Chapter 9. Configuring Routes

Prerequisites

• You need a deployed Ingress Controller on a running cluster.

Procedure

• To enable HSTS on a route, add the haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header value to the edge terminated or re-encrypt route:

  apiVersion: v1
  kind: Route
  metadata:
    annotations:
      haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header: max-age=31536000;includeSubDomains;preload 1 2 3

  1

  max-age is the only required parameter. It measures the length of time, in seconds, that the HSTS policy is in effect. The client updates max-age whenever a response with a HSTS header is received from the host. When max-age times out, the client discards the policy.

  2

  includeSubDomains is optional. When included, it tells the client that all subdomains of the host are to be treated the same as the host.

  3

  preload is optional. When max-age is greater than 0, then including preload in haproxy.router.openshift.io/hsts_header allows external services to include this site in their HSTS preload lists. For example, sites such as Google can construct a list of sites that have preload set. Browsers can then use these lists to determine which sites they can communicate with over HTTPS, before they have interacted with the site. Without preload set, browsers must have interacted with the site over HTTPS to get the header.

• Use a packet analyzer, such as ping or tcpdump to analyze traffic between a Pod and its node.

  For example, run the tcpdump tool on each Pod while reproducing the behavior that led to the issue. Review the captures on both sides to compare send and receive timestamps to analyze the latency of traffic to and from a Pod. Latency can occur in OpenShift Container Platform if a node interface is overloaded with traffic from other Pods, storage devices, or the data plane.

  $ tcpdump -s 0 -i any -w /tmp/dump.pcap host <podip 1> && host <podip 2> 1

  1

  podip is the IP address for the Pod. Run the oc get pod <pod_name> -o wide command to get the IP address of a Pod.

  tcpdump generates a file at /tmp/dump.pcap containing all traffic between these two Pods. Ideally, run the analyzer shortly before the issue is reproduced and stop the analyzer shortly after the issue is finished reproducing to minimize the size of the file. You can also run a packet analyzer between the nodes (eliminating the SDN from the equation) with:

  $ tcpdump -s 0 -i any -w /tmp/dump.pcap port 4789

• Use a bandwidth measuring tool, such as iperf, to measure streaming throughput and UDP throughput. Run the tool from the Pods first, then from the nodes, to locate any bottlenecks.

  • For information on installing and using iperf, see this Red Hat Solution.

Prerequisites

• You must have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is valid for the route host.
• You may have a separate CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file that completes the certificate chain.
• You must have a separate destination CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file.
• You must have a Service resource that you want to expose.

• Create a secure Route resource using reencrypt TLS termination and a custom certificate:

  $ oc create route reencrypt --service=frontend --cert=tls.crt --key=tls.key --dest-ca-cert=destca.crt --ca-cert=ca.crt --hostname=www.example.com

  If you examine the resulting Route resource, it should look similar to the following:

  YAML Definition of the Secure Route

  apiVersion: v1
  kind: Route
  metadata:
    name: frontend
  spec:
    host: www.example.com
    to:
      kind: Service
      name: frontend
    tls:
      termination: reencrypt
      key: |-
        -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
        [...]
        -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
      certificate: |-
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        [...]
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      caCertificate: |-
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        [...]
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      destinationCACertificate: |-
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        [...]
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----

  See oc create route reencrypt --help for more options.

Prerequisites

• You must have a certificate/key pair in PEM-encoded files, where the certificate is valid for the route host.
• You may have a separate CA certificate in a PEM-encoded file that completes the certificate chain.
• You must have a Service resource that you want to expose.

• Create a secure Route resource using edge TLS termination and a custom certificate.

  $ oc create route edge --service=frontend --cert=tls.crt --key=tls.key --ca-cert=ca.crt --hostname=www.example.com

  If you examine the resulting Route resource, it should look similar to the following:

  YAML Definition of the Secure Route

  apiVersion: v1
  kind: Route
  metadata:
    name: frontend
  spec:
    host: www.example.com
    to:
      kind: Service
      name: frontend
    tls:
      termination: edge
      key: |-
        -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
        [...]
        -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
      certificate: |-
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        [...]
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      caCertificate: |-
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        [...]
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----

  See oc create route edge --help for more options.