Chapter 1. Using secure communications between two systems with OpenSSH

Procedure

1. Generate an ECDSA key pair:

   $ ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
   Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
   Enter file in which to save the key (/home/<username>/.ssh/id_ecdsa):
   Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <password>
   Enter same passphrase again: <password>
   Your identification has been saved in /home/<username>/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
   Your public key has been saved in /home/<username>/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
   The key fingerprint is:
   SHA256:Q/x+qms4j7PCQ0qFd09iZEFHA+SqwBKRNaU72oZfaCI <username>@<localhost.example.com>
   The key's randomart image is:
   +---[ECDSA 256]---+
   |.oo..o=++        |
   |.. o .oo .       |
   |. .. o. o        |
   |....o.+...       |
   |o.oo.o +S .      |
   |.=.+.   .o       |
   |E.*+.  .  . .    |
   |.=..+ +..  o     |
   |  .  oo*+o.      |
   +----[SHA256]-----+

   You can also generate an RSA key pair by using the ssh-keygen command without any parameter or an Ed25519 key pair by entering the ssh-keygen -t ed25519 command. Note that the Ed25519 algorithm is not FIPS-140-compliant, and OpenSSH does not work with Ed25519 keys in FIPS mode.

2. Copy the public key to a remote machine:

   $ ssh-copy-id <username>@<ssh-server-example.com>
   /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
   <username>@<ssh-server-example.com>'s password:
   …
   Number of key(s) added: 1
   
   Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '<username>@<ssh-server-example.com>'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

   Replace <username>@<ssh-server-example.com> with your credentials.

   If you do not use the ssh-agent program in your session, the previous command copies the most recently modified ~/.ssh/id*.pub public key if it is not yet installed. To specify another public-key file or to prioritize keys in files over keys cached in memory by ssh-agent, use the ssh-copy-id command with the -i option.

Verification

1. Log in to the OpenSSH server by using the key file:

   $ ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=publickey <username>@<ssh-server-example.com>

Procedure

1. Open the /etc/ssh/sshd_config configuration in a text editor, for example:

   # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

2. Change the PasswordAuthentication option to no:

   PasswordAuthentication no

3. On a system other than a new default installation, check that the PubkeyAuthentication parameter is either not set or set to yes.

4. Set the ChallengeResponseAuthentication directive to no.

   Note that the corresponding entry is commented out in the configuration file and the default value is yes.

5. To use key-based authentication with NFS-mounted home directories, enable the use_nfs_home_dirs SELinux boolean:

   # setsebool -P use_nfs_home_dirs 1

6. If you are connected remotely, not using console or out-of-band access, test the key-based login process before disabling password authentication.

7. Reload the sshd daemon to apply the changes:

   # systemctl reload sshd

Procedure

1. Add the command for automatically starting ssh-agent in your session to the ~/.bashrc file:

   1. Open ~/.bashrc in a text editor of your choice, for example:

      $ vi ~/.bashrc

   2. Add the following line to the file:

      eval $(ssh-agent)

   3. Save the changes, and quit the editor.

2. Add the following line to the ~/.ssh/config file:

   AddKeysToAgent yes

   With this option and ssh-agent started in your session, the agent prompts for a password only for the first time when you connect to a host.

Procedure

1. List all keys provided by the OpenSC PKCS #11 module including their PKCS #11 URIs and save the output to the keys.pub file:

   $ ssh-keygen -D pkcs11: > keys.pub

2. Transfer the public key to the remote server. Use the ssh-copy-id command with the keys.pub file created in the previous step:

   $ ssh-copy-id -f -i keys.pub <username@ssh-server-example.com>

3. Connect to <ssh-server-example.com> by using the ECDSA key. You can use just a subset of the URI, which uniquely references your key, for example:

   $ ssh -i "pkcs11:id=%01?module-path=/usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so" <ssh-server-example.com>
   Enter PIN for 'SSH key':
   [ssh-server-example.com] $

   Because OpenSSH uses the p11-kit-proxy wrapper and the OpenSC PKCS #11 module is registered to the p11-kit tool, you can simplify the previous command:

   $ ssh -i "pkcs11:id=%01" <ssh-server-example.com>
   Enter PIN for 'SSH key':
   [ssh-server-example.com] $

   If you skip the id= part of a PKCS #11 URI, OpenSSH loads all keys that are available in the proxy module. This can reduce the amount of typing required:

   $ ssh -i pkcs11: <ssh-server-example.com>
   Enter PIN for 'SSH key':
   [ssh-server-example.com] $

4. Optional: You can use the same URI string in the ~/.ssh/config file to make the configuration permanent:

   $ cat ~/.ssh/config
   IdentityFile "pkcs11:id=%01?module-path=/usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so"
   $ ssh <ssh-server-example.com>
   Enter PIN for 'SSH key':
   [ssh-server-example.com] $

   The ssh client utility now automatically uses this URI and the key from the smart card.

Procedure

1. If you connect through a jump server or more intermediary servers once, use the ssh -J command and specify the jump servers directly, for example:

   $ ssh -J <jump-1.example.com>,<jump-2.example.com>,<jump-3.example.com> <target-server-1.example.com>

   Change the host name-only notation in the previous command if the user names or SSH ports on the jump servers differ from the names and ports on the remote server, for example:

   $ ssh -J <example.user.1>@<jump-1.example.com>:<75>,<example.user.2>@<jump-2.example.com>:<75>,<example.user.3>@<jump-3.example.com>:<75> <example.user.f>@<target-server-1.example.com>:<220>

2. If you connect to a remote server through jump servers regularly, store the jump-server configuration in your SSH configuration file:

   1. Define the jump host by editing the ~/.ssh/config file on your local system, for example:

      Host <jump-server-1>
        HostName <jump-1.example.com>

      • The Host parameter defines a name or alias for the host you can use in ssh commands. The value can match the real host name, but can also be any string.
      • The HostName parameter sets the actual host name or IP address of the jump host.

   2. Add the remote server jump configuration with the ProxyJump directive to ~/.ssh/config file on your local system, for example:

      Host <remote-server-1>
        HostName <target-server-1.example.com>
        ProxyJump <jump-server-1>

   3. Use your local system to connect to the remote server through the jump server:

      $ ssh <remote-server-1>

      This command is equivalent to the ssh -J jump-server1 remote-server command if you omit the previous configuration steps.