Chapter 12. Multiple networks

12.1. Understanding multiple networks

In Kubernetes, container networking is delegated to networking plug-ins that implement the Container Network Interface (CNI).

OpenShift Container Platform uses the Multus CNI plug-in to allow chaining of CNI plug-ins. During cluster installation, you configure your default pod network. The default network handles all ordinary network traffic for the cluster. You can define an additional network based on the available CNI plug-ins and attach one or more of these networks to your pods. You can define more than one additional network for your cluster, depending on your needs. This gives you flexibility when you configure pods that deliver network functionality, such as switching or routing.

12.1.1. Usage scenarios for an additional network

You can use an additional network in situations where network isolation is needed, including data plane and control plane separation. Isolating network traffic is useful for the following performance and security reasons:

Performance: You can send traffic on two different planes to manage how much traffic is along each plane.
Security: You can send sensitive traffic onto a network plane that is managed specifically for security considerations, and you can separate private data that must not be shared between tenants or customers.

All of the pods in the cluster still use the cluster-wide default network to maintain connectivity across the cluster. Every pod has an eth0 interface that is attached to the cluster-wide pod network. You can view the interfaces for a pod by using the oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip a command. If you add additional network interfaces that use Multus CNI, they are named net1, net2, …, netN.

To attach additional network interfaces to a pod, you must create configurations that define how the interfaces are attached. You specify each interface by using a NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR). A CNI configuration inside each of these CRs defines how that interface is created.

12.1.2. Additional networks in OpenShift Container Platform

OpenShift Container Platform provides the following CNI plug-ins for creating additional networks in your cluster:

bridge: Configure a bridge-based additional network to allow pods on the same host to communicate with each other and the host.
host-device: Configure a host-device additional network to allow pods access to a physical Ethernet network device on the host system.
ipvlan: Configure an ipvlan-based additional network to allow pods on a host to communicate with other hosts and pods on those hosts, similar to a macvlan-based additional network. Unlike a macvlan-based additional network, each pod shares the same MAC address as the parent physical network interface.
macvlan: Configure a macvlan-based additional network to allow pods on a host to communicate with other hosts and pods on those hosts by using a physical network interface. Each pod that is attached to a macvlan-based additional network is provided a unique MAC address.
SR-IOV: Configure an SR-IOV based additional network to allow pods to attach to a virtual function (VF) interface on SR-IOV capable hardware on the host system.

12.2. Configuring an additional network

As a cluster administrator, you can configure an additional network for your cluster. The following network types are supported:

12.2.1. Approaches to managing an additional network

You can manage the life cycle of an additional network by two approaches. Each approach is mutually exclusive and you can only use one approach for managing an additional network at a time. For either approach, the additional network is managed by a Container Network Interface (CNI) plug-in that you configure.

For an additional network, IP addresses are provisioned through an IP Address Management (IPAM) CNI plug-in that you configure as part of the additional network. The IPAM plug-in supports a variety of IP address assignment approaches including DHCP and static assignment.

Modify the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration: The CNO automatically creates and manages the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object. In addition to managing the object lifecycle the CNO ensures a DHCP is available for an additional network that uses a DHCP assigned IP address.
Applying a YAML manifest: You can manage the additional network directly by creating an NetworkAttachmentDefinition object. This approach allows for the chaining of CNI plug-ins.

12.2.2. Configuration for an additional network attachment

An additional network is configured via the NetworkAttachmentDefinition API in the k8s.cni.cncf.io API group. The configuration for the API is described in the following table:

Table 12.1. NetworkAttachmentDefinition API fields
Field	Type	Description
`metadata.name`	`string`	The name for the additional network.
`metadata.namespace`	`string`	The namespace that the object is associated with.
`spec.config`	`string`	The CNI plug-in configuration in JSON format.

12.2.2.1. Configuration of an additional network through the Cluster Network Operator

The configuration for an additional network attachment is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration.

The following YAML describes the configuration parameters for managing an additional network with the CNO:

Cluster Network Operator configuration

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  # ...
  additionalNetworks: 1
  - name: <name> 2
    namespace: <namespace> 3
    rawCNIConfig: |- 4
      {
        ...
      }
    type: Raw

1: An array of one or more additional network configurations.
2: The name for the additional network attachment that you are creating. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
3: The namespace to create the network attachment in. If you do not specify a value, then the default namespace is used.
4: A CNI plug-in configuration in JSON format.

12.2.2.2. Configuration of an additional network from a YAML manifest

The configuration for an additional network is specified from a YAML configuration file, such as in the following example:

apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1
kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  config: |- 2
    {
      ...
    }

1: The name for the additional network attachment that you are creating.
2: A CNI plug-in configuration in JSON format.

12.2.3. Configurations for additional network types

The specific configuration fields for additional networks is described in the following sections.

12.2.3.1. Configuration for a bridge additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the bridge CNI plug-in:

Table 12.2. Bridge CNI plug-in JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`
`bridge`	`string`	Specify the name of the virtual bridge to use. If the bridge interface does not exist on the host, it is created. The default value is `cni0`.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plug-in. The plug-in manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.
`ipMasq`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to enable IP masquerading for traffic that leaves the virtual network. The source IP address for all traffic is rewritten to the bridge’s IP address. If the bridge does not have an IP address, this setting has no effect. The default value is `false`.
`isGateway`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to assign an IP address to the bridge. The default value is `false`.
`isDefaultGateway`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to configure the bridge as the default gateway for the virtual network. The default value is `false`. If `isDefaultGateway` is set to `true`, then `isGateway` is also set to `true` automatically.
`forceAddress`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to allow assignment of a previously assigned IP address to the virtual bridge. When set to `false`, if an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address from overlapping subsets is assigned to the virtual bridge, an error occurs. The default value is `false`.
`hairpinMode`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to allow the virtual bridge to send an Ethernet frame back through the virtual port it was received on. This mode is also known as reflective relay. The default value is `false`.
`promiscMode`	`boolean`	Set to `true` to enable promiscuous mode on the bridge. The default value is `false`.
`vlan`	`string`	Specify a virtual LAN (VLAN) tag as an integer value. By default, no VLAN tag is assigned.
`mtu`	`string`	Set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.

12.2.3.1.1. bridge configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named bridge-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "bridge",
  "isGateway": true,
  "vlan": 2,
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
    }
}

12.2.3.2. Configuration for a host device additional network

Note

Specify your network device by setting only one of the following parameters: device, hwaddr, kernelpath, or pciBusID.

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the host-device CNI plug-in:

Table 12.3. Host device CNI plug-in JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plug-in to configure: `host-device`.
`device`	`string`	Optional: The name of the device, such as `eth0`.
`hwaddr`	`string`	Optional: The device hardware MAC address.
`kernelpath`	`string`	Optional: The Linux kernel device path, such as `/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.6`.
`pciBusID`	`string`	Optional: The PCI address of the network device, such as `0000:00:1f.6`.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plug-in. The plug-in manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.

12.2.3.2.1. host-device configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named hostdev-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "host-device",
  "device": "eth1",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

12.2.3.3. Configuration for an IPVLAN additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the IPVLAN CNI plug-in:

Table 12.4. IPVLAN CNI plug-in JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plug-in to configure: `ipvlan`.
`mode`	`string`	The operating mode for the virtual network. The value must be `l2`, `l3`, or `l3s`. The default value is `l2`.
`master`	`string`	The Ethernet interface to associate with the network attachment. If a `master` is not specified, the interface for the default network route is used.
`mtu`	`integer`	Set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plug-in. The plug-in manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition. Do not specify `dhcp`. Configuring IPVLAN with DHCP is not supported because IPVLAN interfaces share the MAC address with the host interface.

12.2.3.3.1. ipvlan configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named ipvlan-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "work-network",
  "type": "ipvlan",
  "master": "eth1",
  "mode": "l3",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
    "addresses": [
       {
         "address": "192.168.10.10/24"
       }
    ]
  }
}

12.2.3.4. Configuration for a MACVLAN additional network

The following object describes the configuration parameters for the macvlan CNI plug-in:

Table 12.5. MACVLAN CNI plug-in JSON configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`cniVersion`	`string`	The CNI specification version. The `0.3.1` value is required.
`name`	`string`	The value for the `name` parameter you provided previously for the CNO configuration.
`type`	`string`	The name of the CNI plug-in to configure: `macvlan`.
`mode`	`string`	Configures traffic visibility on the virtual network. Must be either `bridge`, `passthru`, `private`, or `vepa`. If a value is not provided, the default value is `bridge`.
`master`	`string`	The Ethernet, bonded, or VLAN interface to associate with the virtual interface. If a value is not specified, then the host system’s primary Ethernet interface is used.
`mtu`	`string`	The maximum transmission unit (MTU) to the specified value. The default value is automatically set by the kernel.
`ipam`	`object`	The configuration object for the IPAM CNI plug-in. The plug-in manages IP address assignment for the attachment definition.

12.2.3.4.1. macvlan configuration example

The following example configures an additional network named macvlan-net:

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "macvlan-net",
  "type": "macvlan",
  "master": "eth1",
  "mode": "bridge",
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
    }
}

12.2.4. Configuration of IP address assignment for an additional network

The IP address management (IPAM) Container Network Interface (CNI) plug-in provides IP addresses for other CNI plug-ins.

You can use the following IP address assignment types:

Static assignment.
Dynamic assignment through a DHCP server. The DHCP server you specify must be reachable from the additional network.
Dynamic assignment through the Whereabouts IPAM CNI plug-in.

12.2.4.1. Static IP address assignment configuration

The following table describes the configuration for static IP address assignment:

Table 12.6. ipam static configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `static` is required.
`addresses`	`array`	An array of objects specifying IP addresses to assign to the virtual interface. Both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses are supported.
`routes`	`array`	An array of objects specifying routes to configure inside the pod.
`dns`	`array`	Optional: An array of objects specifying the DNS configuration.

The addresses array requires objects with the following fields:

Table 12.7. ipam.addresses[] array
Field	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	An IP address and network prefix that you specify. For example, if you specify `10.10.21.10/24`, then the additional network is assigned an IP address of `10.10.21.10` and the netmask is `255.255.255.0`.
`gateway`	`string`	The default gateway to route egress network traffic to.

Table 12.8. ipam.routes[] array
Field	Type	Description
`dst`	`string`	The IP address range in CIDR format, such as `192.168.17.0/24` or `0.0.0.0/0` for the default route.
`gw`	`string`	The gateway where network traffic is routed.

Table 12.9. ipam.dns object
Field	Type	Description
`nameservers`	`array`	An of array of one or more IP addresses for to send DNS queries to.
`domain`	`array`	The default domain to append to a hostname. For example, if the domain is set to `example.com`, a DNS lookup query for `example-host` is rewritten as `example-host.example.com`.
`search`	`array`	An array of domain names to append to an unqualified hostname, such as `example-host`, during a DNS lookup query.

Static IP address assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "static",
      "addresses": [
        {
          "address": "191.168.1.7/24"
        }
      ]
  }
}

12.2.4.2. Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration

The following JSON describes the configuration for dynamic IP address address assignment with DHCP.

Renewal of DHCP leases

A pod obtains its original DHCP lease when it is created. The lease must be periodically renewed by a minimal DHCP server deployment running on the cluster.

To trigger the deployment of the DHCP server, you must create a shim network attachment by editing the Cluster Network Operator configuration, as in the following example:

Example shim network attachment definition

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: dhcp-shim
    namespace: default
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "name": "dhcp-shim",
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "type": "bridge",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "dhcp"
        }
      }
  # ...

Table 12.10. ipam DHCP configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `dhcp` is required.

Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration example

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "dhcp"
  }
}

12.2.4.3. Dynamic IP address assignment configuration with Whereabouts

The Whereabouts CNI plug-in allows the dynamic assignment of an IP address to an additional network without the use of a DHCP server.

The following table describes the configuration for dynamic IP address assignment with Whereabouts:

Table 12.11. ipam whereabouts configuration object
Field	Type	Description
`type`	`string`	The IPAM address type. The value `whereabouts` is required.
`range`	`string`	An IP address and range in CIDR notation. IP addresses are assigned from within this range of addresses.
`exclude`	`array`	Optional: A list of zero ore more IP addresses and ranges in CIDR notation. IP addresses within an excluded address range are not assigned.

Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example that uses Whereabouts

{
  "ipam": {
    "type": "whereabouts",
    "range": "192.0.2.192/27",
    "exclude": [
       "192.0.2.192/30",
       "192.0.2.196/32"
    ]
  }
}

12.2.5. Creating an additional network attachment with the Cluster Network Operator

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) manages additional network definitions. When you specify an additional network to create, the CNO creates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object automatically.

Important

Do not edit the NetworkAttachmentDefinition objects that the Cluster Network Operator manages. Doing so might disrupt network traffic on your additional network.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To edit the CNO configuration, enter the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```

Modify the CR that you are creating by adding the configuration for the additional network that you are creating, as in the following example CR.

apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  # ...
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: tertiary-net
    namespace: project2
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: |-
      {
        "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
        "name": "tertiary-net",
        "type": "ipvlan",
        "master": "eth1",
        "mode": "l2",
        "ipam": {
          "type": "static",
          "addresses": [
            {
              "address": "192.168.1.23/24"
            }
          ]
        }
      }

Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.

Verification

Confirm that the CNO created the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object by running the following command. There might be a delay before the CNO creates the object.
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definitions -n <namespace>
```
where:
<namespace>
Specifies the namespace for the network attachment that you added to the CNO configuration.
Example output
```
NAME                 AGE
test-network-1       14m
```

12.2.6. Creating an additional network attachment by applying a YAML manifest

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create a YAML file with your additional network configuration, such as in the following example:

apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1
kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition
metadata:
  name: next-net
spec:
  config: |-
    {
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "name": "work-network",
      "type": "host-device",
      "device": "eth1",
      "ipam": {
        "type": "dhcp"
      }
    }

To create the additional network, enter the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f <file>.yaml
```
where:
<file>
Specifies the name of the file contained the YAML manifest.

12.3. About virtual routing and forwarding

12.3.1. About virtual routing and forwarding

Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) devices combined with IP rules provide the ability to create virtual routing and forwarding domains. VRF reduces the number of permissions needed by CNF, and provides increased visibility of the network topology of secondary networks. VRF is used to provide multi-tenancy functionality, for example, where each tenant has its own unique routing tables and requires different default gateways.

Processes can bind a socket to the VRF device. Packets through the binded socket use the routing table associated with the VRF device. An important feature of VRF is that it impacts only OSI model layer 3 traffic and above so L2 tools, such as LLDP, are not affected. This allows higher priority IP rules such as policy based routing to take precedence over the VRF device rules directing specific traffic.

12.3.1.1. Benefits of secondary networks for pods for telecommunications operators

In telecommunications use cases, each CNF can potentially be connected to multiple different networks sharing the same address space. These secondary networks can potentially conflict with the cluster’s main network CIDR. Using the CNI VRF plug-in, network functions can be connected to different customers' infrastructure using the same IP address, keeping different customers isolated. IP addresses are overlapped with OpenShift Container Platform IP space. The CNI VRF plug-in also reduces the number of permissions needed by CNF and increases the visibility of network topologies of secondary networks.

12.4. Attaching a pod to an additional network

As a cluster user you can attach a pod to an additional network.

12.4.1. Adding a pod to an additional network

You can add a pod to an additional network. The pod continues to send normal cluster-related network traffic over the default network.

When a pod is created additional networks are attached to it. However, if a pod already exists, you cannot attach additional networks to it.

The pod must be in the same namespace as the additional network.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster.

Procedure

Add an annotation to the Pod object. Only one of the following annotation formats can be used:
1. To attach an additional network without any customization, add an annotation with the following format. Replace <network> with the name of the additional network to associate with the pod:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: <network>[,<network>,...] 1
```
  1
  To specify more than one additional network, separate each network with a comma. Do not include whitespace between the comma. If you specify the same additional network multiple times, that pod will have multiple network interfaces attached to that network.
2. To attach an additional network with customizations, add an annotation with the following format:
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: |-
      [
        {
          "name": "<network>", 1
          "namespace": "<namespace>", 2
          "default-route": ["<default-route>"] 3
        }
      ]
```
  1
  Specify the name of the additional network defined by a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object.
  2
  Specify the namespace where the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object is defined.
  3
  Optional: Specify an override for the default route, such as 192.168.17.1.
To create the pod, enter the following command. Replace <name> with the name of the pod.
```
$ oc create -f <name>.yaml
```

Optional: To Confirm that the annotation exists in the Pod CR, enter the following command, replacing <name> with the name of the pod.

$ oc get pod <name> -o yaml

In the following example, the example-pod pod is attached to the net1 additional network:

$ oc get pod example-pod -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: macvlan-bridge
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status: |- 1
      [{
          "name": "openshift-sdn",
          "interface": "eth0",
          "ips": [
              "10.128.2.14"
          ],
          "default": true,
          "dns": {}
      },{
          "name": "macvlan-bridge",
          "interface": "net1",
          "ips": [
              "20.2.2.100"
          ],
          "mac": "22:2f:60:a5:f8:00",
          "dns": {}
      }]
  name: example-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  ...
status:
  ...

1: The k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status parameter is a JSON array of objects. Each object describes the status of an additional network attached to the pod. The annotation value is stored as a plain text value.

12.4.1.1. Specifying pod-specific addressing and routing options

When attaching a pod to an additional network, you may want to specify further properties about that network in a particular pod. This allows you to change some aspects of routing, as well as specify static IP addresses and MAC addresses. To accomplish this, you can use the JSON formatted annotations.

Prerequisites

The pod must be in the same namespace as the additional network.
Install the OpenShift Command-line Interface (oc).
You must log in to the cluster.

Procedure

To add a pod to an additional network while specifying addressing and/or routing options, complete the following steps:

Edit the Pod resource definition. If you are editing an existing Pod resource, run the following command to edit its definition in the default editor. Replace <name> with the name of the Pod resource to edit.
```
$ oc edit pod <name>
```
In the Pod resource definition, add the k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks parameter to the pod metadata mapping. The k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks accepts a JSON string of a list of objects that reference the name of NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR) names in addition to specifying additional properties.
```
metadata:
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '[<network>[,<network>,...]]' 1
```
1
Replace <network> with a JSON object as shown in the following examples. The single quotes are required.
In the following example the annotation specifies which network attachment will have the default route, using the default-route parameter.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: example-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '
    {
      "name": "net1"
    },
    {
      "name": "net2", 1
      "default-route": ["192.0.2.1"] 2
    }'
spec:
  containers:
  - name: example-pod
    command: ["/bin/bash", "-c", "sleep 2000000000000"]
    image: centos/tools
```
1
The name key is the name of the additional network to associate with the pod.
2
The default-route key specifies a value of a gateway for traffic to be routed over if no other routing entry is present in the routing table. If more than one default-route key is specified, this will cause the pod to fail to become active.

The default route will cause any traffic that is not specified in other routes to be routed to the gateway.

Important

Setting the default route to an interface other than the default network interface for OpenShift Container Platform may cause traffic that is anticipated for pod-to-pod traffic to be routed over another interface.

To verify the routing properties of a pod, the oc command may be used to execute the ip command within a pod.

$ oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip route

Note

You may also reference the pod’s k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks-status to see which additional network has been assigned the default route, by the presence of the default-route key in the JSON-formatted list of objects.

To set a static IP address or MAC address for a pod you can use the JSON formatted annotations. This requires you create networks that specifically allow for this functionality. This can be specified in a rawCNIConfig for the CNO.

Edit the CNO CR by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```

The following YAML describes the configuration parameters for the CNO:

Cluster Network Operator YAML configuration

name: <name> 1
namespace: <namespace> 2
rawCNIConfig: '{ 3
  ...
}'
type: Raw

1: Specify a name for the additional network attachment that you are creating. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
2: Specify the namespace to create the network attachment in. If you do not specify a value, then the default namespace is used.
3: Specify the CNI plug-in configuration in JSON format, which is based on the following template.

The following object describes the configuration parameters for utilizing static MAC address and IP address using the macvlan CNI plug-in:

macvlan CNI plug-in JSON configuration object using static IP and MAC address

{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "<name>", 1
  "plugins": [{ 2
      "type": "macvlan",
      "capabilities": { "ips": true }, 3
      "master": "eth0", 4
      "mode": "bridge",
      "ipam": {
        "type": "static"
      }
    }, {
      "capabilities": { "mac": true }, 5
      "type": "tuning"
    }]
}

1: Specifies the name for the additional network attachment to create. The name must be unique within the specified namespace.
2: Specifies an array of CNI plug-in configurations. The first object specifies a macvlan plug-in configuration and the second object specifies a tuning plug-in configuration.
3: Specifies that a request is made to enable the static IP address functionality of the CNI plug-in runtime configuration capabilities.
4: Specifies the interface that the macvlan plug-in uses.
5: Specifies that a request is made to enable the static MAC address functionality of a CNI plug-in.

The above network attachment can be referenced in a JSON formatted annotation, along with keys to specify which static IP and MAC address will be assigned to a given pod.

Edit the pod with:

$ oc edit pod <name>

macvlan CNI plug-in JSON configuration object using static IP and MAC address

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: example-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: '[
      {
        "name": "<name>", 1
        "ips": [ "192.0.2.205/24" ], 2
        "mac": "CA:FE:C0:FF:EE:00" 3
      }
    ]'

1: Use the <name> as provided when creating the rawCNIConfig above.
2: Provide an IP address including the subnet mask.
3: Provide the MAC address.

Note

Static IP addresses and MAC addresses do not have to be used at the same time, you may use them individually, or together.

To verify the IP address and MAC properties of a pod with additional networks, use the oc command to execute the ip command within a pod.

$ oc exec -it <pod_name> -- ip a

12.5. Removing a pod from an additional network

As a cluster user you can remove a pod from an additional network.

12.5.1. Removing a pod from an additional network

You can remove a pod from an additional network only by deleting the pod.

Prerequisites

An additional network is attached to the pod.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in to the cluster.

Procedure

To delete the pod, enter the following command:
```
$ oc delete pod <name> -n <namespace>
```
- <name> is the name of the pod.
- <namespace> is the namespace that contains the pod.

12.6. Editing an additional network

As a cluster administrator you can modify the configuration for an existing additional network.

12.6.1. Modifying an additional network attachment definition

As a cluster administrator, you can make changes to an existing additional network. Any existing pods attached to the additional network will not be updated.

Prerequisites

You have configured an additional network for your cluster.
Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To edit an additional network for your cluster, complete the following steps:

Run the following command to edit the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) CR in your default text editor:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```
In the additionalNetworks collection, update the additional network with your changes.
Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.

Optional: Confirm that the CNO updated the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object by running the following command. Replace <network-name> with the name of the additional network to display. There might be a delay before the CNO updates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition object to reflect your changes.

$ oc get network-attachment-definitions <network-name> -o yaml

For example, the following console output displays a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object that is named net1:

$ oc get network-attachment-definitions net1 -o go-template='{{printf "%s\n" .spec.config}}'
{ "cniVersion": "0.3.1", "type": "macvlan",
"master": "ens5",
"mode": "bridge",
"ipam":       {"type":"static","routes":[{"dst":"0.0.0.0/0","gw":"10.128.2.1"}],"addresses":[{"address":"10.128.2.100/23","gateway":"10.128.2.1"}],"dns":{"nameservers":["172.30.0.10"],"domain":"us-west-2.compute.internal","search":["us-west-2.compute.internal"]}} }

12.7. Removing an additional network

As a cluster administrator you can remove an additional network attachment.

12.7.1. Removing an additional network attachment definition

As a cluster administrator, you can remove an additional network from your OpenShift Container Platform cluster. The additional network is not removed from any pods it is attached to.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

To remove an additional network from your cluster, complete the following steps:

Edit the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) in your default text editor by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit networks.operator.openshift.io cluster
```
Modify the CR by removing the configuration from the additionalNetworks collection for the network attachment definition you are removing.
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  additionalNetworks: [] 1
```
1
If you are removing the configuration mapping for the only additional network attachment definition in the additionalNetworks collection, you must specify an empty collection.
Save your changes and quit the text editor to commit your changes.
Optional: Confirm that the additional network CR was deleted by running the following command:
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definition --all-namespaces
```

12.8. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

Important

CNI VRF plug-in is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

12.8.1. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

As a cluster administrator, you can configure an additional network for your VRF domain by using the CNI VRF plug-in. The virtual network created by this plug-in is associated with a physical interface that you specify.

Note

Applications that use VRFs need to bind to a specific device. The common usage is to use the SO_BINDTODEVICE option for a socket. SO_BINDTODEVICE binds the socket to a device that is specified in the passed interface name, for example, eth1. To use SO_BINDTODEVICE, the application must have CAP_NET_RAW capabilities.

12.8.1.1. Creating an additional network attachment with the CNI VRF plug-in

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) manages additional network definitions. When you specify an additional network to create, the CNO creates the NetworkAttachmentDefinition custom resource (CR) automatically.

Note

Do not edit the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CRs that the Cluster Network Operator manages. Doing so might disrupt network traffic on your additional network.

To create an additional network attachment with the CNI VRF plug-in, perform the following procedure.

Prerequisites

Install the OpenShift Container Platform CLI (oc).
Log in to the OpenShift cluster as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

Create the Network custom resource (CR) for the additional network attachment and insert the rawCNIConfig configuration for the additional network, as in the following example CR. Save the YAML as the file additional-network-attachment.yaml.
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
  spec:
  additionalNetworks:
  - name: test-network-1
    namespace: additional-network-1
    type: Raw
    rawCNIConfig: '{
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "name": "macvlan-vrf",
      "plugins": [  1
      {
        "type": "macvlan",  2
        "master": "eth1",
        "ipam": {
            "type": "static",
            "addresses": [
            {
                "address": "191.168.1.23/24"
            }
            ]
        }
      },
      {
        "type": "vrf",
        "vrfname": "example-vrf-name",  3
        "table": 1001   4
      }]
    }'
```
1
plugins must be a list. The first item in the list must be the secondary network underpinning the VRF network. The second item in the list is the VRF plugin configuration.
2
type must be set to vrf.
3
vrfname is the name of the VRF that the interface is assigned to. If it does not exist in the pod, it is created.
4
Optional. table is the routing table ID. By default, the tableid parameter is used. If it is not specified, the CNI assigns a free routing table ID to the VRF.
Note
VRF functions correctly only when the resource is of type netdevice.

Create the Network resource:

$ oc create -f additional-network-attachment.yaml

Confirm that the CNO created the NetworkAttachmentDefinition CR by running the following command. Replace <namespace> with the namespace that you specified when configuring the network attachment, for example, additional-network-1.
```
$ oc get network-attachment-definitions -n <namespace>
```
Example output
```
NAME                       AGE
additional-network-1       14m
```
Note
There might be a delay before the CNO creates the CR.

Verifying that the additional VRF network attachment is successful

To verify that the VRF CNI is correctly configured and the additional network attachment is attached, do the following:

Create a network that uses the VRF CNI.
Assign the network to a pod.
Verify that the pod network attachment is connected to the VRF additional network. Remote shell into the pod and run the following command:
```
$ ip vrf show
```
Example output
```
Name              Table
-----------------------
red                 10
```

Confirm the VRF interface is master of the secondary interface:

$ ip link

Example output

5: net1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master red state UP mode

12.1. Understanding multiple networks

12.1.1. Usage scenarios for an additional network

12.1.2. Additional networks in OpenShift Container Platform

12.2. Configuring an additional network

12.2.1. Approaches to managing an additional network

12.2.2. Configuration for an additional network attachment

12.2.2.1. Configuration of an additional network through the Cluster Network Operator

12.2.2.2. Configuration of an additional network from a YAML manifest

12.2.3. Configurations for additional network types

12.2.3.1. Configuration for a bridge additional network

12.2.3.1.1. bridge configuration example

12.2.3.2. Configuration for a host device additional network

12.2.3.2.1. host-device configuration example

12.2.3.3. Configuration for an IPVLAN additional network

12.2.3.3.1. ipvlan configuration example

12.2.3.4. Configuration for a MACVLAN additional network

12.2.3.4.1. macvlan configuration example

12.2.4. Configuration of IP address assignment for an additional network

12.2.4.1. Static IP address assignment configuration

12.2.4.2. Dynamic IP address (DHCP) assignment configuration

12.2.4.3. Dynamic IP address assignment configuration with Whereabouts

12.2.5. Creating an additional network attachment with the Cluster Network Operator

12.2.6. Creating an additional network attachment by applying a YAML manifest

12.3. About virtual routing and forwarding

12.3.1. About virtual routing and forwarding

12.3.1.1. Benefits of secondary networks for pods for telecommunications operators

12.4. Attaching a pod to an additional network

12.4.1. Adding a pod to an additional network

12.4.1.1. Specifying pod-specific addressing and routing options

12.5. Removing a pod from an additional network

12.5.1. Removing a pod from an additional network

12.6. Editing an additional network

12.6.1. Modifying an additional network attachment definition

12.7. Removing an additional network

12.7.1. Removing an additional network attachment definition

12.8. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

12.8.1. Assigning a secondary network to a VRF

12.8.1.1. Creating an additional network attachment with the CNI VRF plug-in

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