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Chapter 10. Monitoring application health by using health checks

In software systems, components can become unhealthy due to transient issues such as temporary connectivity loss, configuration errors, or problems with external dependencies. OpenShift Container Platform applications have a number of options to detect and handle unhealthy containers.

10.1. Understanding health checks
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A health check periodically performs diagnostics on a running container using any combination of the readiness, liveness, and startup health checks.

You can include one or more probes in the specification for the pod that contains the container which you want to perform the health checks.

Note

If you want to add or edit health checks in an existing pod, you must edit the pod 

DeploymentConfig
object or use the Developer perspective in the web console. You cannot use the CLI to add or edit health checks for an existing pod.

Readiness probe

A readiness probe determines if a container is ready to accept service requests. If the readiness probe fails for a container, the kubelet removes the pod from the list of available service endpoints.

After a failure, the probe continues to examine the pod. If the pod becomes available, the kubelet adds the pod to the list of available service endpoints.

Liveness health check

A liveness probe determines if a container is still running. If the liveness probe fails due to a condition such as a deadlock, the kubelet kills the container. The pod then responds based on its restart policy.

For example, a liveness probe on a pod with a 

restartPolicy
of 
Always
or 
OnFailure
kills and restarts the container.

Startup probe

A startup probe indicates whether the application within a container is started. All other probes are disabled until the startup succeeds. If the startup probe does not succeed within a specified time period, the kubelet kills the container, and the container is subject to the pod 

restartPolicy
.

Some applications can require additional startup time on their first initialization. You can use a startup probe with a liveness or readiness probe to delay that probe long enough to handle lengthy start-up time using the 

failureThreshold
and 
periodSeconds
parameters.

For example, you can add a startup probe, with a 

failureThreshold
of 30 failures and a 
periodSeconds
of 10 seconds (30 * 10s = 300s) for a maximum of 5 minutes, to a liveness probe. After the startup probe succeeds the first time, the liveness probe takes over.

You can configure liveness, readiness, and startup probes with any of the following types of tests:

  • HTTP 

    GET
    : When using an HTTP 
    GET
    test, the test determines the healthiness of the container by using a web hook. The test is successful if the HTTP response code is between 
    200
    and 
    399
    .

    You can use an HTTP 

    GET
    test with applications that return HTTP status codes when completely initialized.

  • Container Command: When using a container command test, the probe executes a command inside the container. The probe is successful if the test exits with a 
    0
    status.
  • TCP socket: When using a TCP socket test, the probe attempts to open a socket to the container. The container is only considered healthy if the probe can establish a connection. You can use a TCP socket test with applications that do not start listening until initialization is complete.

You can configure several fields to control the behavior of a probe: 

  • initialDelaySeconds
    : The time, in seconds, after the container starts before the probe can be scheduled. The default is 0. 
  • periodSeconds
    : The delay, in seconds, between performing probes. The default is 
    10
    . This value must be greater than 
    timeoutSeconds
    . 
  • timeoutSeconds
    : The number of seconds of inactivity after which the probe times out and the container is assumed to have failed. The default is 
    1
    . This value must be lower than 
    periodSeconds
    . 
  • successThreshold
    : The number of times that the probe must report success after a failure to reset the container status to successful. The value must be 
    1
    for a liveness probe. The default is 
    1
    . 

  • failureThreshold
    : The number of times that the probe is allowed to fail. The default is 3. After the specified attempts:

    • for a liveness probe, the container is restarted
    • for a readiness probe, the pod is marked 
      Unready
    • for a startup probe, the container is killed and is subject to the pod’s 
      restartPolicy

Example probes

The following are samples of different probes as they would appear in an object specification.

Sample readiness probe with a container command readiness probe in a pod spec

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    test: health-check
  name: my-application
...
spec:
  containers:
  - name: goproxy-app
1 

    args:
    image: k8s.gcr.io/goproxy:0.1
2 

    readinessProbe:
3 

      exec:
4 

        command:
5 

        - cat
        - /tmp/healthy
...

1
The container name.
2
The container image to deploy.
3
A readiness probe.
4
A container command test.
5
The commands to execute on the container.

Sample container command startup probe and liveness probe with container command tests in a pod spec

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    test: health-check
  name: my-application
...
spec:
  containers:
  - name: goproxy-app
1 

    args:
    image: k8s.gcr.io/goproxy:0.1
2 

    livenessProbe:
3 

      httpGet:
4 

        scheme: HTTPS
5 

        path: /healthz
        port: 8080
6 

        httpHeaders:
        - name: X-Custom-Header
          value: Awesome
    startupProbe:
7 

      httpGet:
8 

        path: /healthz
        port: 8080
9 

      failureThreshold: 30
10 

      periodSeconds: 10
11 

...

1
The container name.
2
Specify the container image to deploy.
3
A liveness probe.
4
An HTTP GET test.
5
The internet scheme: HTTP or HTTPS. The default value is HTTP.
6
The port on which the container is listening.
7
A startup probe.
8
An HTTP GET test.
9
The port on which the container is listening.
10
The number of times to try the probe after a failure.
11
The number of seconds to perform the probe.

Sample liveness probe with a container command test that uses a timeout in a pod spec

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    test: health-check
  name: my-application
...
spec:
  containers:
  - name: goproxy-app
1 

    args:
    image: k8s.gcr.io/goproxy:0.1
2 

    livenessProbe:
3 

      exec:
4 

        command:
5 

        - /bin/bash
        - '-c'
        - timeout 60 /opt/eap/bin/livenessProbe.sh
      periodSeconds: 10
6 

      successThreshold: 1
7 

      failureThreshold: 3
8 

...

1
The container name.
2
Specify the container image to deploy.
3
The liveness probe.
4
The type of probe, here a container command probe.
5
The command line to execute inside the container.
6
How often in seconds to perform the probe.
7
The number of consecutive successes needed to show success after a failure.
8
The number of times to try the probe after a failure.

Sample readiness probe and liveness probe with a TCP socket test in a deployment

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
...
spec:
...
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - resources: {}
          readinessProbe:
1 

            tcpSocket:
              port: 8080
            timeoutSeconds: 1
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            failureThreshold: 3
          terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
          name: ruby-ex
          livenessProbe:
2 

            tcpSocket:
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 15
            timeoutSeconds: 1
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            failureThreshold: 3
...

1
The readiness probe.
2
The liveness probe.

10.2. Configuring health checks using the CLI
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To configure readiness, liveness, and startup probes, add one or more probes to the specification for the pod that contains the container which you want to perform the health checks

Note

If you want to add or edit health checks in an existing pod, you must edit the pod 

DeploymentConfig
object or use the Developer perspective in the web console. You cannot use the CLI to add or edit health checks for an existing pod.

Procedure

To add probes for a container:

  1. Create a 

    Pod
    object to add one or more probes: 

    apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    test: health-check
  name: my-application
spec:
  containers:
  - name: my-container
    1 
    
    args:
    image: k8s.gcr.io/goproxy:0.1
    2 
    
    livenessProbe:
    3 
    
      tcpSocket:
    4 
    
        port: 8080
    5 
    
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
    6 
    
      periodSeconds: 20
    7 
    
      timeoutSeconds: 10
    8 
    
    readinessProbe:
    9 
    
      httpGet:
    10 
    
        host: my-host
    11 
    
        scheme: HTTPS
    12 
    
        path: /healthz
        port: 8080
    13 
    
    startupProbe:
    14 
    
      exec:
    15 
    
        command:
    16 
    
        - cat
        - /tmp/healthy
      failureThreshold: 30
    17 
    
      periodSeconds: 20
    18 
    
      timeoutSeconds: 10
    19
    1
    Specify the container name.
    2
    Specify the container image to deploy.
    3
    Optional: Create a Liveness probe.
    4
    Specify a test to perform, here a TCP Socket test.
    5
    Specify the port on which the container is listening.
    6
    Specify the time, in seconds, after the container starts before the probe can be scheduled.
    7
    Specify the number of seconds to perform the probe. The default is 10. This value must be greater than timeoutSeconds.
    8
    Specify the number of seconds of inactivity after which the probe is assumed to have failed. The default is 1. This value must be lower than periodSeconds.
    9
    Optional: Create a Readiness probe.
    10
    Specify the type of test to perform, here an HTTP test.
    11
    Specify a host IP address. When host is not defined, the PodIP is used.
    12
    Specify HTTP or HTTPS. When scheme is not defined, the HTTP scheme is used.
    13
    Specify the port on which the container is listening.
    14
    Optional: Create a Startup probe.
    15
    Specify the type of test to perform, here an Container Execution probe.
    16
    Specify the commands to execute on the container.
    17
    Specify the number of times to try the probe after a failure.
    18
    Specify the number of seconds to perform the probe. The default is 10. This value must be greater than timeoutSeconds.
    19
    Specify the number of seconds of inactivity after which the probe is assumed to have failed. The default is 1. This value must be lower than periodSeconds.
    Note

    If the 

    initialDelaySeconds
    value is lower than the 
    periodSeconds
    value, the first Readiness probe occurs at some point between the two periods due to an issue with timers.

    The 

    timeoutSeconds
    value must be lower than the 
    periodSeconds
    value.

  2. Create the 

    Pod
    object: 

    $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml

  3. Verify the state of the health check pod: 

    $ oc describe pod health-check

    Example output

    Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From                                  Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----                                  -------
  Normal  Scheduled  9s    default-scheduler                     Successfully assigned openshift-logging/liveness-exec to ip-10-0-143-40.ec2.internal
  Normal  Pulling    2s    kubelet, ip-10-0-143-40.ec2.internal  pulling image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness"
  Normal  Pulled     1s    kubelet, ip-10-0-143-40.ec2.internal  Successfully pulled image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness"
  Normal  Created    1s    kubelet, ip-10-0-143-40.ec2.internal  Created container
  Normal  Started    1s    kubelet, ip-10-0-143-40.ec2.internal  Started container

    The following is the output of a failed probe that restarted a container:

    Sample Liveness check output with unhealthy container

    $ oc describe pod pod1

    Example output

    ....

Events:
  Type     Reason          Age                From                                               Message
  ----     ------          ----               ----                                               -------
  Normal   Scheduled       <unknown>                                                             Successfully assigned aaa/liveness-http to ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj
  Normal   AddedInterface  47s                multus                                             Add eth0 [10.129.2.11/23]
  Normal   Pulled          46s                kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Successfully pulled image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness" in 773.406244ms
  Normal   Pulled          28s                kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Successfully pulled image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness" in 233.328564ms
  Normal   Created         10s (x3 over 46s)  kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Created container liveness
  Normal   Started         10s (x3 over 46s)  kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Started container liveness
  Warning  Unhealthy       10s (x6 over 34s)  kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Liveness probe failed: HTTP probe failed with statuscode: 500
  Normal   Killing         10s (x2 over 28s)  kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Container liveness failed liveness probe, will be restarted
  Normal   Pulling         10s (x3 over 47s)  kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Pulling image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness"
  Normal   Pulled          10s                kubelet, ci-ln-37hz77b-f76d1-wdpjv-worker-b-snzrj  Successfully pulled image "k8s.gcr.io/liveness" in 244.116568ms

10.3. Monitoring application health using the Developer perspective
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You can use the Developer perspective to add three types of health probes to your container to ensure that your application is healthy:

  • Use the Readiness probe to check if the container is ready to handle requests.
  • Use the Liveness probe to check if the container is running.
  • Use the Startup probe to check if the application within the container has started.

You can add health checks either while creating and deploying an application, or after you have deployed an application.

10.4. Adding health checks using the Developer perspective
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You can use the Topology view to add health checks to your deployed application.

Prerequisites:

  • You have switched to the Developer perspective in the web console.
  • You have created and deployed an application on OpenShift Container Platform using the Developer perspective.

Procedure

  1. In the Topology view, click on the application node to see the side panel. If the container does not have health checks added to ensure the smooth running of your application, a Health Checks notification is displayed with a link to add health checks.
  2. In the displayed notification, click the Add Health Checks link.
  3. Alternatively, you can also click the Actions drop-down list and select Add Health Checks. Note that if the container already has health checks, you will see the Edit Health Checks option instead of the add option.
  4. In the Add Health Checks form, if you have deployed multiple containers, use the Container drop-down list to ensure that the appropriate container is selected.

  5. Click the required health probe links to add them to the container. Default data for the health checks is prepopulated. You can add the probes with the default data or further customize the values and then add them. For example, to add a Readiness probe that checks if your container is ready to handle requests:

    1. Click Add Readiness Probe, to see a form containing the parameters for the probe.
    2. Click the Type drop-down list to select the request type you want to add. For example, in this case, select Container Command to select the command that will be executed inside the container.
    3. In the Command field, add an argument 
      cat
      , similarly, you can add multiple arguments for the check, for example, add another argument 
      /tmp/healthy
      .

    4. Retain or modify the default values for the other parameters as required.

      Note

      The 

      Timeout
      value must be lower than the 
      Period
      value. The 
      Timeout
      default value is 
      1
      . The 
      Period
      default value is 
      10
      .

    5. Click the check mark at the bottom of the form. The Readiness Probe Added message is displayed.
  6. Click Add to add the health check. You are redirected to the Topology view and the container is restarted.
  7. In the side panel, verify that the probes have been added by clicking on the deployed pod under the Pods section.
  8. In the Pod Details page, click the listed container in the Containers section.
  9. In the Container Details page, verify that the Readiness probe - Exec Command 
    cat
     
    /tmp/healthy
    has been added to the container.

10.5. Editing health checks using the Developer perspective
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You can use the Topology view to edit health checks added to your application, modify them, or add more health checks.

Prerequisites:

  • You have switched to the Developer perspective in the web console.
  • You have created and deployed an application on OpenShift Container Platform using the Developer perspective.
  • You have added health checks to your application.

Procedure

  1. In the Topology view, right-click your application and select Edit Health Checks. Alternatively, in the side panel, click the Actions drop-down list and select Edit Health Checks.

  2. In the Edit Health Checks page:

    • To remove a previously added health probe, click the minus sign adjoining it.

    • To edit the parameters of an existing probe:

      1. Click the Edit Probe link next to a previously added probe to see the parameters for the probe.
      2. Modify the parameters as required, and click the check mark to save your changes.

    • To add a new health probe, in addition to existing health checks, click the add probe links. For example, to add a Liveness probe that checks if your container is running:

      1. Click Add Liveness Probe, to see a form containing the parameters for the probe.

      2. Edit the probe parameters as required.

        Note

        The 

        Timeout
        value must be lower than the 
        Period
        value. The 
        Timeout
        default value is 
        1
        . The 
        Period
        default value is 
        10
        .

      3. Click the check mark at the bottom of the form. The Liveness Probe Added message is displayed.
  3. Click Save to save your modifications and add the additional probes to your container. You are redirected to the Topology view.
  4. In the side panel, verify that the probes have been added by clicking on the deployed pod under the Pods section.
  5. In the Pod Details page, click the listed container in the Containers section.
  6. In the Container Details page, verify that the Liveness probe - 
    HTTP Get 10.129.4.65:8080/
    has been added to the container, in addition to the earlier existing probes.

In case an application health check fails, you can use the Topology view to monitor these health check violations.

Prerequisites:

  • You have switched to the Developer perspective in the web console.
  • You have created and deployed an application on OpenShift Container Platform using the Developer perspective.
  • You have added health checks to your application.

Procedure

  1. In the Topology view, click on the application node to see the side panel.
  2. Click the Monitoring tab to see the health check failures in the Events (Warning) section.
  3. Click the down arrow adjoining Events (Warning) to see the details of the health check failure.
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