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Chapter 1. Clair security scanner

Clair v4 (Clair) is an open source application that leverages static code analyses for parsing image content and reporting vulnerabilities affecting the content. Clair is packaged with Red Hat Quay and can be used in both standalone and Operator deployments. It can be run in highly scalable configurations, where components can be scaled separately as appropriate for enterprise environments.

1.1. About Clair

Clair uses Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) data from the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) to enrich vulnerability data, which is a United States government repository of security-related information, including known vulnerabilities and security issues in various software components and systems. Using scores from the NVD provides Clair the following benefits:

Data synchronization. Clair can periodically synchronize its vulnerability database with the NVD. This ensures that it has the latest vulnerability data.
Matching and enrichment. Clair compares the metadata and identifiers of vulnerabilities it discovers in container images with the data from the NVD. This process involves matching the unique identifiers, such as Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) IDs, to the entries in the NVD. When a match is found, Clair can enrich its vulnerability information with additional details from NVD, such as severity scores, descriptions, and references.
Severity Scores. The NVD assigns severity scores to vulnerabilities, such as the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) score, to indicate the potential impact and risk associated with each vulnerability. By incorporating NVD’s severity scores, Clair can provide more context on the seriousness of the vulnerabilities it detects.

If Clair finds vulnerabilities from NVD, a detailed and standardized assessment of the severity and potential impact of vulnerabilities detected within container images is reported to users on the UI. CVSS enrichment data provides Clair the following benefits:

Vulnerability prioritization. By utilizing CVSS scores, users can prioritize vulnerabilities based on their severity, helping them address the most critical issues first.
Assess Risk. CVSS scores can help Clair users understand the potential risk a vulnerability poses to their containerized applications.
Communicate Severity. CVSS scores provide Clair users a standardized way to communicate the severity of vulnerabilities across teams and organizations.
Inform Remediation Strategies. CVSS enrichment data can guide Quay.io users in developing appropriate remediation strategies.
Compliance and Reporting. Integrating CVSS data into reports generated by Clair can help organizations demonstrate their commitment to addressing security vulnerabilities and complying with industry standards and regulations.

1.1.1. Clair releases

New versions of Clair are regularly released. The source code needed to build Clair is packaged as an archive and attached to each release. Clair releases can be found at Clair releases.

Release artifacts also include the clairctl command line interface tool, which obtains updater data from the internet by using an open host.

Clair 4.7.1

Clair 4.7.1 was released as part of Red Hat Quay 3.9.1. The following changes have been made:

With this release, you can view unpatched vulnerabilities from Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) sources. If you want to view unpatched vulnerabilities, you can the set ignore_unpatched parameter to false. For example:
```
updaters:
  config:
    rhel:
      ignore_unpatched: false
```
To disable this feature, you can set ignore_unpatched to true.

Clair 4.7

Clair 4.7 was released as part of Red Hat Quay 3.9, and includes support for the following features:

Native support for indexing Golang modules and RubeGems in container images.
Change to OSV.dev as the vulnerability database source for any programming language package managers.
- This includes popular sources like GitHub Security Advisories or PyPA.
- This allows offline capability.
Use of pyup.io for Python and CRDA for Java is suspended.
Clair now supports Java, Golang, Python, and Ruby dependencies.

1.1.2. Clair vulnerability databases

Clair uses the following vulnerability databases to report for issues in your images:

Ubuntu Oval database
Debian Security Tracker
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Oval database
SUSE Oval database
Oracle Oval database
Alpine SecDB database
VMware Photon OS database
Amazon Web Services (AWS) UpdateInfo
Open Source Vulnerability (OSV) Database

1.1.3. Clair supported dependencies

Clair supports identifying and managing the following dependencies:

Java
Golang
Python
Ruby

This means that it can analyze and report on the third-party libraries and packages that a project in these languages relies on to work correctly.

When an image that contains packages from a language unsupported by Clair is pushed to your repository, a vulnerability scan cannot be performed on those packages. Users do not receive an analysis or security report for unsupported dependencies or packages. As a result, the following consequences should be considered:

Security risks. Dependencies or packages that are not scanned for vulnerability might pose security risks to your organization.
Compliance issues. If your organization has specific security or compliance requirements, unscanned, or partially scanned, container images might result in non-compliance with certain regulations.
Note
Scanned images are indexed, and a vulnerability report is created, but it might omit data from certain unsupported languages. For example, if your container image contains a Lua application, feedback from Clair is not provided because Clair does not detect it. It can detect other languages used in the container image, and shows detected CVEs for those languages. As a result, Clair images are fully scanned based on what it supported by Clair.

1.1.4. Clair containers

Official downstream Clair containers bundled with Red Hat Quay can be found on the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog.

Official upstream containers are packaged and released as a container at Quay.io/projectquay/clair. The latest tag tracks the Git development branch. Version tags are built from the corresponding release.

1.2. Clair severity mapping

Clair offers a comprehensive approach to vulnerability assessment and management. One of its essential features is the normalization of security databases' severity strings. This process streamlines the assessment of vulnerability severities by mapping them to a predefined set of values. Through this mapping, clients can efficiently react to vulnerability severities without the need to decipher the intricacies of each security database’s unique severity strings. These mapped severity strings align with those found within the respective security databases, ensuring consistency and accuracy in vulnerability assessment.

1.2.1. Clair severity strings

Clair alerts users with the following severity strings:

Unknown
Negligible
Low
Medium
High
Critical

These severity strings are similar to the strings found within the relevant security database.

Alpine mapping

Alpine SecDB database does not provide severity information. All vulnerability severities will be Unknown.

Alpine Severity	Clair Severity
*	Unknown

AWS mapping

AWS UpdateInfo database provides severity information.

AWS Severity	Clair Severity
low	Low
medium	Medium
important	High
critical	Critical

Debian mapping

Debian Oval database provides severity information.

Debian Severity	Clair Severity
*	Unknown
Unimportant	Low
Low	Medium
Medium	High
High	Critical

Oracle mapping

Oracle Oval database provides severity information.

Oracle Severity	Clair Severity
N/A	Unknown
LOW	Low
MODERATE	Medium
IMPORTANT	High
CRITICAL	Critical

RHEL mapping

RHEL Oval database provides severity information.

RHEL Severity	Clair Severity
None	Unknown
Low	Low
Moderate	Medium
Important	High
Critical	Critical

SUSE mapping

SUSE Oval database provides severity information.

Severity	Clair Severity
None	Unknown
Low	Low
Moderate	Medium
Important	High
Critical	Critical

Ubuntu mapping

Ubuntu Oval database provides severity information.

Severity	Clair Severity
Untriaged	Unknown
Negligible	Negligible
Low	Low
Medium	Medium
High	High
Critical	Critical

OSV mapping

Table 1.1. CVSSv3
Base Score	Clair Severity
0.0	Negligible
0.1-3.9	Low
4.0-6.9	Medium
7.0-8.9	High
9.0-10.0	Critical

Table 1.2. CVSSv2
Base Score	Clair Severity
0.0-3.9	Low
4.0-6.9	Medium
7.0-10	High