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Chapter 15. OVN-Kubernetes default CNI network provider

15.1. About the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider

The OpenShift Container Platform cluster uses a virtualized network for pod and service networks. The OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) plug-in is a network provider for the default cluster network. OVN-Kubernetes is based on Open Virtual Network (OVN) and provides an overlay-based networking implementation. A cluster that uses the OVN-Kubernetes network provider also runs Open vSwitch (OVS) on each node. OVN configures OVS on each node to implement the declared network configuration.

15.1.1. OVN-Kubernetes features

The OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider implements the following features:

  • Uses OVN (Open Virtual Network) to manage network traffic flows. OVN is a community developed, vendor-agnostic network virtualization solution.
  • Implements Kubernetes network policy support, including ingress and egress rules.
  • Uses the Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) protocol rather than VXLAN to create an overlay network between nodes.

15.1.2. Supported default CNI network provider feature matrix

OpenShift Container Platform offers two supported choices, OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes, for the default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider. The following table summarizes the current feature support for both network providers:

Table 15.1. Default CNI network provider feature comparison
FeatureOVN-KubernetesOpenShift SDN

Egress IPs

Supported

Supported

Egress firewall [1]

Supported

Supported

Egress router

Partially supported [3]

Supported

IPsec encryption

Supported

Not supported

Kubernetes network policy

Supported

Partially supported [2]

Multicast

Supported

Supported

  1. Egress firewall is also known as egress network policy in OpenShift SDN. This is not the same as network policy egress.
  2. Network policy for OpenShift SDN does not support egress rules and some ipBlock rules.
  3. Egress router for OVN-Kubernetes supports only redirect mode.

15.1.3. OVN-Kubernetes limitations

The OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider has a limitation that is related to traffic policies. The network provider does not support setting the external traffic policy or internal traffic policy for a Kubernetes service to local. The default value, cluster, is supported for both parameters. This limitation can affect you when you add a service of type LoadBalancer, NodePort, or add a service with an external IP.

Additional resources

15.2. Migrating from the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider

As a cluster administrator, you can migrate to the OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider from the OpenShift SDN CNI cluster network provider.

To learn more about OVN-Kubernetes, read About the OVN-Kubernetes network provider.

15.2.1. Migration to the OVN-Kubernetes network provider

Migrating to the OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider is a manual process that includes some downtime during which your cluster is unreachable. Although a rollback procedure is provided, the migration is intended to be a one-way process.

A migration to the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider is supported on installer-provisioned clusters on the following platforms:

  • Bare metal hardware
  • Amazon Web Services (AWS)
  • Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
  • Microsoft Azure
  • Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP)
  • VMware vSphere
Note

Performing a migration on a user-provisioned cluster is not supported.

15.2.1.1. Considerations for migrating to the OVN-Kubernetes network provider

The subnets assigned to nodes and the IP addresses assigned to individual pods are not preserved during the migration.

While the OVN-Kubernetes network provider implements many of the capabilities present in the OpenShift SDN network provider, the configuration is not the same.

  • If your cluster uses any of the following OpenShift SDN capabilities, you must manually configure the same capability in OVN-Kubernetes:

    • Namespace isolation
    • Egress IP addresses
    • Egress network policies
    • Egress router pods
    • Multicast
  • If your cluster uses any part of the 100.64.0.0/16 IP address range, you cannot migrate to OVN-Kubernetes because it uses this IP address range internally.

The following sections highlight the differences in configuration between the aforementioned capabilities in OVN-Kubernetes and OpenShift SDN.

Namespace isolation

OVN-Kubernetes supports only the network policy isolation mode.

Important

If your cluster uses OpenShift SDN configured in either the multitenant or subnet isolation modes, you cannot migrate to the OVN-Kubernetes network provider.

Egress IP addresses

The differences in configuring an egress IP address between OVN-Kubernetes and OpenShift SDN is described in the following table:

Table 15.2. Differences in egress IP address configuration
OVN-KubernetesOpenShift SDN
  • Create an EgressIPs object
  • Add an annotation on a Node object
  • Patch a NetNamespace object
  • Patch a HostSubnet object

For more information on using egress IP addresses in OVN-Kubernetes, see "Configuring an egress IP address".

Egress network policies

The difference in configuring an egress network policy, also known as an egress firewall, between OVN-Kubernetes and OpenShift SDN is described in the following table:

Table 15.3. Differences in egress network policy configuration
OVN-KubernetesOpenShift SDN
  • Create an EgressFirewall object in a namespace
  • Create an EgressNetworkPolicy object in a namespace

For more information on using an egress firewall in OVN-Kubernetes, see "Configuring an egress firewall for a project".

Egress router pods

OVN-Kubernetes does not support using egress router pods in OpenShift Container Platform 4.7.

Multicast

The difference between enabling multicast traffic on OVN-Kubernetes and OpenShift SDN is described in the following table:

Table 15.4. Differences in multicast configuration
OVN-KubernetesOpenShift SDN
  • Add an annotation on a Namespace object
  • Add an annotation on a NetNamespace object

For more information on using multicast in OVN-Kubernetes, see "Enabling multicast for a project".

Network policies

OVN-Kubernetes fully supports the Kubernetes NetworkPolicy API in the networking.k8s.io/v1 API group. No changes are necessary in your network policies when migrating from OpenShift SDN.

15.2.1.2. How the migration process works

The migration process works as follows:

  1. Set a temporary annotation set on the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration object. This annotation triggers the CNO to watch for a change to the defaultNetwork field.
  2. Suspend the Machine Config Operator (MCO) to ensure that it does not interrupt the migration.
  3. Update the defaultNetwork field. The update causes the CNO to destroy the OpenShift SDN control plane pods and deploy the OVN-Kubernetes control plane pods. Additionally, it updates the Multus objects to reflect the new cluster network provider.
  4. Reboot each node in the cluster. Because the existing pods in the cluster are unaware of the change to the cluster network provider, rebooting each node ensures that each node is drained of pods. New pods are attached to the new cluster network provided by OVN-Kubernetes.
  5. Enable the MCO after all nodes in the cluster reboot. The MCO rolls out an update to the systemd configuration necessary to complete the migration. The MCO updates a single machine per pool at a time by default, so the total time the migration takes increases with the size of the cluster.

15.2.2. Migrating to the OVN-Kubernetes default CNI network provider

As a cluster administrator, you can change the default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider for your cluster to OVN-Kubernetes. During the migration, you must reboot every node in your cluster.

Important

While performing the migration, your cluster is unavailable and workloads might be interrupted. Perform the migration only when an interruption in service is acceptable.

Prerequisites

  • A cluster installed on installer-provisioned infrastructure and configured with the OpenShift SDN default CNI network provider in the network policy isolation mode.
  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
  • A recent backup of the etcd database is available.
  • The cluster is in a known good state, without any errors.
  • A reboot can be triggered manually for each node.

Procedure

  1. To backup the configuration for the cluster network, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get Network.config.openshift.io cluster -o yaml > cluster-openshift-sdn.yaml

  2. To enable the migration, set an annotation on the Cluster Network Operator configuration object by entering the following command: 

    $ oc annotate Network.operator.openshift.io cluster \
  'networkoperator.openshift.io/network-migration'=""

  3. Stop all of the machine configuration pools managed by the Machine Config Operator (MCO):

    • Stop the master configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool master --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": true } }'

    • Stop the worker configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool worker --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec":{ "paused" :true } }'

  4. Configure the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider by using one of the following commands:

    • To specify the network provider without changing the cluster network IP address block, enter the following command: 

      $ oc patch Network.config.openshift.io cluster \
  --type='merge' --patch '{ "spec": { "networkType": "OVNKubernetes" } }'

    • To specify a different cluster network IP address block, enter the following command: 

      $ oc patch Network.config.openshift.io cluster \
  --type='merge' --patch '{
    "spec": {
      "clusterNetwork": [
        {
          "cidr": "<cidr>",
          "hostPrefix": "<prefix>"
        }
      ],
      "networkType": "OVNKubernetes"
    }
  }'

      where cidr is a CIDR block and prefix is the slice of the CIDR block apportioned to each node in your cluster. You cannot use any CIDR block that overlaps with the 100.64.0.0/16 CIDR block, because the OVN-Kubernetes network provider uses this block internally.

      Important

      You cannot change the service network address block during the migration.

  5. Optional: You can customize the following settings for OVN-Kubernetes to meet your network infrastructure requirements:

    • Maximum transmission unit (MTU)
    • Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) overlay network port

To customize either of the previously noted settings, enter and customize the following command. If you do not need to change the default value, omit the key from the patch. 

$ oc patch Network.operator.openshift.io cluster --type=merge \
  --patch '{
    "spec":{
      "defaultNetwork":{
        "ovnKubernetesConfig":{
          "mtu":<mtu>,
          "genevePort":<port>
    }}}}'

+

mtu
The MTU for the Geneve overlay network. This value is normally configured automatically, but if the nodes in your cluster do not all use the same MTU, then you must set this explicitly to 100 less than the smallest node MTU value.
port
The UDP port for the Geneve overlay network. If a value is not specified, the default is 6081. The port cannot be the same as the VXLAN port that is used by OpenShift SDN. The default value for the VXLAN port is 4789.

+ .Example patch command to update mtu field 

$ oc patch Network.operator.openshift.io cluster --type=merge \
  --patch '{
    "spec":{
      "defaultNetwork":{
        "ovnKubernetesConfig":{
          "mtu":1200
    }}}}'

  1. Wait until the Multus daemon set rollout completes. 

    $ oc -n openshift-multus rollout status daemonset/multus

    The name of the Multus pods is in form of multus-<xxxxx> where <xxxxx> is a random sequence of letters. It might take several moments for the pods to restart.

    Example output

    Waiting for daemon set "multus" rollout to finish: 1 out of 6 new pods have been updated...
...
Waiting for daemon set "multus" rollout to finish: 5 of 6 updated pods are available...
daemon set "multus" successfully rolled out

  2. To complete the migration, reboot each node in your cluster. For example, you can use a bash script similar to the following example. The script assumes that you can connect to each host by using ssh and that you have configured sudo to not prompt for a password. 

    #!/bin/bash

for ip in $(oc get nodes  -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address}')
do
   echo "reboot node $ip"
   ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no core@$ip sudo shutdown -r -t 3
done

    If ssh access is not available, you might be able to reboot each node through the management portal for your infrastructure provider.

  3. After the nodes in your cluster have rebooted, start all of the machine configuration pools:

    • Start the master configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool master --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": false } }'

    • Start the worker configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool worker --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": false } }'

    As the MCO updates machines in each config pool, it reboots each node.

    By default the MCO updates a single machine per pool at a time, so the time that the migration requires to complete grows with the size of the cluster.

  4. Confirm the status of the new machine configuration on the hosts:

    1. To list the machine configuration state and the name of the applied machine configuration, enter the following command: 

      $ oc describe node | egrep "hostname|machineconfig"

      Example output

      kubernetes.io/hostname=master-0
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig: rendered-master-c53e221d9d24e1c8bb6ee89dd3d8ad7b
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/desiredConfig: rendered-master-c53e221d9d24e1c8bb6ee89dd3d8ad7b
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/reason:
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/state: Done

      Verify that the following statements are true:

      • The value of machineconfiguration.openshift.io/state field is Done.
      • The value of the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig field is equal to the value of the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/desiredConfig field.

    2. To confirm that the machine config is correct, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get machineconfig <config_name> -o yaml | grep ExecStart

      where <config_name> is the name of the machine config from the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig field.

      The machine config must include the following update to the systemd configuration: 

      ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/configure-ovs.sh OVNKubernetes

  5. Confirm that the migration succeeded:

    1. To confirm that the default CNI network provider is OVN-Kubernetes, enter the following command. The value of status.networkType must be OVNKubernetes. 

      $ oc get network.config/cluster -o jsonpath='{.status.networkType}{"\n"}'

    2. To confirm that the cluster nodes are in the Ready state, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get nodes

    3. If a node is stuck in the NotReady state, investigate the machine config daemon pod logs and resolve any errors.

      1. To list the pods, enter the following command: 

        $ oc get pod -n openshift-machine-config-operator

        Example output

        NAME                                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
machine-config-controller-75f756f89d-sjp8b   1/1     Running   0          37m
machine-config-daemon-5cf4b                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-7wzcd                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-fc946                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-g2v28                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-gcl4f                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-l5tnv                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-operator-79d9c55d5-hth92      1/1     Running   0          37m
machine-config-server-bsc8h                  1/1     Running   0          43h
machine-config-server-hklrm                  1/1     Running   0          43h
machine-config-server-k9rtx                  1/1     Running   0          43h

        The names for the config daemon pods are in the following format: machine-config-daemon-<seq>. The <seq> value is a random five character alphanumeric sequence.

      2. Display the pod log for the first machine config daemon pod shown in the previous output by enter the following command: 

        $ oc logs <pod> -n openshift-machine-config-operator

        where pod is the name of a machine config daemon pod.

      3. Resolve any errors in the logs shown by the output from the previous command.

    4. To confirm that your pods are not in an error state, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get pods --all-namespaces -o wide --sort-by='{.spec.nodeName}'

      If pods on a node are in an error state, reboot that node.

  6. Complete the following steps only if the migration succeeds and your cluster is in a good state:

    1. To remove the migration annotation from the Cluster Network Operator configuration object, enter the following command: 

      $ oc annotate Network.operator.openshift.io cluster \
  networkoperator.openshift.io/network-migration-

    2. To remove the OpenShift SDN network provider namespace, enter the following command: 

      $ oc delete namespace openshift-sdn

15.2.3. Additional resources

15.3. Rolling back to the OpenShift SDN network provider

As a cluster administrator, you can rollback to the OpenShift SDN Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider from the OVN-Kubernetes CNI cluster network provider if the migration to OVN-Kubernetes is unsuccessful.

15.3.1. Rolling back the default CNI network provider to OpenShift SDN

As a cluster administrator, you can rollback your cluster to the OpenShift SDN default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider. During the rollback, you must reboot every node in your cluster.

Important

Only rollback to OpenShift SDN if the migration to OVN-Kubernetes fails.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
  • A cluster installed on infrastructure configured with the OVN-Kubernetes default CNI network provider.

Procedure

  1. To enable the migration, set an annotation on the Cluster Network Operator configuration object by entering the following command: 

    $ oc annotate Network.operator.openshift.io cluster \
  'networkoperator.openshift.io/network-migration'=""

  2. Stop all of the machine configuration pools managed by the Machine Config Operator (MCO):

    • Stop the master configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool master --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": true } }'

    • Stop the worker configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool worker --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec":{ "paused" :true } }'

  3. To configure the OpenShift SDN cluster network provider, enter the following command: 

    $ oc patch Network.config.openshift.io cluster \
  --type='merge' --patch '{ "spec": { "networkType": "OpenShiftSDN" } }'

  4. Optional: You can customize the following settings for OpenShift SDN to meet your network infrastructure requirements:

    • Maximum transmission unit (MTU)
    • VXLAN port

    To customize either or both of the previously noted settings, customize and enter the following command. If you do not need to change the default value, omit the key from the patch. 

    $ oc patch Network.operator.openshift.io cluster --type=merge \
  --patch '{
    "spec":{
      "defaultNetwork":{
        "openshiftSDNConfig":{
          "mtu":<mtu>,
          "vxlanPort":<port>
    }}}}'
    mtu
    The MTU for the VXLAN overlay network. This value is normally configured automatically, but if the nodes in your cluster do not all use the same MTU, then you must set this explicitly to 50 less than the smallest node MTU value.
    port
    The UDP port for the VXLAN overlay network. If a value is not specified, the default is 4789. The port cannot be the same as the Geneve port that is used by OVN-Kubernetes. The default value for the Geneve port is 6081.

    Example patch command

    $ oc patch Network.operator.openshift.io cluster --type=merge \
  --patch '{
    "spec":{
      "defaultNetwork":{
        "openshiftSDNConfig":{
          "mtu":1200
    }}}}'

  5. Wait until the Multus daemon set rollout completes. 

    $ oc -n openshift-multus rollout status daemonset/multus

    The name of the Multus pods is in form of multus-<xxxxx> where <xxxxx> is a random sequence of letters. It might take several moments for the pods to restart.

    Example output

    Waiting for daemon set "multus" rollout to finish: 1 out of 6 new pods have been updated...
...
Waiting for daemon set "multus" rollout to finish: 5 of 6 updated pods are available...
daemon set "multus" successfully rolled out

  6. To complete the rollback, reboot each node in your cluster. For example, you could use a bash script similar to the following. The script assumes that you can connect to each host by using ssh and that you have configured sudo to not prompt for a password. 

    #!/bin/bash

for ip in $(oc get nodes  -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address}')
do
   echo "reboot node $ip"
   ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no core@$ip sudo shutdown -r -t 3
done

    If ssh access is not available, you might be able to reboot each node through the management portal for your infrastructure provider.

  7. After the nodes in your cluster have rebooted, start all of the machine configuration pools:

    • Start the master configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool master --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": false } }'

    • Start the worker configuration pool: 

      $ oc patch MachineConfigPool worker --type='merge' --patch \
  '{ "spec": { "paused": false } }'

    As the MCO updates machines in each config pool, it reboots each node.

    By default the MCO updates a single machine per pool at a time, so the time that the migration requires to complete grows with the size of the cluster.

  8. Confirm the status of the new machine configuration on the hosts:

    1. To list the machine configuration state and the name of the applied machine configuration, enter the following command: 

      $ oc describe node | egrep "hostname|machineconfig"

      Example output

      kubernetes.io/hostname=master-0
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig: rendered-master-c53e221d9d24e1c8bb6ee89dd3d8ad7b
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/desiredConfig: rendered-master-c53e221d9d24e1c8bb6ee89dd3d8ad7b
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/reason:
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/state: Done

      Verify that the following statements are true:

      • The value of machineconfiguration.openshift.io/state field is Done.
      • The value of the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig field is equal to the value of the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/desiredConfig field.

    2. To confirm that the machine config is correct, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get machineconfig <config_name> -o yaml

      where <config_name> is the name of the machine config from the machineconfiguration.openshift.io/currentConfig field.

  9. Confirm that the migration succeeded:

    1. To confirm that the default CNI network provider is OVN-Kubernetes, enter the following command. The value of status.networkType must be OpenShiftSDN. 

      $ oc get network.config/cluster -o jsonpath='{.status.networkType}{"\n"}'

    2. To confirm that the cluster nodes are in the Ready state, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get nodes

    3. If a node is stuck in the NotReady state, investigate the machine config daemon pod logs and resolve any errors.

      1. To list the pods, enter the following command: 

        $ oc get pod -n openshift-machine-config-operator

        Example output

        NAME                                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
machine-config-controller-75f756f89d-sjp8b   1/1     Running   0          37m
machine-config-daemon-5cf4b                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-7wzcd                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-fc946                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-g2v28                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-gcl4f                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-daemon-l5tnv                  2/2     Running   0          43h
machine-config-operator-79d9c55d5-hth92      1/1     Running   0          37m
machine-config-server-bsc8h                  1/1     Running   0          43h
machine-config-server-hklrm                  1/1     Running   0          43h
machine-config-server-k9rtx                  1/1     Running   0          43h

        The names for the config daemon pods are in the following format: machine-config-daemon-<seq>. The <seq> value is a random five character alphanumeric sequence.

      2. To display the pod log for each machine config daemon pod shown in the previous output, enter the following command: 

        $ oc logs <pod> -n openshift-machine-config-operator

        where pod is the name of a machine config daemon pod.

      3. Resolve any errors in the logs shown by the output from the previous command.

    4. To confirm that your pods are not in an error state, enter the following command: 

      $ oc get pods --all-namespaces -o wide --sort-by='{.spec.nodeName}'

      If pods on a node are in an error state, reboot that node.

  10. Complete the following steps only if the migration succeeds and your cluster is in a good state:

    1. To remove the migration annotation from the Cluster Network Operator configuration object, enter the following command: 

      $ oc annotate Network.operator.openshift.io cluster \
  networkoperator.openshift.io/network-migration-

    2. To remove the OVN-Kubernetes network provider namespace, enter the following command: 

      $ oc delete namespace openshift-ovn-kubernetes

15.4. IPsec encryption configuration

With IPsec enabled, all network traffic between nodes on the OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network travels through an encrypted tunnel.

IPsec is disabled by default.

Note

IPsec encryption can be enabled only during cluster installation and cannot be disabled after it is enabled. For installation documentation, refer to Selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users.

15.4.1. Types of network traffic flows encrypted by IPsec

With IPsec enabled, only the following network traffic flows between pods are encrypted:

  • Traffic between pods on different nodes on the cluster network
  • Traffic from a pod on the host network to a pod on the cluster network

The following traffic flows are not encrypted:

  • Traffic between pods on the same node on the cluster network
  • Traffic between pods on the host network
  • Traffic from a pod on the cluster network to a pod on the host network

The encrypted and unencrypted flows are illustrated in the following diagram:

IPsec encrypted and unencrypted traffic flows

15.4.2. Encryption protocol and tunnel mode for IPsec

The encrypt cipher used is AES-GCM-16-256. The integrity check value (ICV) is 16 bytes. The key length is 256 bits.

The IPsec tunnel mode used is Transport mode, a mode that encrypts end-to-end communication.

15.4.3. Security certificate generation and rotation

The Cluster Network Operator (CNO) generates a self-signed X.509 certificate authority (CA) that is used by IPsec for encryption. Certificate signing requests (CSRs) from each node are automatically fulfilled by the CNO.

The CA is valid for 10 years. The individual node certificates are valid for 5 years and are automatically rotated after 4 1/2 years elapse.

15.5. Configuring an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can create an egress firewall for a project that restricts egress traffic leaving your OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

15.5.1. How an egress firewall works in a project

As a cluster administrator, you can use an egress firewall to limit the external hosts that some or all pods can access from within the cluster. An egress firewall supports the following scenarios:

  • A pod can only connect to internal hosts and cannot initiate connections to the public Internet.
  • A pod can only connect to the public Internet and cannot initiate connections to internal hosts that are outside the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
  • A pod cannot reach specified internal subnets or hosts outside the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.
  • A pod can connect to only specific external hosts.

For example, you can allow one project access to a specified IP range but deny the same access to a different project. Or you can restrict application developers from updating from Python pip mirrors, and force updates to come only from approved sources.

You configure an egress firewall policy by creating an EgressFirewall custom resource (CR) object. The egress firewall matches network traffic that meets any of the following criteria:

  • An IP address range in CIDR format
  • A DNS name that resolves to an IP address
  • A port number
  • A protocol that is one of the following protocols: TCP, UDP, and SCTP
Important

If your egress firewall includes a deny rule for 0.0.0.0/0, access to your OpenShift Container Platform API servers is blocked. To ensure that pods can continue to access the OpenShift Container Platform API servers, you must include the IP address range that the API servers listen on in your egress firewall rules, as in the following example: 

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressFirewall
metadata:
  name: default
  namespace: <namespace> 1
spec:
  egress:
  - to:
      cidrSelector: <api_server_address_range> 2
    type: Allow
# ...
  - to:
      cidrSelector: 0.0.0.0/0 3
    type: Deny
1
The namespace for the egress firewall.
2
The IP address range that includes your OpenShift Container Platform API servers.
3
A global deny rule prevents access to the OpenShift Container Platform API servers.

To find the IP address for your API servers, run oc get ep kubernetes -n default.

For more information, see BZ#1988324.

Warning

Egress firewall rules do not apply to traffic that goes through routers. Any user with permission to create a Route CR object can bypass egress firewall policy rules by creating a route that points to a forbidden destination.

15.5.1.1. Limitations of an egress firewall

An egress firewall has the following limitations:

  • No project can have more than one EgressFirewall object.
  • A maximum of one EgressFirewall object with a maximum of 8,000 rules can be defined per project.

Violating any of these restrictions results in a broken egress firewall for the project, and may cause all external network traffic to be dropped.

An Egress Firewall resource can be created in the kube-node-lease, kube-public, kube-system, openshift and openshift- projects.

15.5.1.2. Matching order for egress firewall policy rules

The egress firewall policy rules are evaluated in the order that they are defined, from first to last. The first rule that matches an egress connection from a pod applies. Any subsequent rules are ignored for that connection.

15.5.1.3. How Domain Name Server (DNS) resolution works

If you use DNS names in any of your egress firewall policy rules, proper resolution of the domain names is subject to the following restrictions:

  • Domain name updates are polled based on the TTL (time to live) value of the domain returned by the local non-authoritative servers.
  • The pod must resolve the domain from the same local name servers when necessary. Otherwise the IP addresses for the domain known by the egress firewall controller and the pod can be different. If the IP addresses for a hostname differ, the egress firewall might not be enforced consistently.
  • Because the egress firewall controller and pods asynchronously poll the same local name server, the pod might obtain the updated IP address before the egress controller does, which causes a race condition. Due to this current limitation, domain name usage in EgressFirewall objects is only recommended for domains with infrequent IP address changes.
Note

The egress firewall always allows pods access to the external interface of the node that the pod is on for DNS resolution.

If you use domain names in your egress firewall policy and your DNS resolution is not handled by a DNS server on the local node, then you must add egress firewall rules that allow access to your DNS server’s IP addresses. if you are using domain names in your pods.

15.5.2. EgressFirewall custom resource (CR) object

You can define one or more rules for an egress firewall. A rule is either an Allow rule or a Deny rule, with a specification for the traffic that the rule applies to.

The following YAML describes an EgressFirewall CR object:

EgressFirewall object

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressFirewall
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  egress: 2
    ...

1
The name for the object must be default.
2
A collection of one or more egress network policy rules as described in the following section.

15.5.2.1. EgressFirewall rules

The following YAML describes an egress firewall rule object. The egress stanza expects an array of one or more objects.

Egress policy rule stanza

egress:
- type: <type> 1
  to: 2
    cidrSelector: <cidr> 3
    dnsName: <dns_name> 4
  ports: 5
      ...

1
The type of rule. The value must be either Allow or Deny.
2
A stanza describing an egress traffic match rule that specifies the cidrSelector field or the dnsName field. You cannot use both fields in the same rule.
3
An IP address range in CIDR format.
4
A DNS domain name.
5
Optional: A stanza describing a collection of network ports and protocols for the rule.

Ports stanza

ports:
- port: <port> 1
  protocol: <protocol> 2

1
A network port, such as 80 or 443. If you specify a value for this field, you must also specify a value for protocol.
2
A network protocol. The value must be either TCP, UDP, or SCTP.

15.5.2.2. Example EgressFirewall CR objects

The following example defines several egress firewall policy rules: 

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressFirewall
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  egress: 1
  - type: Allow
    to:
      cidrSelector: 1.2.3.0/24
  - type: Deny
    to:
      cidrSelector: 0.0.0.0/0
1
A collection of egress firewall policy rule objects.

The following example defines a policy rule that denies traffic to the host at the 172.16.1.1 IP address, if the traffic is using either the TCP protocol and destination port 80 or any protocol and destination port 443. 

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressFirewall
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  egress:
  - type: Deny
    to:
      cidrSelector: 172.16.1.1
    ports:
    - port: 80
      protocol: TCP
    - port: 443

15.5.3. Creating an egress firewall policy object

As a cluster administrator, you can create an egress firewall policy object for a project.

Important

If the project already has an EgressFirewall object defined, you must edit the existing policy to make changes to the egress firewall rules.

Prerequisites

  • A cluster that uses the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plug-in.
  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You must log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.

Procedure

  1. Create a policy rule:

    1. Create a <policy_name>.yaml file where <policy_name> describes the egress policy rules.
    2. In the file you created, define an egress policy object.

  2. Enter the following command to create the policy object. Replace <policy_name> with the name of the policy and <project> with the project that the rule applies to. 

    $ oc create -f <policy_name>.yaml -n <project>

    In the following example, a new EgressFirewall object is created in a project named project1: 

    $ oc create -f default.yaml -n project1

    Example output

    egressfirewall.k8s.ovn.org/v1 created

  3. Optional: Save the <policy_name>.yaml file so that you can make changes later.

15.6. Viewing an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can list the names of any existing egress firewalls and view the traffic rules for a specific egress firewall.

15.6.1. Viewing an EgressFirewall object

You can view an EgressFirewall object in your cluster.

Prerequisites

  • A cluster using the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plug-in.
  • Install the OpenShift Command-line Interface (CLI), commonly known as oc.
  • You must log in to the cluster.

Procedure

  1. Optional: To view the names of the EgressFirewall objects defined in your cluster, enter the following command: 

    $ oc get egressfirewall --all-namespaces

  2. To inspect a policy, enter the following command. Replace <policy_name> with the name of the policy to inspect. 

    $ oc describe egressfirewall <policy_name>

    Example output

    Name:		default
Namespace:	project1
Created:	20 minutes ago
Labels:		<none>
Annotations:	<none>
Rule:		Allow to 1.2.3.0/24
Rule:		Allow to www.example.com
Rule:		Deny to 0.0.0.0/0

15.7. Editing an egress firewall for a project

As a cluster administrator, you can modify network traffic rules for an existing egress firewall.

15.7.1. Editing an EgressFirewall object

As a cluster administrator, you can update the egress firewall for a project.

Prerequisites

  • A cluster using the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plug-in.
  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You must log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.

Procedure

  1. Find the name of the EgressFirewall object for the project. Replace <project> with the name of the project. 

    $ oc get -n <project> egressfirewall

  2. Optional: If you did not save a copy of the EgressFirewall object when you created the egress network firewall, enter the following command to create a copy. 

    $ oc get -n <project> egressfirewall <name> -o yaml > <filename>.yaml

    Replace <project> with the name of the project. Replace <name> with the name of the object. Replace <filename> with the name of the file to save the YAML to.

  3. After making changes to the policy rules, enter the following command to replace the EgressFirewall object. Replace <filename> with the name of the file containing the updated EgressFirewall object. 

    $ oc replace -f <filename>.yaml

15.8. Removing an egress firewall from a project

As a cluster administrator, you can remove an egress firewall from a project to remove all restrictions on network traffic from the project that leaves the OpenShift Container Platform cluster.

15.8.1. Removing an EgressFirewall object

As a cluster administrator, you can remove an egress firewall from a project.

Prerequisites

  • A cluster using the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider plug-in.
  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You must log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.

Procedure

  1. Find the name of the EgressFirewall object for the project. Replace <project> with the name of the project. 

    $ oc get -n <project> egressfirewall

  2. Enter the following command to delete the EgressFirewall object. Replace <project> with the name of the project and <name> with the name of the object. 

    $ oc delete -n <project> egressfirewall <name>

15.9. Configuring an egress IP address

As a cluster administrator, you can configure the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider to assign one or more egress IP addresses to a namespace, or to specific pods in a namespace.

15.9.1. Egress IP address architectural design and implementation

The OpenShift Container Platform egress IP address functionality allows you to ensure that the traffic from one or more pods in one or more namespaces has a consistent source IP address for services outside the cluster network.

For example, you might have a pod that periodically queries a database that is hosted on a server outside of your cluster. To enforce access requirements for the server, a packet filtering device is configured to allow traffic only from specific IP addresses. To ensure that you can reliably allow access to the server from only that specific pod, you can configure a specific egress IP address for the pod that makes the requests to the server.

An egress IP address is implemented as an additional IP address on the primary network interface of a node and must be in the same subnet as the primary IP address of the node. The additional IP address must not be assigned to any other node in the cluster.

In some cluster configurations, application pods and ingress router pods run on the same node. If you configure an egress IP for an application project in this scenario, the IP is not used when you send a request to a route from the application project.

15.9.1.1. Platform support

Support for the egress IP address functionality on various platforms is summarized in the following table:

Important

The egress IP address implementation is not compatible with Amazon Web Services (AWS), Azure Cloud, or any other public cloud platform incompatible with the automatic layer 2 network manipulation required by the egress IP feature.

PlatformSupported

Bare metal

Yes

vSphere

Yes

Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP)

No

Public cloud

No

15.9.1.2. Assignment of egress IPs to pods

To assign one or more egress IPs to a namespace or specific pods in a namespace, the following conditions must be satisfied:

  • At least one node in your cluster must have the k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable: "" label.
  • An EgressIP object exists that defines one or more egress IP addresses to use as the source IP address for traffic leaving the cluster from pods in a namespace.
Important

If you create EgressIP objects prior to labeling any nodes in your cluster for egress IP assignment, OpenShift Container Platform might assign every egress IP address to the first node with the k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable: "" label.

To ensure that egress IP addresses are widely distributed across nodes in the cluster, always apply the label to the nodes you intent to host the egress IP addresses before creating any EgressIP objects.

15.9.1.3. Assignment of egress IPs to nodes

When creating an EgressIP object, the following conditions apply to nodes that are labeled with the k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable: "" label:

  • An egress IP address is never assigned to more than one node at a time.
  • An egress IP address is equally balanced between available nodes that can host the egress IP address.
  • If the spec.EgressIPs array in an EgressIP object specifies more than one IP address, no node will ever host more than one of the specified addresses.
  • If a node becomes unavailable, any egress IP addresses assigned to it are automatically reassigned, subject to the previously described conditions.

When a pod matches the selector for multiple EgressIP objects, there is no guarantee which of the egress IP addresses that are specified in the EgressIP objects is assigned as the egress IP address for the pod.

Additionally, if an EgressIP object specifies multiple egress IP addresses, there is no guarantee which of the egress IP addresses might be used. For example, if a pod matches a selector for an EgressIP object with two egress IP addresses, 10.10.20.1 and 10.10.20.2, either might be used for each TCP connection or UDP conversation.

15.9.1.4. Architectural diagram of an egress IP address configuration

The following diagram depicts an egress IP address configuration. The diagram describes four pods in two different namespaces running on three nodes in a cluster. The nodes are assigned IP addresses from the 192.168.126.0/18 CIDR block on the host network.

Both Node 1 and Node 3 are labeled with k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable: "" and thus available for the assignment of egress IP addresses.

The dashed lines in the diagram depict the traffic flow from pod1, pod2, and pod3 traveling through the pod network to egress the cluster from Node 1 and Node 3. When an external service receives traffic from any of the pods selected by the example EgressIP object, the source IP address is either 192.168.126.10 or 192.168.126.102.

The following resources from the diagram are illustrated in detail:

Namespace objects

The namespaces are defined in the following manifest:

Namespace objects

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: namespace1
  labels:
    env: prod
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: namespace2
  labels:
    env: prod

EgressIP object

The following EgressIP object describes a configuration that selects all pods in any namespace with the env label set to prod. The egress IP addresses for the selected pods are 192.168.126.10 and 192.168.126.102.

EgressIP object

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressIP
metadata:
  name: egressips-prod
spec:
  egressIPs:
  - 192.168.126.10
  - 192.168.126.102
  namespaceSelector:
    matchLabels:
      env: prod
status:
  assignments:
  - node: node1
    egressIP: 192.168.126.10
  - node: node3
    egressIP: 192.168.126.102

For the configuration in the previous example, OpenShift Container Platform assigns both egress IP addresses to the available nodes. The status field reflects whether and where the egress IP addresses are assigned.

15.9.2. EgressIP object

The following YAML describes the API for the EgressIP object. The scope of the object is cluster-wide; it is not created in a namespace. 

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressIP
metadata:
  name: <name> 1
spec:
  egressIPs: 2
  - <ip_address>
  namespaceSelector: 3
    ...
  podSelector: 4
    ...
1
The name for the EgressIPs object.
2
An array of one or more IP addresses.
3
One or more selectors for the namespaces to associate the egress IP addresses with.
4
Optional: One or more selectors for pods in the specified namespaces to associate egress IP addresses with. Applying these selectors allows for the selection of a subset of pods within a namespace.

The following YAML describes the stanza for the namespace selector:

Namespace selector stanza

namespaceSelector: 1
  matchLabels:
    <label_name>: <label_value>

1
One or more matching rules for namespaces. If more than one match rule is provided, all matching namespaces are selected.

The following YAML describes the optional stanza for the pod selector:

Pod selector stanza

podSelector: 1
  matchLabels:
    <label_name>: <label_value>

1
Optional: One or more matching rules for pods in the namespaces that match the specified namespaceSelector rules. If specified, only pods that match are selected. Others pods in the namespace are not selected.

In the following example, the EgressIP object associates the 192.168.126.11 and 192.168.126.102 egress IP addresses with pods that have the app label set to web and are in the namespaces that have the env label set to prod:

Example EgressIP object

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressIP
metadata:
  name: egress-group1
spec:
  egressIPs:
  - 192.168.126.11
  - 192.168.126.102
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web
  namespaceSelector:
    matchLabels:
      env: prod

In the following example, the EgressIP object associates the 192.168.127.30 and 192.168.127.40 egress IP addresses with any pods that do not have the environment label set to development:

Example EgressIP object

apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressIP
metadata:
  name: egress-group2
spec:
  egressIPs:
  - 192.168.127.30
  - 192.168.127.40
  namespaceSelector:
    matchExpressions:
    - key: environment
      operator: NotIn
      values:
      - development

15.9.3. Labeling a node to host egress IP addresses

You can apply the k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable="" label to a node in your cluster so that OpenShift Container Platform can assign one or more egress IP addresses to the node.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.

Procedure

  • To label a node so that it can host one or more egress IP addresses, enter the following command: 

    $ oc label nodes <node_name> k8s.ovn.org/egress-assignable="" 1
    1
    The name of the node to label.

15.9.4. Next steps

15.9.5. Additional resources

15.10. Assigning an egress IP address

As a cluster administrator, you can assign an egress IP address for traffic leaving the cluster from a namespace or from specific pods in a namespace.

15.10.1. Assigning an egress IP address to a namespace

You can assign one or more egress IP addresses to a namespace or to specific pods in a namespace.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Log in to the cluster as a cluster administrator.
  • Configure at least one node to host an egress IP address.

Procedure

  1. Create an EgressIP object:

    1. Create a <egressips_name>.yaml file where <egressips_name> is the name of the object.

    2. In the file that you created, define an EgressIP object, as in the following example: 

      apiVersion: k8s.ovn.org/v1
kind: EgressIP
metadata:
  name: egress-project1
spec:
  egressIPs:
  - 192.168.127.10
  - 192.168.127.11
  namespaceSelector:
    matchLabels:
      env: qa

  2. To create the object, enter the following command. 

    $ oc apply -f <egressips_name>.yaml 1
    1
    Replace <egressips_name> with the name of the object.

    Example output

    egressips.k8s.ovn.org/<egressips_name> created

  3. Optional: Save the <egressips_name>.yaml file so that you can make changes later.

  4. Add labels to the namespace that requires egress IP addresses. To add a label to the namespace of an EgressIP object defined in step 1, run the following command: 

    $ oc label ns <namespace> env=qa 1
    1
    Replace <namespace> with the namespace that requires egress IP addresses.

15.10.2. Additional resources

15.11. Considerations for the use of an egress router pod

15.11.1. About an egress router pod

The OpenShift Container Platform egress router pod redirects traffic to a specified remote server from a private source IP address that is not used for any other purpose. An egress router pod enables you to send network traffic to servers that are set up to allow access only from specific IP addresses.

Note

The egress router pod is not intended for every outgoing connection. Creating large numbers of egress router pods can exceed the limits of your network hardware. For example, creating an egress router pod for every project or application could exceed the number of local MAC addresses that the network interface can handle before reverting to filtering MAC addresses in software.

Important

The egress router image is not compatible with Amazon AWS, Azure Cloud, or any other cloud platform that does not support layer 2 manipulations due to their incompatibility with macvlan traffic.

15.11.1.1. Egress router modes

In redirect mode, an egress router pod configures iptables rules to redirect traffic from its own IP address to one or more destination IP addresses. Client pods that need to use the reserved source IP address must be modified to connect to the egress router rather than connecting directly to the destination IP.

Note

The egress router CNI plug-in supports redirect mode only. This is a difference with the egress router implementation that you can deploy with OpenShift SDN. Unlike the egress router for OpenShift SDN, the egress router CNI plug-in does not support HTTP proxy mode or DNS proxy mode.

15.11.1.2. Egress router pod implementation

The egress router implementation uses the egress router Container Network Interface (CNI) plug-in. The plug-in adds a secondary network interface to a pod.

An egress router is a pod that has two network interfaces. For example, the pod can have eth0 and net1 network interfaces. The eth0 interface is on the cluster network and the pod continues to use the interface for ordinary cluster-related network traffic. The net1 interface is on a secondary network and has an IP address and gateway for that network. Other pods in the OpenShift Container Platform cluster can access the egress router service and the service enables the pods to access external services. The egress router acts as a bridge between pods and an external system.

Traffic that leaves the egress router exits through a node, but the packets have the MAC address of the net1 interface from the egress router pod.

15.11.1.3. Deployment considerations

An egress router pod adds an additional IP address and MAC address to the primary network interface of the node. As a result, you might need to configure your hypervisor or cloud provider to allow the additional address.

Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP)

If you deploy OpenShift Container Platform on RHOSP, you must allow traffic from the IP and MAC addresses of the egress router pod on your OpenStack environment. If you do not allow the traffic, then communication will fail: 

$ openstack port set --allowed-address \
  ip_address=<ip_address>,mac_address=<mac_address> <neutron_port_uuid>
Red Hat Virtualization (RHV)
If you are using RHV, you must select No Network Filter for the Virtual network interface controller (vNIC).
VMware vSphere
If you are using VMware vSphere, see the VMware documentation for securing vSphere standard switches. View and change VMware vSphere default settings by selecting the host virtual switch from the vSphere Web Client.

Specifically, ensure that the following are enabled:

15.11.1.4. Failover configuration

To avoid downtime, you can deploy an egress router pod with a Deployment resource, as in the following example. To create a new Service object for the example deployment, use the oc expose deployment/egress-demo-controller command. 

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: egress-demo-controller
spec:
  replicas: 1  1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: egress-router
  template:
    metadata:
      name: egress-router
      labels:
        name: egress-router
      annotations:
        k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: egress-router-redirect
    spec:  2
      containers:
        - name: egress-router-redirect
          image: registry.redhat.io/openshift3/ose-pod
1
Ensure that replicas is set to 1, because only one pod can use a given egress source IP address at any time. This means that only a single copy of the router runs on a node.
2
Specify the Pod object template for the egress router pod.

15.11.2. Additional resources

15.12. Deploying an egress router pod in redirect mode

As a cluster administrator, you can deploy an egress router pod to redirect traffic to specified destination IP addresses from a reserved source IP address.

The egress router implementation uses the egress router Container Network Interface (CNI) plug-in.

Important

The egress router CNI plug-in is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

15.12.1. Network attachment definition for an egress router in redirect mode

Before a pod can act as an egress router, you must specify the network interface configuration as a NetworkAttachmentDefinition object. The object specifies information such as the IP address to attach to the egress router pod, the network destinations, and a network gateway. As the pod for the egress router starts, Multus uses the network attachment definition to add a network interface with the specified properties to the pod.

Example network attachment definition

apiVersion: "k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1"
kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition
metadata:
  name: egress-router-redirect  <.>
spec:
  config: '{
    "cniVersion": "0.4.0",
    "type": "egress-router",
    "name": "egress-router",
    "ip": {
      "addresses": [
        "192.168.12.99/24"  <.>
        ],
      "destinations": [
        "192.168.12.91/32"  <.>
        ],
      "gateway": "192.168.12.1"  <.>
      }
    }'

<.> The name of the network attachment definition is used later in the specification for the egress router pod.

<.> The addresses key specifies the reserved source IP address to use with the additional network interface. Specify a single IP address in CIDR notation, such as 192.168.12.99/24.

<.> The destinations key specifies a single IP address in CIDR notation that the egress router sends packets to. The network address translation (NAT) tables for the egress router pod are configured so that connections to the cluster IP address of the pod are redirected to the same port on the destination IP address. Using this example, connections to the pod are redirected to 192.168.12.91, with a source IP address of 192.168.12.99.

<.> The gateway key specifies the IP address for the network gateway.

15.12.2. Egress router pod specification for redirect mode

After you create a network attachment definition, you add a pod that references the definition.

Example egress router pod specification

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: egress-router-pod
  annotations:
    k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks: egress-router-redirect  <.>
spec:
  containers:
    - name: egress-router-pod
      image: registry.redhat.com/openshift3/ose-pod

<.> The specified network must match the name of the network attachment definition. You can specify a namespace, interface name, or both, by replacing the values in the following pattern: <namespace>/<network>@<interface>. By default, Multus adds a secondary network interface to the pod with a name such as net1, net2, and so on.

15.12.3. Deploying an egress router pod in redirect mode

You can deploy an egress router pod to redirect traffic from its own reserved source IP address to one or more destination IP addresses.

After you add an egress router pod, the client pods that need to use the reserved source IP address must be modified to connect to the egress router rather than connecting directly to the destination IP.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.

Procedure

  1. Create a network attachment definition.
  2. Create an egress router pod.

  3. To ensure that other pods can find the IP address of the egress router pod, create a service that uses the egress router pod, as in the following example: 

    apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: egress-1
spec:
  ports:
  - name: database
    protocol: TCP
    port: 3306
  type: ClusterIP
  selector:
    name: egress-router-pod

    After you create the service, your pods can connect to the service. The egress router pod redirects the connection to the corresponding port on the destination IP address. The connections originate from the reserved source IP address.

Verification

To verify that the egress router pod started and has the secondary network interface, complete the following procedure:

  1. View the events for the egress router pod: 

    $ oc get events --field-selector involvedObject.name=egress-router-pod

    If the pod references the network attachment definition, the previous command returns output that is similar to the following:

    Example output

    LAST SEEN   TYPE     REASON           OBJECT                  MESSAGE
5m4s        Normal   Scheduled        pod/egress-router-pod   Successfully assigned default/egress-router-pod to ci-ln-9x2bnsk-f76d1-j2v6g-worker-c-24g65
5m3s        Normal   AddedInterface   pod/egress-router-pod   Add eth0 [10.129.2.31/23]
5m3s        Normal   AddedInterface   pod/egress-router-pod   Add net1 [192.168.12.99/24] from default/egress-router-redirect

  2. Optional: View the routing table for the egress router pod.

    1. Get the node name for the egress router pod: 

      $ POD_NODENAME=$(oc get pod egress-router-pod -o jsonpath="{.spec.nodeName}")

    2. Enter into a debug session on the target node. This step instantiates a debug pod called <node_name>-debug: 

      $ oc debug node/$POD_NODENAME

    3. Set /host as the root directory within the debug shell. The debug pod mounts the root file system of the host in /host within the pod. By changing the root directory to /host, you can run binaries from the executable paths of the host: 

      # chroot /host

    4. From within the chroot environment console, get the container ID: 

      # crictl ps --name egress-router-redirect | awk '{print $1}'

      Example output

      CONTAINER
bac9fae69ddb6

    5. Determine the process ID of the container. In this example, the container ID is bac9fae69ddb6: 

      # crictl inspect -o yaml bac9fae69ddb6 | grep 'pid:' | awk '{print $2}'

      Example output

      68857

    6. Enter the network namespace of the container: 

      # nsenter -n -t 68857

    7. Display the routing table: 

      # ip route

      In the following example output, the net1 network interface is the default route. Traffic for the cluster network uses the eth0 network interface. Traffic for the 192.168.12.0/24 network uses the net1 network interface and originates from the reserved source IP address 192.168.12.99. The pod routes all other traffic to the gateway at IP address 192.168.12.1. Routing for the service network is not shown.

      Example output

      default via 192.168.12.1 dev net1
10.129.2.0/23 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.129.2.31
192.168.12.0/24 dev net1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.12.99
192.168.12.1 dev net1

15.13. Enabling multicast for a project

15.13.1. About multicast

With IP multicast, data is broadcast to many IP addresses simultaneously.

Important

At this time, multicast is best used for low-bandwidth coordination or service discovery and not a high-bandwidth solution.

Multicast traffic between OpenShift Container Platform pods is disabled by default. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes default Container Network Interface (CNI) network provider, you can enable multicast on a per-project basis.

15.13.2. Enabling multicast between pods

You can enable multicast between pods for your project.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You must log in to the cluster with a user that has the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  • Run the following command to enable multicast for a project. Replace <namespace> with the namespace for the project you want to enable multicast for. 

    $ oc annotate namespace <namespace> \
    k8s.ovn.org/multicast-enabled=true

Verification

To verify that multicast is enabled for a project, complete the following procedure:

  1. Change your current project to the project that you enabled multicast for. Replace <project> with the project name. 

    $ oc project <project>

  2. Create a pod to act as a multicast receiver: 

    $ cat <<EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: mlistener
  labels:
    app: multicast-verify
spec:
  containers:
    - name: mlistener
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["dnf -y install socat hostname && sleep inf"]
      ports:
        - containerPort: 30102
          name: mlistener
          protocol: UDP
EOF

  3. Create a pod to act as a multicast sender: 

    $ cat <<EOF| oc create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: msender
  labels:
    app: multicast-verify
spec:
  containers:
    - name: msender
      image: registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8
      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
      args:
        ["dnf -y install socat && sleep inf"]
EOF

  4. In a new terminal window or tab, start the multicast listener.

    1. Get the IP address for the Pod: 

      $ POD_IP=$(oc get pods mlistener -o jsonpath='{.status.podIP}')

    2. Start the multicast listener by entering the following command: 

      $ oc exec mlistener -i -t -- \
    socat UDP4-RECVFROM:30102,ip-add-membership=224.1.0.1:$POD_IP,fork EXEC:hostname

  5. Start the multicast transmitter.

    1. Get the pod network IP address range: 

      $ CIDR=$(oc get Network.config.openshift.io cluster \
    -o jsonpath='{.status.clusterNetwork[0].cidr}')

    2. To send a multicast message, enter the following command: 

      $ oc exec msender -i -t -- \
    /bin/bash -c "echo | socat STDIO UDP4-DATAGRAM:224.1.0.1:30102,range=$CIDR,ip-multicast-ttl=64"

      If multicast is working, the previous command returns the following output: 

      mlistener

15.14. Disabling multicast for a project

15.14.1. Disabling multicast between pods

You can disable multicast between pods for your project.

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • You must log in to the cluster with a user that has the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  • Disable multicast by running the following command: 

    $ oc annotate namespace <namespace> \ 1
    k8s.ovn.org/multicast-enabled-
    1
    The namespace for the project you want to disable multicast for.

15.15. Configuring hybrid networking

As a cluster administrator, you can configure the OVN-Kubernetes Container Network Interface (CNI) cluster network provider to allow Linux and Windows nodes to host Linux and Windows workloads, respectively.

15.15.1. Configuring hybrid networking with OVN-Kubernetes

You can configure your cluster to use hybrid networking with OVN-Kubernetes. This allows a hybrid cluster that supports different node networking configurations. For example, this is necessary to run both Linux and Windows nodes in a cluster.

Important

You must configure hybrid networking with OVN-Kubernetes cluster provider during the installation of your cluster. You cannot switch to hybrid networking after the installation process.

In addition, the hybrid OVN-Kubernetes cluster network provider is a requirement for Windows Machine Config Operator (WMCO).

Prerequisites

  • You defined OVNKubernetes for the networking.networkType parameter in the install-config.yaml file. See the installation documentation for configuring OpenShift Container Platform network customizations on your chosen cloud provider for more information.

Procedure

  1. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and create the manifests: 

    $ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>

    where:

    <installation_directory>
    Specifies the name of the directory that contains the install-config.yaml file for your cluster.

  2. Create a stub manifest file for the advanced network configuration that is named cluster-network-03-config.yml in the <installation_directory>/manifests/ directory: 

    $ cat <<EOF > <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-network-03-config.yml
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
EOF

    where:

    <installation_directory>
    Specifies the directory name that contains the manifests/ directory for your cluster.

  3. Open the cluster-network-03-config.yml file in an editor and configure OVN-Kubernetes with hybrid networking, such as in the following example:

    Specify a hybrid networking configuration

    apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  defaultNetwork:
    ovnKubernetesConfig:
      hybridOverlayConfig:
        hybridClusterNetwork: 1
        - cidr: 10.132.0.0/14
          hostPrefix: 23
        hybridOverlayVXLANPort: 9898 2

    1
    Specify the CIDR configuration used for nodes on the additional overlay network. The hybridClusterNetwork CIDR cannot overlap with the clusterNetwork CIDR.
    2
    Specify a custom VXLAN port for the additional overlay network. This is required for running Windows nodes in a cluster installed on vSphere, and must not be configured for any other cloud provider. The custom port can be any open port excluding the default 4789 port. For more information on this requirement, see the Microsoft documentation on Pod-to-pod connectivity between hosts is broken.
    Note

    Windows Server Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC): Windows Server 2019 is not supported on clusters with a custom hybridOverlayVXLANPort value because this Windows server version does not support selecting a custom VXLAN port.

  4. Save the cluster-network-03-config.yml file and quit the text editor.
  5. Optional: Back up the manifests/cluster-network-03-config.yml file. The installation program deletes the manifests/ directory when creating the cluster.

Complete any further installation configurations, and then create your cluster. Hybrid networking is enabled when the installation process is finished.

15.15.2. Additional resources

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