directory.slapindex— Re-indexes theslapddirectory based on the current content. This tool should be run whenever indexing options within/etc/openldap/slapd.confare changed.slappasswd— Generates an encrypted user password value for use withldapmodifyor therootpwvalue in theslapdconfiguration file,/etc/openldap/slapd.conf. Execute the/usr/sbin/slappasswdcommand to create the password.
Warning
You must stop
slapd by issuing the /sbin/service ldap stop command before using slapadd, slapcat or slapindex. Otherwise, the integrity of the LDAP directory is at risk.
For more information on using these utilities, refer to their respective man pages.
The
openldap-clients package installs tools into /usr/bin/ which are used to add, modify, and delete entries in an LDAP directory. These tools include the following:
ldapadd— Adds entries to an LDAP directory by accepting input via a file or standard input;ldapaddis actually a hard link toldapmodify -a.ldapdelete— Deletes entries from an LDAP directory by accepting user input at a shell prompt or via a file.ldapmodify— Modifies entries in an LDAP directory, accepting input via a file or standard input.ldappasswd— Sets the password for an LDAP user.ldapsearch— Searches for entries in an LDAP directory using a shell prompt.
With the exception of
ldapsearch, each of these utilities is more easily used by referencing a file containing the changes to be made rather than typing a command for each entry to be changed within an LDAP directory. The format of such a file is outlined in the man page for each utility.
13.3.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP
In addition to the OpenLDAP packages, Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a package called
nss_ldap, which enhances LDAP's ability to integrate into both Linux and other UNIX environments.
The
nss_ldap package provides the following modules:
/lib/libnss_ldap-<glibc-version>.so/lib/security/pam_ldap.so
The
nss_ldap package provides the following modules for Itanium or AMD64 architectures:
/lib64/libnss_ldap-<glibc-version>.so/lib64/security/pam_ldap.so
The
libnss_ldap-<glibc-version>.so module allows applications to look up users, groups, hosts, and other information using an LDAP directory via glibc's Nameservice Switch (NSS) interface (replace <glibc-version> with the version of libnss_ldap in use). NSS allows applications to authenticate using LDAP in conjunction with the NIS name service and flat authentication files.
The
pam_ldap module allows PAM-aware applications to authenticate users using information stored in an LDAP directory. PAM-aware applications include console login, POP and IMAP mail servers, and Samba. By deploying an LDAP server on a network, all of these applications can authenticate using the same user ID and password combination, greatly simplifying administration.
For more about configuring PAM, refer to Chapter 16, Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) and the PAM man pages.
