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Chapter 4. Postinstallation cluster tasks

After installing OpenShift Container Platform, you can further expand and customize your cluster to your requirements.

4.1. Available cluster customizations
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You complete most of the cluster configuration and customization after you deploy your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. A number of configuration resources are available.

Note

If you install your cluster on IBM Z®, not all features and functions are available.

You modify the configuration resources to configure the major features of the cluster, such as the image registry, networking configuration, image build behavior, and the identity provider.

For current documentation of the settings that you control by using these resources, use the oc explain command, for example oc explain builds --api-version=config.openshift.io/v1

4.1.1. Cluster configuration resources
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All cluster configuration resources are globally scoped (not namespaced) and named cluster.

Expand
Resource nameDescription

apiserver.config.openshift.io

Provides API server configuration such as certificates and certificate authorities.

authentication.config.openshift.io

Controls the identity provider and authentication configuration for the cluster.

build.config.openshift.io

Controls default and enforced configuration for all builds on the cluster.

console.config.openshift.io

Configures the behavior of the web console interface, including the logout behavior.

featuregate.config.openshift.io

Enables FeatureGates so that you can use Tech Preview features.

image.config.openshift.io

Configures how specific image registries should be treated (allowed, disallowed, insecure, CA details).

ingress.config.openshift.io

Configuration details related to routing such as the default domain for routes.

oauth.config.openshift.io

Configures identity providers and other behavior related to internal OAuth server flows.

project.config.openshift.io

Configures how projects are created including the project template.

proxy.config.openshift.io

Defines proxies to be used by components needing external network access. Note: not all components currently consume this value.

scheduler.config.openshift.io

Configures scheduler behavior such as profiles and default node selectors.

4.1.2. Operator configuration resources
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These configuration resources are cluster-scoped instances, named cluster, which control the behavior of a specific component as owned by a particular Operator.

Expand
Resource nameDescription

consoles.operator.openshift.io

Controls console appearance such as branding customizations

config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io

Configures OpenShift image registry settings such as public routing, log levels, proxy settings, resource constraints, replica counts, and storage type.

config.samples.operator.openshift.io

Configures the Samples Operator to control which example image streams and templates are installed on the cluster.

4.1.3. Additional configuration resources
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These configuration resources represent a single instance of a particular component. In some cases, you can request multiple instances by creating multiple instances of the resource. In other cases, the Operator can use only a specific resource instance name in a specific namespace. Reference the component-specific documentation for details on how and when you can create additional resource instances.

Expand
Resource nameInstance nameNamespaceDescription

alertmanager.monitoring.coreos.com

main

openshift-monitoring

Controls the Alertmanager deployment parameters.

ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io

default

openshift-ingress-operator

Configures Ingress Operator behavior such as domain, number of replicas, certificates, and controller placement.

4.1.4. Informational Resources
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You use these resources to retrieve information about the cluster. Some configurations might require you to edit these resources directly.

Expand
Resource nameInstance nameDescription

clusterversion.config.openshift.io

version

In OpenShift Container Platform 4.17, you must not customize the ClusterVersion resource for production clusters. Instead, follow the process to update a cluster.

dns.config.openshift.io

cluster

You cannot modify the DNS settings for your cluster. You can check the DNS Operator status.

infrastructure.config.openshift.io

cluster

Configuration details allowing the cluster to interact with its cloud provider.

network.config.openshift.io

cluster

You cannot modify your cluster networking after installation. To customize your network, follow the process to customize networking during installation.

4.2. Adding worker nodes
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After you deploy your OpenShift Container Platform cluster, you can add worker nodes to scale cluster resources. There are different ways you can add worker nodes depending on the installation method and the environment of your cluster.

For on-premise clusters, you can add worker nodes by using the OpenShift Container Platform CLI (oc) to generate an ISO image, which can then be used to boot one or more nodes in your target cluster. This process can be used regardless of how you installed your cluster.

You can add one or more nodes at a time while customizing each node with more complex configurations, such as static network configuration, or you can specify only the MAC address of each node. Any configurations that are not specified during ISO generation are retrieved from the target cluster and applied to the new nodes.

Preflight validation checks are also performed when booting the ISO image to inform you of failure-causing issues before you attempt to boot each node.

Adding worker nodes to an on-premise cluster

For installer-provisioned infrastructure clusters, you can manually or automatically scale the MachineSet object to match the number of available bare-metal hosts.

To add a bare-metal host, you must configure all network prerequisites, configure an associated baremetalhost object, then provision the worker node to the cluster. You can add a bare-metal host manually or by using the web console.

For user-provisioned infrastructure clusters, you can add worker nodes by using a RHEL or RHCOS ISO image and connecting it to your cluster using cluster Ignition config files. For RHEL worker nodes, the following example uses Ansible playbooks to add worker nodes to the cluster. For RHCOS worker nodes, the following example uses an ISO image and network booting to add worker nodes to the cluster.

For clusters managed by the Assisted Installer, you can add worker nodes by using the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager console, the Assisted Installer REST API or you can manually add worker nodes using an ISO image and cluster Ignition config files.

For clusters managed by the multicluster engine for Kubernetes, you can add worker nodes by using the dedicated multicluster engine console.

4.3. Adjust worker nodes
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If you incorrectly sized the worker nodes during deployment, adjust them by creating one or more new compute machine sets, scale them up, then scale the original compute machine set down before removing them.

MachineSet objects describe OpenShift Container Platform nodes with respect to the cloud or machine provider.

The MachineConfigPool object allows MachineConfigController components to define and provide the status of machines in the context of upgrades.

The MachineConfigPool object allows users to configure how upgrades are rolled out to the OpenShift Container Platform nodes in the machine config pool.

The NodeSelector object can be replaced with a reference to the MachineSet object.

4.3.2. Scaling a compute machine set manually
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To add or remove an instance of a machine in a compute machine set, you can manually scale the compute machine set.

This guidance is relevant to fully automated, installer-provisioned infrastructure installations. Customized, user-provisioned infrastructure installations do not have compute machine sets.

Prerequisites

  • Install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster and the oc command line.
  • Log in to oc as a user with cluster-admin permission.

Procedure

  1. View the compute machine sets that are in the cluster by running the following command: 

    $ oc get machinesets.machine.openshift.io -n openshift-machine-api
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The compute machine sets are listed in the form of <clusterid>-worker-<aws-region-az>.

  2. View the compute machines that are in the cluster by running the following command: 

    $ oc get machines.machine.openshift.io -n openshift-machine-api
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Set the annotation on the compute machine that you want to delete by running the following command: 

    $ oc annotate machines.machine.openshift.io/<machine_name> -n openshift-machine-api machine.openshift.io/delete-machine="true"
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Scale the compute machine set by running one of the following commands: 

    $ oc scale --replicas=2 machinesets.machine.openshift.io <machineset> -n openshift-machine-api
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Or: 

    $ oc edit machinesets.machine.openshift.io <machineset> -n openshift-machine-api
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    Tip

    You can alternatively apply the following YAML to scale the compute machine set: 

    apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1
kind: MachineSet
metadata:
  name: <machineset>
  namespace: openshift-machine-api
spec:
  replicas: 2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can scale the compute machine set up or down. It takes several minutes for the new machines to be available.

    Important

    By default, the machine controller tries to drain the node that is backed by the machine until it succeeds. In some situations, such as with a misconfigured pod disruption budget, the drain operation might not be able to succeed. If the drain operation fails, the machine controller cannot proceed removing the machine.

    You can skip draining the node by annotating machine.openshift.io/exclude-node-draining in a specific machine.

Verification

  • Verify the deletion of the intended machine by running the following command: 

    $ oc get machines.machine.openshift.io
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

4.3.3. The compute machine set deletion policy
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Random, Newest, and Oldest are the three supported deletion options. The default is Random, meaning that random machines are chosen and deleted when scaling compute machine sets down. The deletion policy can be set according to the use case by modifying the particular compute machine set: 

spec:
  deletePolicy: <delete_policy>
  replicas: <desired_replica_count>
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Specific machines can also be prioritized for deletion by adding the annotation machine.openshift.io/delete-machine=true to the machine of interest, regardless of the deletion policy.

Important

By default, the OpenShift Container Platform router pods are deployed on workers. Because the router is required to access some cluster resources, including the web console, do not scale the worker compute machine set to 0 unless you first relocate the router pods.

Note

Custom compute machine sets can be used for use cases requiring that services run on specific nodes and that those services are ignored by the controller when the worker compute machine sets are scaling down. This prevents service disruption.

You can use default cluster-wide node selectors on pods together with labels on nodes to constrain all pods created in a cluster to specific nodes.

With cluster-wide node selectors, when you create a pod in that cluster, OpenShift Container Platform adds the default node selectors to the pod and schedules the pod on nodes with matching labels.

You configure cluster-wide node selectors by editing the Scheduler Operator custom resource (CR). You add labels to a node, a compute machine set, or a machine config. Adding the label to the compute machine set ensures that if the node or machine goes down, new nodes have the label. Labels added to a node or machine config do not persist if the node or machine goes down.

Note

You can add additional key/value pairs to a pod. But you cannot add a different value for a default key.

Procedure

To add a default cluster-wide node selector:

  1. Edit the Scheduler Operator CR to add the default cluster-wide node selectors: 

    $ oc edit scheduler cluster
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    Example Scheduler Operator CR with a node selector

    apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Scheduler
metadata:
  name: cluster
...
spec:
  defaultNodeSelector: type=user-node,region=east
    1 
    
  mastersSchedulable: false
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Add a node selector with the appropriate <key>:<value> pairs.

    After making this change, wait for the pods in the openshift-kube-apiserver project to redeploy. This can take several minutes. The default cluster-wide node selector does not take effect until the pods redeploy.

  2. Add labels to a node by using a compute machine set or editing the node directly:

    • Use a compute machine set to add labels to nodes managed by the compute machine set when a node is created:

      1. Run the following command to add labels to a MachineSet object: 

        $ oc patch MachineSet <name> --type='json' -p='[{"op":"add","path":"/spec/template/spec/metadata/labels", "value":{"<key>"="<value>","<key>"="<value>"}}]'  -n openshift-machine-api
        1
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
        1
        Add a <key>/<value> pair for each label.

        For example: 

        $ oc patch MachineSet ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-c --type='json' -p='[{"op":"add","path":"/spec/template/spec/metadata/labels", "value":{"type":"user-node","region":"east"}}]'  -n openshift-machine-api
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
        Tip

        You can alternatively apply the following YAML to add labels to a compute machine set: 

        apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1
kind: MachineSet
metadata:
  name: <machineset>
  namespace: openshift-machine-api
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      metadata:
        labels:
          region: "east"
          type: "user-node"
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      2. Verify that the labels are added to the MachineSet object by using the oc edit command:

        For example: 

        $ oc edit MachineSet abc612-msrtw-worker-us-east-1c -n openshift-machine-api
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        Example MachineSet object

        apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1
kind: MachineSet
  ...
spec:
  ...
  template:
    metadata:
  ...
    spec:
      metadata:
        labels:
          region: east
          type: user-node
  ...
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      3. Redeploy the nodes associated with that compute machine set by scaling down to 0 and scaling up the nodes:

        For example: 

        $ oc scale --replicas=0 MachineSet ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-c -n openshift-machine-api
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
        $ oc scale --replicas=1 MachineSet ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-c -n openshift-machine-api
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      4. When the nodes are ready and available, verify that the label is added to the nodes by using the oc get command: 

        $ oc get nodes -l <key>=<value>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        For example: 

        $ oc get nodes -l type=user-node
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        Example output

        NAME                                       STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-c-vmqzp   Ready    worker   61s   v1.30.3
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • Add labels directly to a node:

      1. Edit the Node object for the node: 

        $ oc label nodes <name> <key>=<value>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        For example, to label a node: 

        $ oc label nodes ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-b-tgq49 type=user-node region=east
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
        Tip

        You can alternatively apply the following YAML to add labels to a node: 

        kind: Node
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: <node_name>
  labels:
    type: "user-node"
    region: "east"
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      2. Verify that the labels are added to the node using the oc get command: 

        $ oc get nodes -l <key>=<value>,<key>=<value>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        For example: 

        $ oc get nodes -l type=user-node,region=east
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        Example output

        NAME                                       STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ci-ln-l8nry52-f76d1-hl7m7-worker-b-tgq49   Ready    worker   17m   v1.30.3
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

If the cluster administrator has performed latency tests for platform verification, they can discover the need to adjust the operation of the cluster to ensure stability in cases of high latency. The cluster administrator needs to change only one parameter, recorded in a file, which controls four parameters affecting how supervisory processes read status and interpret the health of the cluster. Changing only the one parameter provides cluster tuning in an easy, supportable manner.

The Kubelet process provides the starting point for monitoring cluster health. The Kubelet sets status values for all nodes in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster. The Kubernetes Controller Manager (kube controller) reads the status values every 10 seconds, by default. If the kube controller cannot read a node status value, it loses contact with that node after a configured period. The default behavior is:

  1. The node controller on the control plane updates the node health to Unhealthy and marks the node Ready condition`Unknown`.
  2. In response, the scheduler stops scheduling pods to that node.
  3. The Node Lifecycle Controller adds a node.kubernetes.io/unreachable taint with a NoExecute effect to the node and schedules any pods on the node for eviction after five minutes, by default.

This behavior can cause problems if your network is prone to latency issues, especially if you have nodes at the network edge. In some cases, the Kubernetes Controller Manager might not receive an update from a healthy node due to network latency. The Kubelet evicts pods from the node even though the node is healthy.

To avoid this problem, you can use worker latency profiles to adjust the frequency that the Kubelet and the Kubernetes Controller Manager wait for status updates before taking action. These adjustments help to ensure that your cluster runs properly if network latency between the control plane and the worker nodes is not optimal.

These worker latency profiles contain three sets of parameters that are predefined with carefully tuned values to control the reaction of the cluster to increased latency. There is no need to experimentally find the best values manually.

You can configure worker latency profiles when installing a cluster or at any time you notice increased latency in your cluster network.

4.4.1. Understanding worker latency profiles
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Worker latency profiles are four different categories of carefully-tuned parameters. The four parameters which implement these values are node-status-update-frequency, node-monitor-grace-period, default-not-ready-toleration-seconds and default-unreachable-toleration-seconds. These parameters can use values which allow you to control the reaction of the cluster to latency issues without needing to determine the best values by using manual methods.

Important

Setting these parameters manually is not supported. Incorrect parameter settings adversely affect cluster stability.

All worker latency profiles configure the following parameters:

node-status-update-frequency
Specifies how often the kubelet posts node status to the API server.
node-monitor-grace-period
Specifies the amount of time in seconds that the Kubernetes Controller Manager waits for an update from a kubelet before marking the node unhealthy and adding the node.kubernetes.io/not-ready or node.kubernetes.io/unreachable taint to the node.
default-not-ready-toleration-seconds
Specifies the amount of time in seconds after marking a node unhealthy that the Kube API Server Operator waits before evicting pods from that node.
default-unreachable-toleration-seconds
Specifies the amount of time in seconds after marking a node unreachable that the Kube API Server Operator waits before evicting pods from that node.

The following Operators monitor the changes to the worker latency profiles and respond accordingly:

  • The Machine Config Operator (MCO) updates the node-status-update-frequency parameter on the worker nodes.
  • The Kubernetes Controller Manager updates the node-monitor-grace-period parameter on the control plane nodes.
  • The Kubernetes API Server Operator updates the default-not-ready-toleration-seconds and default-unreachable-toleration-seconds parameters on the control plane nodes.

Although the default configuration works in most cases, OpenShift Container Platform offers two other worker latency profiles for situations where the network is experiencing higher latency than usual. The three worker latency profiles are described in the following sections:

Default worker latency profile

With the Default profile, each Kubelet updates its status every 10 seconds (node-status-update-frequency). The Kube Controller Manager checks the statuses of Kubelet every 5 seconds.

The Kubernetes Controller Manager waits 40 seconds (node-monitor-grace-period) for a status update from Kubelet before considering the Kubelet unhealthy. If no status is made available to the Kubernetes Controller Manager, it then marks the node with the node.kubernetes.io/not-ready or node.kubernetes.io/unreachable taint and evicts the pods on that node.

If a pod is on a node that has the NoExecute taint, the pod runs according to tolerationSeconds. If the node has no taint, it will be evicted in 300 seconds (default-not-ready-toleration-seconds and default-unreachable-toleration-seconds settings of the Kube API Server).

Expand
ProfileComponentParameterValue

Default

kubelet

node-status-update-frequency

10s

Kubelet Controller Manager

node-monitor-grace-period

40s

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-not-ready-toleration-seconds

300s

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-unreachable-toleration-seconds

300s

Medium worker latency profile

Use the MediumUpdateAverageReaction profile if the network latency is slightly higher than usual.

The MediumUpdateAverageReaction profile reduces the frequency of kubelet updates to 20 seconds and changes the period that the Kubernetes Controller Manager waits for those updates to 2 minutes. The pod eviction period for a pod on that node is reduced to 60 seconds. If the pod has the tolerationSeconds parameter, the eviction waits for the period specified by that parameter.

The Kubernetes Controller Manager waits for 2 minutes to consider a node unhealthy. In another minute, the eviction process starts.

Expand
ProfileComponentParameterValue

MediumUpdateAverageReaction

kubelet

node-status-update-frequency

20s

Kubelet Controller Manager

node-monitor-grace-period

2m

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-not-ready-toleration-seconds

60s

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-unreachable-toleration-seconds

60s

Low worker latency profile

Use the LowUpdateSlowReaction profile if the network latency is extremely high.

The LowUpdateSlowReaction profile reduces the frequency of kubelet updates to 1 minute and changes the period that the Kubernetes Controller Manager waits for those updates to 5 minutes. The pod eviction period for a pod on that node is reduced to 60 seconds. If the pod has the tolerationSeconds parameter, the eviction waits for the period specified by that parameter.

The Kubernetes Controller Manager waits for 5 minutes to consider a node unhealthy. In another minute, the eviction process starts.

Expand
ProfileComponentParameterValue

LowUpdateSlowReaction

kubelet

node-status-update-frequency

1m

Kubelet Controller Manager

node-monitor-grace-period

5m

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-not-ready-toleration-seconds

60s

Kubernetes API Server Operator

default-unreachable-toleration-seconds

60s

Note

The latency profiles do not support custom machine config pools, only the default worker machine config pools.

4.4.2. Using and changing worker latency profiles
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To change a worker latency profile to deal with network latency, edit the node.config object to add the name of the profile. You can change the profile at any time as latency increases or decreases.

You must move one worker latency profile at a time. For example, you cannot move directly from the Default profile to the LowUpdateSlowReaction worker latency profile. You must move from the Default worker latency profile to the MediumUpdateAverageReaction profile first, then to LowUpdateSlowReaction. Similarly, when returning to the Default profile, you must move from the low profile to the medium profile first, then to Default.

Note

You can also configure worker latency profiles upon installing an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

Procedure

To move from the default worker latency profile:

  1. Move to the medium worker latency profile:

    1. Edit the node.config object: 

      $ oc edit nodes.config/cluster
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Add spec.workerLatencyProfile: MediumUpdateAverageReaction:

      Example node.config object

      apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  annotations:
    include.release.openshift.io/ibm-cloud-managed: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/self-managed-high-availability: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/single-node-developer: "true"
    release.openshift.io/create-only: "true"
  creationTimestamp: "2022-07-08T16:02:51Z"
  generation: 1
  name: cluster
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
    kind: ClusterVersion
    name: version
    uid: 36282574-bf9f-409e-a6cd-3032939293eb
  resourceVersion: "1865"
  uid: 0c0f7a4c-4307-4187-b591-6155695ac85b
spec:
  workerLatencyProfile: MediumUpdateAverageReaction
      1 
      

# ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      Specifies the medium worker latency policy.

      Scheduling on each worker node is disabled as the change is being applied.

  2. Optional: Move to the low worker latency profile:

    1. Edit the node.config object: 

      $ oc edit nodes.config/cluster
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Change the spec.workerLatencyProfile value to LowUpdateSlowReaction:

      Example node.config object

      apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  annotations:
    include.release.openshift.io/ibm-cloud-managed: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/self-managed-high-availability: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/single-node-developer: "true"
    release.openshift.io/create-only: "true"
  creationTimestamp: "2022-07-08T16:02:51Z"
  generation: 1
  name: cluster
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
    kind: ClusterVersion
    name: version
    uid: 36282574-bf9f-409e-a6cd-3032939293eb
  resourceVersion: "1865"
  uid: 0c0f7a4c-4307-4187-b591-6155695ac85b
spec:
  workerLatencyProfile: LowUpdateSlowReaction
      1 
      

# ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      Specifies use of the low worker latency policy.

Scheduling on each worker node is disabled as the change is being applied.

Verification

  • When all nodes return to the Ready condition, you can use the following command to look in the Kubernetes Controller Manager to ensure it was applied: 

    $ oc get KubeControllerManager -o yaml | grep -i workerlatency -A 5 -B 5
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    Example output

    # ...
    - lastTransitionTime: "2022-07-11T19:47:10Z"
      reason: ProfileUpdated
      status: "False"
      type: WorkerLatencyProfileProgressing
    - lastTransitionTime: "2022-07-11T19:47:10Z"
    1 
    
      message: all static pod revision(s) have updated latency profile
      reason: ProfileUpdated
      status: "True"
      type: WorkerLatencyProfileComplete
    - lastTransitionTime: "2022-07-11T19:20:11Z"
      reason: AsExpected
      status: "False"
      type: WorkerLatencyProfileDegraded
    - lastTransitionTime: "2022-07-11T19:20:36Z"
      status: "False"
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Specifies that the profile is applied and active.

To change the medium profile to default or change the default to medium, edit the node.config object and set the spec.workerLatencyProfile parameter to the appropriate value.

4.5. Managing control plane machines
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Control plane machine sets provide management capabilities for control plane machines that are similar to what compute machine sets provide for compute machines. The availability and initial status of control plane machine sets on your cluster depend on your cloud provider and the version of OpenShift Container Platform that you installed. For more information, see Getting started with control plane machine sets.

You can create a compute machine set to create machines that host only infrastructure components, such as the default router, the integrated container image registry, and components for cluster metrics and monitoring. These infrastructure machines are not counted toward the total number of subscriptions that are required to run the environment.

In a production deployment, it is recommended that you deploy at least three compute machine sets to hold infrastructure components. Both OpenShift Logging and Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh deploy Elasticsearch, which requires three instances to be installed on different nodes. Each of these nodes can be deployed to different availability zones for high availability. A configuration like this requires three different compute machine sets, one for each availability zone. In global Azure regions that do not have multiple availability zones, you can use availability sets to ensure high availability.

For information on infrastructure nodes and which components can run on infrastructure nodes, see Creating infrastructure machine sets.

To create an infrastructure node, you can use a machine set, assign a label to the nodes, or use a machine config pool.

For sample machine sets that you can use with these procedures, see Creating machine sets for different clouds.

Applying a specific node selector to all infrastructure components causes OpenShift Container Platform to schedule those workloads on nodes with that label.

4.6.1. Creating a compute machine set
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In addition to the compute machine sets created by the installation program, you can create your own to dynamically manage the machine compute resources for specific workloads of your choice.

Prerequisites

  • Deploy an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Log in to oc as a user with cluster-admin permission.

Procedure

  1. Create a new YAML file that contains the compute machine set custom resource (CR) sample and is named <file_name>.yaml.

    Ensure that you set the <clusterID> and <role> parameter values.

  2. Optional: If you are not sure which value to set for a specific field, you can check an existing compute machine set from your cluster.

    1. To list the compute machine sets in your cluster, run the following command: 

      $ oc get machinesets -n openshift-machine-api
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      NAME                                DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AVAILABLE   AGE
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1a   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1b   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1c   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1d   0         0                             55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1e   0         0                             55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1f   0         0                             55m
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. To view values of a specific compute machine set custom resource (CR), run the following command: 

      $ oc get machineset <machineset_name> \
  -n openshift-machine-api -o yaml
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1
kind: MachineSet
metadata:
  labels:
    machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-cluster: <infrastructure_id>
      1 
      
  name: <infrastructure_id>-<role>
      2 
      
  namespace: openshift-machine-api
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-cluster: <infrastructure_id>
      machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-machineset: <infrastructure_id>-<role>
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-cluster: <infrastructure_id>
        machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-machine-role: <role>
        machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-machine-type: <role>
        machine.openshift.io/cluster-api-machineset: <infrastructure_id>-<role>
    spec:
      providerSpec:
      3 
      
        ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      The cluster infrastructure ID.
      2
      A default node label.
      Note

      For clusters that have user-provisioned infrastructure, a compute machine set can only create worker and infra type machines.

      3
      The values in the <providerSpec> section of the compute machine set CR are platform-specific. For more information about <providerSpec> parameters in the CR, see the sample compute machine set CR configuration for your provider.

  3. Create a MachineSet CR by running the following command: 

    $ oc create -f <file_name>.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Verification

  • View the list of compute machine sets by running the following command: 

    $ oc get machineset -n openshift-machine-api
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAME                                DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AVAILABLE   AGE
agl030519-vplxk-infra-us-east-1a    1         1         1       1           11m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1a   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1b   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1c   1         1         1       1           55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1d   0         0                             55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1e   0         0                             55m
agl030519-vplxk-worker-us-east-1f   0         0                             55m
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    When the new compute machine set is available, the DESIRED and CURRENT values match. If the compute machine set is not available, wait a few minutes and run the command again.

4.6.2. Creating an infrastructure node
Copy link

Important

See Creating infrastructure machine sets for installer-provisioned infrastructure environments or for any cluster where the control plane nodes are managed by the machine API.

Requirements of the cluster dictate that infrastructure (infra) nodes, be provisioned. The installation program provisions only control plane and worker nodes. Worker nodes can be designated as infrastructure nodes through labeling. You can then use taints and tolerations to move appropriate workloads to the infrastructure nodes. For more information, see "Moving resources to infrastructure machine sets".

You can optionally create a default cluster-wide node selector. The default node selector is applied to pods created in all namespaces and creates an intersection with any existing node selectors on a pod, which additionally constrains the pod’s selector.

Important

If the default node selector key conflicts with the key of a pod’s label, then the default node selector is not applied.

However, do not set a default node selector that might cause a pod to become unschedulable. For example, setting the default node selector to a specific node role, such as node-role.kubernetes.io/infra="", when a pod’s label is set to a different node role, such as node-role.kubernetes.io/master="", can cause the pod to become unschedulable. For this reason, use caution when setting the default node selector to specific node roles.

You can alternatively use a project node selector to avoid cluster-wide node selector key conflicts.

Procedure

  1. Add a label to the worker nodes that you want to act as infrastructure nodes: 

    $ oc label node <node-name> node-role.kubernetes.io/infra=""
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Check to see if applicable nodes now have the infra role: 

    $ oc get nodes
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Optional: Create a default cluster-wide node selector:

    1. Edit the Scheduler object: 

      $ oc edit scheduler cluster
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Add the defaultNodeSelector field with the appropriate node selector: 

      apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Scheduler
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  defaultNodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra=""
      1 
      
# ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      This example node selector deploys pods on infrastructure nodes by default.
    3. Save the file to apply the changes.

You can now move infrastructure resources to the new infrastructure nodes. Also, remove any workloads that you do not want, or that do not belong, on the new infrastructure node. See the list of workloads supported for use on infrastructure nodes in "OpenShift Container Platform infrastructure components".

If you need infrastructure machines to have dedicated configurations, you must create an infra pool.

Important

Creating a custom machine configuration pool overrides default worker pool configurations if they refer to the same file or unit.

Procedure

  1. Add a label to the node you want to assign as the infra node with a specific label: 

    $ oc label node <node_name> <label>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    $ oc label node ci-ln-n8mqwr2-f76d1-xscn2-worker-c-6fmtx node-role.kubernetes.io/infra=
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Create a machine config pool that contains both the worker role and your custom role as machine config selector: 

    $ cat infra.mcp.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfigPool
metadata:
  name: infra
spec:
  machineConfigSelector:
    matchExpressions:
      - {key: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role, operator: In, values: [worker,infra]}
    1 
    
  nodeSelector:
    matchLabels:
      node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Add the worker role and your custom role.
    2
    Add the label you added to the node as a nodeSelector.
    Note

    Custom machine config pools inherit machine configs from the worker pool. Custom pools use any machine config targeted for the worker pool, but add the ability to also deploy changes that are targeted at only the custom pool. Because a custom pool inherits resources from the worker pool, any change to the worker pool also affects the custom pool.

  3. After you have the YAML file, you can create the machine config pool: 

    $ oc create -f infra.mcp.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Check the machine configs to ensure that the infrastructure configuration rendered successfully: 

    $ oc get machineconfig
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAME                                                        GENERATEDBYCONTROLLER                      IGNITIONVERSION   CREATED
00-master                                                   365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
00-worker                                                   365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
01-master-container-runtime                                 365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
01-master-kubelet                                           365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
01-worker-container-runtime                                 365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
01-worker-kubelet                                           365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
99-master-1ae2a1e0-a115-11e9-8f14-005056899d54-registries   365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
99-master-ssh                                                                                          3.2.0             31d
99-worker-1ae64748-a115-11e9-8f14-005056899d54-registries   365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             31d
99-worker-ssh                                                                                          3.2.0             31d
rendered-infra-4e48906dca84ee702959c71a53ee80e7             365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             23m
rendered-master-072d4b2da7f88162636902b074e9e28e            5b6fb8349a29735e48446d435962dec4547d3090   3.2.0             31d
rendered-master-3e88ec72aed3886dec061df60d16d1af            02c07496ba0417b3e12b78fb32baf6293d314f79   3.2.0             31d
rendered-master-419bee7de96134963a15fdf9dd473b25            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             17d
rendered-master-53f5c91c7661708adce18739cc0f40fb            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             13d
rendered-master-a6a357ec18e5bce7f5ac426fc7c5ffcd            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             7d3h
rendered-master-dc7f874ec77fc4b969674204332da037            5b6fb8349a29735e48446d435962dec4547d3090   3.2.0             31d
rendered-worker-1a75960c52ad18ff5dfa6674eb7e533d            5b6fb8349a29735e48446d435962dec4547d3090   3.2.0             31d
rendered-worker-2640531be11ba43c61d72e82dc634ce6            5b6fb8349a29735e48446d435962dec4547d3090   3.2.0             31d
rendered-worker-4e48906dca84ee702959c71a53ee80e7            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             7d3h
rendered-worker-4f110718fe88e5f349987854a1147755            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             17d
rendered-worker-afc758e194d6188677eb837842d3b379            02c07496ba0417b3e12b78fb32baf6293d314f79   3.2.0             31d
rendered-worker-daa08cc1e8f5fcdeba24de60cd955cc3            365c1cfd14de5b0e3b85e0fc815b0060f36ab955   3.2.0             13d
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You should see a new machine config, with the rendered-infra-* prefix.

  5. Optional: To deploy changes to a custom pool, create a machine config that uses the custom pool name as the label, such as infra. Note that this is not required and only shown for instructional purposes. In this manner, you can apply any custom configurations specific to only your infra nodes.

    Note

    After you create the new machine config pool, the MCO generates a new rendered config for that pool, and associated nodes of that pool reboot to apply the new configuration.

    1. Create a machine config: 

      $ cat infra.mc.yaml
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  name: 51-infra
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: infra
      1 
      
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.2.0
    storage:
      files:
      - path: /etc/infratest
        mode: 0644
        contents:
          source: data:,infra
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      Add the label you added to the node as a nodeSelector.

    2. Apply the machine config to the infra-labeled nodes: 

      $ oc create -f infra.mc.yaml
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. Confirm that your new machine config pool is available: 

    $ oc get mcp
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAME     CONFIG                                             UPDATED   UPDATING   DEGRADED   MACHINECOUNT   READYMACHINECOUNT   UPDATEDMACHINECOUNT   DEGRADEDMACHINECOUNT   AGE
infra    rendered-infra-60e35c2e99f42d976e084fa94da4d0fc    True      False      False      1              1                   1                     0                      4m20s
master   rendered-master-9360fdb895d4c131c7c4bebbae099c90   True      False      False      3              3                   3                     0                      91m
worker   rendered-worker-60e35c2e99f42d976e084fa94da4d0fc   True      False      False      2              2                   2                     0                      91m
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In this example, a worker node was changed to an infra node.

After creating an infrastructure machine set, the worker and infra roles are applied to new infra nodes. Nodes with the infra role are not counted toward the total number of subscriptions that are required to run the environment, even when the worker role is also applied.

However, when an infra node is assigned the worker role, there is a chance that user workloads can get assigned inadvertently to the infra node. To avoid this, you can apply a taint to the infra node and tolerations for the pods that you want to control.

If you have an infrastructure node that has the infra and worker roles assigned, you must configure the node so that user workloads are not assigned to it.

Important

It is recommended that you preserve the dual infra,worker label that is created for infrastructure nodes and use taints and tolerations to manage nodes that user workloads are scheduled on. If you remove the worker label from the node, you must create a custom pool to manage it. A node with a label other than master or worker is not recognized by the MCO without a custom pool. Maintaining the worker label allows the node to be managed by the default worker machine config pool, if no custom pools that select the custom label exists. The infra label communicates to the cluster that it does not count toward the total number of subscriptions.

Prerequisites

  • Configure additional MachineSet objects in your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

Procedure

  1. Add a taint to the infrastructure node to prevent scheduling user workloads on it:

    1. Determine if the node has the taint: 

      $ oc describe nodes <node_name>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Sample output

      oc describe node ci-ln-iyhx092-f76d1-nvdfm-worker-b-wln2l
Name:               ci-ln-iyhx092-f76d1-nvdfm-worker-b-wln2l
Roles:              worker
 ...
Taints:             node-role.kubernetes.io/infra=reserved:NoSchedule
 ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      This example shows that the node has a taint. You can proceed with adding a toleration to your pod in the next step.

    2. If you have not configured a taint to prevent scheduling user workloads on it: 

      $ oc adm taint nodes <node_name> <key>=<value>:<effect>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      For example: 

      $ oc adm taint nodes node1 node-role.kubernetes.io/infra=reserved:NoSchedule
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      Tip

      You can alternatively edit the pod specification to add the taint: 

      apiVersion: v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  name: node1
# ...
spec:
  taints:
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
      value: reserved
      effect: NoSchedule
# ...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      These examples place a taint on node1 that has the node-role.kubernetes.io/infra key and the NoSchedule taint effect. Nodes with the NoSchedule effect schedule only pods that tolerate the taint, but allow existing pods to remain scheduled on the node.

      If you added a NoSchedule taint to the infrastructure node, any pods that are controlled by a daemon set on that node are marked as misscheduled. You must either delete the pods or add a toleration to the pods as shown in the Red Hat Knowledgebase solution add toleration on misscheduled DNS pods. Note that you cannot add a toleration to a daemon set object that is managed by an operator.

      Note

      If a descheduler is used, pods violating node taints could be evicted from the cluster.

  2. Add tolerations to the pods that you want to schedule on the infrastructure node, such as the router, registry, and monitoring workloads. Referencing the previous examples, add the following tolerations to the Pod object specification: 

    apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:

# ...
spec:
# ...
  tolerations:
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
    1 
    
      value: reserved
    2 
    
      effect: NoSchedule
    3 
    
      operator: Equal
    4
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Specify the key that you added to the node.
    2
    Specify the value of the key-value pair taint that you added to the node.
    3
    Specify the effect that you added to the node.
    4
    Specify the Equal Operator to require a taint with the key node-role.kubernetes.io/infra to be present on the node.

    This toleration matches the taint created by the oc adm taint command. A pod with this toleration can be scheduled onto the infrastructure node.

    Note

    Moving pods for an Operator installed via OLM to an infrastructure node is not always possible. The capability to move Operator pods depends on the configuration of each Operator.

  3. Schedule the pod to the infrastructure node by using a scheduler. See the documentation for "Controlling pod placement using the scheduler" for details.
  4. Remove any workloads that you do not want, or that do not belong, on the new infrastructure node. See the list of workloads supported for use on infrastructure nodes in "OpenShift Container Platform infrastructure components".

Some of the infrastructure resources are deployed in your cluster by default. You can move them to the infrastructure machine sets that you created.

4.8.1. Moving the router
Copy link

You can deploy the router pod to a different compute machine set. By default, the pod is deployed to a worker node.

Prerequisites

  • Configure additional compute machine sets in your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

Procedure

  1. View the IngressController custom resource for the router Operator: 

    $ oc get ingresscontroller default -n openshift-ingress-operator -o yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The command output resembles the following text: 

    apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: 2019-04-18T12:35:39Z
  finalizers:
  - ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/finalizer-ingresscontroller
  generation: 1
  name: default
  namespace: openshift-ingress-operator
  resourceVersion: "11341"
  selfLink: /apis/operator.openshift.io/v1/namespaces/openshift-ingress-operator/ingresscontrollers/default
  uid: 79509e05-61d6-11e9-bc55-02ce4781844a
spec: {}
status:
  availableReplicas: 2
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: 2019-04-18T12:36:15Z
    status: "True"
    type: Available
  domain: apps.<cluster>.example.com
  endpointPublishingStrategy:
    type: LoadBalancerService
  selector: ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/deployment-ingresscontroller=default
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Edit the ingresscontroller resource and change the nodeSelector to use the infra label: 

    $ oc edit ingresscontroller default -n openshift-ingress-operator
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: IngressController
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2025-03-26T21:15:43Z"
  finalizers:
  - ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/finalizer-ingresscontroller
  generation: 1
  name: default
# ...
spec:
  nodePlacement:
    nodeSelector:
    1 
    
      matchLabels:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
    tolerations:
    - effect: NoSchedule
      key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
      value: reserved
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Add a nodeSelector parameter with the appropriate value to the component you want to move. You can use a nodeSelector parameter in the format shown or use <key>: <value> pairs, based on the value specified for the node. If you added a taint to the infrastructure node, also add a matching toleration.

  3. Confirm that the router pod is running on the infra node.

    1. View the list of router pods and note the node name of the running pod: 

      $ oc get pod -n openshift-ingress -o wide
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      NAME                              READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE       IP           NODE                           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
router-default-86798b4b5d-bdlvd   1/1      Running       0          28s       10.130.2.4   ip-10-0-217-226.ec2.internal   <none>           <none>
router-default-955d875f4-255g8    0/1      Terminating   0          19h       10.129.2.4   ip-10-0-148-172.ec2.internal   <none>           <none>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      In this example, the running pod is on the ip-10-0-217-226.ec2.internal node.

    2. View the node status of the running pod: 

      $ oc get node <node_name>
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      Specify the <node_name> that you obtained from the pod list.

      Example output

      NAME                          STATUS  ROLES         AGE   VERSION
ip-10-0-217-226.ec2.internal  Ready   infra,worker  17h   v1.30.3
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Because the role list includes infra, the pod is running on the correct node.

4.8.2. Moving the default registry
Copy link

You configure the registry Operator to deploy its pods to different nodes.

Prerequisites

  • Configure additional compute machine sets in your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

Procedure

  1. View the config/instance object: 

    $ oc get configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster -o yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    apiVersion: imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Config
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: 2019-02-05T13:52:05Z
  finalizers:
  - imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/finalizer
  generation: 1
  name: cluster
  resourceVersion: "56174"
  selfLink: /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/configs/cluster
  uid: 36fd3724-294d-11e9-a524-12ffeee2931b
spec:
  httpSecret: d9a012ccd117b1e6616ceccb2c3bb66a5fed1b5e481623
  logging: 2
  managementState: Managed
  proxy: {}
  replicas: 1
  requests:
    read: {}
    write: {}
  storage:
    s3:
      bucket: image-registry-us-east-1-c92e88cad85b48ec8b312344dff03c82-392c
      region: us-east-1
status:
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Edit the config/instance object: 

    $ oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    apiVersion: imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Config
metadata:
  name: cluster
# ...
spec:
  logLevel: Normal
  managementState: Managed
  nodeSelector:
    1 
    
    node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
  tolerations:
  - effect: NoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
    value: reserved
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Add a nodeSelector parameter with the appropriate value to the component you want to move. You can use a nodeSelector parameter in the format shown or use <key>: <value> pairs, based on the value specified for the node. If you added a taint to the infrasructure node, also add a matching toleration.

  3. Verify the registry pod has been moved to the infrastructure node.

    1. Run the following command to identify the node where the registry pod is located: 

      $ oc get pods -o wide -n openshift-image-registry
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Confirm the node has the label you specified: 

      $ oc describe node <node_name>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Review the command output and confirm that node-role.kubernetes.io/infra is in the LABELS list.

4.8.3. Moving the monitoring solution
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The monitoring stack includes multiple components, including Prometheus, Thanos Querier, and Alertmanager. The Cluster Monitoring Operator manages this stack. To redeploy the monitoring stack to infrastructure nodes, you can create and apply a custom config map.

Prerequisites

  • You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin cluster role.
  • You have created the cluster-monitoring-config ConfigMap object.
  • You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

  1. Edit the cluster-monitoring-config config map and change the nodeSelector to use the infra label: 

    $ oc edit configmap cluster-monitoring-config -n openshift-monitoring
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: cluster-monitoring-config
  namespace: openshift-monitoring
data:
  config.yaml: |+
    alertmanagerMain:
      nodeSelector:
    1 
    
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    prometheusK8s:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    prometheusOperator:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    metricsServer:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    kubeStateMetrics:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    telemeterClient:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    openshiftStateMetrics:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    thanosQuerier:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    monitoringPlugin:
      nodeSelector:
        node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: ""
      tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra
        value: reserved
        effect: NoSchedule
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Add a nodeSelector parameter with the appropriate value to the component you want to move. You can use a nodeSelector parameter in the format shown or use <key>: <value> pairs, based on the value specified for the node. If you added a taint to the infrastructure node, also add a matching toleration.

  2. Watch the monitoring pods move to the new machines: 

    $ watch 'oc get pod -n openshift-monitoring -o wide'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. If a component has not moved to the infra node, delete the pod with this component: 

    $ oc delete pod -n openshift-monitoring <pod>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The component from the deleted pod is re-created on the infra node.

4.9. Applying autoscaling to your cluster
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Applying autoscaling to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster involves deploying a cluster autoscaler and then deploying machine autoscalers for each machine type in your cluster.

For more information, see Applying autoscaling to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

4.10. Configuring Linux cgroup
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As of OpenShift Container Platform 4.14, OpenShift Container Platform uses Linux control group version 2 (cgroup v2) in your cluster. If you are using cgroup v1 on OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 or earlier, migrating to OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 or later will not automatically update your cgroup configuration to version 2. A fresh installation of OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 or later will use cgroup v2 by default. However, you can enable Linux control group version 1 (cgroup v1) upon installation.

cgroup v2 is the current version of the Linux cgroup API. cgroup v2 offers several improvements over cgroup v1, including a unified hierarchy, safer sub-tree delegation, new features such as Pressure Stall Information, and enhanced resource management and isolation. However, cgroup v2 has different CPU, memory, and I/O management characteristics than cgroup v1. Therefore, some workloads might experience slight differences in memory or CPU usage on clusters that run cgroup v2.

You can change between cgroup v1 and cgroup v2, as needed. Enabling cgroup v1 in OpenShift Container Platform disables all cgroup v2 controllers and hierarchies in your cluster.

Important

cgroup v1 is a deprecated feature. Deprecated functionality is still included in OpenShift Container Platform and continues to be supported; however, it will be removed in a future release of this product and is not recommended for new deployments.

For the most recent list of major functionality that has been deprecated or removed within OpenShift Container Platform, refer to the Deprecated and removed features section of the OpenShift Container Platform release notes.

Prerequisites

  • You have a running OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses version 4.12 or later.
  • You are logged in to the cluster as a user with administrative privileges.

Procedure

  1. Configure the wanted cgroup version on your nodes:

    1. Edit the node.config object: 

      $ oc edit nodes.config/cluster
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Add spec.cgroupMode: "v1":

      Example node.config object

      apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  annotations:
    include.release.openshift.io/ibm-cloud-managed: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/self-managed-high-availability: "true"
    include.release.openshift.io/single-node-developer: "true"
    release.openshift.io/create-only: "true"
  creationTimestamp: "2022-07-08T16:02:51Z"
  generation: 1
  name: cluster
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
    kind: ClusterVersion
    name: version
    uid: 36282574-bf9f-409e-a6cd-3032939293eb
  resourceVersion: "1865"
  uid: 0c0f7a4c-4307-4187-b591-6155695ac85b
spec:
  cgroupMode: "v1"
      1 
      
...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1
      Enables cgroup v1.

Verification

  1. Check the machine configs to see that the new machine configs were added: 

    $ oc get mc
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAME                                               GENERATEDBYCONTROLLER                      IGNITIONVERSION   AGE
00-master                                          52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
00-worker                                          52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
01-master-container-runtime                        52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
01-master-kubelet                                  52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
01-worker-container-runtime                        52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
01-worker-kubelet                                  52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
97-master-generated-kubelet                        52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
99-worker-generated-kubelet                        52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
99-master-generated-registries                     52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
99-master-ssh                                                                                 3.2.0             40m
99-worker-generated-registries                     52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
99-worker-ssh                                                                                 3.2.0             40m
rendered-master-23d4317815a5f854bd3553d689cfe2e9   52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             10s
    1 
    
rendered-master-23e785de7587df95a4b517e0647e5ab7   52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
rendered-worker-5d596d9293ca3ea80c896a1191735bb1   52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             33m
rendered-worker-dcc7f1b92892d34db74d6832bcc9ccd4   52dd3ba6a9a527fc3ab42afac8d12b693534c8c9   3.2.0             10s
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    New machine configs are created, as expected.

  2. Check that the new kernelArguments were added to the new machine configs: 

    $ oc describe mc <name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output for cgroup v1

    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
  name: 05-worker-kernelarg-selinuxpermissive
spec:
  kernelArguments:
    systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0
    1 
    
    systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller=1
    2 
    
    psi=0
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Disables cgroup v2.
    2
    Enables cgroup v1 in systemd.

  3. Check the nodes to see that scheduling on the nodes is disabled. This indicates that the change is being applied: 

    $ oc get nodes
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    NAME                                       STATUS                     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-master-0         Ready,SchedulingDisabled   master   58m   v1.30.3
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-master-1         Ready                      master   58m   v1.30.3
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-master-2         Ready                      master   58m   v1.30.3
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-worker-a-h5gt4   Ready,SchedulingDisabled   worker   48m   v1.30.3
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-worker-b-7vtmd   Ready                      worker   48m   v1.30.3
ci-ln-fm1qnwt-72292-99kt6-worker-c-rhzkv   Ready                      worker   48m   v1.30.3
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. After a node returns to the Ready state, start a debug session for that node: 

    $ oc debug node/<node_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Set /host as the root directory within the debug shell: 

    sh-4.4# chroot /host
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. Check that the sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup2fs file is present on your nodes. This file is created by cgroup v1: 

    $ stat -c %T -f /sys/fs/cgroup
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example output

    cgroup2fs
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

You can turn on a subset of the current Technology Preview features on for all nodes in the cluster by editing the FeatureGate custom resource (CR).

4.11.1. Understanding feature gates
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You can use the FeatureGate custom resource (CR) to enable specific feature sets in your cluster. A feature set is a collection of OpenShift Container Platform features that are not enabled by default.

You can activate the following feature set by using the FeatureGate CR:

  • TechPreviewNoUpgrade. This feature set is a subset of the current Technology Preview features. This feature set allows you to enable these Technology Preview features on test clusters, where you can fully test them, while leaving the features disabled on production clusters.

    Warning

    Enabling the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set on your cluster cannot be undone and prevents minor version updates. You should not enable this feature set on production clusters.

    The following Technology Preview features are enabled by this feature set:

    • External cloud providers. Enables support for external cloud providers for clusters on vSphere, AWS, Azure, and GCP. Support for OpenStack is GA. This is an internal feature that most users do not need to interact with. (ExternalCloudProvider)
    • Swap memory on nodes. Enables swap memory use for OpenShift Container Platform workloads on a per-node basis. (NodeSwap)
    • OpenStack Machine API Provider. This gate has no effect and is planned to be removed from this feature set in a future release. (MachineAPIProviderOpenStack)
    • Insights Operator. Enables the InsightsDataGather CRD, which allows users to configure some Insights data gathering options. The feature set also enables the DataGather CRD, which allows users to run Insights data gathering on-demand. (InsightsConfigAPI)
    • Dynamic Resource Allocation API. Enables a new API for requesting and sharing resources between pods and containers. This is an internal feature that most users do not need to interact with. (DynamicResourceAllocation)
    • Pod security admission enforcement. Enables the restricted enforcement mode for pod security admission. Instead of only logging a warning, pods are rejected if they violate pod security standards. (OpenShiftPodSecurityAdmission)
    • StatefulSet pod availability upgrading limits. Enables users to define the maximum number of statefulset pods unavailable during updates which reduces application downtime. (MaxUnavailableStatefulSet)
    • gcpLabelsTags
    • vSphereStaticIPs
    • routeExternalCertificate
    • automatedEtcdBackup
    • gcpClusterHostedDNS
    • vSphereControlPlaneMachineset
    • dnsNameResolver
    • machineConfigNodes
    • metricsServer
    • installAlternateInfrastructureAWS
    • mixedCPUsAllocation
    • managedBootImages
    • onClusterBuild
    • signatureStores
    • SigstoreImageVerification
    • DisableKubeletCloudCredentialProviders
    • BareMetalLoadBalancer
    • ClusterAPIInstallAWS
    • ClusterAPIInstallAzure
    • ClusterAPIInstallNutanix
    • ClusterAPIInstallOpenStack
    • ClusterAPIInstallVSphere
    • HardwareSpeed
    • KMSv1
    • NetworkDiagnosticsConfig
    • VSphereDriverConfiguration
    • ExternalOIDC
    • ChunkSizeMiB
    • ClusterAPIInstallGCP
    • ClusterAPIInstallPowerVS
    • EtcdBackendQuota
    • InsightsConfig
    • InsightsOnDemandDataGather
    • MetricsCollectionProfiles
    • NewOLM
    • NodeDisruptionPolicy
    • PinnedImages
    • PlatformOperators
    • ServiceAccountTokenNodeBinding
    • TranslateStreamCloseWebsocketRequests
    • UpgradeStatus
    • VSphereMultiVCenters
    • VolumeGroupSnapshot
    • AdditionalRoutingCapabilities
    • BootcNodeManagement
    • ClusterMonitoringConfig
    • DNSNameResolver
    • ManagedBootImagesAWS
    • NetworkSegmentation
    • OVNObservability
    • PersistentIPsForVirtualization
    • ProcMountType
    • RouteAdvertisements
    • UserNamespacesSupport
    • AWSEFSDriverVolumeMetrics
    • AlibabaPlatform
    • AzureWorkloadIdentity
    • BuildCSIVolumes
    • CloudDualStackNodeIPs
    • ExternalCloudProviderAzure
    • ExternalCloudProviderExternal
    • ExternalCloudProviderGCP
    • IngressControllerLBSubnetsAWS
    • MultiArchInstallAWS
    • MultiArchInstallGCP
    • NetworkLiveMigration
    • PrivateHostedZoneAWS
    • SetEIPForNLBIngressController
    • ValidatingAdmissionPolicy

You can use the OpenShift Container Platform web console to enable feature sets for all of the nodes in a cluster by editing the FeatureGate custom resource (CR).

Procedure

To enable feature sets:

  1. In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, switch to the Administration Custom Resource Definitions page.
  2. On the Custom Resource Definitions page, click FeatureGate.
  3. On the Custom Resource Definition Details page, click the Instances tab.
  4. Click the cluster feature gate, then click the YAML tab.

  5. Edit the cluster instance to add specific feature sets:

    Warning

    Enabling the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set on your cluster cannot be undone and prevents minor version updates. You should not enable this feature set on production clusters.

    Sample Feature Gate custom resource

    apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: FeatureGate
metadata:
  name: cluster
    1 
    
# ...
spec:
  featureSet: TechPreviewNoUpgrade
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    The name of the FeatureGate CR must be cluster.
    2
    Add the feature set that you want to enable:
    • TechPreviewNoUpgrade enables specific Technology Preview features.

    After you save the changes, new machine configs are created, the machine config pools are updated, and scheduling on each node is disabled while the change is being applied.

Verification

You can verify that the feature gates are enabled by looking at the kubelet.conf file on a node after the nodes return to the ready state.

  1. From the Administrator perspective in the web console, navigate to Compute Nodes.
  2. Select a node.
  3. In the Node details page, click Terminal.

  4. In the terminal window, change your root directory to /host: 

    sh-4.2# chroot /host
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. View the kubelet.conf file: 

    sh-4.2# cat /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Sample output

    # ...
featureGates:
  InsightsOperatorPullingSCA: true,
  LegacyNodeRoleBehavior: false
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The features that are listed as true are enabled on your cluster.

    Note

    The features listed vary depending upon the OpenShift Container Platform version.

4.11.3. Enabling feature sets using the CLI
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You can use the OpenShift CLI (oc) to enable feature sets for all of the nodes in a cluster by editing the FeatureGate custom resource (CR).

Prerequisites

  • You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

To enable feature sets:

  1. Edit the FeatureGate CR named cluster: 

    $ oc edit featuregate cluster
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    Warning

    Enabling the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set on your cluster cannot be undone and prevents minor version updates. You should not enable this feature set on production clusters.

    Sample FeatureGate custom resource

    apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: FeatureGate
metadata:
  name: cluster
    1 
    
# ...
spec:
  featureSet: TechPreviewNoUpgrade
    2
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    The name of the FeatureGate CR must be cluster.
    2
    Add the feature set that you want to enable:
    • TechPreviewNoUpgrade enables specific Technology Preview features.

    After you save the changes, new machine configs are created, the machine config pools are updated, and scheduling on each node is disabled while the change is being applied.

Verification

You can verify that the feature gates are enabled by looking at the kubelet.conf file on a node after the nodes return to the ready state.

  1. From the Administrator perspective in the web console, navigate to Compute Nodes.
  2. Select a node.
  3. In the Node details page, click Terminal.

  4. In the terminal window, change your root directory to /host: 

    sh-4.2# chroot /host
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. View the kubelet.conf file: 

    sh-4.2# cat /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Sample output

    # ...
featureGates:
  InsightsOperatorPullingSCA: true,
  LegacyNodeRoleBehavior: false
# ...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The features that are listed as true are enabled on your cluster.

    Note

    The features listed vary depending upon the OpenShift Container Platform version.

4.12. etcd tasks
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Back up etcd, enable or disable etcd encryption, or defragment etcd data.

Note

If you deployed a bare-metal cluster, you can scale the cluster up to 5 nodes as part of your post-installation tasks. For more information, see Node scaling for etcd.

4.12.1. About etcd encryption
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By default, etcd data is not encrypted in OpenShift Container Platform. You can enable etcd encryption for your cluster to provide an additional layer of data security. For example, it can help protect the loss of sensitive data if an etcd backup is exposed to the incorrect parties.

When you enable etcd encryption, the following OpenShift API server and Kubernetes API server resources are encrypted:

  • Secrets
  • Config maps
  • Routes
  • OAuth access tokens
  • OAuth authorize tokens

When you enable etcd encryption, encryption keys are created. You must have these keys to restore from an etcd backup.

Note

Etcd encryption only encrypts values, not keys. Resource types, namespaces, and object names are unencrypted.

If etcd encryption is enabled during a backup, the static_kuberesources_<datetimestamp>.tar.gz file contains the encryption keys for the etcd snapshot. For security reasons, store this file separately from the etcd snapshot. However, this file is required to restore a previous state of etcd from the respective etcd snapshot.

4.12.2. Supported encryption types
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The following encryption types are supported for encrypting etcd data in OpenShift Container Platform:

AES-CBC
Uses AES-CBC with PKCS#7 padding and a 32 byte key to perform the encryption. The encryption keys are rotated weekly.
AES-GCM
Uses AES-GCM with a random nonce and a 32 byte key to perform the encryption. The encryption keys are rotated weekly.

4.12.3. Enabling etcd encryption
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You can enable etcd encryption to encrypt sensitive resources in your cluster.

Warning

Do not back up etcd resources until the initial encryption process is completed. If the encryption process is not completed, the backup might be only partially encrypted.

After you enable etcd encryption, several changes can occur:

  • The etcd encryption might affect the memory consumption of a few resources.
  • You might notice a transient affect on backup performance because the leader must serve the backup.
  • A disk I/O can affect the node that receives the backup state.

You can encrypt the etcd database in either AES-GCM or AES-CBC encryption.

Note

To migrate your etcd database from one encryption type to the other, you can modify the API server’s spec.encryption.type field. Migration of the etcd data to the new encryption type occurs automatically.

Prerequisites

  • Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  1. Modify the APIServer object: 

    $ oc edit apiserver
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Set the spec.encryption.type field to aesgcm or aescbc: 

    spec:
  encryption:
    type: aesgcm
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    Set to aesgcm for AES-GCM encryption or aescbc for AES-CBC encryption.

  3. Save the file to apply the changes.

    The encryption process starts. It can take 20 minutes or longer for this process to complete, depending on the size of the etcd database.

  4. Verify that etcd encryption was successful.

    1. Review the Encrypted status condition for the OpenShift API server to verify that its resources were successfully encrypted: 

      $ oc get openshiftapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows EncryptionCompleted upon successful encryption: 

      EncryptionCompleted
All resources encrypted: routes.route.openshift.io
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows EncryptionInProgress, encryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    2. Review the Encrypted status condition for the Kubernetes API server to verify that its resources were successfully encrypted: 

      $ oc get kubeapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows EncryptionCompleted upon successful encryption: 

      EncryptionCompleted
All resources encrypted: secrets, configmaps
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows EncryptionInProgress, encryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    3. Review the Encrypted status condition for the OpenShift OAuth API server to verify that its resources were successfully encrypted: 

      $ oc get authentication.operator.openshift.io -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows EncryptionCompleted upon successful encryption: 

      EncryptionCompleted
All resources encrypted: oauthaccesstokens.oauth.openshift.io, oauthauthorizetokens.oauth.openshift.io
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows EncryptionInProgress, encryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

4.12.4. Disabling etcd encryption
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You can disable encryption of etcd data in your cluster.

Prerequisites

  • Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  1. Modify the APIServer object: 

    $ oc edit apiserver
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Set the encryption field type to identity: 

    spec:
  encryption:
    type: identity
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    The identity type is the default value and means that no encryption is performed.

  3. Save the file to apply the changes.

    The decryption process starts. It can take 20 minutes or longer for this process to complete, depending on the size of your cluster.

  4. Verify that etcd decryption was successful.

    1. Review the Encrypted status condition for the OpenShift API server to verify that its resources were successfully decrypted: 

      $ oc get openshiftapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows DecryptionCompleted upon successful decryption: 

      DecryptionCompleted
Encryption mode set to identity and everything is decrypted
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows DecryptionInProgress, decryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    2. Review the Encrypted status condition for the Kubernetes API server to verify that its resources were successfully decrypted: 

      $ oc get kubeapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows DecryptionCompleted upon successful decryption: 

      DecryptionCompleted
Encryption mode set to identity and everything is decrypted
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows DecryptionInProgress, decryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    3. Review the Encrypted status condition for the OpenShift OAuth API server to verify that its resources were successfully decrypted: 

      $ oc get authentication.operator.openshift.io -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="Encrypted")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      The output shows DecryptionCompleted upon successful decryption: 

      DecryptionCompleted
Encryption mode set to identity and everything is decrypted
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output shows DecryptionInProgress, decryption is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

4.12.5. Backing up etcd data
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Follow these steps to back up etcd data by creating an etcd snapshot and backing up the resources for the static pods. This backup can be saved and used at a later time if you need to restore etcd.

Important

Only save a backup from a single control plane host. Do not take a backup from each control plane host in the cluster.

Prerequisites

  • You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

  • You have checked whether the cluster-wide proxy is enabled.

    Tip

    You can check whether the proxy is enabled by reviewing the output of oc get proxy cluster -o yaml. The proxy is enabled if the httpProxy, httpsProxy, and noProxy fields have values set.

Procedure

  1. Start a debug session as root for a control plane node: 

    $ oc debug --as-root node/<node_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Change your root directory to /host in the debug shell: 

    sh-4.4# chroot /host
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. If the cluster-wide proxy is enabled, export the NO_PROXY, HTTP_PROXY, and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables by running the following commands: 

    $ export HTTP_PROXY=http://<your_proxy.example.com>:8080
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    $ export HTTPS_PROXY=https://<your_proxy.example.com>:8080
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
    $ export NO_PROXY=<example.com>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Run the cluster-backup.sh script in the debug shell and pass in the location to save the backup to.

    Tip

    The cluster-backup.sh script is maintained as a component of the etcd Cluster Operator and is a wrapper around the etcdctl snapshot save command. 

    sh-4.4# /usr/local/bin/cluster-backup.sh /home/core/assets/backup
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example script output

    found latest kube-apiserver: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-pod-6
found latest kube-controller-manager: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-controller-manager-pod-7
found latest kube-scheduler: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-scheduler-pod-6
found latest etcd: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/etcd-pod-3
ede95fe6b88b87ba86a03c15e669fb4aa5bf0991c180d3c6895ce72eaade54a1
etcdctl version: 3.4.14
API version: 3.4
{"level":"info","ts":1624647639.0188997,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:119","msg":"created temporary db file","path":"/home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db.part"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2021-06-25T19:00:39.030Z","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:200","msg":"opened snapshot stream; downloading"}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647639.0301006,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:127","msg":"fetching snapshot","endpoint":"https://10.0.0.5:2379"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2021-06-25T19:00:40.215Z","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:208","msg":"completed snapshot read; closing"}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647640.6032252,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:142","msg":"fetched snapshot","endpoint":"https://10.0.0.5:2379","size":"114 MB","took":1.584090459}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647640.6047094,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:152","msg":"saved","path":"/home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db"}
Snapshot saved at /home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db
{"hash":3866667823,"revision":31407,"totalKey":12828,"totalSize":114446336}
snapshot db and kube resources are successfully saved to /home/core/assets/backup
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In this example, two files are created in the /home/core/assets/backup/ directory on the control plane host:

    • snapshot_<datetimestamp>.db: This file is the etcd snapshot. The cluster-backup.sh script confirms its validity.

    • static_kuberesources_<datetimestamp>.tar.gz: This file contains the resources for the static pods. If etcd encryption is enabled, it also contains the encryption keys for the etcd snapshot.

      Note

      If etcd encryption is enabled, it is recommended to store this second file separately from the etcd snapshot for security reasons. However, this file is required to restore from the etcd snapshot.

      Keep in mind that etcd encryption only encrypts values, not keys. This means that resource types, namespaces, and object names are unencrypted.

4.12.6. Defragmenting etcd data
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For large and dense clusters, etcd can suffer from poor performance if the keyspace grows too large and exceeds the space quota. Periodically maintain and defragment etcd to free up space in the data store. Monitor Prometheus for etcd metrics and defragment it when required; otherwise, etcd can raise a cluster-wide alarm that puts the cluster into a maintenance mode that accepts only key reads and deletes.

Monitor these key metrics:

  • etcd_server_quota_backend_bytes, which is the current quota limit
  • etcd_mvcc_db_total_size_in_use_in_bytes, which indicates the actual database usage after a history compaction
  • etcd_mvcc_db_total_size_in_bytes, which shows the database size, including free space waiting for defragmentation

Defragment etcd data to reclaim disk space after events that cause disk fragmentation, such as etcd history compaction.

History compaction is performed automatically every five minutes and leaves gaps in the back-end database. This fragmented space is available for use by etcd, but is not available to the host file system. You must defragment etcd to make this space available to the host file system.

Defragmentation occurs automatically, but you can also trigger it manually.

Note

Automatic defragmentation is good for most cases, because the etcd operator uses cluster information to determine the most efficient operation for the user.

4.12.6.1. Automatic defragmentation
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The etcd Operator automatically defragments disks. No manual intervention is needed.

Verify that the defragmentation process is successful by viewing one of these logs:

  • etcd logs
  • cluster-etcd-operator pod
  • operator status error log
Warning

Automatic defragmentation can cause leader election failure in various OpenShift core components, such as the Kubernetes controller manager, which triggers a restart of the failing component. The restart is harmless and either triggers failover to the next running instance or the component resumes work again after the restart.

Example log output for successful defragmentation

etcd member has been defragmented: <member_name>, memberID: <member_id>
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

Example log output for unsuccessful defragmentation

failed defrag on member: <member_name>, memberID: <member_id>: <error_message>
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

4.12.6.2. Manual defragmentation
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A Prometheus alert indicates when you need to use manual defragmentation. The alert is displayed in two cases:

  • When etcd uses more than 50% of its available space for more than 10 minutes
  • When etcd is actively using less than 50% of its total database size for more than 10 minutes

You can also determine whether defragmentation is needed by checking the etcd database size in MB that will be freed by defragmentation with the PromQL expression: (etcd_mvcc_db_total_size_in_bytes - etcd_mvcc_db_total_size_in_use_in_bytes)/1024/1024

Warning

Defragmenting etcd is a blocking action. The etcd member will not respond until defragmentation is complete. For this reason, wait at least one minute between defragmentation actions on each of the pods to allow the cluster to recover.

Follow this procedure to defragment etcd data on each etcd member.

Prerequisites

  • You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  1. Determine which etcd member is the leader, because the leader should be defragmented last.

    1. Get the list of etcd pods: 

      $ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd -o wide
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      etcd-ip-10-0-159-225.example.redhat.com                3/3     Running     0          175m   10.0.159.225   ip-10-0-159-225.example.redhat.com   <none>           <none>
etcd-ip-10-0-191-37.example.redhat.com                 3/3     Running     0          173m   10.0.191.37    ip-10-0-191-37.example.redhat.com    <none>           <none>
etcd-ip-10-0-199-170.example.redhat.com                3/3     Running     0          176m   10.0.199.170   ip-10-0-199-170.example.redhat.com   <none>           <none>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Choose a pod and run the following command to determine which etcd member is the leader: 

      $ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-159-225.example.redhat.com etcdctl endpoint status --cluster -w table
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      Defaulting container name to etcdctl.
Use 'oc describe pod/etcd-ip-10-0-159-225.example.redhat.com -n openshift-etcd' to see all of the containers in this pod.
+---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|         ENDPOINT          |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|  https://10.0.191.37:2379 | 251cd44483d811c3 |   3.5.9 |  104 MB |     false |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
| https://10.0.159.225:2379 | 264c7c58ecbdabee |   3.5.9 |  104 MB |     false |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
| https://10.0.199.170:2379 | 9ac311f93915cc79 |   3.5.9 |  104 MB |      true |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
+---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Based on the IS LEADER column of this output, the https://10.0.199.170:2379 endpoint is the leader. Matching this endpoint with the output of the previous step, the pod name of the leader is etcd-ip-10-0-199-170.example.redhat.com.

  2. Defragment an etcd member.

    1. Connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that is not the leader: 

      $ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-159-225.example.redhat.com
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Unset the ETCDCTL_ENDPOINTS environment variable: 

      sh-4.4# unset ETCDCTL_ENDPOINTS
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    3. Defragment the etcd member: 

      sh-4.4# etcdctl --command-timeout=30s --endpoints=https://localhost:2379 defrag
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      Finished defragmenting etcd member[https://localhost:2379]
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If a timeout error occurs, increase the value for --command-timeout until the command succeeds.

    4. Verify that the database size was reduced: 

      sh-4.4# etcdctl endpoint status -w table --cluster
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      +---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|         ENDPOINT          |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|  https://10.0.191.37:2379 | 251cd44483d811c3 |   3.5.9 |  104 MB |     false |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
| https://10.0.159.225:2379 | 264c7c58ecbdabee |   3.5.9 |   41 MB |     false |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
      1 
      
| https://10.0.199.170:2379 | 9ac311f93915cc79 |   3.5.9 |  104 MB |      true |      false |         7 |      91624 |              91624 |        |
+---------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      This example shows that the database size for this etcd member is now 41 MB as opposed to the starting size of 104 MB.

    5. Repeat these steps to connect to each of the other etcd members and defragment them. Always defragment the leader last.

      Wait at least one minute between defragmentation actions to allow the etcd pod to recover. Until the etcd pod recovers, the etcd member will not respond.

  3. If any NOSPACE alarms were triggered due to the space quota being exceeded, clear them.

    1. Check if there are any NOSPACE alarms: 

      sh-4.4# etcdctl alarm list
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      memberID:12345678912345678912 alarm:NOSPACE
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Clear the alarms: 

      sh-4.4# etcdctl alarm disarm
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

4.12.7. Restoring to a previous cluster state
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You can use a saved etcd backup to restore a previous cluster state or restore a cluster that has lost the majority of control plane hosts.

Note

If your cluster uses a control plane machine set, see "Recovering a degraded etcd Operator" in "Troubleshooting the control plane machine set" for an etcd recovery procedure.

Important

When you restore your cluster, you must use an etcd backup that was taken from the same z-stream release. For example, an OpenShift Container Platform 4.7.2 cluster must use an etcd backup that was taken from 4.7.2.

Prerequisites

  • Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role through a certificate-based kubeconfig file, like the one that was used during installation.
  • A healthy control plane host to use as the recovery host.
  • SSH access to control plane hosts.
  • A backup directory containing both the etcd snapshot and the resources for the static pods, which were from the same backup. The file names in the directory must be in the following formats: snapshot_<datetimestamp>.db and static_kuberesources_<datetimestamp>.tar.gz.
  • Nodes must be accessible or bootable.
Important

For non-recovery control plane nodes, it is not required to establish SSH connectivity or to stop the static pods. You can delete and re-create other non-recovery, control plane machines, one by one.

Procedure

  1. Select a control plane host to use as the recovery host. This is the host that you will run the restore operation on.

  2. Establish SSH connectivity to each of the control plane nodes, including the recovery host. Use a separate terminal to establish SSH connectivity for each control plane node.

    The Kubernetes API server becomes inaccessible after the restore process starts, so you cannot access the control plane nodes by using the oc debug method. For this reason, establish SSH connectivity to each control plane host in a separate terminal.

    Important

    If you do not complete this step, you will not be able to access the control plane hosts to complete the restore procedure, and you will be unable to recover your cluster from this state.

  3. Copy the etcd backup directory to the recovery control plane host.

    This procedure assumes that you copied the backup directory containing the etcd snapshot and the resources for the static pods to the /home/core/ directory of your recovery control plane host.

  4. Stop the static pods on any other control plane nodes.

    Note

    You do not need to stop the static pods on the recovery host.

    1. Access a control plane host that is not the recovery host.

    2. Move the existing etcd pod file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running the following command: 

      $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd-pod.yaml /tmp
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    3. Verify that the etcd pods are stopped by running the following command: 

      $ sudo crictl ps | grep etcd | egrep -v "operator|etcd-guard"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.

    4. Move the existing kube-apiserver file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running the following command: 

      $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver-pod.yaml /tmp
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    5. Verify that the kube-apiserver containers are stopped by running the following command: 

      $ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-apiserver | egrep -v "operator|guard"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.

    6. Move the existing kube-controller-manager file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running the following command: 

      $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml /tmp
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    7. Verify that the kube-controller-manager containers are stopped by running the following command: 

      $ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-controller-manager | egrep -v "operator|guard"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.

    8. Move the existing kube-scheduler file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running the following command: 

      $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler-pod.yaml /tmp
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    9. Verify that the kube-scheduler containers are stopped by running the following command: 

      $ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-scheduler | egrep -v "operator|guard"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.

    10. Move the etcd data directory to a different location with the following example: 

      $ sudo mv -v /var/lib/etcd/ /tmp
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    11. If the /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml file exists, complete the following steps. These steps are necessary to ensure that the API IP address is listening on the recovery host.

      1. Move the /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running the following command: 

        $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml /home/core/
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
        Note

        This file must be restored to its original location after the procedure is completed.

      2. Verify that any containers managed by the keepalived daemon are stopped: 

        $ sudo crictl ps --name keepalived
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        The output of this command should be empty. If it is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.

      3. Check if the control plane has any Virtual IPs (VIPs) assigned to it: 

        $ ip -o address | egrep '<api_vip>|<ingress_vip>'
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      4. For each reported VIP, run the following command to remove it: 

        $ sudo ip address del <reported_vip> dev <reported_vip_device>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    12. Repeat this step on each of the other control plane hosts that is not the recovery host.
  5. Access the recovery control plane host.

  6. If the keepalived daemon is in use, verify that the recovery control plane node owns the VIP. Otherwise, repeat step 4.xi. 

    $ ip -o address | grep <api_vip>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The address of the VIP is highlighted in the output if it exists. This command returns an empty string if the VIP is not set or configured incorrectly.

  7. If the cluster-wide proxy is enabled, be sure that you have exported the NO_PROXY, HTTP_PROXY, and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables.

    Tip

    You can check whether the proxy is enabled by reviewing the output of oc get proxy cluster -o yaml. The proxy is enabled if the httpProxy, httpsProxy, and noProxy fields have values set.

  8. Run the restore script on the recovery control plane host and pass in the path to the etcd backup directory: 

    $ sudo -E /usr/local/bin/cluster-restore.sh /home/core/assets/backup
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Example script output

    ...stopping kube-scheduler-pod.yaml
...stopping kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
...stopping etcd-pod.yaml
...stopping kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
Waiting for container etcd to stop
.complete
Waiting for container etcdctl to stop
.............................complete
Waiting for container etcd-metrics to stop
complete
Waiting for container kube-controller-manager to stop
complete
Waiting for container kube-apiserver to stop
..........................................................................................complete
Waiting for container kube-scheduler to stop
complete
Moving etcd data-dir /var/lib/etcd/member to /var/lib/etcd-backup
starting restore-etcd static pod
starting kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-pod-7/kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
starting kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-controller-manager-pod-7/kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
starting kube-scheduler-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-scheduler-pod-8/kube-scheduler-pod.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    The cluster-restore.sh script must show that etcd, kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, and kube-scheduler pods are stopped and then started at the end of the restore process.

    Note

    The restore process can cause nodes to enter the NotReady state if the node certificates were updated after the last etcd backup.

  9. Check the nodes to ensure they are in the Ready state. To check the nodes, you can use either the bastion host or the recovery host.

    • If you use the recovery host, run the following commands: 

      $ export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-certs/secrets/node-kubeconfigs/localhost-recovery.kubeconfig
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap 
      $ oc get nodes -w
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    • If you use the bastion host, complete the following steps:

      1. Run the following command: 

        $ oc get nodes -w
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        Sample output

        NAME                STATUS  ROLES          AGE     VERSION
host-172-25-75-28   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-38   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-40   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-65   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-74   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-79   Ready   worker         3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-86   Ready   worker         3d20h   v1.30.3
host-172-25-75-98   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.30.3
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        It can take several minutes for all nodes to report their state.

      2. If any nodes are in the NotReady state, log in to the nodes and remove all of the PEM files from the /var/lib/kubelet/pki directory on each node. You can SSH into the nodes or use the terminal window in the web console. 

        $  ssh -i <ssh-key-path> core@<master-hostname>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        Sample pki directory

        sh-4.4# pwd
/var/lib/kubelet/pki
sh-4.4# ls
kubelet-client-2022-04-28-11-24-09.pem  kubelet-server-2022-04-28-11-24-15.pem
kubelet-client-current.pem              kubelet-server-current.pem
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  10. Restart the kubelet service on all control plane hosts.

    1. From the recovery host, run the following command: 

      $ sudo systemctl restart kubelet.service
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    2. Repeat this step on all other control plane hosts.

  11. Approve the pending Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs):

    Note

    Clusters with no worker nodes, such as single-node clusters or clusters consisting of three schedulable control plane nodes, will not have any pending CSRs to approve. You can skip all the commands listed in this step.

    1. Get the list of current CSRs by running the following command: 

      $ oc get csr
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      NAME        AGE    SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR                                                                   CONDITION
csr-2s94x   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending
      1 
      
csr-4bd6t   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending
      2 
      
csr-4hl85   13m    kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending
      3 
      
csr-zhhhp   3m8s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending
      4 
      
...
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1 1 2
      A pending kubelet serving CSR, requested by the node for the kubelet serving endpoint.
      3 4
      A pending kubelet client CSR, requested with the node-bootstrapper node bootstrap credentials.

    2. Review the details of a CSR to verify that it is valid by running the following command: 

      $ oc describe csr <csr_name>
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs.

    3. Approve each valid node-bootstrapper CSR by running the following command: 

      $ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    4. For user-provisioned installations, approve each valid kubelet service CSR by running the following command: 

      $ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  12. Verify that the single member control plane has started successfully.

    1. From the recovery host, verify that the etcd container is running by entering the following command: 

      $ sudo crictl ps | grep etcd | egrep -v "operator|etcd-guard"
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      3ad41b7908e32       36f86e2eeaaffe662df0d21041eb22b8198e0e58abeeae8c743c3e6e977e8009                                                         About a minute ago   Running             etcd                                          0                   7c05f8af362f0
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. From the recovery host, verify that the etcd pod is running by entering the following command: 

      $ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Example output

      NAME                                             READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
etcd-ip-10-0-143-125.ec2.internal                1/1     Running     1          2m47s
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      If the status is Pending, or the output lists more than one running etcd pod, wait a few minutes and check again.

  13. If you are using the OVNKubernetes network plugin, you must restart ovnkube-controlplane pods.

    1. Delete all of the ovnkube-controlplane pods by running the following command: 

      $ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes delete pod -l app=ovnkube-control-plane
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Verify that all of the ovnkube-controlplane pods were redeployed by running the following command: 

      $ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes get pod -l app=ovnkube-control-plane
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  14. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin, restart the Open Virtual Network (OVN) Kubernetes pods on all the nodes one by one. Use the following steps to restart OVN-Kubernetes pods on each node:

    Important

    Restart OVN-Kubernetes pods in the following order

    1. The recovery control plane host
    2. The other control plane hosts (if available)
    3. The other nodes
    Note

    Validating and mutating admission webhooks can reject pods. If you add any additional webhooks with the failurePolicy set to Fail, then they can reject pods and the restoration process can fail. You can avoid this by saving and deleting webhooks while restoring the cluster state. After the cluster state is restored successfully, you can enable the webhooks again.

    Alternatively, you can temporarily set the failurePolicy to Ignore while restoring the cluster state. After the cluster state is restored successfully, you can set the failurePolicy to Fail.

    1. Remove the northbound database (nbdb) and southbound database (sbdb). Access the recovery host and the remaining control plane nodes by using Secure Shell (SSH) and run the following command: 

      $ sudo rm -f /var/lib/ovn-ic/etc/*.db
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    2. Restart the OpenVSwitch services. Access the node by using Secure Shell (SSH) and run the following command: 

      $ sudo systemctl restart ovs-vswitchd ovsdb-server
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    3. Delete the ovnkube-node pod on the node by running the following command, replacing <node> with the name of the node that you are restarting: 

      $ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes delete pod -l app=ovnkube-node --field-selector=spec.nodeName==<node>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    4. Check the status of the OVN pods by running the following command: 

      $ oc get po -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      1. If any OVN pods are in the Terminating status, delete the node that is running that OVN pod by running the following command. Replace <node> with the name of the node you are deleting: 

        $ oc delete node <node>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      2. Use SSH to log in to the OVN pod node with the Terminating status by running the following command: 

        $ ssh -i <ssh-key-path> core@<node>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      3. Move all PEM files from the /var/lib/kubelet/pki directory by running the following command: 

        $ sudo mv /var/lib/kubelet/pki/* /tmp
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      4. Restart the kubelet service by running the following command: 

        $ sudo systemctl restart kubelet.service
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      5. Return to the recovery etcd machines by running the following command: 

        $ oc get csr
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

        Example output

        NAME        AGE    SIGNERNAME                         REQUESTOR                     CONDITION
csr-<uuid>   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving     system:node:<node_name>       Pending
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      6. Approve all new CSRs by running the following command, replacing csr-<uuid> with the name of the CSR: 

        oc adm certificate approve csr-<uuid>
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      7. Verify that the node is back by running the following command: 

        $ oc get nodes
        Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    5. Verify that the ovnkube-node pod is running again with: 

      $ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes get pod -l app=ovnkube-node --field-selector=spec.nodeName==<node>
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      Note

      It might take several minutes for the pods to restart.

  15. Turn off the quorum guard by running the following command: 

    $ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": {"useUnsupportedUnsafeNonHANonProductionUnstableEtcd": true}}}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    This command ensures that you can successfully re-create secrets and roll out the static pods.

  16. If not yet defined, in a separate terminal window within the recovery host, export the recovery kubeconfig file by running the following command: 

    $ export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-certs/secrets/node-kubeconfigs/localhost-recovery.kubeconfig
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  17. Force etcd redeployment.

    In the same terminal window where you exported the recovery kubeconfig file, run the following command: 

    $ oc patch etcd cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    The forceRedeploymentReason value must be unique, which is why a timestamp is appended.

    The etcd redeployment starts.

    When the etcd cluster Operator performs a redeployment, the existing nodes are started with new pods similar to the initial bootstrap scale up.

  18. Turn the quorum guard back on by running the following command: 

    $ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": null}}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  19. You can verify that the unsupportedConfigOverrides section is removed from the object by running the following command: 

    $ oc get etcd/cluster -oyaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  20. Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision.

    In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command: 

    $ oc get etcd -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition for etcd to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update: 

    AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    In this example, the latest revision number is 7.

    If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

  21. After etcd is redeployed, force new rollouts for the control plane. kube-apiserver will reinstall itself on the other nodes because the kubelet is connected to API servers using an internal load balancer.

    In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, complete the following steps:

    1. Force a new rollout for kube-apiserver: 

      $ oc patch kubeapiserver cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision. 

      $ oc get kubeapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update: 

      AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      In this example, the latest revision number is 7.

      If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    2. Force a new rollout for the Kubernetes controller manager by running the following command: 

      $ oc patch kubecontrollermanager cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision by running the following command: 

      $ oc get kubecontrollermanager -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update: 

      AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      In this example, the latest revision number is 7.

      If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

    3. Force a new rollout for the kube-scheduler by running the following command: 

      $ oc patch kubescheduler cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision by running the following command: 

      $ oc get kubescheduler -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update: 

      AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7
      1
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
      1
      In this example, the latest revision number is 7.

      If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.

  22. If the keepalived daemon is in use, restore the configuration on the control plane nodes other than the recovery host by running the following command. Otherwise, the network operator will not advance beyond the "Progressing" state. 

    $ sudo cp -v /home/core/keepalived.yaml /etc/kubernetes/manifests/
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  23. Monitor the platform Operators by running the following command: 

    $ oc adm wait-for-stable-cluster
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    This process can take up to 15 minutes.

  24. To ensure that all workloads return to normal operation following a recovery procedure, restart all the control plane nodes.

    Note

    On completion of the previous procedural steps, you might need to wait a few minutes for all services to return to their restored state. For example, authentication by using oc login might not immediately work until the OAuth server pods are restarted.

    Consider using the system:admin kubeconfig file for immediate authentication. This method basis its authentication on SSL/TLS client certificates as against OAuth tokens. You can authenticate with this file by issuing the following command: 

    $ export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Issue the following command to display your authenticated user name: 

    $ oc whoami
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  25. Restart all the worker nodes in a rolling fashion.

If your OpenShift Container Platform cluster uses persistent storage of any form, a state of the cluster is typically stored outside etcd. It might be an Elasticsearch cluster running in a pod or a database running in a StatefulSet object. When you restore from an etcd backup, the status of the workloads in OpenShift Container Platform is also restored. However, if the etcd snapshot is old, the status might be invalid or outdated.

Important

The contents of persistent volumes (PVs) are never part of the etcd snapshot. When you restore an OpenShift Container Platform cluster from an etcd snapshot, non-critical workloads might gain access to critical data, or vice-versa.

The following are some example scenarios that produce an out-of-date status:

  • MySQL database is running in a pod backed up by a PV object. Restoring OpenShift Container Platform from an etcd snapshot does not bring back the volume on the storage provider, and does not produce a running MySQL pod, despite the pod repeatedly attempting to start. You must manually restore this pod by restoring the volume on the storage provider, and then editing the PV to point to the new volume.
  • Pod P1 is using volume A, which is attached to node X. If the etcd snapshot is taken while another pod uses the same volume on node Y, then when the etcd restore is performed, pod P1 might not be able to start correctly due to the volume still being attached to node Y. OpenShift Container Platform is not aware of the attachment, and does not automatically detach it. When this occurs, the volume must be manually detached from node Y so that the volume can attach on node X, and then pod P1 can start.
  • Cloud provider or storage provider credentials were updated after the etcd snapshot was taken. This causes any CSI drivers or Operators that depend on the those credentials to not work. You might have to manually update the credentials required by those drivers or Operators.

  • A device is removed or renamed from OpenShift Container Platform nodes after the etcd snapshot is taken. The Local Storage Operator creates symlinks for each PV that it manages from /dev/disk/by-id or /dev directories. This situation might cause the local PVs to refer to devices that no longer exist.

    To fix this problem, an administrator must:

    1. Manually remove the PVs with invalid devices.
    2. Remove symlinks from respective nodes.
    3. Delete LocalVolume or LocalVolumeSet objects (see Storage Configuring persistent storage Persistent storage using local volumes Deleting the Local Storage Operator Resources).

4.13. Pod disruption budgets
Copy link

Understand and configure pod disruption budgets.

A pod disruption budget allows the specification of safety constraints on pods during operations, such as draining a node for maintenance.

PodDisruptionBudget is an API object that specifies the minimum number or percentage of replicas that must be up at a time. Setting these in projects can be helpful during node maintenance (such as scaling a cluster down or a cluster upgrade) and is only honored on voluntary evictions (not on node failures).

A PodDisruptionBudget object’s configuration consists of the following key parts:

  • A label selector, which is a label query over a set of pods.

  • An availability level, which specifies the minimum number of pods that must be available simultaneously, either:

    • minAvailable is the number of pods must always be available, even during a disruption.
    • maxUnavailable is the number of pods can be unavailable during a disruption.
Note

Available refers to the number of pods that has condition Ready=True. Ready=True refers to the pod that is able to serve requests and should be added to the load balancing pools of all matching services.

A maxUnavailable of 0% or 0 or a minAvailable of 100% or equal to the number of replicas is permitted but can block nodes from being drained.

Warning

The default setting for maxUnavailable is 1 for all the machine config pools in OpenShift Container Platform. It is recommended to not change this value and update one control plane node at a time. Do not change this value to 3 for the control plane pool.

You can check for pod disruption budgets across all projects with the following: 

$ oc get poddisruptionbudget --all-namespaces
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
Note

The following example contains some values that are specific to OpenShift Container Platform on AWS.

Example output

NAMESPACE                              NAME                                    MIN AVAILABLE   MAX UNAVAILABLE   ALLOWED DISRUPTIONS   AGE
openshift-apiserver                    openshift-apiserver-pdb                 N/A             1                 1                     121m
openshift-cloud-controller-manager     aws-cloud-controller-manager            1               N/A               1                     125m
openshift-cloud-credential-operator    pod-identity-webhook                    1               N/A               1                     117m
openshift-cluster-csi-drivers          aws-ebs-csi-driver-controller-pdb       N/A             1                 1                     121m
openshift-cluster-storage-operator     csi-snapshot-controller-pdb             N/A             1                 1                     122m
openshift-cluster-storage-operator     csi-snapshot-webhook-pdb                N/A             1                 1                     122m
openshift-console                      console                                 N/A             1                 1                     116m
#...
Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

The PodDisruptionBudget is considered healthy when there are at least minAvailable pods running in the system. Every pod above that limit can be evicted.

Note

Depending on your pod priority and preemption settings, lower-priority pods might be removed despite their pod disruption budget requirements.

You can use a PodDisruptionBudget object to specify the minimum number or percentage of replicas that must be up at a time.

Procedure

To configure a pod disruption budget:

  1. Create a YAML file with the an object definition similar to the following: 

    apiVersion: policy/v1
    1 
    
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: my-pdb
spec:
  minAvailable: 2
    2 
    
  selector:
    3 
    
    matchLabels:
      name: my-pod
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    PodDisruptionBudget is part of the policy/v1 API group.
    2
    The minimum number of pods that must be available simultaneously. This can be either an integer or a string specifying a percentage, for example, 20%.
    3
    A label query over a set of resources. The result of matchLabels and matchExpressions are logically conjoined. Leave this parameter blank, for example selector {}, to select all pods in the project.

    Or: 

    apiVersion: policy/v1
    1 
    
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: my-pdb
spec:
  maxUnavailable: 25%
    2 
    
  selector:
    3 
    
    matchLabels:
      name: my-pod
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    1
    PodDisruptionBudget is part of the policy/v1 API group.
    2
    The maximum number of pods that can be unavailable simultaneously. This can be either an integer or a string specifying a percentage, for example, 20%.
    3
    A label query over a set of resources. The result of matchLabels and matchExpressions are logically conjoined. Leave this parameter blank, for example selector {}, to select all pods in the project.

  2. Run the following command to add the object to project: 

    $ oc create -f </path/to/file> -n <project_name>
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

When you use pod disruption budgets (PDBs) to specify how many pods must be available simultaneously, you can also define the criteria for how unhealthy pods are considered for eviction.

You can choose one of the following policies:

IfHealthyBudget
Running pods that are not yet healthy can be evicted only if the guarded application is not disrupted.
AlwaysAllow

Running pods that are not yet healthy can be evicted regardless of whether the criteria in the pod disruption budget is met. This policy can help evict malfunctioning applications, such as ones with pods stuck in the CrashLoopBackOff state or failing to report the Ready status.

Note

It is recommended to set the unhealthyPodEvictionPolicy field to AlwaysAllow in the PodDisruptionBudget object to support the eviction of misbehaving applications during a node drain. The default behavior is to wait for the application pods to become healthy before the drain can proceed.

Procedure

  1. Create a YAML file that defines a PodDisruptionBudget object and specify the unhealthy pod eviction policy:

    Example pod-disruption-budget.yaml file

    apiVersion: policy/v1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: my-pdb
spec:
  minAvailable: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: my-pod
  unhealthyPodEvictionPolicy: AlwaysAllow
    1
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    1
    Choose either IfHealthyBudget or AlwaysAllow as the unhealthy pod eviction policy. The default is IfHealthyBudget when the unhealthyPodEvictionPolicy field is empty.

  2. Create the PodDisruptionBudget object by running the following command: 

    $ oc create -f pod-disruption-budget.yaml
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

With a PDB that has the AlwaysAllow unhealthy pod eviction policy set, you can now drain nodes and evict the pods for a malfunctioning application guarded by this PDB.

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