第 5 章 Converting certificate formats to work with IdM

Certificate authentication including smart card authentication in IdM proceeds by comparing the certificate that the user presents with the certificate, or certificate data, that are stored in the user’s IdM profile.

Therefore, processes such as loading a certificate into a user profile only accept certificate files that do not contain the private key.

Similarly, when a system administrator provides you with an external CA certificate, he will provide only the public data: the certificate without the private key. The ipa-advise utility for configuring the IdM server or the IdM client for smart card authentication expects the input file to contain the certificate of the external CA but not the private key.

A certificate that has been encoded using DER is a binary X509 digital certificate file. As a binary file, the certificate is not human-readable. DER files sometimes use the .der filename extension, but files with the .crt and .cer filename extensions also sometimes contain DER certificates. DER files containing keys can be named .key.

A certificate that has been encoded using PEM Base64 is a human-readable file. The file contains ASCII (Base64) armored data prefixed with a "-----BEGIN …" line. PEM files sometimes use the .pem filename extension, but files with the .crt and .cer filename extensions also sometimes contain PEM certificates. PEM files containing keys can be named .key.

Different ipa commands have different limitations regarding the types of certificates that they accept. For example, the ipa user-add-cert command only accepts certificates encoded in the base64 format but ipa-server-certinstall accepts PEM, DER, PKCS #7, PKCS #8 and PKCS #12 certificates.

Certificate-related commands and formats in IdM lists further ipa commands with the certificate formats that the commands accept.

When using the CLI to access IdM, the user proves that he is in possession of the private key corresponding to the certificate by one of the following methods:

$ *openssl x509 -noout -text -in ca.pem*

To compare in which lines two certificates differ:

$ diff cert1.crt cert2.crt

To compare in which lines two certificates differ with the output displayed in two columns:

$ diff cert1.crt cert2.crt -y