Chapter 27. Console Access
When normal (non-root) users log into a computer locally, they are given two types of special permissions:
- They can run certain programs that they would not otherwise be able to run
- They can access certain files (normally special device files used to access diskettes, CD-ROMs, and so on) that they would not otherwise be able to access
Since there are multiple consoles on a single computer and multiple users can be logged into the computer locally at the same time, one of the users has to essentially win the race to access the files. The first user to log in at the console owns those files. Once the first user logs out, the next user who logs in owns the files.
In contrast, every user who logs in at the console is allowed to run programs that accomplish tasks normally restricted to the root user. If X is running, these actions can be included as menu items in a graphical user interface. As shipped, the console-accessible programs include
halt, poweroff, and reboot.
27.1. Disabling Shutdown Via Ctrl+Alt+Del
By default,
/etc/inittab specifies that your system is set to shutdown and reboot in response to a Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination used at the console. To completely disable this ability, comment out the following line in /etc/inittab by putting a hash mark (#) in front of it:
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
Alternatively, you may want to allow certain non-root users the right to shutdown or reboot the system from the console using Ctrl+Alt+Del. You can restrict this privilege to certain users, by taking the following steps:
- Add the
-aoption to the/etc/inittabline shown above, so that it reads:ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -a -t3 -r now
The-aflag tellsshutdownto look for the/etc/shutdown.allowfile. - Create a file named
shutdown.allowin/etc. Theshutdown.allowfile should list the usernames of any users who are allowed to shutdown the system using Ctrl+Alt+Del. The format of theshutdown.allowfile is a list of usernames, one per line, like the following:stephen jack sophie
According to this example
shutdown.allow file, the users stephen, jack, and sophie are allowed to shutdown the system from the console using Ctrl+Alt+Del. When that key combination is used, the shutdown -a command in /etc/inittab checks to see if any of the users in /etc/shutdown.allow (or root) are logged in on a virtual console. If one of them is, the shutdown of the system continues; if not, an error message is written to the system console instead.
For more information on
shutdown.allow, refer to the shutdown man page.
