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Installation configuration

OpenShift Container Platform 4.13

Cluster-wide configuration during installations

Red Hat OpenShift Documentation Team

Abstract

This document describes how to perform initial OpenShift Container Platform cluster configuration.

Chapter 1. Customizing nodes
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OpenShift Container Platform supports both cluster-wide and per-machine configuration via Ignition, which allows arbitrary partitioning and file content changes to the operating system. In general, if a configuration file is documented in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), then modifying it via Ignition is supported.

There are two ways to deploy machine config changes:

  • Creating machine configs that are included in manifest files to start up a cluster during openshift-install.
  • Creating machine configs that are passed to running OpenShift Container Platform nodes via the Machine Config Operator.

Additionally, modifying the reference config, such as the Ignition config that is passed to coreos-installer when installing bare-metal nodes allows per-machine configuration. These changes are currently not visible to the Machine Config Operator.

The following sections describe features that you might want to configure on your nodes in this way.

1.1. Creating machine configs with Butane
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Machine configs are used to configure control plane and worker machines by instructing machines how to create users and file systems, set up the network, install systemd units, and more.

Because modifying machine configs can be difficult, you can use Butane configs to create machine configs for you, thereby making node configuration much easier.

1.1.1. About Butane
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Butane is a command-line utility that OpenShift Container Platform uses to provide convenient, short-hand syntax for writing machine configs, as well as for performing additional validation of machine configs. The format of the Butane config file that Butane accepts is defined in the OpenShift Butane config spec.

1.1.2. Installing Butane
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You can install the Butane tool (butane) to create OpenShift Container Platform machine configs from a command-line interface. You can install butane on Linux, Windows, or macOS by downloading the corresponding binary file.

Tip

Butane releases are backwards-compatible with older releases and with the Fedora CoreOS Config Transpiler (FCCT).

Procedure

  1. Navigate to the Butane image download page at https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/butane/.

  2. Get the butane binary:

    1. For the newest version of Butane, save the latest butane image to your current directory: 

      $ curl https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/butane/latest/butane --output butane
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Optional: For a specific type of architecture you are installing Butane on, such as aarch64 or ppc64le, indicate the appropriate URL. For example: 

      $ curl https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/butane/latest/butane-aarch64 --output butane
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Make the downloaded binary file executable: 

    $ chmod +x butane
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  4. Move the butane binary file to a directory on your PATH.

    To check your PATH, open a terminal and execute the following command: 

    $ echo $PATH
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification steps

  • You can now use the Butane tool by running the butane command: 

    $ butane <butane_file>
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You can use Butane to produce a MachineConfig object so that you can configure worker or control plane nodes at installation time or via the Machine Config Operator.

Prerequisites

  • You have installed the butane utility.

Procedure

  1. Create a Butane config file. The following example creates a file named 99-worker-custom.bu that configures the system console to show kernel debug messages and specifies custom settings for the chrony time service: 

    variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: 99-worker-custom
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
openshift:
  kernel_arguments:
    - loglevel=7
storage:
  files:
    - path: /etc/chrony.conf
      mode: 0644
      overwrite: true
      contents:
        inline: |
          pool 0.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst
          driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
          makestep 1.0 3
          rtcsync
          logdir /var/log/chrony
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    Note

    The 99-worker-custom.bu file is set to create a machine config for worker nodes. To deploy on control plane nodes, change the role from worker to master. To do both, you could repeat the whole procedure using different file names for the two types of deployments.

  2. Create a MachineConfig object by giving Butane the file that you created in the previous step: 

    $ butane 99-worker-custom.bu -o ./99-worker-custom.yaml
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    A MachineConfig object YAML file is created for you to finish configuring your machines.

  3. Save the Butane config in case you need to update the MachineConfig object in the future.

  4. If the cluster is not running yet, generate manifest files and add the MachineConfig object YAML file to the openshift directory. If the cluster is already running, apply the file as follows: 

    $ oc create -f 99-worker-custom.yaml
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1.2. Adding day-1 kernel arguments
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Although it is often preferable to modify kernel arguments as a day-2 activity, you might want to add kernel arguments to all master or worker nodes during initial cluster installation. Here are some reasons you might want to add kernel arguments during cluster installation so they take effect before the systems first boot up:

  • You need to do some low-level network configuration before the systems start.

  • You want to disable a feature, such as SELinux, so it has no impact on the systems when they first come up.

    Warning

    Disabling SELinux on RHCOS in production is not supported. Once SELinux has been disabled on a node, it must be re-provisioned before re-inclusion in a production cluster.

To add kernel arguments to master or worker nodes, you can create a MachineConfig object and inject that object into the set of manifest files used by Ignition during cluster setup.

For a listing of arguments you can pass to a RHEL 8 kernel at boot time, see Kernel.org kernel parameters. It is best to only add kernel arguments with this procedure if they are needed to complete the initial OpenShift Container Platform installation.

Procedure

  1. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster: 

    $ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>
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  2. Decide if you want to add kernel arguments to worker or control plane nodes.

  3. In the openshift directory, create a file (for example, 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs.yaml) to define a MachineConfig object to add the kernel settings. This example adds a loglevel=7 kernel argument to control plane nodes: 

    $ cat << EOF > 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs.yaml
apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: master
  name: 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs
spec:
  kernelArguments:
    - loglevel=7
EOF
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can change master to worker to add kernel arguments to worker nodes instead. Create a separate YAML file to add to both master and worker nodes.

You can now continue on to create the cluster.

1.3. Adding kernel modules to nodes
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For most common hardware, the Linux kernel includes the device driver modules needed to use that hardware when the computer starts up. For some hardware, however, modules are not available in Linux. Therefore, you must find a way to provide those modules to each host computer. This procedure describes how to do that for nodes in an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

When a kernel module is first deployed by following these instructions, the module is made available for the current kernel. If a new kernel is installed, the kmods-via-containers software will rebuild and deploy the module so a compatible version of that module is available with the new kernel.

The way that this feature is able to keep the module up to date on each node is by:

  • Adding a systemd service to each node that starts at boot time to detect if a new kernel has been installed and
  • If a new kernel is detected, the service rebuilds the module and installs it to the kernel

For information on the software needed for this procedure, see the kmods-via-containers github site.

A few important issues to keep in mind:

  • This procedure is Technology Preview.
  • Software tools and examples are not yet available in official RPM form and can only be obtained for now from unofficial github.com sites noted in the procedure.
  • Third-party kernel modules you might add through these procedures are not supported by Red Hat.
  • In this procedure, the software needed to build your kernel modules is deployed in a RHEL 8 container. Keep in mind that modules are rebuilt automatically on each node when that node gets a new kernel. For that reason, each node needs access to a yum repository that contains the kernel and related packages needed to rebuild the module. That content is best provided with a valid RHEL subscription.

Before deploying kernel modules to your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you can test the process on a separate RHEL system. Gather the kernel module’s source code, the KVC framework, and the kmod-via-containers software. Then build and test the module. To do that on a RHEL 8 system, do the following:

Procedure

  1. Register a RHEL 8 system: 

    # subscription-manager register
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Attach a subscription to the RHEL 8 system: 

    # subscription-manager attach --auto
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  3. Install software that is required to build the software and container: 

    # yum install podman make git -y
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Clone the kmod-via-containers repository:

    1. Create a folder for the repository: 

      $ mkdir kmods; cd kmods
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Clone the repository: 

      $ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kmods-via-containers
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Install a KVC framework instance on your RHEL 8 build host to test the module. This adds a kmods-via-container systemd service and loads it:

    1. Change to the kmod-via-containers directory: 

      $ cd kmods-via-containers/
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Install the KVC framework instance: 

      $ sudo make install
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    3. Reload the systemd manager configuration: 

      $ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
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  6. Get the kernel module source code. The source code might be used to build a third-party module that you do not have control over, but is supplied by others. You will need content similar to the content shown in the kvc-simple-kmod example that can be cloned to your system as follows: 

    $ cd .. ; git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  7. Edit the configuration file, simple-kmod.conf file, in this example, and change the name of the Dockerfile to Dockerfile.rhel:

    1. Change to the kvc-simple-kmod directory: 

      $ cd kvc-simple-kmod
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    2. Rename the Dockerfile: 

      $ cat simple-kmod.conf
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      Example Dockerfile

      KMOD_CONTAINER_BUILD_CONTEXT="https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod.git"
KMOD_CONTAINER_BUILD_FILE=Dockerfile.rhel
KMOD_SOFTWARE_VERSION=dd1a7d4
KMOD_NAMES="simple-kmod simple-procfs-kmod"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  8. Create an instance of kmods-via-containers@.service for your kernel module, simple-kmod in this example: 

    $ sudo make install
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  9. Enable the kmods-via-containers@.service instance: 

    $ sudo kmods-via-containers build simple-kmod $(uname -r)
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  10. Enable and start the systemd service: 

    $ sudo systemctl enable kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service --now
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    1. Review the service status: 

      $ sudo systemctl status kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service
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      Example output

      ● kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service - Kmods Via Containers - simple-kmod
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/kmods-via-containers@.service;
          enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (exited) since Sun 2020-01-12 23:49:49 EST; 5s ago...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  11. To confirm that the kernel modules are loaded, use the lsmod command to list the modules: 

    $ lsmod | grep simple_
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    Example output

    simple_procfs_kmod     16384  0
simple_kmod            16384  0
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  12. Optional. Use other methods to check that the simple-kmod example is working:

    • Look for a "Hello world" message in the kernel ring buffer with dmesg: 

      $ dmesg | grep 'Hello world'
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      Example output

      [ 6420.761332] Hello world from simple_kmod.
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • Check the value of simple-procfs-kmod in /proc: 

      $ sudo cat /proc/simple-procfs-kmod
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      Example output

      simple-procfs-kmod number = 0
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    • Run the spkut command to get more information from the module: 

      $ sudo spkut 44
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      Example output

      KVC: wrapper simple-kmod for 4.18.0-147.3.1.el8_1.x86_64
Running userspace wrapper using the kernel module container...
+ podman run -i --rm --privileged
   simple-kmod-dd1a7d4:4.18.0-147.3.1.el8_1.x86_64 spkut 44
simple-procfs-kmod number = 0
simple-procfs-kmod number = 44
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Going forward, when the system boots this service will check if a new kernel is running. If there is a new kernel, the service builds a new version of the kernel module and then loads it. If the module is already built, it will just load it.

Depending on whether or not you must have the kernel module in place when OpenShift Container Platform cluster first boots, you can set up the kernel modules to be deployed in one of two ways:

  • Provision kernel modules at cluster install time (day-1): You can create the content as a MachineConfig object and provide it to openshift-install by including it with a set of manifest files.
  • Provision kernel modules via Machine Config Operator (day-2): If you can wait until the cluster is up and running to add your kernel module, you can deploy the kernel module software via the Machine Config Operator (MCO).

In either case, each node needs to be able to get the kernel packages and related software packages at the time that a new kernel is detected. There are a few ways you can set up each node to be able to obtain that content.

  • Provide RHEL entitlements to each node.
  • Get RHEL entitlements from an existing RHEL host, from the /etc/pki/entitlement directory and copy them to the same location as the other files you provide when you build your Ignition config.
  • Inside the Dockerfile, add pointers to a yum repository containing the kernel and other packages. This must include new kernel packages as they are needed to match newly installed kernels.

By packaging kernel module software with a MachineConfig object, you can deliver that software to worker or control plane nodes at installation time or via the Machine Config Operator.

Procedure

  1. Register a RHEL 8 system: 

    # subscription-manager register
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Attach a subscription to the RHEL 8 system: 

    # subscription-manager attach --auto
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Install software needed to build the software: 

    # yum install podman make git -y
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Create a directory to host the kernel module and tooling: 

    $ mkdir kmods; cd kmods
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Get the kmods-via-containers software:

    1. Clone the kmods-via-containers repository: 

      $ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kmods-via-containers
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Clone the kvc-simple-kmod repository: 

      $ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  6. Get your module software. In this example, kvc-simple-kmod is used.

  7. Create a fakeroot directory and populate it with files that you want to deliver via Ignition, using the repositories cloned earlier:

    1. Create the directory: 

      $ FAKEROOT=$(mktemp -d)
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    2. Change to the kmod-via-containers directory: 

      $ cd kmods-via-containers
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    3. Install the KVC framework instance: 

      $ make install DESTDIR=${FAKEROOT}/usr/local CONFDIR=${FAKEROOT}/etc/
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    4. Change to the kvc-simple-kmod directory: 

      $ cd ../kvc-simple-kmod
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    5. Create the instance: 

      $ make install DESTDIR=${FAKEROOT}/usr/local CONFDIR=${FAKEROOT}/etc/
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  8. Clone the fakeroot directory, replacing any symbolic links with copies of their targets, by running the following command: 

    $ cd .. && rm -rf kmod-tree && cp -Lpr ${FAKEROOT} kmod-tree
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  9. Create a Butane config file, 99-simple-kmod.bu, that embeds the kernel module tree and enables the systemd service.

    Note

    See "Creating machine configs with Butane" for information about Butane. 

    variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: 99-simple-kmod
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
    1 
    
storage:
  trees:
    - local: kmod-tree
systemd:
  units:
    - name: kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service
      enabled: true
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    To deploy on control plane nodes, change worker to master. To deploy on both control plane and worker nodes, perform the remainder of these instructions once for each node type.

  10. Use Butane to generate a machine config YAML file, 99-simple-kmod.yaml, containing the files and configuration to be delivered: 

    $ butane 99-simple-kmod.bu --files-dir . -o 99-simple-kmod.yaml
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  11. If the cluster is not up yet, generate manifest files and add this file to the openshift directory. If the cluster is already running, apply the file as follows: 

    $ oc create -f 99-simple-kmod.yaml
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    Your nodes will start the kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service service and the kernel modules will be loaded.

  12. To confirm that the kernel modules are loaded, you can log in to a node (using oc debug node/<openshift-node>, then chroot /host). To list the modules, use the lsmod command: 

    $ lsmod | grep simple_
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    simple_procfs_kmod     16384  0
simple_kmod            16384  0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can enable boot disk encryption and mirroring on the cluster nodes.

1.4.1. About disk encryption
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You can enable encryption for the boot disks on the control plane and compute nodes at installation time. OpenShift Container Platform supports the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) v2 and Tang encryption modes.

TPM v2
This is the preferred mode. TPM v2 stores passphrases in a secure cryptoprocessor on the server. You can use this mode to prevent decryption of the boot disk data on a cluster node if the disk is removed from the server.
Tang
Tang and Clevis are server and client components that enable network-bound disk encryption (NBDE). You can bind the boot disk data on your cluster nodes to one or more Tang servers. This prevents decryption of the data unless the nodes are on a secure network where the Tang servers are accessible. Clevis is an automated decryption framework used to implement decryption on the client side.
Important

The use of the Tang encryption mode to encrypt your disks is only supported for bare metal and vSphere installations on user-provisioned infrastructure.

In earlier versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), disk encryption was configured by specifying /etc/clevis.json in the Ignition config. That file is not supported in clusters created with OpenShift Container Platform 4.7 or later. Configure disk encryption by using the following procedure.

When the TPM v2 or Tang encryption modes are enabled, the RHCOS boot disks are encrypted using the LUKS2 format.

This feature:

  • Is available for installer-provisioned infrastructure, user-provisioned infrastructure, and Assisted Installer deployments

  • For Assisted installer deployments:

    • Each cluster can only have a single encryption method, Tang or TPM
    • Encryption can be enabled on some or all nodes
    • There is no Tang threshold; all servers must be valid and operational
    • Encryption applies to the installation disks only, not to the workload disks
  • Is supported on Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) systems only
  • Sets up disk encryption during the manifest installation phase, encrypting all data written to disk, from first boot forward
  • Requires no user intervention for providing passphrases
  • Uses AES-256-XTS encryption
1.4.1.1. Configuring an encryption threshold
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In OpenShift Container Platform, you can specify a requirement for more than one Tang server. You can also configure the TPM v2 and Tang encryption modes simultaneously. This enables boot disk data decryption only if the TPM secure cryptoprocessor is present and the Tang servers are accessible over a secure network.

You can use the threshold attribute in your Butane configuration to define the minimum number of TPM v2 and Tang encryption conditions required for decryption to occur. The threshold is met when the stated value is reached through any combination of the declared conditions. For example, the threshold value of 2 in the following configuration can be reached by accessing the two Tang servers, or by accessing the TPM secure cryptoprocessor and one of the Tang servers:

Example Butane configuration for disk encryption

variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: worker-storage
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
boot_device:
  layout: x86_64
1 

  luks:
    tpm2: true
2 

    tang:
3 

      - url: http://tang1.example.com:7500
        thumbprint: jwGN5tRFK-kF6pIX89ssF3khxxX
      - url: http://tang2.example.com:7500
        thumbprint: VCJsvZFjBSIHSldw78rOrq7h2ZF
    threshold: 2
4 

openshift:
  fips: true
5
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

1
Set this field to the instruction set architecture of the cluster nodes. Some examples include, x86_64, aarch64, or ppc64le.
2
Include this field if you want to use a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to encrypt the root file system.
3
Include this section if you want to use one or more Tang servers.
4
Specify the minimum number of TPM v2 and Tang encryption conditions required for decryption to occur.
5
OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 9.2. RHEL 9.2 cryptographic modules have not yet been submitted for FIPS validation. For more information, see "About this release" in the 4.13 OpenShift Container Platform Release Notes.
Important

The default threshold value is 1. If you include multiple encryption conditions in your configuration but do not specify a threshold, decryption can occur if any of the conditions are met.

Note

If you require TPM v2 and Tang for decryption, the value of the threshold attribute must equal the total number of stated Tang servers plus one. If the threshold value is lower, it is possible to reach the threshold value by using a single encryption mode. For example, if you set tpm2 to true and specify two Tang servers, a threshold of 2 can be met by accessing the two Tang servers, even if the TPM secure cryptoprocessor is not available.

1.4.2. About disk mirroring
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During OpenShift Container Platform installation on control plane and worker nodes, you can enable mirroring of the boot and other disks to two or more redundant storage devices. A node continues to function after storage device failure provided one device remains available.

Mirroring does not support replacement of a failed disk. Reprovision the node to restore the mirror to a pristine, non-degraded state.

Note

For user-provisioned infrastructure deployments, mirroring is available only on RHCOS systems. Support for mirroring is available on x86_64 nodes booted with BIOS or UEFI and on ppc64le nodes.

1.4.3. Configuring disk encryption and mirroring
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You can enable and configure encryption and mirroring during an OpenShift Container Platform installation.

Prerequisites

  • You have downloaded the OpenShift Container Platform installation program on your installation node.

  • You installed Butane on your installation node.

    Note

    Butane is a command-line utility that OpenShift Container Platform uses to offer convenient, short-hand syntax for writing and validating machine configs. For more information, see "Creating machine configs with Butane".

  • You have access to a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 machine that can be used to generate a thumbprint of the Tang exchange key.

Procedure

  1. If you want to use TPM v2 to encrypt your cluster, check to see if TPM v2 encryption needs to be enabled in the host firmware for each node. This is required on most Dell systems. Check the manual for your specific system.

  2. If you want to use Tang to encrypt your cluster, follow these preparatory steps:

    1. Set up a Tang server or access an existing one. See Network-bound disk encryption for instructions.

    2. Install the clevis package on a RHEL 8 machine, if it is not already installed: 

      $ sudo yum install clevis
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    3. On the RHEL 8 machine, run the following command to generate a thumbprint of the exchange key. Replace http://tang.example.com:7500 with the URL of your Tang server: 

      $ clevis-encrypt-tang '{"url":"http://tang.example.com:7500"}' < /dev/null > /dev/null
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      In this example, tangd.socket is listening on port 7500 on the Tang server.
      Note

      The clevis-encrypt-tang command generates a thumbprint of the exchange key. No data passes to the encryption command during this step; /dev/null exists here as an input instead of plain text. The encrypted output is also sent to /dev/null, because it is not required for this procedure.

      Example output

      The advertisement contains the following signing keys:

PLjNyRdGw03zlRoGjQYMahSZGu9
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      The thumbprint of the exchange key.

      When the Do you wish to trust these keys? [ynYN] prompt displays, type Y.

    4. If the nodes are configured with static IP addressing, run coreos-installer iso customize --dest-karg-append or use the coreos-installer --append-karg option when installing RHCOS nodes to set the IP address of the installed system. Append the ip= and other arguments needed for your network.

      Important

      Some methods for configuring static IPs do not affect the initramfs after the first boot and will not work with Tang encryption. These include the coreos-installer --copy-network option, the coreos-installer iso customize --network-keyfile option, and the coreos-installer pxe customize --network-keyfile option, as well as adding ip= arguments to the kernel command line of the live ISO or PXE image during installation. Incorrect static IP configuration causes the second boot of the node to fail.

  3. On your installation node, change to the directory that contains the installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster: 

    $ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Replace <installation_directory> with the path to the directory that you want to store the installation files in.

  4. Create a Butane config that configures disk encryption, mirroring, or both. For example, to configure storage for compute nodes, create a $HOME/clusterconfig/worker-storage.bu file.

    Butane config example for a boot device

    variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: worker-storage
    1 
    
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
    2 
    
boot_device:
  layout: x86_64
    3 
    
  luks:
    4 
    
    tpm2: true
    5 
    
    tang:
    6 
    
      - url: http://tang.example.com:7500
    7 
    
        thumbprint: PLjNyRdGw03zlRoGjQYMahSZGu9
    8 
    
    threshold: 1
    9 
    
  mirror:
    10 
    
    devices:
    11 
    
      - /dev/sda
      - /dev/sdb
openshift:
  fips: true
    12
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1 2
    For control plane configurations, replace worker with master in both of these locations.
    3
    Set this field to the instruction set architecture of the cluster nodes. Some examples include, x86_64, aarch64, or ppc64le.
    4
    Include this section if you want to encrypt the root file system. For more details, see "About disk encryption".
    5
    Include this field if you want to use a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to encrypt the root file system.
    6
    Include this section if you want to use one or more Tang servers.
    7
    Specify the URL of a Tang server. In this example, tangd.socket is listening on port 7500 on the Tang server.
    8
    Specify the exchange key thumbprint, which was generated in a preceding step.
    9
    Specify the minimum number of TPM v2 and Tang encryption conditions that must be met for decryption to occur. The default value is 1. For more information about this topic, see "Configuring an encryption threshold".
    10
    Include this section if you want to mirror the boot disk. For more details, see "About disk mirroring".
    11
    List all disk devices that should be included in the boot disk mirror, including the disk that RHCOS will be installed onto.
    12
    Include this directive to enable FIPS mode on your cluster.
    Important

    OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 9.2. RHEL 9.2 cryptographic modules have not yet been submitted for FIPS validation. For more information, see "About this release" in the 4.13 OpenShift Container Platform Release Notes.

    Important

    If you are configuring nodes to use both disk encryption and mirroring, both features must be configured in the same Butane config.

  5. Create a control plane or compute node manifest from the corresponding Butane config and save it to the <installation_directory>/openshift directory. For example, to create a manifest for the compute nodes, run the following command: 

    $ butane $HOME/clusterconfig/worker-storage.bu -o <installation_directory>/openshift/99-worker-storage.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Repeat this step for each node type that requires disk encryption or mirroring.

  6. Save the Butane configs in case you need to update the manifests in the future.

  7. Continue with the remainder of the OpenShift Container Platform installation.

    Tip

    You can monitor the console log on the RHCOS nodes during installation for error messages relating to disk encryption or mirroring.

    Important

    If you configure additional data partitions, they will not be encrypted unless encryption is explicitly requested.

Verification

After installing OpenShift Container Platform, you can verify if boot disk encryption or mirroring is enabled on the cluster nodes.

  1. From the installation host, access a cluster node by using a debug pod:

    1. Start a debug pod for the node, for example: 

      $ oc debug node/compute-1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Set /host as the root directory within the debug shell. The debug pod mounts the root file system of the node in /host within the pod. By changing the root directory to /host, you can run binaries contained in the executable paths on the node: 

      # chroot /host
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      Note

      OpenShift Container Platform cluster nodes running Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) are immutable and rely on Operators to apply cluster changes. Accessing cluster nodes using SSH is not recommended. However, if the OpenShift Container Platform API is not available, or kubelet is not properly functioning on the target node, oc operations will be impacted. In such situations, it is possible to access nodes using ssh core@<node>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> instead.

  2. If you configured boot disk encryption, verify if it is enabled:

    1. From the debug shell, review the status of the root mapping on the node: 

      # cryptsetup status root
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      /dev/mapper/root is active and is in use.
  type:    LUKS2
      1 
      
  cipher:  aes-xts-plain64
      2 
      
  keysize: 512 bits
  key location: keyring
  device:  /dev/sda4
      3 
      
  sector size:  512
  offset:  32768 sectors
  size:    15683456 sectors
  mode:    read/write
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      The encryption format. When the TPM v2 or Tang encryption modes are enabled, the RHCOS boot disks are encrypted using the LUKS2 format.
      2
      The encryption algorithm used to encrypt the LUKS2 volume.
      3
      The device that contains the encrypted LUKS2 volume. If mirroring is enabled, the value will represent a software mirror device, for example /dev/md126.

    2. List the Clevis plugins that are bound to the encrypted device: 

      # clevis luks list -d /dev/sda4
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      Specify the device that is listed in the device field in the output of the preceding step.

      Example output

      1: sss '{"t":1,"pins":{"tang":[{"url":"http://tang.example.com:7500"}]}}'
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      In the example output, the Tang plugin is used by the Shamir’s Secret Sharing (SSS) Clevis plugin for the /dev/sda4 device.

  3. If you configured mirroring, verify if it is enabled:

    1. From the debug shell, list the software RAID devices on the node: 

      # cat /proc/mdstat
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      Personalities : [raid1]
md126 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0]
      1 
      
	  393152 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU]

md127 : active raid1 sda4[0] sdb4[1]
      2 
      
	  51869632 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]

unused devices: <none>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      The /dev/md126 software RAID mirror device uses the /dev/sda3 and /dev/sdb3 disk devices on the cluster node.
      2
      The /dev/md127 software RAID mirror device uses the /dev/sda4 and /dev/sdb4 disk devices on the cluster node.

    2. Review the details of each of the software RAID devices listed in the output of the preceding command. The following example lists the details of the /dev/md126 device: 

      # mdadm --detail /dev/md126
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      /dev/md126:
           Version : 1.0
     Creation Time : Wed Jul  7 11:07:36 2021
        Raid Level : raid1
      1 
      
        Array Size : 393152 (383.94 MiB 402.59 MB)
     Used Dev Size : 393152 (383.94 MiB 402.59 MB)
      Raid Devices : 2
     Total Devices : 2
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Wed Jul  7 11:18:24 2021
             State : clean
      2 
      
    Active Devices : 2
      3 
      
   Working Devices : 2
      4 
      
    Failed Devices : 0
      5 
      
     Spare Devices : 0

Consistency Policy : resync

              Name : any:md-boot
      6 
      
              UUID : ccfa3801:c520e0b5:2bee2755:69043055
            Events : 19

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0     252        3        0      active sync   /dev/sda3
      7 
      
       1     252       19        1      active sync   /dev/sdb3
      8
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      Specifies the RAID level of the device. raid1 indicates RAID 1 disk mirroring.
      2
      Specifies the state of the RAID device.
      3 4
      States the number of underlying disk devices that are active and working.
      5
      States the number of underlying disk devices that are in a failed state.
      6
      The name of the software RAID device.
      7 8
      Provides information about the underlying disk devices used by the software RAID device.

    3. List the file systems mounted on the software RAID devices: 

      # mount | grep /dev/md
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      /dev/md127 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /etc type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /usr type xfs (ro,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /sysroot type xfs (ro,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/containers/storage/overlay type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/kubelet/pods/e5054ed5-f882-4d14-b599-99c050d4e0c0/volume-subpaths/etc/tuned/1 type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/kubelet/pods/e5054ed5-f882-4d14-b599-99c050d4e0c0/volume-subpaths/etc/tuned/2 type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/kubelet/pods/e5054ed5-f882-4d14-b599-99c050d4e0c0/volume-subpaths/etc/tuned/3 type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/kubelet/pods/e5054ed5-f882-4d14-b599-99c050d4e0c0/volume-subpaths/etc/tuned/4 type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md127 on /var/lib/kubelet/pods/e5054ed5-f882-4d14-b599-99c050d4e0c0/volume-subpaths/etc/tuned/5 type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,prjquota)
/dev/md126 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel)
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      In the example output, the /boot file system is mounted on the /dev/md126 software RAID device and the root file system is mounted on /dev/md127.

  4. Repeat the verification steps for each OpenShift Container Platform node type.

1.4.4. Configuring a RAID-enabled data volume
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You can enable software RAID partitioning to provide an external data volume. OpenShift Container Platform supports RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 4, RAID 5, RAID 6, and RAID 10 for data protection and fault tolerance. See "About disk mirroring" for more details.

Prerequisites

  • You have downloaded the OpenShift Container Platform installation program on your installation node.

  • You have installed Butane on your installation node.

    Note

    Butane is a command-line utility that OpenShift Container Platform uses to provide convenient, short-hand syntax for writing machine configs, as well as for performing additional validation of machine configs. For more information, see the Creating machine configs with Butane section.

Procedure

  1. Create a Butane config that configures a data volume by using software RAID.

    • To configure a data volume with RAID 1 on the same disks that are used for a mirrored boot disk, create a $HOME/clusterconfig/raid1-storage.bu file, for example:

      RAID 1 on mirrored boot disk

      variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: raid1-storage
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
boot_device:
  mirror:
    devices:
      - /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-3600508b400105e210000900000490000
      - /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SSEAGATE_ST373453LW_3HW1RHM6
storage:
  disks:
    - device: /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-3600508b400105e210000900000490000
      partitions:
        - label: root-1
          size_mib: 25000
      1 
      
        - label: var-1
    - device: /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SSEAGATE_ST373453LW_3HW1RHM6
      partitions:
        - label: root-2
          size_mib: 25000
      2 
      
        - label: var-2
  raid:
    - name: md-var
      level: raid1
      devices:
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var-1
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var-2
  filesystems:
    - device: /dev/md/md-var
      path: /var
      format: xfs
      wipe_filesystem: true
      with_mount_unit: true
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1 2
      When adding a data partition to the boot disk, a minimum value of 25000 mebibytes is recommended. If no value is specified, or if the specified value is smaller than the recommended minimum, the resulting root file system will be too small, and future reinstalls of RHCOS might overwrite the beginning of the data partition.

    • To configure a data volume with RAID 1 on secondary disks, create a $HOME/clusterconfig/raid1-alt-storage.bu file, for example:

      RAID 1 on secondary disks

      variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: raid1-alt-storage
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
storage:
  disks:
    - device: /dev/sdc
      wipe_table: true
      partitions:
        - label: data-1
    - device: /dev/sdd
      wipe_table: true
      partitions:
        - label: data-2
  raid:
    - name: md-var-lib-containers
      level: raid1
      devices:
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/data-1
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/data-2
  filesystems:
    - device: /dev/md/md-var-lib-containers
      path: /var/lib/containers
      format: xfs
      wipe_filesystem: true
      with_mount_unit: true
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Create a RAID manifest from the Butane config you created in the previous step and save it to the <installation_directory>/openshift directory. For example, to create a manifest for the compute nodes, run the following command: 

    $ butane $HOME/clusterconfig/<butane_config>.bu -o <installation_directory>/openshift/<manifest_name>.yaml
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Replace <butane_config> and <manifest_name> with the file names from the previous step. For example, raid1-alt-storage.bu and raid1-alt-storage.yaml for secondary disks.
  3. Save the Butane config in case you need to update the manifest in the future.
  4. Continue with the remainder of the OpenShift Container Platform installation.

1.5. Configuring chrony time service
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You can set the time server and related settings used by the chrony time service (chronyd) by modifying the contents of the chrony.conf file and passing those contents to your nodes as a machine config.

Procedure

  1. Create a Butane config including the contents of the chrony.conf file. For example, to configure chrony on worker nodes, create a 99-worker-chrony.bu file.

    Note

    The Butane version you specify in the config file should match the OpenShift Container Platform version and always ends in 0. For example, 4.13.0. See "Creating machine configs with Butane" for information about Butane. 

    variant: openshift
version: 4.13.0
metadata:
  name: 99-worker-chrony
    1 
    
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
    2 
    
storage:
  files:
  - path: /etc/chrony.conf
    mode: 0644
    3 
    
    overwrite: true
    contents:
      inline: |
        pool 0.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst
    4 
    
        driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
        makestep 1.0 3
        rtcsync
        logdir /var/log/chrony
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1 2
    On control plane nodes, substitute master for worker in both of these locations.
    3
    Specify an octal value mode for the mode field in the machine config file. After creating the file and applying the changes, the mode is converted to a decimal value. You can check the YAML file with the command oc get mc <mc-name> -o yaml.
    4
    Specify any valid, reachable time source, such as the one provided by your DHCP server. Alternately, you can specify any of the following NTP servers: 1.rhel.pool.ntp.org, 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org, or 3.rhel.pool.ntp.org.

  2. Use Butane to generate a MachineConfig object file, 99-worker-chrony.yaml, containing the configuration to be delivered to the nodes: 

    $ butane 99-worker-chrony.bu -o 99-worker-chrony.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Apply the configurations in one of two ways:

    • If the cluster is not running yet, after you generate manifest files, add the MachineConfig object file to the <installation_directory>/openshift directory, and then continue to create the cluster.

    • If the cluster is already running, apply the file: 

      $ oc apply -f ./99-worker-chrony.yaml
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Chapter 2. Configuring your firewall
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If you use a firewall, you must configure it so that OpenShift Container Platform can access the sites that it requires to function. You must always grant access to some sites, and you grant access to more if you use Red Hat Insights, the Telemetry service, a cloud to host your cluster, and certain build strategies.

Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must configure your firewall to grant access to the sites that OpenShift Container Platform requires.

There are no special configuration considerations for services running on only controller nodes compared to worker nodes.

Note

If your environment has a dedicated load balancer in front of your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, review the allowlists between your firewall and load balancer to prevent unwanted network restrictions to your cluster.

Procedure

  1. Allowlist the following registry URLs:

    Expand
    URLPortFunction

    registry.redhat.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    access.redhat.com

    443

    Hosts a signature store that a container client requires for verifying images pulled from registry.access.redhat.com. In a firewall environment, ensure that this resource is on the allowlist.

    registry.access.redhat.com

    443

    Hosts all the container images that are stored on the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog, including core container images.

    quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn01.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn02.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn03.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn04.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn05.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    cdn06.quay.io

    443

    Provides core container images

    sso.redhat.com

    443

    The https://console.redhat.com site uses authentication from sso.redhat.com

    icr.io

    443

    Provides IBM Cloud Pak container images. This domain is only required if you use IBM Cloud Paks.

    cp.icr.io

    443

    Provides IBM Cloud Pak container images. This domain is only required if you use IBM Cloud Paks.

    • You can use the wildcards *.quay.io and *.openshiftapps.com instead of cdn.quay.io and cdn0[1-6].quay.io in your allowlist.
    • You can use the wildcard *.access.redhat.com to simplify the configuration and ensure that all subdomains, including registry.access.redhat.com, are allowed.
    • When you add a site, such as quay.io, to your allowlist, do not add a wildcard entry, such as *.quay.io, to your denylist. In most cases, image registries use a content delivery network (CDN) to serve images. If a firewall blocks access, image downloads are denied when the initial download request redirects to a hostname such as cdn01.quay.io.
  2. Allowlist any site that provides resources for a language or framework that your builds require.

  3. If you do not disable Telemetry, you must grant access to the following URLs to access Red Hat Insights:

    Expand
    URLPortFunction

    cert-api.access.redhat.com

    443

    Required for Telemetry

    api.access.redhat.com

    443

    Required for Telemetry

    infogw.api.openshift.com

    443

    Required for Telemetry

    console.redhat.com

    443

    Required for Telemetry and for insights-operator

  4. If you use Alibaba Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud Platform (GCP) to host your cluster, you must grant access to the URLs that provide the cloud provider API and DNS for that cloud:

    Expand
    CloudURLPortFunction

    Alibaba

    *.aliyuncs.com

    443

    Required to access Alibaba Cloud services and resources. Review the Alibaba endpoints_config.go file to determine the exact endpoints to allow for the regions that you use.

    AWS

    aws.amazon.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    *.amazonaws.com

    Alternatively, if you choose to not use a wildcard for AWS APIs, you must allowlist the following URLs:

    443

    Required to access AWS services and resources. Review the AWS Service Endpoints in the AWS documentation to determine the exact endpoints to allow for the regions that you use.

    ec2.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    events.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    iam.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    route53.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    *.s3.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    *.s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    *.s3.dualstack.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    sts.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    sts.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    tagging.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment. This endpoint is always us-east-1, regardless of the region the cluster is deployed in.

    ec2.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    elasticloadbalancing.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Used to install and manage clusters in an AWS environment.

    servicequotas.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Required. Used to confirm quotas for deploying the service.

    tagging.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

    443

    Allows the assignment of metadata about AWS resources in the form of tags.

    GCP

    *.googleapis.com

    443

    Required to access GCP services and resources. Review Cloud Endpoints in the GCP documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.

    accounts.google.com

    443

    Required to access your GCP account.

    Azure

    management.azure.com

    443

    Required to access Azure services and resources. Review the Azure REST API reference in the Azure documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.

    *.blob.core.windows.net

    443

    Required to download Ignition files.

    login.microsoftonline.com

    443

    Required to access Azure services and resources. Review the Azure REST API reference in the Azure documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.

  5. Allowlist the following URLs:

    Expand
    URLPortFunction

    *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>

    443

    Required to access the default cluster routes unless you set an ingress wildcard during installation.

    api.openshift.com

    443

    Required both for your cluster token and to check if updates are available for the cluster.

    console.redhat.com

    443

    Required for your cluster token.

    mirror.openshift.com

    443

    Required to access mirrored installation content and images. This site is also a source of release image signatures, although the Cluster Version Operator needs only a single functioning source.

    quayio-production-s3.s3.amazonaws.com

    443

    Required to access Quay image content in AWS.

    rhcos.mirror.openshift.com

    443

    Required to download Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) images.

    sso.redhat.com

    443

    The https://console.redhat.com site uses authentication from sso.redhat.com

    storage.googleapis.com/openshift-release

    443

    A source of release image signatures, although the Cluster Version Operator needs only a single functioning source.

    Operators require route access to perform health checks. Specifically, the authentication and web console Operators connect to two routes to verify that the routes work. If you are the cluster administrator and do not want to allow *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>, then allow these routes:

    • oauth-openshift.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
    • console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>, or the hostname that is specified in the spec.route.hostname field of the consoles.operator/cluster object if the field is not empty.

  6. Allowlist the following URL for optional third-party content:

    Expand
    URLPortFunction

    registry.connect.redhat.com

    443

    Required for all third-party images and certified operators.

  7. If you use a default Red Hat Network Time Protocol (NTP) server allow the following URLs:

    • 1.rhel.pool.ntp.org
    • 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org
    • 3.rhel.pool.ntp.org
Note

If you do not use a default Red Hat NTP server, verify the NTP server for your platform and allow it in your firewall.

By default, OpenShift Container Platform uses Linux control group version 1 (cgroup v1) in your cluster. You can enable Linux control group version 2 (cgroup v2) upon installation. Enabling cgroup v2 in OpenShift Container Platform disables all cgroup version 1 controllers and hierarchies in your cluster.

cgroup v2 is the next version of the Linux cgroup API. cgroup v2 offers several improvements over cgroup v1, including a unified hierarchy, safer sub-tree delegation, new features such as Pressure Stall Information, and enhanced resource management and isolation.

You can switch between cgroup v1 and cgroup v2, as needed, by editing the node.config object. For more information, see "Configuring the Linux cgroup on your nodes" in the "Additional resources" of this section.

3.1. Enabling Linux cgroup v2 during installation
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You can enable Linux control group version 2 (cgroup v2) when you install a cluster by creating installation manifests.

Procedure

  1. Create or edit the node.config object to specify the v2 cgroup: 

    apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  cgroupMode: "v2"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  2. Proceed with the installation as usual.

Additional resources

Legal Notice
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Copyright © 2025 Red Hat

OpenShift documentation is licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).

Modified versions must remove all Red Hat trademarks.

Portions adapted from https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/service-catalog/ with modifications by Red Hat.

Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Red Hat logo, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.

Java® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

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All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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