Chapter 14. Installation configuration

14.1. Supported installation methods for different platforms

You can perform different types of installations on different platforms.

Note

Not all installation options are supported for all platforms, as shown in the following tables.

Table 14.1. Installer-provisioned infrastructure options
	AWS	Azure	GCP	OpenStack	RHV	Bare metal	vSphere	VMC
Default	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
Custom	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
Network Operator	X	X	X				X	X
Restricted network	X		X	X			X	X
Private clusters	X	X	X
Existing virtual private networks	X	X	X
Government regions	X	X

Table 14.2. User-provisioned infrastructure options
	AWS	Azure	GCP	OpenStack	RHV	Bare metal	vSphere	VMC	IBM Z	IBM Power
Custom	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Network Operator						X	X	X
Restricted network	X		X			X	X	X	X	X
Shared VPC hosted outside of cluster project			X

14.2. Customizing nodes

Although directly making changes to OpenShift Container Platform nodes is discouraged, there are times when it is necessary to implement a required low-level security, networking, or performance feature. Direct changes to OpenShift Container Platform nodes can be done by:

Creating machine configs that are included in manifest files to start up a cluster during openshift-install.
Creating machine configs that are passed to running OpenShift Container Platform nodes via the Machine Config Operator.

The following sections describe features that you might want to configure on your nodes in this way.

14.2.1. Adding day-1 kernel arguments

Although it is often preferable to modify kernel arguments as a day-2 activity, you might want to add kernel arguments to all master or worker nodes during initial cluster installation. Here are some reasons you might want to add kernel arguments during cluster installation so they take effect before the systems first boot up:

You want to disable a feature, such as SELinux, so it has no impact on the systems when they first come up.

Warning

Disabling SELinux on RHCOS is not supported.

You need to do some low-level network configuration before the systems start.

To add kernel arguments to master or worker nodes, you can create a MachineConfig object and inject that object into the set of manifest files used by Ignition during cluster setup.

For a listing of arguments you can pass to a RHEL 8 kernel at boot time, see Kernel.org kernel parameters. It is best to only add kernel arguments with this procedure if they are needed to complete the initial OpenShift Container Platform installation.

Procedure

Change to the directory that contains the installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster:
```
$ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>
```
Decide if you want to add kernel arguments to worker or control plane nodes (also known as the master nodes).
In the openshift directory, create a file (for example, 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs.yaml) to define a MachineConfig object to add the kernel settings. This example adds a loglevel=7 kernel argument to control plane nodes:
```
$ cat << EOF > 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs.yaml
apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: master
  name: 99-openshift-machineconfig-master-kargs
spec:
  kernelArguments:
    - 'loglevel=7'
EOF
```
You can change master to worker to add kernel arguments to worker nodes instead. Create a separate YAML file to add to both master and worker nodes.

You can now continue on to create the cluster.

14.2.2. Adding kernel modules to nodes

For most common hardware, the Linux kernel includes the device driver modules needed to use that hardware when the computer starts up. For some hardware, however, modules are not available in Linux. Therefore, you must find a way to provide those modules to each host computer. This procedure describes how to do that for nodes in an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

When a kernel module is first deployed by following these instructions, the module is made available for the current kernel. If a new kernel is installed, the kmods-via-containers software will rebuild and deploy the module so a compatible version of that module is available with the new kernel.

The way that this feature is able to keep the module up to date on each node is by:

Adding a systemd service to each node that starts at boot time to detect if a new kernel has been installed and
If a new kernel is detected, the service rebuilds the module and installs it to the kernel

For information on the software needed for this procedure, see the kmods-via-containers github site.

A few important issues to keep in mind:

This procedure is Technology Preview.
Software tools and examples are not yet available in official RPM form and can only be obtained for now from unofficial github.com sites noted in the procedure.
Third-party kernel modules you might add through these procedures are not supported by Red Hat.
In this procedure, the software needed to build your kernel modules is deployed in a RHEL 8 container. Keep in mind that modules are rebuilt automatically on each node when that node gets a new kernel. For that reason, each node needs access to a yum repository that contains the kernel and related packages needed to rebuild the module. That content is best provided with a valid RHEL subscription.

14.2.2.1. Building and testing the kernel module container

Before deploying kernel modules to your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you can test the process on a separate RHEL system. Gather the kernel module’s source code, the KVC framework, and the kmod-via-containers software. Then build and test the module. To do that on a RHEL 8 system, do the following:

Procedure

Register a RHEL 8 system:
```
# subscription-manager register
```
Attach a subscription to the RHEL 8 system:
```
# subscription-manager attach --auto
```
Install software that is required to build the software and container:
```
# yum install podman make git -y
```

Clone the kmod-via-containers repository:

Create a folder for the repository:
```
$ mkdir kmods; cd kmods
```

Clone the repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kmods-via-containers

Install a KVC framework instance on your RHEL 8 build host to test the module. This adds a kmods-via-container systemd service and loads it:
1. Change to the kmod-via-containers directory:
```
$ cd kmods-via-containers/
```
2. Install the KVC framework instance:
```
$ sudo make install
```
3. Reload the systemd manager configuration:
```
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
```
Get the kernel module source code. The source code might be used to build a third-party module that you do not have control over, but is supplied by others. You will need content similar to the content shown in the kvc-simple-kmod example that can be cloned to your system as follows:
```
$ cd .. ; git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod
```

Edit the configuration file, simple-kmod.conf file, in this example, and change the name of the Dockerfile to Dockerfile.rhel:

Change to the kvc-simple-kmod directory:
```
$ cd kvc-simple-kmod
```

Rename the Dockerfile:

$ cat simple-kmod.conf

Example Dockerfile

KMOD_CONTAINER_BUILD_CONTEXT="https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod.git"
KMOD_CONTAINER_BUILD_FILE=Dockerfile.rhel
KMOD_SOFTWARE_VERSION=dd1a7d4
KMOD_NAMES="simple-kmod simple-procfs-kmod"

Create an instance of kmods-via-containers@.service for your kernel module, simple-kmod in this example:
```
$ sudo make install
```

Enable the kmods-via-containers@.service instance:

$ sudo kmods-via-containers build simple-kmod $(uname -r)

Enable and start the systemd service:

$ sudo systemctl enable kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service --now

Review the service status:

$ sudo systemctl status kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service

Example output

● kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service - Kmods Via Containers - simple-kmod
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/kmods-via-containers@.service;
          enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (exited) since Sun 2020-01-12 23:49:49 EST; 5s ago...

To confirm that the kernel modules are loaded, use the lsmod command to list the modules:
```
$ lsmod | grep simple_
```
Example output
```
simple_procfs_kmod     16384  0
simple_kmod            16384  0
```

Optional. Use other methods to check that the simple-kmod example is working:

Look for a "Hello world" message in the kernel ring buffer with dmesg:
```
$ dmesg | grep 'Hello world'
```
Example output
```
[ 6420.761332] Hello world from simple_kmod.
```

Check the value of simple-procfs-kmod in /proc:

$ sudo cat /proc/simple-procfs-kmod

Example output

simple-procfs-kmod number = 0

Run the spkut command to get more information from the module:

$ sudo spkut 44

Example output

KVC: wrapper simple-kmod for 4.18.0-147.3.1.el8_1.x86_64
Running userspace wrapper using the kernel module container...
+ podman run -i --rm --privileged
   simple-kmod-dd1a7d4:4.18.0-147.3.1.el8_1.x86_64 spkut 44
simple-procfs-kmod number = 0
simple-procfs-kmod number = 44

Going forward, when the system boots this service will check if a new kernel is running. If there is a new kernel, the service builds a new version of the kernel module and then loads it. If the module is already built, it will just load it.

14.2.2.2. Provisioning a kernel module to OpenShift Container Platform

Depending on whether or not you must have the kernel module in place when OpenShift Container Platform cluster first boots, you can set up the kernel modules to be deployed in one of two ways:

Provision kernel modules at cluster install time (day-1): You can create the content as a MachineConfig object and provide it to openshift-install by including it with a set of manifest files.
Provision kernel modules via Machine Config Operator (day-2): If you can wait until the cluster is up and running to add your kernel module, you can deploy the kernel module software via the Machine Config Operator (MCO).

In either case, each node needs to be able to get the kernel packages and related software packages at the time that a new kernel is detected. There are a few ways you can set up each node to be able to obtain that content.

Provide RHEL entitlements to each node.
Get RHEL entitlements from an existing RHEL host, from the /etc/pki/entitlement directory and copy them to the same location as the other files you provide when you build your Ignition config.
Inside the Dockerfile, add pointers to a yum repository containing the kernel and other packages. This must include new kernel packages as they are needed to match newly installed kernels.

14.2.2.2.1. Provision kernel modules via a `MachineConfig` object

By packaging kernel module software with a MachineConfig object, you can deliver that software to worker or master nodes at installation time or via the Machine Config Operator.

First create a base Ignition config that you would like to use. At installation time, the Ignition config will contain the ssh public key to add to the authorized_keys file for the core user on the cluster. To add the MachineConfig object later via the MCO instead, the SSH public key is not required. For both type, the example simple-kmod service creates a systemd unit file, which requires a kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service.

Note

The systemd unit is a workaround for an upstream bug and makes sure that the kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service gets started on boot:

Register a RHEL 8 system:
```
# subscription-manager register
```
Attach a subscription to the RHEL 8 system:
```
# subscription-manager attach --auto
```
Install software needed to build the software:
```
# yum install podman make git -y
```

Create an Ignition config file that creates a systemd unit file:

Create a directory to host the Ignition config file:
```
$ mkdir kmods; cd kmods
```

Create the Ignition config file that creates a systemd unit file:

$ cat <<EOF > ./baseconfig.ign
{
  "ignition": { "version": "3.1.0" },
  "passwd": {
    "users": [
      {
        "name": "core",
        "groups": ["sudo"],
        "sshAuthorizedKeys": [
          "ssh-rsa AAAA"
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "systemd": {
    "units": [{
      "name": "require-kvc-simple-kmod.service",
      "enabled": true,
      "contents": "[Unit]\nRequires=kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service\n[Service]\nType=oneshot\nExecStart=/usr/bin/true\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target"
    }]
  }
}
EOF

Note

You must add your public SSH key to the baseconfig.ign file to use the file during openshift-install. The public SSH key is not needed if you create the MachineConfig object using the MCO.

Create a base MCO YAML snippet that uses the following configuration:
```
$ cat <<EOF > mc-base.yaml
apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
  name: 10-kvc-simple-kmod
spec:
  config:
EOF
```
Note
The mc-base.yaml is set to deploy the kernel module on worker nodes. To deploy on master nodes, change the role from worker to master. To do both, you could repeat the whole procedure using different file names for the two types of deployments.

Get the kmods-via-containers software:

Clone the kmods-via-containers repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kmods-via-containers

Clone the kvc-simple-kmod repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/kmods-via-containers/kvc-simple-kmod

Get your module software. In this example, kvc-simple-kmod is used:
Create a fakeroot directory and populate it with files that you want to deliver via Ignition, using the repositories cloned earlier:
1. Create the directory:
```
$ FAKEROOT=$(mktemp -d)
```
2. Change to the kmod-via-containers directory:
```
$ cd kmods-via-containers
```
3. Install the KVC framework instance:
```
$ make install DESTDIR=${FAKEROOT}/usr/local CONFDIR=${FAKEROOT}/etc/
```
4. Change to the kvc-simple-kmod directory:
```
$ cd ../kvc-simple-kmod
```
5. Create the instance:
```
$ make install DESTDIR=${FAKEROOT}/usr/local CONFDIR=${FAKEROOT}/etc/
```

Get a tool called filetranspiler and dependent software:

$ cd .. ; sudo yum install -y python3
git clone https://github.com/ashcrow/filetranspiler.git

Generate a final machine config YAML (mc.yaml) and have it include the base Ignition config, base machine config, and the fakeroot directory with files you would like to deliver:

$ ./filetranspiler/filetranspile -i ./baseconfig.ign \
     -f ${FAKEROOT} --format=yaml --dereference-symlinks \
     | sed 's/^/     /' | (cat mc-base.yaml -) > 99-simple-kmod.yaml

If the cluster is not up yet, generate manifest files and add this file to the openshift directory. If the cluster is already running, apply the file as follows:
```
$ oc create -f 99-simple-kmod.yaml
```
Your nodes will start the kmods-via-containers@simple-kmod.service service and the kernel modules will be loaded.
To confirm that the kernel modules are loaded, you can log in to a node (using oc debug node/<openshift-node>, then chroot /host). To list the modules, use the lsmod command:
```
$ lsmod | grep simple_
```
Example output
```
simple_procfs_kmod     16384  0
simple_kmod            16384  0
```

14.2.3. Encrypting disks during installation

You can enable encryption for the boot disks on the control plane and compute nodes at installation time. OpenShift Container Platform supports the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) v2 and Tang encryption modes.

TPM v2: This is the preferred mode. TPM v2 stores passphrases in a secure cryptoprocessor contained within a server. You can use this mode to prevent the boot disk data on a cluster node from being decrypted if the disk is removed from the server.
Tang: Tang and Clevis are server and client components that enable network-bound disk encryption (NBDE). You can bind the boot disk data on your cluster nodes to a Tang server. This prevents the data from being decrypted unless the nodes are on a secure network where the Tang server can be accessed. Clevis is an automated decryption framework that is used to implement the decryption on the client side.

Important

The use of Tang encryption mode to encrypt your disks is only supported for bare metal and vSphere installations on user-provisioned infrastructure.

When the TPM v2 or Tang encryption modes are enabled, the RHCOS boot disks are encrypted using the LUKS2 format.

This feature:

Is available for installer-provisioned infrastructure and user-provisioned infrastructure deployments
Is supported on Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) systems only
Sets up disk encryption during the manifest installation phase so all data written to disk, from first boot forward, is encrypted
Encrypts data on the root filesystem only (/dev/mapper/coreos-luks-root on /)
Requires no user intervention for providing passphrases
Uses AES-256-CBC encryption

Follow one of the two procedures to enable disk encryption for the nodes in your cluster.

14.2.3.1. Enabling TPM v2 disk encryption

Use the following procedure to enable TPM v2 mode disk encryption during an OpenShift Container Platform installation.

Prerequisites

You have downloaded the OpenShift Container Platform installation program on your installation node.

Procedure

Check to see if TPM v2 encryption needs to be enabled in the BIOS on each node. This is required on most Dell systems. Check the manual for your computer.
On your installation node, change to the directory that contains the installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster:
```
$ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
```
1
Replace <installation_directory> with the path to the directory that you want to store the installation files in.

Create machine config files to encrypt the boot disks for the control plane or compute nodes using the TPM v2 encryption mode.

To configure encryption on the control plane nodes, save the following machine config sample to a file in the <installation_directory>/openshift directory. For example, name the file 99-openshift-master-tpmv2-encryption.yaml:

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: master-tpm
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: master
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;base64,e30K
        mode: 420
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/clevis.json

To configure encryption on the compute nodes, save the following machine config sample to a file in the <installation_directory>/openshift directory. For example, name the file 99-openshift-worker-tpmv2-encryption.yaml:

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: worker-tpm
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;base64,e30K
        mode: 420
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/clevis.json

Create a backup copy of the YAML files. The original YAML files are consumed when you create the Ignition config files.
Continue with the remainder of the OpenShift Container Platform installation.

14.2.3.2. Enabling Tang disk encryption

Use the following procedure to enable Tang mode disk encryption during an OpenShift Container Platform installation.

Prerequisites

You have downloaded the OpenShift Container Platform installation program on your installation node.
You have access to a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 machine that can be used to generate a thumbprint of the Tang exchange key.

Procedure

Set up a Tang server or access an existing one. See Network-bound disk encryption for instructions.
Add kernel arguments to configure networking when you do the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) installations for your cluster. For example, to configure DHCP networking, identify ip=dhcp, or set static networking when you add parameters to the kernel command line. For both DHCP and static networking, you also must provide the rd.neednet=1 kernel argument.
Important
Skipping this step causes the second boot to fail.

Install the clevis package on a RHEL 8 machine, if it is not already installed:
```
$ sudo yum install clevis
```

On the RHEL 8 machine, run the following command to generate a thumbprint of the exchange key. Replace http://tang.example.com:7500 with the URL of your Tang server:
```
$ clevis-encrypt-tang '{"url":"http://tang.example.com:7500"}' < /dev/null > /dev/null 1
```
1
In this example, tangd.socket is listening on port 7500 on the Tang server.
Note
The clevis-encrypt-tang command is used in this step only to generate a thumbprint of the exchange key. No data is being passed to the command for encryption at this point, so /dev/null is provided as an input instead of plain text. The encrypted output is also sent to /dev/null, because it is not required for this procedure.
Example output
```
The advertisement contains the following signing keys:

PLjNyRdGw03zlRoGjQYMahSZGu9 1
```
1
The thumbprint of the exchange key.
When the Do you wish to trust these keys? [ynYN] prompt displays, type Y.
Note
RHEL 8 provides Clevis version 15, which uses the SHA-1 hash algorithm to generate thumbprints. Some other distributions provide Clevis version 17 or later, which use the SHA-256 hash algorithm for thumbprints. You must use a Clevis version that uses SHA-1 to create the thumbprint, to prevent Clevis binding issues when you install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) on your OpenShift Container Platform cluster nodes.
Create a Base64 encoded file, replacing the URL of the Tang server (url) and thumbprint (thp) you just generated:
```
$ (cat <<EOM
{
 "url": "http://tang.example.com:7500", 1
 "thp": "PLjNyRdGw03zlRoGjQYMahSZGu9" 2
}
EOM
) | base64 -w0
```
1
Specify the URL of a Tang server. In this example, tangd.socket is listening on port 7500 on the Tang server.
2
Specify the exchange key thumbprint, which was generated in a preceding step.
Example output
```
ewogInVybCI6ICJodHRwOi8vdGFuZy5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo3NTAwIiwgCiAidGhwIjogIlBMak55UmRHdzAzemxSb0dqUVlNYWhTWkd1OSIgCn0K
```
If you have not yet generated the Kubernetes manifests, change to the directory that contains the installation program on your installation node and create them:
Example output
```
$ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1
```
1
Replace <installation_directory> with the path to the directory that you want to store the installation files in.

Create machine config files to encrypt the boot disks for the control plane or compute nodes using the Tang encryption mode.

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: master-tang
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: master
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;base64,e30K
          source: data:text/plain;base64,ewogInVybCI6ICJodHRwOi8vdGFuZy5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo3NTAwIiwgCiAidGhwIjogIlBMak55UmRHdzAzemxSb0dqUVlNYWhTWkd1OSIgCn0K 1
        mode: 420
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/clevis.json
  kernelArguments:
    - rd.neednet=1 2

1: Specify the Base64 encoded string that was generated in the preceding step.
2: Add the rd.neednet=1 kernel argument to bring the network up in the initramfs. This argument is required.

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: worker-tang
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;base64,e30K
          source: data:text/plain;base64,ewogInVybCI6ICJodHRwOi8vdGFuZy5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo3NTAwIiwgCiAidGhwIjogIlBMak55UmRHdzAzemxSb0dqUVlNYWhTWkd1OSIgCn0K 1
        mode: 420
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/clevis.json
  kernelArguments:
    - rd.neednet=1 2

1: Specify the Base64 encoded string that was generated in the preceding step.
2: Add the rd.neednet=1 kernel argument to bring the network up in the initramfs. This argument is required.

Create a backup copy of the YAML files. The original YAML files are consumed when you create the Ignition config files.
Continue with the remainder of the OpenShift Container Platform installation.

14.2.4. Configuring a RAID-enabled data volume

You can enable software RAID partitioning to provide an external data volume.

Procedure

Create a machine config in the <installation_directory>/openshift directory that configures a data volume by using software RAID. In this example, it is called raid1-alt-storage.yaml:

Sample RAID 1 on secondary disks configuration file

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
  name: raid1-alt-storage
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      disks:
      - device: /dev/sdc
        partitions:
        - label: data-1
        wipeTable: true
      - device: /dev/sdd
        partitions:
        - label: data-2
        wipeTable: true
      filesystems:
      - device: /dev/md/md-data
        format: xfs
        path: /var/lib/containers
        wipeFilesystem: true
      raid:
      - devices:
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/data-1
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/data-2
        level: raid1
        name: md-data
    systemd:
      units:
      - contents: |-
          [Unit]
          Before=local-fs.target
          Requires=systemd-fsck@dev-md-md\x2ddata.service
          After=systemd-fsck@dev-md-md\x2ddata.service

          [Mount]
          Where=/var/lib/containers
          What=/dev/md/md-data
          Type=xfs

          [Install]
          RequiredBy=local-fs.target
        enabled: true
        name: var-lib-containers.mount 1

1: If you choose a different mount point, you must update the unit name to correspond to your mount point. Otherwise the unit will not activate. You can generate a matching unit name with echo $(systemd-escape -p $mountpoint).mount where $mountpoint is your chosen mount point.

14.2.5. Configuring chrony time service

You can set the time server and related settings used by the chrony time service (chronyd) by modifying the contents of the chrony.conf file and passing those contents to your nodes as a machine config.

Procedure

Create the contents of the chrony.conf file and encode it as base64. For example:

$ cat << EOF | base64
    pool 0.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst 1
    driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
    makestep 1.0 3
    rtcsync
    logdir /var/log/chrony
EOF

1: Specify any valid, reachable time source, such as the one provided by your DHCP server. Alternately, you can specify any of the following NTP servers: 1.rhel.pool.ntp.org, 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org, or 3.rhel.pool.ntp.org.

Example output

ICAgIHNlcnZlciBjbG9jay5yZWRoYXQuY29tIGlidXJzdAogICAgZHJpZnRmaWxlIC92YXIvbGli
L2Nocm9ueS9kcmlmdAogICAgbWFrZXN0ZXAgMS4wIDMKICAgIHJ0Y3N5bmMKICAgIGxvZ2RpciAv
dmFyL2xvZy9jaHJvbnkK

Create the MachineConfig object file, replacing the base64 string with the one you just created. This example adds the file to master nodes. You can change it to worker or make an additional MachineConfig for the worker role. Create MachineConfig files for each type of machine that your cluster uses:

$ cat << EOF > ./99-masters-chrony-configuration.yaml
apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: master
  name: 99-masters-chrony-configuration
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      config: {}
      security:
        tls: {}
      timeouts: {}
      version: 3.1.0
    networkd: {}
    passwd: {}
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,ICAgIHNlcnZlciBjbG9jay5yZWRoYXQuY29tIGlidXJzdAogICAgZHJpZnRmaWxlIC92YXIvbGliL2Nocm9ueS9kcmlmdAogICAgbWFrZXN0ZXAgMS4wIDMKICAgIHJ0Y3N5bmMKICAgIGxvZ2RpciAvdmFyL2xvZy9jaHJvbnkK
        mode: 420 1
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/chrony.conf
  osImageURL: ""
EOF

1: Specify an octal value mode for the mode field in the machine config file. After creating the file and applying the changes, the mode is converted to a decimal value. You can check the YAML file with the command oc get mc <mc-name> -o yaml.

Make a backup copy of the configuration files.
Apply the configurations in one of two ways:
- If the cluster is not up yet, after you generate manifest files, add this file to the <installation_directory>/openshift directory, and then continue to create the cluster.
- If the cluster is already running, apply the file:
```
$ oc apply -f ./99-masters-chrony-configuration.yaml
```

14.2.6. Additional resources

See Support for FIPS cryptography for information on FIPS support.

14.3. Available cluster customizations

You complete most of the cluster configuration and customization after you deploy your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A number of configuration resources are available.

You modify the configuration resources to configure the major features of the cluster, such as the image registry, networking configuration, image build behavior, and the identity provider.

For current documentation of the settings that you control by using these resources, use the oc explain command, for example oc explain builds --api-version=config.openshift.io/v1

14.3.1. Cluster configuration resources

All cluster configuration resources are globally scoped (not namespaced) and named cluster.

Resource name	Description
`apiserver.config.openshift.io`	Provides API server configuration such as certificates and certificate authorities.
`authentication.config.openshift.io`	Controls the identity provider and authentication configuration for the cluster.
`build.config.openshift.io`	Controls default and enforced configuration for all builds on the cluster.
`console.config.openshift.io`	Configures the behavior of the web console interface, including the logout behavior.
`featuregate.config.openshift.io`	Enables FeatureGates so that you can use Tech Preview features.
`image.config.openshift.io`	Configures how specific image registries should be treated (allowed, disallowed, insecure, CA details).
`ingress.config.openshift.io`	Configuration details related to routing such as the default domain for routes.
`oauth.config.openshift.io`	Configures identity providers and other behavior related to internal OAuth server flows.
`project.config.openshift.io`	Configures how projects are created including the project template.
`proxy.config.openshift.io`	Defines proxies to be used by components needing external network access. Note: not all components currently consume this value.
`scheduler.config.openshift.io`	Configures scheduler behavior such as policies and default node selectors.

14.3.2. Operator configuration resources

These configuration resources are cluster-scoped instances, named cluster, which control the behavior of a specific component as owned by a particular Operator.

Resource name	Description
`consoles.operator.openshift.io`	Controls console appearance such as branding customizations
`config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io`	Configures internal image registry settings such as public routing, log levels, proxy settings, resource constraints, replica counts, and storage type.
`config.samples.operator.openshift.io`	Configures the Samples Operator to control which example image streams and templates are installed on the cluster.

14.3.3. Additional configuration resources

These configuration resources represent a single instance of a particular component. In some cases, you can request multiple instances by creating multiple instances of the resource. In other cases, the Operator can use only a specific resource instance name in a specific namespace. Reference the component-specific documentation for details on how and when you can create additional resource instances.

Resource name	Instance name	Namespace	Description
`alertmanager.monitoring.coreos.com`	`main`	`openshift-monitoring`	Controls the Alertmanager deployment parameters.
`ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io`	`default`	`openshift-ingress-operator`	Configures Ingress Operator behavior such as domain, number of replicas, certificates, and controller placement.

14.3.4. Informational Resources

You use these resources to retrieve information about the cluster. Do not edit these resources directly.

Resource name	Instance name	Description
`clusterversion.config.openshift.io`	`version`	In OpenShift Container Platform 4.6, you must not customize the `ClusterVersion` resource for production clusters. Instead, follow the process to update a cluster.
`dns.config.openshift.io`	`cluster`	You cannot modify the DNS settings for your cluster. You can view the DNS Operator status.
`infrastructure.config.openshift.io`	`cluster`	Configuration details allowing the cluster to interact with its cloud provider.
`network.config.openshift.io`	`cluster`	You cannot modify your cluster networking after installation. To customize your network, follow the process to customize networking during installation.

14.3.5. Updating the global cluster pull secret

You can update the global pull secret for your cluster by either replacing the current pull secret or appending a new pull secret.

The procedure is required when users use a separate registry to store images than the registry used during installation.

Warning

Cluster resources must adjust to the new pull secret, which can temporarily limit the usability of the cluster.

Warning

Updating the global pull secret will cause node reboots while the Machine Config Operator (MCO) syncs the changes.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Optional: To append a new pull secret to the existing pull secret, complete the following steps:
1. Enter the following command to download the pull secret:
```
$ oc get secret/pull-secret -n openshift-config --template='{{index .data ".dockerconfigjson" | base64decode}}' ><pull_secret_location> 1
```
  1
  Provide the path to the pull secret file.
2. Enter the following command to add the new pull secret:
```
$ oc registry login --registry="<registry>" \ 1
--auth-basic="<username>:<password>" \ 2
--to=<pull_secret_location> 3
```
  1
  Provide the new registry. You can include multiple repositories within the same registry, for example: --registry="<registry/my-namespace/my-repository>".
  2
  Provide the credentials of the new registry.
  3
  Provide the path to the pull secret file.
  Alternatively, you can perform a manual update to the pull secret file.
Enter the following command to update the global pull secret for your cluster:
```
$ oc set data secret/pull-secret -n openshift-config --from-file=.dockerconfigjson=<pull_secret_location> 1
```
1
Provide the path to the new pull secret file.

This update is rolled out to all nodes, which can take some time depending on the size of your cluster. During this time, nodes are drained and pods are rescheduled on the remaining nodes.

14.4. Configuring your firewall

If you use a firewall, you must configure it so that OpenShift Container Platform can access the sites that it requires to function. You must always grant access to some sites, and you grant access to more if you use Red Hat Insights, the Telemetry service, a cloud to host your cluster, and certain build strategies.

14.4.1. Configuring your firewall for OpenShift Container Platform

Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must configure your firewall to grant access to the sites that OpenShift Container Platform requires.

There are no special configuration considerations for services running on only controller nodes versus worker nodes.

Procedure

Allowlist the following registry URLs:

URL	Port	Function
`registry.redhat.io`	443, 80	Provides core container images
`quay.io`	443, 80	Provides core container images
`*.quay.io`	443, 80	Provides core container images
`*.openshiftapps.com`	443, 80	Provides Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) images

When you add a site, such as quay.io, to your allowlist, do not add a wildcard entry, such as *.quay.io, to your denylist. In most cases, image registries use a content delivery network (CDN) to serve images. If a firewall blocks access, then image downloads are denied when the initial download request is redirected to a hostname such as cdn01.quay.io.

CDN hostnames, such as cdn01.quay.io, are covered when you add a wildcard entry, such as *.quay.io, in your allowlist.

Allowlist any site that provides resources for a language or framework that your builds require.

If you do not disable Telemetry, you must grant access to the following URLs to access Red Hat Insights:

URL	Port	Function
`cert-api.access.redhat.com`	443, 80	Required for Telemetry
`api.access.redhat.com`	443, 80	Required for Telemetry
`infogw.api.openshift.com`	443, 80	Required for Telemetry
`console.redhat.com/api/ingress`	443, 80	Required for Telemetry and for `insights-operator`

If you use Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud Platform (GCP) to host your cluster, you must grant access to the URLs that provide the cloud provider API and DNS for that cloud:

Cloud	URL	Port	Function
AWS	`*.amazonaws.com`	443, 80	Required to access AWS services and resources. Review the AWS Service Endpoints in the AWS documentation to determine the exact endpoints to allow for the regions that you use.
GCP	`*.googleapis.com`	443, 80	Required to access GCP services and resources. Review Cloud Endpoints in the GCP documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.
GCP	`accounts.google.com`	443, 80	Required to access your GCP account.
Azure	`management.azure.com`	443, 80	Required to access Azure services and resources. Review the Azure REST API reference in the Azure documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.
	`*.blob.core.windows.net`	443, 80	Required to download Ignition files.
	`login.microsoftonline.com`	443, 80	Required to access Azure services and resources. Review the Azure REST API reference in the Azure documentation to determine the endpoints to allow for your APIs.

Allowlist the following URLs:

URL	Port	Function
`mirror.openshift.com`	443, 80	Required to access mirrored installation content and images. This site is also a source of release image signatures, although the Cluster Version Operator needs only a single functioning source.
`storage.googleapis.com/openshift-release`	443, 80	A source of release image signatures, although the Cluster Version Operator needs only a single functioning source.
`*.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>`	443, 80	Required to access the default cluster routes unless you set an ingress wildcard during installation.
`quayio-production-s3.s3.amazonaws.com`	443, 80	Required to access Quay image content in AWS.
`api.openshift.com`	443, 80	Required both for your cluster token and to check if updates are available for the cluster.
`art-rhcos-ci.s3.amazonaws.com`	443, 80	Required to download Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) images.
`console.redhat.com/openshift`	443, 80	Required for your cluster token.
`registry.access.redhat.com`	443, 80	Required for `odo` CLI.
`sso.redhat.com`	443, 80	The `https://console.redhat.com/openshift` site uses authentication from `sso.redhat.com`

Operators require route access to perform health checks. Specifically, the authentication and web console Operators connect to two routes to verify that the routes work. If you are the cluster administrator and do not want to allow *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>, then allow these routes:

oauth-openshift.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>, or the hostname that is specified in the spec.route.hostname field of the consoles.operator/cluster object if the field is not empty.

Allowlist the following URLs for optional third-party content:

URL	Port	Function
`registry.connect.redhat.com`	443, 80	Required for all third-party images and certified operators.
`rhc4tp-prod-z8cxf-image-registry-us-east-1-evenkyleffocxqvofrk.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com`	443, 80	Provides access to container images hosted on `registry.connect.redhat.com`
`oso-rhc4tp-docker-registry.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com`	443, 80	Required for Sonatype Nexus, F5 Big IP operators.

If you use a default Red Hat Network Time Protocol (NTP) server allow the following URLs:
- 1.rhel.pool.ntp.org
- 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org
- 3.rhel.pool.ntp.org

Note

If you do not use a default Red Hat NTP server, verify the NTP server for your platform and allow it in your firewall.

14.5. Configuring a private cluster

After you install an OpenShift Container Platform version 4.6 cluster, you can set some of its core components to be private.

14.5.1. About private clusters

By default, OpenShift Container Platform is provisioned using publicly-accessible DNS and endpoints. You can set the DNS, Ingress Controller, and API server to private after you deploy your cluster.

DNS

If you install OpenShift Container Platform on installer-provisioned infrastructure, the installation program creates records in a pre-existing public zone and, where possible, creates a private zone for the cluster’s own DNS resolution. In both the public zone and the private zone, the installation program or cluster creates DNS entries for *.apps, for the Ingress object, and api, for the API server.

The *.apps records in the public and private zone are identical, so when you delete the public zone, the private zone seamlessly provides all DNS resolution for the cluster.

Ingress Controller

Because the default Ingress object is created as public, the load balancer is internet-facing and in the public subnets. You can replace the default Ingress Controller with an internal one.

API server

By default, the installation program creates appropriate network load balancers for the API server to use for both internal and external traffic.

On Amazon Web Services (AWS), separate public and private load balancers are created. The load balancers are identical except that an additional port is available on the internal one for use within the cluster. Although the installation program automatically creates or destroys the load balancer based on API server requirements, the cluster does not manage or maintain them. As long as you preserve the cluster’s access to the API server, you can manually modify or move the load balancers. For the public load balancer, port 6443 is open and the health check is configured for HTTPS against the /readyz path.

On Google Cloud Platform, a single load balancer is created to manage both internal and external API traffic, so you do not need to modify the load balancer.

On Microsoft Azure, both public and private load balancers are created. However, because of limitations in current implementation, you just retain both load balancers in a private cluster.

14.5.2. Setting DNS to private

After you deploy a cluster, you can modify its DNS to use only a private zone.

Procedure

Review the DNS custom resource for your cluster:

$ oc get dnses.config.openshift.io/cluster -o yaml

Example output

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: DNS
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2019-10-25T18:27:09Z"
  generation: 2
  name: cluster
  resourceVersion: "37966"
  selfLink: /apis/config.openshift.io/v1/dnses/cluster
  uid: 0e714746-f755-11f9-9cb1-02ff55d8f976
spec:
  baseDomain: <base_domain>
  privateZone:
    tags:
      Name: <infrastructure_id>-int
      kubernetes.io/cluster/<infrastructure_id>: owned
  publicZone:
    id: Z2XXXXXXXXXXA4
status: {}

Note that the spec section contains both a private and a public zone.

Patch the DNS custom resource to remove the public zone:
```
$ oc patch dnses.config.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge --patch='{"spec": {"publicZone": null}}'
dns.config.openshift.io/cluster patched
```
Because the Ingress Controller consults the DNS definition when it creates Ingress objects, when you create or modify Ingress objects, only private records are created.
Important
DNS records for the existing Ingress objects are not modified when you remove the public zone.

Optional: Review the DNS custom resource for your cluster and confirm that the public zone was removed:

$ oc get dnses.config.openshift.io/cluster -o yaml

Example output

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: DNS
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2019-10-25T18:27:09Z"
  generation: 2
  name: cluster
  resourceVersion: "37966"
  selfLink: /apis/config.openshift.io/v1/dnses/cluster
  uid: 0e714746-f755-11f9-9cb1-02ff55d8f976
spec:
  baseDomain: <base_domain>
  privateZone:
    tags:
      Name: <infrastructure_id>-int
      kubernetes.io/cluster/<infrastructure_id>-wfpg4: owned
status: {}

14.5.3. Setting the Ingress Controller to private

After you deploy a cluster, you can modify its Ingress Controller to use only a private zone.

Procedure

Modify the default Ingress Controller to use only an internal endpoint:

$ oc replace --force --wait --filename - <<EOF
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  name: default
spec:
  endpointPublishingStrategy:
    type: LoadBalancerService
    loadBalancer:
      scope: Internal
EOF

Example output

ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io "default" deleted
ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/default replaced

The public DNS entry is removed, and the private zone entry is updated.

14.5.4. Restricting the API server to private

After you deploy a cluster to Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure, you can reconfigure the API server to use only the private zone.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Have access to the web console as a user with admin privileges.

Procedure

In the web portal or console for AWS or Azure, take the following actions:
1. Locate and delete appropriate load balancer component.
  - For AWS, delete the external load balancer. The API DNS entry in the private zone already points to the internal load balancer, which uses an identical configuration, so you do not need to modify the internal load balancer.
  - For Azure, delete the api-internal rule for the load balancer.
2. Delete the api.$clustername.$yourdomain DNS entry in the public zone.
Remove the external load balancers:
Important
You can run the following steps only for an installer-provisioned infrastructure (IPI) cluster. For a user-provisioned infrastructure (UPI) cluster, you must manually remove or disable the external load balancers.
1. From your terminal, list the cluster machines:
```
$ oc get machine -n openshift-machine-api
```
  Example output
```
NAME                            STATE     TYPE        REGION      ZONE         AGE
lk4pj-master-0                  running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   17m
lk4pj-master-1                  running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   17m
lk4pj-master-2                  running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   17m
lk4pj-worker-us-east-1a-5fzfj   running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   15m
lk4pj-worker-us-east-1a-vbghs   running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   15m
lk4pj-worker-us-east-1b-zgpzg   running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   15m
```
  You modify the control plane machines, which contain master in the name, in the following step.
2. Remove the external load balancer from each control plane machine.
  1. Edit a control plane Machine object to remove the reference to the external load balancer:
    $ oc edit machines -n openshift-machine-api <master_name> 1
    1
    Specify the name of the control plane, or master, Machine object to modify.
  2. Remove the lines that describe the external load balancer, which are marked in the following example, and save and exit the object specification:
    ... spec: providerSpec: value: ... loadBalancers: - name: lk4pj-ext 1 type: network 2 - name: lk4pj-int type: network
    1 2
    Delete this line.
  3. Repeat this process for each of the machines that contains master in the name.

Chapter 14. Installation configuration

14.1. Supported installation methods for different platforms

14.2. Customizing nodes

14.2.1. Adding day-1 kernel arguments

14.2.2. Adding kernel modules to nodes

14.2.2.1. Building and testing the kernel module container

14.2.2.2. Provisioning a kernel module to OpenShift Container Platform

14.2.2.2.1. Provision kernel modules via a `MachineConfig` object

14.2.3. Encrypting disks during installation

14.2.3.1. Enabling TPM v2 disk encryption

14.2.3.2. Enabling Tang disk encryption

14.2.4. Configuring a RAID-enabled data volume

14.2.5. Configuring chrony time service

14.2.6. Additional resources

14.3. Available cluster customizations

14.3.1. Cluster configuration resources

14.3.2. Operator configuration resources

14.3.3. Additional configuration resources

14.3.4. Informational Resources

14.3.5. Updating the global cluster pull secret

14.4. Configuring your firewall

14.4.1. Configuring your firewall for OpenShift Container Platform

14.5. Configuring a private cluster

14.5.1. About private clusters

DNS

Ingress Controller

API server

14.5.2. Setting DNS to private

14.5.3. Setting the Ingress Controller to private

14.5.4. Restricting the API server to private

Learn

Try, buy, & sell

Communities

About Red Hat Documentation

Making open source more inclusive

About Red Hat

Red Hat legal and privacy links

Red Hat legal and privacy links

Chapter 14. Installation configuration

14.1. Supported installation methods for different platforms

14.2. Customizing nodes

14.2.1. Adding day-1 kernel arguments

14.2.2. Adding kernel modules to nodes

14.2.2.1. Building and testing the kernel module container

14.2.2.2. Provisioning a kernel module to OpenShift Container Platform

14.2.2.2.1. Provision kernel modules via a MachineConfig object

14.2.3. Encrypting disks during installation

14.2.3.1. Enabling TPM v2 disk encryption

14.2.3.2. Enabling Tang disk encryption

14.2.4. Configuring a RAID-enabled data volume

14.2.5. Configuring chrony time service

14.2.6. Additional resources

14.3. Available cluster customizations

14.3.1. Cluster configuration resources

14.3.2. Operator configuration resources

14.3.3. Additional configuration resources

14.3.4. Informational Resources

14.3.5. Updating the global cluster pull secret

14.4. Configuring your firewall

14.4.1. Configuring your firewall for OpenShift Container Platform

14.5. Configuring a private cluster

14.5.1. About private clusters

DNS

Ingress Controller

API server

14.5.2. Setting DNS to private

14.5.3. Setting the Ingress Controller to private

14.5.4. Restricting the API server to private

Learn

Try, buy, & sell

Communities

About Red Hat Documentation

Making open source more inclusive

About Red Hat

Red Hat legal and privacy links

Red Hat legal and privacy links

14.2.2.2.1. Provision kernel modules via a `MachineConfig` object