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Chapter 46. Getting started with Pacemaker

To familiarize yourself with the tools and processes you use to create a Pacemaker cluster, you can run the following procedures. They are intended for users who are interested in seeing what the cluster software looks like and how it is administered, without needing to configure a working cluster.

Note

These procedures do not create a supported Red Hat cluster, which requires at least two nodes and the configuration of a fencing device. For full information about Red Hat’s support policies, requirements, and limitations for RHEL High Availability clusters, see Support Policies for RHEL High Availability Clusters.

46.1. Learning to use Pacemaker
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By working through this procedure, you will learn how to use Pacemaker to set up a cluster, how to display cluster status, and how to configure a cluster service. This example creates an Apache HTTP server as a cluster resource and shows how the cluster responds when the resource fails.

In this example:

  • The node is z1.example.com.
  • The floating IP address is 192.168.122.120.

Prerequisites

  • A single node running RHEL 8
  • A floating IP address that resides on the same network as one of the node’s statically assigned IP addresses
  • The name of the node on which you are running is in your /etc/hosts file

Procedure

  1. Install the Red Hat High Availability Add-On software packages from the High Availability channel, and start and enable the pcsd service. 

    # yum install pcs pacemaker fence-agents-all
...
# systemctl start pcsd.service
# systemctl enable pcsd.service
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    If you are running the firewalld daemon, enable the ports that are required by the Red Hat High Availability Add-On. 

    # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=high-availability
# firewall-cmd --reload
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. Set a password for user hacluster on each node in the cluster and authenticate user hacluster for each node in the cluster on the node from which you will be running the pcs commands. This example is using only a single node, the node from which you are running the commands, but this step is included here since it is a necessary step in configuring a supported Red Hat High Availability multi-node cluster. 

    # passwd hacluster
...
# pcs host auth z1.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Create a cluster named my_cluster with one member and check the status of the cluster. This command creates and starts the cluster in one step. 

    # pcs cluster setup my_cluster --start z1.example.com
...
# pcs cluster status
Cluster Status:
 Stack: corosync
 Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
 Last updated: Thu Oct 11 16:11:18 2018
 Last change: Thu Oct 11 16:11:00 2018 by hacluster via crmd on z1.example.com
 1 node configured
 0 resources configured

PCSD Status:
  z1.example.com: Online
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. A Red Hat High Availability cluster requires that you configure fencing for the cluster. The reasons for this requirement are described in the Red Hat Knowledgebase solution Fencing in a Red Hat High Availability Cluster. For this introduction, however, which is intended to show only how to use the basic Pacemaker commands, disable fencing by setting the stonith-enabled cluster option to false.

    Warning

    The use of stonith-enabled=false is completely inappropriate for a production cluster. It tells the cluster to simply pretend that failed nodes are safely fenced. 

    # pcs property set stonith-enabled=false
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. Configure a web browser on your system and create a web page to display a simple text message. If you are running the firewalld daemon, enable the ports that are required by httpd.

    Note

    Do not use systemctl enable to enable any services that will be managed by the cluster to start at system boot. 

    # yum install -y httpd wget
...
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reload

# cat <<-END >/var/www/html/index.html
<html>
<body>My Test Site - $(hostname)</body>
</html>
END
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In order for the Apache resource agent to get the status of Apache, create the following addition to the existing configuration to enable the status server URL. 

    # cat <<-END > /etc/httpd/conf.d/status.conf
<Location /server-status>
SetHandler server-status
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from 127.0.0.1
Allow from ::1
</Location>
END
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. Create IPaddr2 and apache resources for the cluster to manage. The IPaddr2 resource is a floating IP address that must not be one already associated with a physical node. If the IPaddr2 resource’s NIC device is not specified, the floating IP must reside on the same network as the statically assigned IP address used by the node.

    You can display a list of all available resource types with the pcs resource list command. You can use the pcs resource describe resourcetype command to display the parameters you can set for the specified resource type. For example, the following command displays the parameters you can set for a resource of type apache: 

    # pcs resource describe apache
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In this example, the IP address resource and the apache resource are both configured as part of a group named apachegroup, which ensures that the resources are kept together to run on the same node when you are configuring a working multi-node cluster. 

    # pcs resource create ClusterIP ocf:heartbeat:IPaddr2 ip=192.168.122.120 --group apachegroup

# pcs resource create WebSite ocf:heartbeat:apache configfile=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf statusurl="http://localhost/server-status" --group apachegroup

# pcs status
Cluster name: my_cluster
Stack: corosync
Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
Last updated: Fri Oct 12 09:54:33 2018
Last change: Fri Oct 12 09:54:30 2018 by root via cibadmin on z1.example.com

1 node configured
2 resources configured

Online: [ z1.example.com ]

Full list of resources:

Resource Group: apachegroup
    ClusterIP  (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):       Started z1.example.com
    WebSite    (ocf::heartbeat:apache):        Started z1.example.com

PCSD Status:
  z1.example.com: Online
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    After you have configured a cluster resource, you can use the pcs resource config command to display the options that are configured for that resource. 

    # pcs resource config WebSite
Resource: WebSite (class=ocf provider=heartbeat type=apache)
 Attributes: configfile=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf statusurl=http://localhost/server-status
 Operations: start interval=0s timeout=40s (WebSite-start-interval-0s)
             stop interval=0s timeout=60s (WebSite-stop-interval-0s)
             monitor interval=1min (WebSite-monitor-interval-1min)
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
  7. Point your browser to the website you created using the floating IP address you configured. This should display the text message you defined.

  8. Stop the apache web service and check the cluster status. Using killall -9 simulates an application-level crash. 

    # killall -9 httpd
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Check the cluster status. You should see that stopping the web service caused a failed action, but that the cluster software restarted the service and you should still be able to access the website. 

    # pcs status
Cluster name: my_cluster
...
Current DC: z1.example.com (version 1.1.13-10.el7-44eb2dd) - partition with quorum
1 node and 2 resources configured

Online: [ z1.example.com ]

Full list of resources:

Resource Group: apachegroup
    ClusterIP  (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):       Started z1.example.com
    WebSite    (ocf::heartbeat:apache):        Started z1.example.com

Failed Resource Actions:
* WebSite_monitor_60000 on z1.example.com 'not running' (7): call=13, status=complete, exitreason='none',
    last-rc-change='Thu Oct 11 23:45:50 2016', queued=0ms, exec=0ms

PCSD Status:
    z1.example.com: Online
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    You can clear the failure status on the resource that failed once the service is up and running again and the failed action notice will no longer appear when you view the cluster status. 

    # pcs resource cleanup WebSite
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  9. When you are finished looking at the cluster and the cluster status, stop the cluster services on the node. Even though you have only started services on one node for this introduction, the --all parameter is included since it would stop cluster services on all nodes on an actual multi-node cluster. 

    # pcs cluster stop --all
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

46.2. Learning to configure failover
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The following procedure provides an introduction to creating a Pacemaker cluster running a service that will fail over from one node to another when the node on which the service is running becomes unavailable. By working through this procedure, you can learn how to create a service in a two-node cluster and you can then observe what happens to that service when it fails on the node on which it running.

This example procedure configures a two-node Pacemaker cluster running an Apache HTTP server. You can then stop the Apache service on one node to see how the service remains available.

In this example:

  • The nodes are z1.example.com and z2.example.com.
  • The floating IP address is 192.168.122.120.

Prerequisites

  • Two nodes running RHEL 8 that can communicate with each other
  • A floating IP address that resides on the same network as one of the node’s statically assigned IP addresses
  • The name of the node on which you are running is in your /etc/hosts file

Procedure

  1. On both nodes, install the Red Hat High Availability Add-On software packages from the High Availability channel, and start and enable the pcsd service. 

    # yum install pcs pacemaker fence-agents-all
...
# systemctl start pcsd.service
# systemctl enable pcsd.service
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    If you are running the firewalld daemon, on both nodes enable the ports that are required by the Red Hat High Availability Add-On. 

    # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=high-availability
# firewall-cmd --reload
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  2. On both nodes in the cluster, set a password for user hacluster . 

    # passwd hacluster
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  3. Authenticate user hacluster for each node in the cluster on the node from which you will be running the pcs commands. 

    # pcs host auth z1.example.com z2.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  4. Create a cluster named my_cluster with both nodes as cluster members. This command creates and starts the cluster in one step. You only need to run this from one node in the cluster because pcs configuration commands take effect for the entire cluster.

    On one node in cluster, run the following command. 

    # pcs cluster setup my_cluster --start z1.example.com z2.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  5. A Red Hat High Availability cluster requires that you configure fencing for the cluster. The reasons for this requirement are described in the Red Hat Knowledgebase solution Fencing in a Red Hat High Availability Cluster. For this introduction, however, to show only how failover works in this configuration, disable fencing by setting the stonith-enabled cluster option to false.

    Warning

    The use of stonith-enabled=false is completely inappropriate for a production cluster. It tells the cluster to simply pretend that failed nodes are safely fenced. 

    # pcs property set stonith-enabled=false
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  6. After creating a cluster and disabling fencing, check the status of the cluster.

    Note

    When you run the pcs cluster status command, it may show output that temporarily differs slightly from the examples as the system components start up. 

    # pcs cluster status
Cluster Status:
 Stack: corosync
 Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
 Last updated: Thu Oct 11 16:11:18 2018
 Last change: Thu Oct 11 16:11:00 2018 by hacluster via crmd on z1.example.com
 2 nodes configured
 0 resources configured

PCSD Status:
  z1.example.com: Online
  z2.example.com: Online
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  7. On both nodes, configure a web browser and create a web page to display a simple text message. If you are running the firewalld daemon, enable the ports that are required by httpd.

    Note

    Do not use systemctl enable to enable any services that will be managed by the cluster to start at system boot. 

    # yum install -y httpd wget
...
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reload

# cat <<-END >/var/www/html/index.html
<html>
<body>My Test Site - $(hostname)</body>
</html>
END
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In order for the Apache resource agent to get the status of Apache, on each node in the cluster create the following addition to the existing configuration to enable the status server URL. 

    # cat <<-END > /etc/httpd/conf.d/status.conf
<Location /server-status>
SetHandler server-status
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from 127.0.0.1
Allow from ::1
</Location>
END
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  8. Create IPaddr2 and apache resources for the cluster to manage. The IPaddr2 resource is a floating IP address that must not be one already associated with a physical node. If the IPaddr2 resource’s NIC device is not specified, the floating IP must reside on the same network as the statically assigned IP address used by the node.

    You can display a list of all available resource types with the pcs resource list command. You can use the pcs resource describe resourcetype command to display the parameters you can set for the specified resource type. For example, the following command displays the parameters you can set for a resource of type apache: 

    # pcs resource describe apache
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    In this example, the IP address resource and the apache resource are both configured as part of a group named apachegroup, which ensures that the resources are kept together to run on the same node.

    Run the following commands from one node in the cluster: 

    # pcs resource create ClusterIP ocf:heartbeat:IPaddr2 ip=192.168.122.120 --group apachegroup

# pcs resource create WebSite ocf:heartbeat:apache configfile=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf statusurl="http://localhost/server-status" --group apachegroup

# pcs status
Cluster name: my_cluster
Stack: corosync
Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
Last updated: Fri Oct 12 09:54:33 2018
Last change: Fri Oct 12 09:54:30 2018 by root via cibadmin on z1.example.com

2 nodes configured
2 resources configured

Online: [ z1.example.com z2.example.com ]

Full list of resources:

Resource Group: apachegroup
    ClusterIP  (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):       Started z1.example.com
    WebSite    (ocf::heartbeat:apache):        Started z1.example.com

PCSD Status:
  z1.example.com: Online
  z2.example.com: Online
...
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    Note that in this instance, the apachegroup service is running on node z1.example.com.

  9. Access the website you created, stop the service on the node on which it is running, and note how the service fails over to the second node.

    1. Point a browser to the website you created using the floating IP address you configured. This should display the text message you defined, displaying the name of the node on which the website is running.

    2. Stop the apache web service. Using killall -9 simulates an application-level crash. 

      # killall -9 httpd
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Check the cluster status. You should see that stopping the web service caused a failed action, but that the cluster software restarted the service on the node on which it had been running and you should still be able to access the web browser. 

      # pcs status
Cluster name: my_cluster
Stack: corosync
Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
Last updated: Fri Oct 12 09:54:33 2018
Last change: Fri Oct 12 09:54:30 2018 by root via cibadmin on z1.example.com

2 nodes configured
2 resources configured

Online: [ z1.example.com z2.example.com ]

Full list of resources:

Resource Group: apachegroup
    ClusterIP  (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):       Started z1.example.com
    WebSite    (ocf::heartbeat:apache):        Started z1.example.com

Failed Resource Actions:
* WebSite_monitor_60000 on z1.example.com 'not running' (7): call=31, status=complete, exitreason='none',
    last-rc-change='Fri Feb  5 21:01:41 2016', queued=0ms, exec=0ms
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

      Clear the failure status once the service is up and running again. 

      # pcs resource cleanup WebSite
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    3. Put the node on which the service is running into standby mode. Note that since we have disabled fencing we can not effectively simulate a node-level failure (such as pulling a power cable) because fencing is required for the cluster to recover from such situations. 

      # pcs node standby z1.example.com
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

    4. Check the status of the cluster and note where the service is now running. 

      # pcs status
Cluster name: my_cluster
Stack: corosync
Current DC: z1.example.com (version 2.0.0-10.el8-b67d8d0de9) - partition with quorum
Last updated: Fri Oct 12 09:54:33 2018
Last change: Fri Oct 12 09:54:30 2018 by root via cibadmin on z1.example.com

2 nodes configured
2 resources configured

Node z1.example.com: standby
Online: [ z2.example.com ]

Full list of resources:

Resource Group: apachegroup
    ClusterIP  (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):       Started z2.example.com
    WebSite    (ocf::heartbeat:apache):        Started z2.example.com
      Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
    5. Access the website. There should be no loss of service, although the display message should indicate the node on which the service is now running.

  10. To restore cluster services to the first node, take the node out of standby mode. This will not necessarily move the service back to that node. 

    # pcs node unstandby z1.example.com
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap

  11. For final cleanup, stop the cluster services on both nodes. 

    # pcs cluster stop --all
    Copy to Clipboard Toggle word wrap
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