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Chapter 4. The sysconfig Directory

The /etc/sysconfig/ directory contains a variety of system configuration files for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
This chapter outlines some of the files found in the /etc/sysconfig/ directory, their function, and their contents. The information in this chapter is not intended to be complete, as many of these files have a variety of options that are only used in very specific or rare circumstances.

4.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory

The following files are normally found in the /etc/sysconfig/ directory:
  • amd
  • apmd
  • arpwatch
  • authconfig
  • autofs
  • clock
  • desktop
  • devlabel
  • dhcpd
  • exim
  • firstboot
  • gpm
  • harddisks
  • hwconf
  • i18n
  • init
  • ip6tables-config
  • iptables-config
  • irda
  • keyboard
  • kudzu
  • mouse
  • named
  • netdump
  • network
  • ntpd
  • pcmcia
  • radvd
  • rawdevices
  • samba
  • sendmail
  • selinux
  • spamassassin
  • squid
  • system-config-securitylevel
  • system-config-users
  • system-logviewer
  • tux
  • vncservers
  • xinetd

Note

If some of the files listed here are not present in the /etc/sysconfig/ directory, the corresponding program may not be installed.
The following sections offer descriptions of these files. Files not listed here as well as extra file options found in the /usr/share/doc/initscripts-<version-number>/sysconfig.txt file (replace <version-number> with the version of the initscripts package). Alternatively, looking through the initscripts in the /etc/rc.d/ directory can prove helpful.

4.1.1. /etc/sysconfig/amd

The /etc/sysconfig/amd file contains various parameters used by amd; these parameters allow for the automatic mounting and unmounting of file systems.

4.1.2. /etc/sysconfig/apmd

The /etc/sysconfig/apmd file is used by apmd to configure what power settings to start/stop/change on suspend or resume. This file configures how apmd functions at boot time, depending on whether the hardware supports Advanced Power Management (APM) or whether the user has configured the system to use it. The apm daemon is a monitoring program that works with power management code within the Linux kernel. It is capable of alerting users to low battery power on laptops and other power-related settings.

4.1.3. /etc/sysconfig/arpwatch

The /etc/sysconfig/arpwatch file is used to pass arguments to the arpwatch daemon at boot time. The arpwatch daemon maintains a table of Ethernet MAC addresses and their IP address pairings. By default, this file sets the owner of the arpwatch process to the user pcap as well as sends any messages to the root mail queue. For more information regarding available parameters for this file, refer to the arpwatch man page.

4.1.4. /etc/sysconfig/authconfig

The /etc/sysconfig/authconfig file sets the authorization to be used on the host. It contains one or more of the following lines:
  • USEMD5=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — MD5 is used for authentication.
    • no — MD5 is not used for authentication.
  • USEKERBEROS=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — Kerberos is used for authentication.
    • no — Kerberos is not used for authentication.
  • USELDAPAUTH=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — LDAP is used for authentication.
    • no — LDAP is not used for authentication.

4.1.5. /etc/sysconfig/autofs

The /etc/sysconfig/autofs file defines custom options for the automatic mounting of devices. This file controls the operation of the automount daemons, which automatically mount file systems when you use them and unmount them after a period of inactivity. File systems can include network file systems, CD-ROMs, diskettes, and other media.
The /etc/sysconfig/autofs file may contain the following:
  • LOCALOPTIONS="<value>", where "<value>" is a string for defining machine specific automount rules. The default value is an empty string ("").
  • DAEMONOPTIONS="<value>", where "<value>" is the timeout length in seconds before unmounting the device. The default value is 60 seconds ("--timeout=60").
  • UNDERSCORETODOT=<value>, where <value> is a binary value that controls whether to convert underscores in file names into dots. For example, auto_home to auto.home and auto_mnt to auto.mnt. The default value is 1 (true).
  • DISABLE_DIRECT=<value>, where <value> is a binary value that controls whether to disable direct mount support, as the Linux implementation does not conform to the Sun Microsystems' automounter behavior. The default value is 1 (true), and allows for compatibility with the Sun automounter options specification syntax.

4.1.6. /etc/sysconfig/clock

The /etc/sysconfig/clock file controls the interpretation of values read from the system hardware clock.
The correct values are:
  • UTC=<value>, where <value> is one of the following boolean values:
    • true or yes — The hardware clock is set to Universal Time.
    • false or no — The hardware clock is set to local time.
  • ARC=<value>, where <value> is the following:
    • true or yes — The ARC console's 42-year time offset is in effect. This setting is only for ARC- or AlphaBIOS-based Alpha systems.
    • false or no — This value indicates that the normal UNIX epoch is in use.
  • SRM=<value>, where <value> is the following:
    • true or yes — The SRM console's 1900 epoch is in effect. This setting is only for SRM-based Alpha systems.
    • false or no — This value indicates that the normal UNIX epoch is in use.
  • ZONE=<filename> — The time zone file under /usr/share/zoneinfo that /etc/localtime is a copy of. The file contains information such as: 
    ZONE="America/New York"
Earlier releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux used the following values (which are deprecated):
  • CLOCKMODE=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • GMT — The clock is set to Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time).
    • ARC — The ARC console's 42-year time offset is in effect (for Alpha-based systems only).

4.1.7. /etc/sysconfig/desktop

The /etc/sysconfig/desktop file specifies the desktop for new users and the display manager to run when entering runlevel 5.
Correct values are:
  • DESKTOP="<value>", where "<value>" is one of the following:
    • GNOME — Selects the GNOME desktop environment.
    • KDE — Selects the KDE desktop environment.
  • DISPLAYMANAGER="<value>", where "<value>" is one of the following:
    • GNOME — Selects the GNOME Display Manager.
    • KDE — Selects the KDE Display Manager.
    • XDM — Selects the X Display Manager.
For more information, refer to Chapter 7, The X Window System.

4.1.8. /etc/sysconfig/devlabel

The /etc/sysconfig/devlabel is the devlabel configuration file. It should not be modified by hand, but rather, configured using the /sbin/devlabel command.
For instructions on using the devlabel command, refer to the chapter titled User-Defined Device Names in the System Administrators Guide.

4.1.9. /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd

The /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd file is used to pass arguments to the dhcpd daemon at boot time. The dhcpd daemon implements the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and the Internet Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). DHCP and BOOTP assign hostnames to machines on the network. For more information about what parameters are available in this file, refer to the dhcpd man page.

4.1.10. /etc/sysconfig/exim

The /etc/sysconfig/exim file allows messages to be sent to one or more clients, routing the messages over whatever networks are necessary. The file sets the default values for exim to run. Its default values are set to run as a background daemon and to check its queue each hour in case something has backed up.
The values include:
  • DAEMON=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — exim should be configured to listen to port 25 for incoming mail. yes implies the use of Exim's -bd options.
    • no — exim should not be configured to listen to port 25 for incoming mail.
  • QUEUE=1h which is given to exim as -q$QUEUE. The -q option is not given to exim if /etc/sysconfig/exim exists and QUEUE is empty or undefined.

4.1.11. /etc/sysconfig/firstboot

The first time the system boots, the /sbin/init program calls the etc/rc.d/init.d/firstboot script, which in turn launches the Setup Agent. This application allows the user to install the latest updates as well as additional applications and documentation.
The /etc/sysconfig/firstboot file tells the Setup Agent application not to run on subsequent reboots. To run it the next time the system boots, remove /etc/sysconfig/firstboot and execute chkconfig --level 5 firstboot on.

4.1.12. /etc/sysconfig/gpm

The /etc/sysconfig/gpm file is used to pass arguments to the gpm daemon at boot time. The gpm daemon is the mouse server which allows mouse acceleration and middle-click pasting. For more information about what parameters are available for this file, refer to the gpm man page. By default, the DEVICE directive is set to /dev/input/mice.

4.1.13. /etc/sysconfig/harddisks

The /etc/sysconfig/harddisks file tunes the hard drive(s). An administrator can also use /etc/sysconfig/hardiskhd[a-h] to configure parameters for specific drives.

Warning

Do not make changes to this file without careful consideration. By changing the default values, it is possible to corrupt all of the data on the hard drive(s).
The /etc/sysconfig/harddisks file may contain the following:
  • USE_DMA=1, where setting this value to 1 enables DMA. However, with some chipsets and hard drive combinations, DMA can cause data corruption. Check the hard drive documentation or with the manufacturer before enabling this option. By default, this entry is commented out, and therefore disabled.
  • Multiple_IO=16, where a setting of 16 allows for multiple sectors per I/O interrupt. When enabled, this feature reduces operating system overhead by 30-50%. Use with caution. By default, this entry is commented out, and therefore disabled.
  • EIDE_32BIT=3 enables (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support to an interface card. By default, this entry is commented out, and therefore disabled.
  • LOOKAHEAD=1 enables drive read-lookahead. By default, this entry is commented out, and therefore disabled.
  • EXTRA_PARAMS= specifies where extra parameters can be added. By default, there are no parameters listed.

4.1.14. /etc/sysconfig/hwconf

The /etc/sysconfig/hwconf file lists all the hardware that kudzu detected on the system, as well as the drivers used, vendor ID, and device ID information. The kudzu program detects and configures new and/or changed hardware on a system. The /etc/sysconfig/hwconf file is not meant to be manually edited. If edited, devices could suddenly show up as being added or removed.

4.1.15. /etc/sysconfig/i18n

The /etc/sysconfig/i18n file sets the default language, any supported languages, and the default system font. For example: 
LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
SUPPORTED="en_US.UTF-8:en_US:en"
SYSFONT="latarcyrheb-sun16"

4.1.16. /etc/sysconfig/init

The /etc/sysconfig/init file controls how the system appears and functions during the boot process.
The following values may be used:
  • BOOTUP=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • color — The standard color boot display, where the success or failure of devices and services starting up is shown in different colors.
    • verbose — An old style display which provides more information than purely a message of success or failure.
    • Anything else means a new display, but without ANSI-formatting.
  • RES_COL=<value>, where <value> is the number of the column of the screen to start status labels. The default is set to 60.
  • MOVE_TO_COL=<value>, where <value> moves the cursor to the value in the RES_COL line via the echo -en command.
  • SETCOLOR_SUCCESS=<value>, where <value> sets the success color via the echo -en command. The default color is set to green.
  • SETCOLOR_FAILURE=<value>, where <value> sets the failure color via the echo -en command. The default color is set to red.
  • SETCOLOR_WARNING=<value>, where <value> sets the warning color via the echo -en command. The default color is set to yellow.
  • SETCOLOR_NORMAL=<value>, where <value> resets the color to "normal" via the echo -en.
  • LOGLEVEL=<value>, where <value> sets the initial console logging level for the kernel. The default is 3; 8 means everything (including debugging), while 1 means only kernel panics. The syslogd daemon overrides this setting once started.
  • PROMPT=<value>, where <value> is one of the following boolean values:
    • yes — Enables the key check for interactive mode.
    • no — Disables the key check for interactive mode.

4.1.17. /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables-config

The /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables-config file stores information used by the kernel to set up IPv6 packet filtering at boot time or whenever the ip6tables service is started.
Do not modify this file by hand unless familiar with how to construct ip6tables rules. Rules also can be created manually using the /sbin/ip6tables command. Once created, add the rules to the /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables file by typing the following command: 
/sbin/service ip6tables save
Once this file exists, any firewall rules saved in it persists through a system reboot or a service restart.
For more information on ip6tables, refer to Chapter 18, iptables.

4.1.18. /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config

The /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config file stores information used by the kernel to set up packet filtering services at boot time or whenever the service is started.
Do not modify this file by hand unless you are familiar with constructing iptables rules. The easiest way to add rules is to use the Security Level Configuration Tool (system-config-securitylevel) application to create a firewall. These applications automatically edit this file at the end of the process.
Rules can also be created manually using the /sbin/iptables command. Once created, add the rule(s) to the /etc/sysconfig/iptables file by typing the following command: 
/sbin/service iptables save
Once this file exists, any firewall rules saved in it persists through a system reboot or a service restart.
For more information on iptables, refer to Chapter 18, iptables.

4.1.19. /etc/sysconfig/irda

The /etc/sysconfig/irda file controls how infrared devices on the system are configured at startup.
The following values may be used:
  • IRDA=<value>, where <value> is one of the following boolean values:
    • yes — irattach runs and periodically checks to see if anything is trying to connect to the infrared port, such as another notebook computer trying to make a network connection. For infrared devices to work on the system, this line must be set to yes.
    • no — irattach does not run, preventing infrared device communication.
  • DEVICE=<value>, where <value> is the device (usually a serial port) that handles infrared connections. A sample serial device entry could be /dev/ttyS2.
  • DONGLE=<value>, where <value> specifies the type of dongle being used for infrared communication. This setting exists for people who use serial dongles rather than real infrared ports. A dongle is a device that is attached to a traditional serial port to communicate via infrared. This line is commented out by default because notebooks with real infrared ports are far more common than computers with add-on dongles. A sample dongle entry could be actisys+.
  • DISCOVERY=<value>, where <value> is one of the following boolean values:
    • yes — Starts irattach in discovery mode, meaning it actively checks for other infrared devices. This must be turned on for the machine to actively look for an infrared connection (meaning the peer that does not initiate the connection).
    • no — Does not start irattach in discovery mode.

4.1.20. /etc/sysconfig/keyboard

The /etc/sysconfig/keyboard file controls the behavior of the keyboard. The following values may be used:
  • KEYBOARDTYPE="sun|pc" where sun means a Sun keyboard is attached on /dev/kbd, or pc means a PS/2 keyboard connected to a PS/2 port.
  • KEYTABLE="<file>", where <file> is the name of a keytable file.
    For example: KEYTABLE="us". The files that can be used as keytables start in /lib/kbd/keymaps/i386 and branch into different keyboard layouts from there, all labeled <file>.kmap.gz. The first file found beneath /lib/kbd/keymaps/i386 that matches the KEYTABLE setting is used.

4.1.21. /etc/sysconfig/kudzu

The /etc/sysconfig/kuzdu file triggers a safe probe of the system hardware by kudzu at boot time. A safe probe is one that disables serial port probing.
  • SAFE=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — kuzdu does a safe probe.
    • no — kuzdu does a normal probe.

4.1.22. /etc/sysconfig/mouse

The /etc/sysconfig/mouse file is used to specify information about the available mouse. The following values may be used:
  • FULLNAME="<value>", where "<value>" refers to the full name of the kind of mouse being used.
  • MOUSETYPE="<value>", where "<value>" is one of the following:
    • imps2 — A generic USB wheel mouse.
    • microsoft — A Microsoft™ mouse.
    • mouseman — A MouseMan™ mouse.
    • mousesystems — A Mouse Systems™ mouse.
    • ps/2 — A PS/2 mouse.
    • msbm — A Microsoft™ bus mouse.
    • logibm — A Logitech™ bus mouse.
    • atibm — An ATI™ bus mouse.
    • logitech — A Logitech™ mouse.
    • mmseries — An older MouseMan™ mouse.
    • mmhittab — An mmhittab mouse.
  • XEMU3="<value>", where "<value>" is one of the following boolean values:
    • yes — The mouse only has two buttons, but three mouse buttons should be emulated.
    • no — The mouse already has three buttons.
  • XMOUSETYPE="<value>", where "<value>" refers to the kind of mouse used when X is running. The options here are the same as the MOUSETYPE setting in this same file.
  • DEVICE=<value>, where <value> is the mouse device.
    A sample value, /dev/input/mice, is a symbolic link that points to the actual mouse device.

4.1.23. /etc/sysconfig/named

The /etc/sysconfig/named file is used to pass arguments to the named daemon at boot time. The named daemon is a Domain Name System (DNS) server which implements the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) version 9 distribution. This server maintains a table of which hostnames are associated with IP addresses on the network.
Currently, only the following values may be used:
  • ROOTDIR="</some/where>", where </some/where> refers to the full directory path of a configured chroot environment under which named runs. This chroot environment must first be configured. Type info chroot for more information.
  • OPTIONS="<value>", where <value> is any option listed in the man page for named except -t. In place of -t, use the ROOTDIR line above.
For more information about available parameters for this file, refer to the named man page. For detailed information on how to configure a BIND DNS server, refer to Chapter 12, Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND). By default, the file contains no parameters.

4.1.24. /etc/sysconfig/netdump

The /etc/sysconfig/netdump file is the configuration file for the /etc/init.d/netdump service. The netdump service sends both oops data and memory dumps over the network. In general, netdump is not a required service; only run it if absolutely necessary. For more information about what parameters are available for this file, refer to the netdump man page.

4.1.25. /etc/sysconfig/network

The /etc/sysconfig/network file is used to specify information about the desired network configuration. The following values may be used:
  • NETWORKING=<value>, where <value> is one of the following boolean values:
    • yes — Networking should be configured.
    • no — Networking should not be configured.
  • HOSTNAME=<value>, where <value> should be the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), such as hostname.expample.com, but can be whatever hostname is necessary.

    Note

    For compatibility with older software that some users may need to install, such as trn, the /etc/HOSTNAME file should contain the same value as set here.
  • GATEWAY=<value>, where <value> is the IP address of the network's gateway.
  • GATEWAYDEV=<value>, where <value> is the gateway device, such as eth0.
  • NISDOMAIN=<value>, where <value> is the NIS domain name.

4.1.26. /etc/sysconfig/ntpd

The /etc/sysconfig/ntpd file is used to pass arguments to the ntpd daemon at boot time. The ntpd daemon sets and maintains the system clock to synchronize with an Internet standard time server. It implements version 4 of the Network Time Protocol (NTP). For more information about what parameters are available for this file, use a Web browser to view the following file: /usr/share/doc/ntp-<version>/ntpd.htm (where <version> is the version number of ntpd). By default, this file sets the owner of the ntpd process to the user ntp.

4.1.27. /etc/sysconfig/pcmcia

The /etc/sysconfig/pcmcia file is used to specify PCMCIA configuration information. The following values may be used:
  • PCMCIA=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — PCMCIA support should be enabled.
    • no — PCMCIA support should not be enabled.
  • PCIC=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • i82365 — The computer has an i82365-style PCMCIA socket chipset.
    • tcic — The computer has a tcic-style PCMCIA socket chipset.
  • PCIC_OPTS=<value>, where <value> is the socket driver (i82365 or tcic) timing parameters.
  • CORE_OPTS=<value>, where <value> is the list of pcmcia_core options.
  • CARDMGR_OPTS=<value>, where <value> is the list of options for the PCMCIA cardmgr (such as -q for quiet mode, -m to look for loadable kernel modules in the specified directory, and so on). Read the cardmgr man page for more information.

4.1.28. /etc/sysconfig/radvd

The /etc/sysconfig/radvd file is used to pass arguments to the radvd daemon at boot time. The radvd daemon listens for router requests and sends router advertisements for the IP version 6 protocol. This service allows hosts on a network to dynamically change their default routers based on these router advertisements. For more information about available parameters for this file, refer to the radvd man page. By default, this file sets the owner of the radvd process to the user radvd.

4.1.29. /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices

The /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices file is used to configure raw device bindings, such as: 
/dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sda1
/dev/raw/raw2 8 5

4.1.30. /etc/sysconfig/samba

The /etc/sysconfig/samba file is used to pass arguments to the smbd and the nmbd daemons at boot time. The smbd daemon offers file sharing connectivity for Windows clients on the network. The nmbd daemon offers NetBIOS over IP naming services. For more information about what parameters are available for this file, refer to the smbd man page. By default, this file sets smbd and nmbd to run in daemon mode.

4.1.31. /etc/sysconfig/selinux

The /etc/sysconfig/selinux file contains the basic configuration options for SELinux. This file is a symbolic link to /etc/selinux/config. For more information on SELinux, refer to Chapter 21, SELinux.

4.1.32. /etc/sysconfig/sendmail

The /etc/sysconfig/sendmail file allows messages to be sent to one or more clients, routing the messages over whatever networks are necessary. The file sets the default values for the Sendmail application to run. Its default values are set to run as a background daemon and to check its queue each hour in case something has backed up.
Values include:
  • DAEMON=<value>, where <value> is one of the following:
    • yes — Sendmail should be configured to listen to port 25 for incoming mail. yes implies the use of Sendmail's -bd options.
    • no — Sendmail should not be configured to listen to port 25 for incoming mail.
  • QUEUE=1h which is given to Sendmail as -q$QUEUE. The -q option is not given to Sendmail if /etc/sysconfig/sendmail exists and QUEUE is empty or undefined.

4.1.33. /etc/sysconfig/spamassassin

The /etc/sysconfig/spamassassin file is used to pass arguments to the spamd daemon (a daemonized version of Spamassassin) at boot time. Spamassassin is an email spam filter application. For a list of available options, refer to the spamd man page. By default, it configures spamd to run in daemon mode, create user preferences, and auto-create whitelists (allowed bulk senders).
For more information about Spamassassin, refer to Section 11.4.2.6, “Spam Filters”.

4.1.34. /etc/sysconfig/squid

The /etc/sysconfig/squid file is used to pass arguments to the squid daemon at boot time. The squid daemon is a proxy caching server for Web client applications. For more information on configuring a squid proxy server, use a Web browser to open the /usr/share/doc/squid-<version>/ directory (replace <version> with the squid version number installed on the system). By default, this file sets squid to start in daemon mode and sets the amount of time before it shuts itself down.

4.1.35. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel

The /etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel file contains all options chosen by the user the last time the Security Level Configuration Tool (system-config-securitylevel) was run. Users should not modify this file by hand. For more information about the Security Level Configuration Tool, refer to the chapter titled Basic Firewall Configuration in the System Administrators Guide.

4.1.36. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-users

The /etc/sysconfig/system-config-users file is the configuration file for the graphical application, User Manager. This file is used to filter out system users such as root, daemon, or lp. This file is edited by the Preferences => Filter system users and groups pull-down menu in the User Manager application and should never be edited by hand. For more information on using this application, refer to the chapter called User and Group Configuration in the System Administrators Guide.

4.1.37. /etc/sysconfig/system-logviewer

The /etc/sysconfig/system-logviewer file is the configuration file for the graphical, interactive log viewing application, Log Viewer. This file is edited by the Edit => Preferences pull-down menu in the Log Viewer application and should not be edited by hand. For more information on using this application, refer to the chapter called Log Files in the System Administrators Guide.

4.1.38. /etc/sysconfig/tux

The /etc/sysconfig/tux file is the configuration file for the Red Hat Content Accelerator (formerly known as TUX), the kernel-based Web server. For more information on configuring the Red Hat Content Accelerator, use a Web browser to open the /usr/share/doc/tux-<version>/tux/index.html file (replace <version> with the version number of TUX installed on the system). The parameters available for this file are listed in /usr/share/doc/tux-<version>/tux/parameters.html.

4.1.39. /etc/sysconfig/vncservers

The /etc/sysconfig/vncservers file configures the way the Virtual Network Computing (VNC) server starts up.
VNC is a remote display system which allows users to view the desktop environment not only on the machine where it is running but across different networks on a variety of architectures.
It may contain the following:
  • VNCSERVERS=<value>, where <value> is set to something like "1:fred", to indicate that a VNC server should be started for user fred on display :1. User fred must have set a VNC password using the vncpasswd command before attempting to connect to the remote VNC server.
Note that when using a VNC server, communication with it is unencrypted and it should not be used on an untrusted network. For specific instructions concerning the use of SSH to secure VNC communication, read the information found online at http://www.uk.research.att.com/archive/vnc/sshvnc.html. To find out more about SSH, refer to Chapter 20, SSH Protocol in the System Administrators Guide.

4.1.40. /etc/sysconfig/xinetd

The /etc/sysconfig/xinetd file is used to pass arguments to the xinetd daemon at boot time. The xinetd daemon starts programs that provide Internet services when a request to the port for that service is received. For more information about available parameters for this file, refer to the xinetd man page. For more information on the xinetd service, refer to Section 17.3, “xinetd”.
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