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Chapter 15. Managing security context constraints

15.1. About security context constraints

Similar to the way that RBAC resources control user access, administrators can use security context constraints (SCCs) to control permissions for pods. These permissions include actions that a pod can perform and what resources it can access. You can use SCCs to define a set of conditions that a pod must run with to be accepted into the system.

Security context constraints allow an administrator to control:

  • Whether a pod can run privileged containers with the allowPrivilegedContainer flag.
  • Whether a pod is constrained with the allowPrivilegeEscalation flag.
  • The capabilities that a container can request
  • The use of host directories as volumes
  • The SELinux context of the container
  • The container user ID
  • The use of host namespaces and networking
  • The allocation of an FSGroup that owns the pod volumes
  • The configuration of allowable supplemental groups
  • Whether a container requires write access to its root file system
  • The usage of volume types
  • The configuration of allowable seccomp profiles
Important

Do not set the openshift.io/run-level label on any namespaces in OpenShift Container Platform. This label is for use by internal OpenShift Container Platform components to manage the startup of major API groups, such as the Kubernetes API server and OpenShift API server. If the openshift.io/run-level label is set, no SCCs are applied to pods in that namespace, causing any workloads running in that namespace to be highly privileged.

15.1.1. Default security context constraints

The cluster contains several default security context constraints (SCCs) as described in the table below. Additional SCCs might be installed when you install Operators or other components to OpenShift Container Platform.

Important

Do not modify the default SCCs. Customizing the default SCCs can lead to issues when some of the platform pods deploy or OpenShift Container Platform is upgraded. During upgrades between some versions of OpenShift Container Platform, the values of the default SCCs are reset to the default values, which discards all customizations to those SCCs.

Instead, create new SCCs as needed.

Table 15.1. Default security context constraints
Security context constraintDescription

anyuid

Provides all features of the restricted SCC, but allows users to run with any UID and any GID.

hostaccess

Allows access to all host namespaces but still requires pods to be run with a UID and SELinux context that are allocated to the namespace.

Warning

This SCC allows host access to namespaces, file systems, and PIDs. It should only be used by trusted pods. Grant with caution.

hostmount-anyuid

Provides all the features of the restricted SCC, but allows host mounts and running as any UID and any GID on the system.

Warning

This SCC allows host file system access as any UID, including UID 0. Grant with caution.

hostnetwork

Allows using host networking and host ports but still requires pods to be run with a UID and SELinux context that are allocated to the namespace.

Warning

If additional workloads are run on control plane hosts, use caution when providing access to hostnetwork. A workload that runs hostnetwork on a control plane host is effectively root on the cluster and must be trusted accordingly.

node-exporter

Used for the Prometheus node exporter.

Warning

This SCC allows host file system access as any UID, including UID 0. Grant with caution.

nonroot

Provides all features of the restricted SCC, but allows users to run with any non-root UID. The user must specify the UID or it must be specified in the manifest of the container runtime.

privileged

Allows access to all privileged and host features and the ability to run as any user, any group, any FSGroup, and with any SELinux context.

Warning

This is the most relaxed SCC and should be used only for cluster administration. Grant with caution.

The privileged SCC allows:

  • Users to run privileged pods
  • Pods to mount host directories as volumes
  • Pods to run as any user
  • Pods to run with any MCS label
  • Pods to use the host’s IPC namespace
  • Pods to use the host’s PID namespace
  • Pods to use any FSGroup
  • Pods to use any supplemental group
  • Pods to use any seccomp profiles
  • Pods to request any capabilities
Note

Setting privileged: true in the pod specification does not necessarily select the privileged SCC. The SCC that has allowPrivilegedContainer: true and has the highest prioritization will be chosen if the user has the permissions to use it.

restricted

Denies access to all host features and requires pods to be run with a UID, and SELinux context that are allocated to the namespace. This is the most restrictive SCC provided by a new installation and will be used by default for authenticated users.

The restricted SCC:

  • Ensures that pods cannot run as privileged
  • Ensures that pods cannot mount host directory volumes
  • Requires that a pod is run as a user in a pre-allocated range of UIDs
  • Requires that a pod is run with a pre-allocated MCS label
  • Allows pods to use any FSGroup
  • Allows pods to use any supplemental group
Note

The restricted SCC is the most restrictive of the SCCs that ship by default with the system. However, you can create a custom SCC that is even more restrictive. For example, you can create an SCC that restricts readOnlyRootFS to true and allowPrivilegeEscalation to false.

15.1.2. Security context constraints settings

Security context constraints (SCCs) are composed of settings and strategies that control the security features a pod has access to. These settings fall into three categories:

CategoryDescription

Controlled by a boolean

Fields of this type default to the most restrictive value. For example, AllowPrivilegedContainer is always set to false if unspecified.

Controlled by an allowable set

Fields of this type are checked against the set to ensure their value is allowed.

Controlled by a strategy

Items that have a strategy to generate a value provide:

  • A mechanism to generate the value, and
  • A mechanism to ensure that a specified value falls into the set of allowable values.

CRI-O has the following default list of capabilities that are allowed for each container of a pod:

  • CHOWN
  • DAC_OVERRIDE
  • FSETID
  • FOWNER
  • SETGID
  • SETUID
  • SETPCAP
  • NET_BIND_SERVICE
  • KILL

The containers use the capabilities from this default list, but pod manifest authors can alter the list by requesting additional capabilities or removing some of the default behaviors. Use the allowedCapabilities, defaultAddCapabilities, and requiredDropCapabilities parameters to control such requests from the pods. With these parameters you can specify which capabilities can be requested, which ones must be added to each container, and which ones must be forbidden, or dropped, from each container.

Note

You can drop all capabilites from containers by setting the requiredDropCapabilities parameter to ALL.

15.1.3. Security context constraints strategies

RunAsUser

  • MustRunAs - Requires a runAsUser to be configured. Uses the configured runAsUser as the default. Validates against the configured runAsUser.

    Example MustRunAs snippet

    ...
runAsUser:
  type: MustRunAs
  uid: <id>
...

  • MustRunAsRange - Requires minimum and maximum values to be defined if not using pre-allocated values. Uses the minimum as the default. Validates against the entire allowable range.

    Example MustRunAsRange snippet

    ...
runAsUser:
  type: MustRunAsRange
  uidRangeMax: <maxvalue>
  uidRangeMin: <minvalue>
...

  • MustRunAsNonRoot - Requires that the pod be submitted with a non-zero runAsUser or have the USER directive defined in the image. No default provided.

    Example MustRunAsNonRoot snippet

    ...
runAsUser:
  type: MustRunAsNonRoot
...

  • RunAsAny - No default provided. Allows any runAsUser to be specified.

    Example RunAsAny snippet

    ...
runAsUser:
  type: RunAsAny
...

SELinuxContext

  • MustRunAs - Requires seLinuxOptions to be configured if not using pre-allocated values. Uses seLinuxOptions as the default. Validates against seLinuxOptions.
  • RunAsAny - No default provided. Allows any seLinuxOptions to be specified.

SupplementalGroups

  • MustRunAs - Requires at least one range to be specified if not using pre-allocated values. Uses the minimum value of the first range as the default. Validates against all ranges.
  • RunAsAny - No default provided. Allows any supplementalGroups to be specified.

FSGroup

  • MustRunAs - Requires at least one range to be specified if not using pre-allocated values. Uses the minimum value of the first range as the default. Validates against the first ID in the first range.
  • RunAsAny - No default provided. Allows any fsGroup ID to be specified.

15.1.4. Controlling volumes

The usage of specific volume types can be controlled by setting the volumes field of the SCC. The allowable values of this field correspond to the volume sources that are defined when creating a volume:

The recommended minimum set of allowed volumes for new SCCs are configMap, downwardAPI, emptyDir, persistentVolumeClaim, secret, and projected.

Note

This list of allowable volume types is not exhaustive because new types are added with each release of OpenShift Container Platform.

Note

For backwards compatibility, the usage of allowHostDirVolumePlugin overrides settings in the volumes field. For example, if allowHostDirVolumePlugin is set to false but allowed in the volumes field, then the hostPath value will be removed from volumes.

15.1.5. Admission control

Admission control with SCCs allows for control over the creation of resources based on the capabilities granted to a user.

In terms of the SCCs, this means that an admission controller can inspect the user information made available in the context to retrieve an appropriate set of SCCs. Doing so ensures the pod is authorized to make requests about its operating environment or to generate a set of constraints to apply to the pod.

The set of SCCs that admission uses to authorize a pod are determined by the user identity and groups that the user belongs to. Additionally, if the pod specifies a service account, the set of allowable SCCs includes any constraints accessible to the service account.

Admission uses the following approach to create the final security context for the pod:

  1. Retrieve all SCCs available for use.
  2. Generate field values for security context settings that were not specified on the request.
  3. Validate the final settings against the available constraints.

If a matching set of constraints is found, then the pod is accepted. If the request cannot be matched to an SCC, the pod is rejected.

A pod must validate every field against the SCC. The following are examples for just two of the fields that must be validated:

Note

These examples are in the context of a strategy using the pre-allocated values.

An FSGroup SCC strategy of MustRunAs

If the pod defines a fsGroup ID, then that ID must equal the default fsGroup ID. Otherwise, the pod is not validated by that SCC and the next SCC is evaluated.

If the SecurityContextConstraints.fsGroup field has value RunAsAny and the pod specification omits the Pod.spec.securityContext.fsGroup, then this field is considered valid. Note that it is possible that during validation, other SCC settings will reject other pod fields and thus cause the pod to fail.

A SupplementalGroups SCC strategy of MustRunAs

If the pod specification defines one or more supplementalGroups IDs, then the pod’s IDs must equal one of the IDs in the namespace’s openshift.io/sa.scc.supplemental-groups annotation. Otherwise, the pod is not validated by that SCC and the next SCC is evaluated.

If the SecurityContextConstraints.supplementalGroups field has value RunAsAny and the pod specification omits the Pod.spec.securityContext.supplementalGroups, then this field is considered valid. Note that it is possible that during validation, other SCC settings will reject other pod fields and thus cause the pod to fail.

15.1.6. Security context constraints prioritization

Security context constraints (SCCs) have a priority field that affects the ordering when attempting to validate a request by the admission controller.

A priority value of 0 is the lowest possible priority. A nil priority is considered a 0, or lowest, priority. Higher priority SCCs are moved to the front of the set when sorting.

When the complete set of available SCCs is determined, the SCCs are ordered in the following manner:

  1. The highest priority SCCs are ordered first.
  2. If the priorities are equal, the SCCs are sorted from most restrictive to least restrictive.
  3. If both the priorities and restrictions are equal, the SCCs are sorted by name.

By default, the anyuid SCC granted to cluster administrators is given priority in their SCC set. This allows cluster administrators to run pods as any user by specifying RunAsUser in the pod’s SecurityContext.

15.2. About pre-allocated security context constraints values

The admission controller is aware of certain conditions in the security context constraints (SCCs) that trigger it to look up pre-allocated values from a namespace and populate the SCC before processing the pod. Each SCC strategy is evaluated independently of other strategies, with the pre-allocated values, where allowed, for each policy aggregated with pod specification values to make the final values for the various IDs defined in the running pod.

The following SCCs cause the admission controller to look for pre-allocated values when no ranges are defined in the pod specification:

  1. A RunAsUser strategy of MustRunAsRange with no minimum or maximum set. Admission looks for the openshift.io/sa.scc.uid-range annotation to populate range fields.
  2. An SELinuxContext strategy of MustRunAs with no level set. Admission looks for the openshift.io/sa.scc.mcs annotation to populate the level.
  3. A FSGroup strategy of MustRunAs. Admission looks for the openshift.io/sa.scc.supplemental-groups annotation.
  4. A SupplementalGroups strategy of MustRunAs. Admission looks for the openshift.io/sa.scc.supplemental-groups annotation.

During the generation phase, the security context provider uses default values for any parameter values that are not specifically set in the pod. Default values are based on the selected strategy:

  1. RunAsAny and MustRunAsNonRoot strategies do not provide default values. If the pod needs a parameter value, such as a group ID, you must define the value in the pod specification.
  2. MustRunAs (single value) strategies provide a default value that is always used. For example, for group IDs, even if the pod specification defines its own ID value, the namespace’s default parameter value also appears in the pod’s groups.
  3. MustRunAsRange and MustRunAs (range-based) strategies provide the minimum value of the range. As with a single value MustRunAs strategy, the namespace’s default parameter value appears in the running pod. If a range-based strategy is configurable with multiple ranges, it provides the minimum value of the first configured range.
Note

FSGroup and SupplementalGroups strategies fall back to the openshift.io/sa.scc.uid-range annotation if the openshift.io/sa.scc.supplemental-groups annotation does not exist on the namespace. If neither exists, the SCC is not created.

Note

By default, the annotation-based FSGroup strategy configures itself with a single range based on the minimum value for the annotation. For example, if your annotation reads 1/3, the FSGroup strategy configures itself with a minimum and maximum value of 1. If you want to allow more groups to be accepted for the FSGroup field, you can configure a custom SCC that does not use the annotation.

Note

The openshift.io/sa.scc.supplemental-groups annotation accepts a comma-delimited list of blocks in the format of <start>/<length or <start>-<end>. The openshift.io/sa.scc.uid-range annotation accepts only a single block.

15.3. Example security context constraints

The following examples show the security context constraints (SCC) format and annotations:

Annotated privileged SCC

allowHostDirVolumePlugin: true
allowHostIPC: true
allowHostNetwork: true
allowHostPID: true
allowHostPorts: true
allowPrivilegedContainer: true
allowedCapabilities: 1
- '*'
apiVersion: security.openshift.io/v1
defaultAddCapabilities: [] 2
fsGroup: 3
  type: RunAsAny
groups: 4
- system:cluster-admins
- system:nodes
kind: SecurityContextConstraints
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/description: 'privileged allows access to all privileged and host
      features and the ability to run as any user, any group, any fsGroup, and with
      any SELinux context.  WARNING: this is the most relaxed SCC and should be used
      only for cluster administration. Grant with caution.'
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: privileged
priority: null
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
requiredDropCapabilities: 5
- KILL
- MKNOD
- SETUID
- SETGID
runAsUser: 6
  type: RunAsAny
seLinuxContext: 7
  type: RunAsAny
seccompProfiles:
- '*'
supplementalGroups: 8
  type: RunAsAny
users: 9
- system:serviceaccount:default:registry
- system:serviceaccount:default:router
- system:serviceaccount:openshift-infra:build-controller
volumes:
- '*'

1
A list of capabilities that a pod can request. An empty list means that none of capabilities can be requested while the special symbol * allows any capabilities.
2
A list of additional capabilities that are added to any pod.
3
The FSGroup strategy, which dictates the allowable values for the security context.
4
The groups that can access this SCC.
5
A list of capabilities to drop from a pod. Or, specify ALL to drop all capabilities.
6
The runAsUser strategy type, which dictates the allowable values for the Security Context.
7
The seLinuxContext strategy type, which dictates the allowable values for the Security Context.
8
The supplementalGroups strategy, which dictates the allowable supplemental groups for the Security Context.
9
The users who can access this SCC.

The users and groups fields on the SCC control which users can access the SCC. By default, cluster administrators, nodes, and the build controller are granted access to the privileged SCC. All authenticated users are granted access to the restricted SCC.

Without explicit runAsUser setting

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: security-context-demo
spec:
  securityContext: 1
  containers:
  - name: sec-ctx-demo
    image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0

1
When a container or pod does not request a user ID under which it should be run, the effective UID depends on the SCC that emits this pod. Because restricted SCC is granted to all authenticated users by default, it will be available to all users and service accounts and used in most cases. The restricted SCC uses MustRunAsRange strategy for constraining and defaulting the possible values of the securityContext.runAsUser field. The admission plugin will look for the openshift.io/sa.scc.uid-range annotation on the current project to populate range fields, as it does not provide this range. In the end, a container will have runAsUser equal to the first value of the range that is hard to predict because every project has different ranges.

With explicit runAsUser setting

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: security-context-demo
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsUser: 1000 1
  containers:
    - name: sec-ctx-demo
      image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0

1
A container or pod that requests a specific user ID will be accepted by OpenShift Container Platform only when a service account or a user is granted access to a SCC that allows such a user ID. The SCC can allow arbitrary IDs, an ID that falls into a range, or the exact user ID specific to the request.

This configuration is valid for SELinux, fsGroup, and Supplemental Groups.

15.4. Creating security context constraints

You can create security context constraints (SCCs) by using the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Prerequisites

  • Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
  • Log in to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

  1. Define the SCC in a YAML file named scc_admin.yaml:

    SecurityContextConstraints object definition

    kind: SecurityContextConstraints
apiVersion: security.openshift.io/v1
metadata:
  name: scc-admin
allowPrivilegedContainer: true
runAsUser:
  type: RunAsAny
seLinuxContext:
  type: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
  type: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
  type: RunAsAny
users:
- my-admin-user
groups:
- my-admin-group

    Optionally, you can drop specific capabilities for an SCC by setting the requiredDropCapabilities field with the desired values. Any specified capabilities are dropped from the container. To drop all capabilities, specify ALL. For example, to create an SCC that drops the KILL, MKNOD, and SYS_CHROOT capabilities, add the following to the SCC object: 

    requiredDropCapabilities:
- KILL
- MKNOD
- SYS_CHROOT
    Note

    You cannot list a capability in both allowedCapabilities and requiredDropCapabilities.

    CRI-O supports the same list of capability values that are found in the Docker documentation.

  2. Create the SCC by passing in the file: 

    $ oc create -f scc_admin.yaml

    Example output

    securitycontextconstraints "scc-admin" created

Verification

  • Verify that the SCC was created: 

    $ oc get scc scc-admin

    Example output

    NAME        PRIV      CAPS      SELINUX    RUNASUSER   FSGROUP    SUPGROUP   PRIORITY   READONLYROOTFS   VOLUMES
scc-admin   true      []        RunAsAny   RunAsAny    RunAsAny   RunAsAny   <none>     false            [awsElasticBlockStore azureDisk azureFile cephFS cinder configMap downwardAPI emptyDir fc flexVolume flocker gcePersistentDisk gitRepo glusterfs iscsi nfs persistentVolumeClaim photonPersistentDisk quobyte rbd secret vsphere]

15.5. Role-based access to security context constraints

You can specify SCCs as resources that are handled by RBAC. This allows you to scope access to your SCCs to a certain project or to the entire cluster. Assigning users, groups, or service accounts directly to an SCC retains cluster-wide scope.

Note

You cannot assign a SCC to pods created in one of the default namespaces: default, kube-system, kube-public, openshift-node, openshift-infra, openshift. These namespaces should not be used for running pods or services.

To include access to SCCs for your role, specify the scc resource when creating a role. 

$ oc create role <role-name> --verb=use --resource=scc --resource-name=<scc-name> -n <namespace>

This results in the following role definition: 

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
...
  name: role-name 1
  namespace: namespace 2
...
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - security.openshift.io 3
  resourceNames:
  - scc-name 4
  resources:
  - securitycontextconstraints 5
  verbs: 6
  - use
1
The role’s name.
2
Namespace of the defined role. Defaults to default if not specified.
3
The API group that includes the SecurityContextConstraints resource. Automatically defined when scc is specified as a resource.
4
An example name for an SCC you want to have access.
5
Name of the resource group that allows users to specify SCC names in the resourceNames field.
6
A list of verbs to apply to the role.

A local or cluster role with such a rule allows the subjects that are bound to it with a role binding or a cluster role binding to use the user-defined SCC called scc-name.

Note

Because RBAC is designed to prevent escalation, even project administrators are unable to grant access to an SCC. By default, they are not allowed to use the verb use on SCC resources, including the restricted SCC.

15.6. Reference of security context constraints commands

You can manage security context constraints (SCCs) in your instance as normal API objects using the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Note

You must have cluster-admin privileges to manage SCCs.

15.6.1. Listing security context constraints

To get a current list of SCCs: 

$ oc get scc

Example output

NAME               PRIV    CAPS   SELINUX     RUNASUSER          FSGROUP     SUPGROUP    PRIORITY   READONLYROOTFS   VOLUMES
anyuid             false   []     MustRunAs   RunAsAny           RunAsAny    RunAsAny    10         false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]
hostaccess         false   []     MustRunAs   MustRunAsRange     MustRunAs   RunAsAny    <none>     false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir hostPath persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]
hostmount-anyuid   false   []     MustRunAs   RunAsAny           RunAsAny    RunAsAny    <none>     false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir hostPath nfs persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]
hostnetwork        false   []     MustRunAs   MustRunAsRange     MustRunAs   MustRunAs   <none>     false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]
node-exporter      false   []     RunAsAny    RunAsAny           RunAsAny    RunAsAny    <none>     false            [*]
nonroot            false   []     MustRunAs   MustRunAsNonRoot   RunAsAny    RunAsAny    <none>     false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]
privileged         true    [*]    RunAsAny    RunAsAny           RunAsAny    RunAsAny    <none>     false            [*]
restricted         false   []     MustRunAs   MustRunAsRange     MustRunAs   RunAsAny    <none>     false            [configMap downwardAPI emptyDir persistentVolumeClaim projected secret]

15.6.2. Examining security context constraints

You can view information about a particular SCC, including which users, service accounts, and groups the SCC is applied to.

For example, to examine the restricted SCC: 

$ oc describe scc restricted

Example output

Name:					restricted
Priority:				<none>
Access:
  Users:				<none> 1
  Groups:				system:authenticated 2
Settings:
  Allow Privileged:			false
  Default Add Capabilities:		<none>
  Required Drop Capabilities:		KILL,MKNOD,SYS_CHROOT,SETUID,SETGID
  Allowed Capabilities:			<none>
  Allowed Seccomp Profiles:		<none>
  Allowed Volume Types:			configMap,downwardAPI,emptyDir,persistentVolumeClaim,projected,secret
  Allow Host Network:			false
  Allow Host Ports:			false
  Allow Host PID:			false
  Allow Host IPC:			false
  Read Only Root Filesystem:		false
  Run As User Strategy: MustRunAsRange
    UID:				<none>
    UID Range Min:			<none>
    UID Range Max:			<none>
  SELinux Context Strategy: MustRunAs
    User:				<none>
    Role:				<none>
    Type:				<none>
    Level:				<none>
  FSGroup Strategy: MustRunAs
    Ranges:				<none>
  Supplemental Groups Strategy: RunAsAny
    Ranges:				<none>

1
Lists which users and service accounts the SCC is applied to.
2
Lists which groups the SCC is applied to.
Note

To preserve customized SCCs during upgrades, do not edit settings on the default SCCs.

15.6.3. Deleting security context constraints

To delete an SCC: 

$ oc delete scc <scc_name>
Note

If you delete a default SCC, it will regenerate when you restart the cluster.

15.6.4. Updating security context constraints

To update an existing SCC: 

$ oc edit scc <scc_name>
Note

To preserve customized SCCs during upgrades, do not edit settings on the default SCCs.

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