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Chapter 5. Server Security
When a system is used as a server on a public network, it becomes a target for attacks. For this reason, hardening the system and locking down services is of paramount importance for the system administrator.
Before delving into specific issues, review the following general tips for enhancing server security:
- Keep all services current, to protect against the latest threats.
- Use secure protocols whenever possible.
- Serve only one type of network service per machine whenever possible.
- Monitor all servers carefully for suspicious activity.
5.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd
TCP wrappers provide access control to a variety of services. Most modern network services, such as SSH, Telnet, and FTP, make use of TCP wrappers, which stand guard between an incoming request and the requested service.
The benefits offered by TCP wrappers are enhanced when used in conjunction with
xinetd, a super service that provides additional access, logging, binding, redirection, and resource utilization control.
Note
It is a good idea to use IPTables firewall rules in conjunction with TCP wrappers and
xinetd to create redundancy within service access controls. Refer to Chapter 7, Firewalls for more information about implementing firewalls with IPTables commands.
More information on configuring TCP wrappers and
xinetd can be found in the chapter titled TCP Wrappers and xinetd in the Reference Guide.
The following subsections assume a basic knowledge of each topic and focus on specific security options.
5.1.1. Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers
TCP wrappers are capable of much more than denying access to services. This section illustrates how it can be used to send connection banners, warn of attacks from particular hosts, and enhance logging functionality. For a thorough list of TCP wrapper functionality and control language, refer to the
hosts_options man page.
5.1.1.1. TCP Wrappers and Connection Banners
Sending a client an intimidating banner when they connect to a service is a good way to disguise what system the server is running while letting a potential attacker know that system administrator is vigilant. To implement a TCP wrappers banner for a service, use the
banner option.
This example implements a banner for
vsftpd. To begin, create a banner file. It can be anywhere on the system, but it must bear same name as the daemon. For this example, the file is called /etc/banners/vsftpd.
The contents of the file look like this:
220-Hello, %c 220-All activity on ftp.example.com is logged. 220-Act up and you will be banned.
The
%c token supplies a variety of client information, such as the username and hostname, or the username and IP address to make the connection even more intimidating. The Reference Guide has a list of other tokens available for TCP wrappers.
For this banner to be presented to incoming connections, add the following line to the
/etc/hosts.allow file:
vsftpd : ALL : banners /etc/banners/ 5.1.1.2. TCP Wrappers and Attack Warnings
If a particular host or network has been caught attacking the server, TCP wrappers can be used to warn the administrator of subsequent attacks from that host or network via the
spawn directive.
In this example, assume that a cracker from the 206.182.68.0/24 network has been caught attempting to attack the server. By placing the following line in the
/etc/hosts.deny file, the connection attempt is denied and logged into a special file:
ALL : 206.182.68.0 : spawn /bin/ 'date' %c %d >> /var/log/intruder_alert
The
%d token supplies the name of the service that the attacker was trying to access.
To allow the connection and log it, place the
spawn directive in the /etc/hosts.allow file.
Note
Since the
spawn directive executes any shell command, create a special script to notify the administrator or execute a chain of commands in the event that a particular client attempts to connect to the server.
5.1.1.3. TCP Wrappers and Enhanced Logging
If certain types of connections are of more concern than others, the log level can be elevated for that service via the
severity option.
For this example, assume anyone attempting to connect to port 23 (the Telnet port) on an FTP server is a cracker. To denote this, place a
emerg flag in the log files instead of the default flag, info, and deny the connection.
To do this, place the following line in
/etc/hosts.deny:
in.telnetd : ALL : severity emerg
This uses the default
authpriv logging facility, but elevates the priority from the default value of info to emerg, which posts log messages directly to the console.
5.1.2. Enhancing Security With xinetd
The
xinetd super server is another useful tool for controlling access to its subordinate services. This section focuses on how xinetd can be used to set a trap service and control the amount of resources any given xinetd service can use to thwart denial of service attacks. For a more thorough list of the options available, refer to the man pages for xinetd and xinetd.conf.
5.1.2.1. Setting a Trap
One important feature of
xinetd is its ability to add hosts to a global no_access list. Hosts on this list are denied subsequent connections to services managed by xinetd for a specified length of time or until xinetd is restarted. This is accomplished using the SENSOR attribute. This technique is an easy way to block hosts attempting to port scan the server.
The first step in setting up a
SENSOR is to choose a service you do not plan on using. For this example, Telnet is used.
Edit the file
/etc/xinetd.d/telnet and change the flags line to read:
flags = SENSOR
Add the following line within the braces:
deny_time = 30
This denies the host that attempted to connect to the port for 30 minutes. Other acceptable values for the
deny_time attribute are FOREVER, which keeps the ban in effect until xinetd is restarted, and NEVER, which allows the connection and logs it.
Finally, the last line should read:
disable = no
While using
SENSOR is a good way to detect and stop connections from nefarious hosts, it has two drawbacks:
- It does not work against stealth scans.
- An attacker who knows that a
SENSORis running can mount a denial of service attack against particular hosts by forging their IP addresses and connecting to the forbidden port.
5.1.2.2. Controlling Server Resources
Another important feature of
xinetd is its ability to control the amount of resources which services under its control can utilize.
It does this by way of the following directives:
cps = <number_of_connections> <wait_period>— Dictates the connections allowed to the service per second. This directive accepts only integer values.instances = <number_of_connections>— Dictates the total number of connections allowed to a service. This directive accepts either an integer value orUNLIMITED.per_source = <number_of_connections>— Dictates the connections allowed to a service by each host. This directive accepts either an integer value orUNLIMITED.rlimit_as = <number[K|M]>— Dictates the amount of memory address space the service can occupy in kilobytes or megabytes. This directive accepts either an integer value orUNLIMITED.rlimit_cpu = <number_of_seconds>— Dictates the amount of time in seconds that a service may occupy the CPU. This directive accepts either an integer value orUNLIMITED.
Using these directives can help prevent any one
xinetd service from overwhelming the system, resulting in a denial of service.
