此内容没有您所选择的语言版本。
Chapter 18. Controlling Access to Services
Maintaining security on your system is extremely important, and one approach for this task is to manage access to system services carefully. Your system may need to provide open access to particular services (for example,
httpd if you are running a Web server). However, if you do not need to provide a service, you should turn it off to minimize your exposure to possible bug exploits.
There are several different methods for managing access to system services. Choose which method of management to use based on the service, your system's configuration, and your level of Linux expertise.
The easiest way to deny access to a service is to turn it off. Both the services managed by
xinetd and the services in the /etc/rc.d/init.d hierarchy (also known as SysV services) can be configured to start or stop using three different applications:
- Services Configuration Tool
- This is a graphical application that displays a description of each service, displays whether each service is started at boot time (for runlevels 3, 4, and 5), and allows services to be started, stopped, and restarted.
- ntsysv
- This is a text-based application that allows you to configure which services are started at boot time for each runlevel. Non-
xinetdservices can not be started, stopped, or restarted using this program. chkconfig- This is a command line utility that allows you to turn services on and off for the different runlevels. Non-
xinetdservices can not be started, stopped, or restarted using this utility.
You may find that these tools are easier to use than the alternatives — editing the numerous symbolic links located in the directories below
/etc/rc.d by hand or editing the xinetd configuration files in /etc/xinetd.d.
Another way to manage access to system services is by using
iptables to configure an IP firewall. If you are a new Linux user, note that iptables may not be the best solution for you. Setting up iptables can be complicated, and is best tackled by experienced Linux system administrators.
On the other hand, the benefit of using
iptables is flexibility. For example, if you need a customized solution which provides certain hosts access to certain services, iptables can provide it for you. Refer to Section 48.8.1, “Netfilter and IPTables” and Section 48.8.3, “Using IPTables” for more information about iptables.
Alternatively, if you are looking for a utility to set general access rules for your home machine, and/or if you are new to Linux, try the Security Level Configuration Tool (
system-config-securitylevel), which allows you to select the security level for your system, similar to the Firewall Configuration screen in the installation program.
Refer to Section 48.8, “Firewalls” for more information.
Important
When you allow access for new services, always remember that both the firewall and SELinux need to be configured as well. One of the most common mistakes committed when configuring a new service is neglecting to implement the necessary firewall configuration and SELinux policies to allow access for it. Refer to Section 48.8.2, “Basic Firewall Configuration” for more information.
18.1. Runlevels
Before you can configure access to services, you must understand Linux runlevels. A runlevel is a state, or mode, that is defined by the services listed in the directory
/etc/rc.d/rc<x>.d, where <x> is the number of the runlevel.
The following runlevels exist:
- 0 — Halt
- 1 — Single-user mode
- 2 — Not used (user-definable)
- 3 — Full multi-user mode
- 4 — Not used (user-definable)
- 5 — Full multi-user mode (with an X-based login screen)
- 6 — Reboot
If you use a text login screen, you are operating in runlevel 3. If you use a graphical login screen, you are operating in runlevel 5.
The default runlevel can be changed by modifying the
/etc/inittab file, which contains a line near the top of the file similar to the following:
id:5:initdefault:
Change the number in this line to the desired runlevel. The change does not take effect until you reboot the system.
