Chapter 5. Control plane backup and restore

5.1. Backing up etcd

etcd is the key-value store for OpenShift Container Platform, which persists the state of all resource objects.

Back up your cluster’s etcd data regularly and store in a secure location ideally outside the OpenShift Container Platform environment. Do not take an etcd backup before the first certificate rotation completes, which occurs 24 hours after installation, otherwise the backup will contain expired certificates. It is also recommended to take etcd backups during non-peak usage hours because the etcd snapshot has a high I/O cost.

Be sure to take an etcd backup after you update your cluster. This is important because when you restore your cluster, you must use an etcd backup that was taken from the same z-stream release. For example, an OpenShift Container Platform 4.y.z cluster must use an etcd backup that was taken from 4.y.z.

Important

Back up your cluster’s etcd data by performing a single invocation of the backup script on a control plane host. Do not take a backup for each control plane host.

After you have an etcd backup, you can restore to a previous cluster state.

5.1.1. Backing up etcd data

Follow these steps to back up etcd data by creating an etcd snapshot and backing up the resources for the static pods. This backup can be saved and used at a later time if you need to restore etcd.

Important

Only save a backup from a single control plane host. Do not take a backup from each control plane host in the cluster.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have checked whether the cluster-wide proxy is enabled.
Tip
You can check whether the proxy is enabled by reviewing the output of oc get proxy cluster -o yaml. The proxy is enabled if the httpProxy, httpsProxy, and noProxy fields have values set.

Procedure

Start a debug session as root for a control plane node:
```
$ oc debug --as-root node/<node_name>
```
Change your root directory to /host in the debug shell:
```
sh-4.4# chroot /host
```

If the cluster-wide proxy is enabled, export the NO_PROXY, HTTP_PROXY, and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables by running the following commands:

$ export HTTP_PROXY=http://<your_proxy.example.com>:8080

$ export HTTPS_PROXY=https://<your_proxy.example.com>:8080

$ export NO_PROXY=<example.com>

Run the cluster-backup.sh script in the debug shell and pass in the location to save the backup to.

Tip

The cluster-backup.sh script is maintained as a component of the etcd Cluster Operator and is a wrapper around the etcdctl snapshot save command.

sh-4.4# /usr/local/bin/cluster-backup.sh /home/core/assets/backup

Example script output

found latest kube-apiserver: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-pod-6
found latest kube-controller-manager: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-controller-manager-pod-7
found latest kube-scheduler: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-scheduler-pod-6
found latest etcd: /etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/etcd-pod-3
ede95fe6b88b87ba86a03c15e669fb4aa5bf0991c180d3c6895ce72eaade54a1
etcdctl version: 3.4.14
API version: 3.4
{"level":"info","ts":1624647639.0188997,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:119","msg":"created temporary db file","path":"/home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db.part"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2021-06-25T19:00:39.030Z","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:200","msg":"opened snapshot stream; downloading"}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647639.0301006,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:127","msg":"fetching snapshot","endpoint":"https://10.0.0.5:2379"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2021-06-25T19:00:40.215Z","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:208","msg":"completed snapshot read; closing"}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647640.6032252,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:142","msg":"fetched snapshot","endpoint":"https://10.0.0.5:2379","size":"114 MB","took":1.584090459}
{"level":"info","ts":1624647640.6047094,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:152","msg":"saved","path":"/home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db"}
Snapshot saved at /home/core/assets/backup/snapshot_2021-06-25_190035.db
{"hash":3866667823,"revision":31407,"totalKey":12828,"totalSize":114446336}
snapshot db and kube resources are successfully saved to /home/core/assets/backup

In this example, two files are created in the /home/core/assets/backup/ directory on the control plane host:

snapshot_<datetimestamp>.db: This file is the etcd snapshot. The cluster-backup.sh script confirms its validity.
static_kuberesources_<datetimestamp>.tar.gz: This file contains the resources for the static pods. If etcd encryption is enabled, it also contains the encryption keys for the etcd snapshot.
Note
If etcd encryption is enabled, it is recommended to store this second file separately from the etcd snapshot for security reasons. However, this file is required to restore from the etcd snapshot.
Keep in mind that etcd encryption only encrypts values, not keys. This means that resource types, namespaces, and object names are unencrypted.

5.1.2. Additional resources

Recovering an unhealthy etcd cluster

5.1.3. Creating automated etcd backups

The automated backup feature for etcd supports both recurring and single backups. Recurring backups create a cron job that starts a single backup each time the job triggers.

Important

Automating etcd backups is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope.

Follow these steps to enable automated backups for etcd.

Warning

Enabling the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set on your cluster prevents minor version updates. The TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set cannot be disabled. Do not enable this feature set on production clusters.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have access to the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Create a FeatureGate custom resource (CR) file named enable-tech-preview-no-upgrade.yaml with the following contents:

apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1
kind: FeatureGate
metadata:
  name: cluster
spec:
  featureSet: TechPreviewNoUpgrade

Apply the CR and enable automated backups:

$ oc apply -f enable-tech-preview-no-upgrade.yaml

It takes time to enable the related APIs. Verify the creation of the custom resource definition (CRD) by running the following command:
```
$ oc get crd | grep backup
```
Example output
```
backups.config.openshift.io 2023-10-25T13:32:43Z
etcdbackups.operator.openshift.io 2023-10-25T13:32:04Z
```

5.1.3.1. Creating a single etcd backup

Follow these steps to create a single etcd backup by creating and applying a custom resource (CR).

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have access to the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

If dynamically-provisioned storage is available, complete the following steps to create a single automated etcd backup:
1. Create a persistent volume claim (PVC) named etcd-backup-pvc.yaml with contents such as the following example:
```
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pvc
  namespace: openshift-etcd
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 200Gi 1
  volumeMode: Filesystem
```
  1
  The amount of storage available to the PVC. Adjust this value for your requirements.
2. Apply the PVC by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-pvc.yaml
```
3. Verify the creation of the PVC by running the following command:
```
$ oc get pvc
```
  Example output
```
NAME              STATUS    VOLUME   CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
etcd-backup-pvc   Bound                                                       51s
```
  Note
  Dynamic PVCs stay in the Pending state until they are mounted.
4. Create a CR file named etcd-single-backup.yaml with contents such as the following example:
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1alpha1
kind: EtcdBackup
metadata:
  name: etcd-single-backup
  namespace: openshift-etcd
spec:
  pvcName: etcd-backup-pvc 1
```
  1
  The name of the PVC to save the backup to. Adjust this value according to your environment.
5. Apply the CR to start a single backup:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-single-backup.yaml
```

If dynamically-provisioned storage is not available, complete the following steps to create a single automated etcd backup:

Create a StorageClass CR file named etcd-backup-local-storage.yaml with the following contents:

apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-local-storage
provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
volumeBindingMode: Immediate

Apply the StorageClass CR by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-local-storage.yaml
```

Create a PV named etcd-backup-pv-fs.yaml with contents such as the following example:

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pv-fs
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 100Gi 1
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  storageClassName: etcd-backup-local-storage
  local:
    path: /mnt
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
      - matchExpressions:
      - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
         operator: In
         values:
         - <example_master_node> 2

1: The amount of storage available to the PV. Adjust this value for your requirements.
2: Replace this value with the node to attach this PV to.

Verify the creation of the PV by running the following command:

$ oc get pv

Example output

NAME                    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS                REASON   AGE
etcd-backup-pv-fs       100Gi      RWO            Retain           Available           etcd-backup-local-storage            10s

Create a PVC named etcd-backup-pvc.yaml with contents such as the following example:

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pvc
  namespace: openshift-etcd
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 10Gi 1

1: The amount of storage available to the PVC. Adjust this value for your requirements.

Apply the PVC by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-pvc.yaml
```
Create a CR file named etcd-single-backup.yaml with contents such as the following example:
```
apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1alpha1
kind: EtcdBackup
metadata:
  name: etcd-single-backup
  namespace: openshift-etcd
spec:
  pvcName: etcd-backup-pvc 1
```
1
The name of the persistent volume claim (PVC) to save the backup to. Adjust this value according to your environment.
Apply the CR to start a single backup:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-single-backup.yaml
```

5.1.3.2. Creating recurring etcd backups

Follow these steps to create automated recurring backups of etcd.

Use dynamically-provisioned storage to keep the created etcd backup data in a safe, external location if possible. If dynamically-provisioned storage is not available, consider storing the backup data on an NFS share to make backup recovery more accessible.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have access to the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

If dynamically-provisioned storage is available, complete the following steps to create automated recurring backups:

Create a persistent volume claim (PVC) named etcd-backup-pvc.yaml with contents such as the following example:

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pvc
  namespace: openshift-etcd
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 200Gi 1
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  storageClassName: etcd-backup-local-storage

1: The amount of storage available to the PVC. Adjust this value for your requirements.

Note

Each of the following providers require changes to the accessModes and storageClassName keys:

Provider	`accessModes` value	`storageClassName` value
AWS with the `versioned-installer-efc_operator-ci` profile	`- ReadWriteMany`	`efs-sc`
Google Cloud Platform	`- ReadWriteMany`	`filestore-csi`
Microsoft Azure	`- ReadWriteMany`	`azurefile-csi`

Apply the PVC by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-pvc.yaml
```

Verify the creation of the PVC by running the following command:

$ oc get pvc

Example output

NAME              STATUS    VOLUME   CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
etcd-backup-pvc   Bound                                                       51s

Note

Dynamic PVCs stay in the Pending state until they are mounted.

If dynamically-provisioned storage is unavailable, create a local storage PVC by completing the following steps:

Warning

If you delete or otherwise lose access to the node that contains the stored backup data, you can lose data.

Create a StorageClass CR file named etcd-backup-local-storage.yaml with the following contents:

apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-local-storage
provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
volumeBindingMode: Immediate

Apply the StorageClass CR by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-local-storage.yaml
```

Create a PV named etcd-backup-pv-fs.yaml from the applied StorageClass with contents such as the following example:

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pv-fs
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 100Gi 1
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Delete
  storageClassName: etcd-backup-local-storage
  local:
    path: /mnt/
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
      - matchExpressions:
        - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
          operator: In
          values:
          - <example_master_node> 2

1: The amount of storage available to the PV. Adjust this value for your requirements.
2: Replace this value with the master node to attach this PV to.

Tip

Run the following command to list the available nodes:

$ oc get nodes

Verify the creation of the PV by running the following command:

$ oc get pv

Example output

NAME                    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS                REASON   AGE
etcd-backup-pv-fs       100Gi      RWX            Delete           Available           etcd-backup-local-storage            10s

Create a PVC named etcd-backup-pvc.yaml with contents such as the following example:

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: etcd-backup-pvc
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 10Gi 1
  storageClassName: etcd-backup-local-storage

1: The amount of storage available to the PVC. Adjust this value for your requirements.

Apply the PVC by running the following command:
```
$ oc apply -f etcd-backup-pvc.yaml
```

Create a custom resource definition (CRD) file named etcd-recurring-backups.yaml. The contents of the created CRD define the schedule and retention type of automated backups.
For the default retention type of RetentionNumber with 15 retained backups, use contents such as the following example:
```
apiVersion: config.openshift.io/v1alpha1
kind: Backup
metadata:
  name: etcd-recurring-backup
spec:
  etcd:
    schedule: "20 4 * * *" 1
    timeZone: "UTC"
    pvcName: etcd-backup-pvc
```
1
The CronTab schedule for recurring backups. Adjust this value for your needs.
To use retention based on the maximum number of backups, add the following key-value pairs to the etcd key:
```
spec:
  etcd:
    retentionPolicy:
      retentionType: RetentionNumber 1
      retentionNumber:
        maxNumberOfBackups: 5 2
```
1
The retention type. Defaults to RetentionNumber if unspecified.
2
The maximum number of backups to retain. Adjust this value for your needs. Defaults to 15 backups if unspecified.
Warning
A known issue causes the number of retained backups to be one greater than the configured value.
For retention based on the file size of backups, use the following:
```
spec:
  etcd:
    retentionPolicy:
      retentionType: RetentionSize
      retentionSize:
        maxSizeOfBackupsGb: 20 1
```
1
The maximum file size of the retained backups in gigabytes. Adjust this value for your needs. Defaults to 10 GB if unspecified.
Warning
A known issue causes the maximum size of retained backups to be up to 10 GB greater than the configured value.
Create the cron job defined by the CRD by running the following command:
```
$ oc create -f etcd-recurring-backup.yaml
```
To find the created cron job, run the following command:
```
$ oc get cronjob -n openshift-etcd
```

5.2. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member

This document describes the process to replace a single unhealthy etcd member.

This process depends on whether the etcd member is unhealthy because the machine is not running or the node is not ready, or whether it is unhealthy because the etcd pod is crashlooping.

Note

If you have lost the majority of your control plane hosts, follow the disaster recovery procedure to restore to a previous cluster state instead of this procedure.

If the control plane certificates are not valid on the member being replaced, then you must follow the procedure to recover from expired control plane certificates instead of this procedure.

If a control plane node is lost and a new one is created, the etcd cluster Operator handles generating the new TLS certificates and adding the node as an etcd member.

5.2.1. Prerequisites

Take an etcd backup prior to replacing an unhealthy etcd member.

5.2.2. Identifying an unhealthy etcd member

You can identify if your cluster has an unhealthy etcd member.

Prerequisites

Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

Procedure

Check the status of the EtcdMembersAvailable status condition using the following command:

$ oc get etcd -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="EtcdMembersAvailable")]}{.message}{"\n"}'

Review the output:
```
2 of 3 members are available, ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal is unhealthy
```
This example output shows that the ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal etcd member is unhealthy.

5.2.3. Determining the state of the unhealthy etcd member

The steps to replace an unhealthy etcd member depend on which of the following states your etcd member is in:

The machine is not running or the node is not ready
The etcd pod is crashlooping

This procedure determines which state your etcd member is in. This enables you to know which procedure to follow to replace the unhealthy etcd member.

Note

If you are aware that the machine is not running or the node is not ready, but you expect it to return to a healthy state soon, then you do not need to perform a procedure to replace the etcd member. The etcd cluster Operator will automatically sync when the machine or node returns to a healthy state.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have identified an unhealthy etcd member.

Procedure

Determine if the machine is not running:
```
$ oc get machines -A -ojsonpath='{range .items[*]}{@.status.nodeRef.name}{"\t"}{@.status.providerStatus.instanceState}{"\n"}' | grep -v running
```
Example output
```
ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal  stopped 1
```
1
This output lists the node and the status of the node’s machine. If the status is anything other than running, then the machine is not running.
If the machine is not running, then follow the Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready procedure.
Determine if the node is not ready.
If either of the following scenarios are true, then the node is not ready.
- If the machine is running, then check whether the node is unreachable:
```
$ oc get nodes -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{range .spec.taints[*]}{.key}{" "}' | grep unreachable
```
  Example output
```
ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal	node-role.kubernetes.io/master node.kubernetes.io/unreachable node.kubernetes.io/unreachable 1
```
  1
  If the node is listed with an unreachable taint, then the node is not ready.
- If the node is still reachable, then check whether the node is listed as NotReady:
```
$ oc get nodes -l node-role.kubernetes.io/master | grep "NotReady"
```
  Example output
```
ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   NotReady   master   122m   v1.29.4 1
```
  1
  If the node is listed as NotReady, then the node is not ready.
If the node is not ready, then follow the Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready procedure.

Determine if the etcd pod is crashlooping.

If the machine is running and the node is ready, then check whether the etcd pod is crashlooping.

Verify that all control plane nodes are listed as Ready:

$ oc get nodes -l node-role.kubernetes.io/master

Example output

NAME                           STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   Ready    master   6h13m   v1.29.4
ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal    Ready    master   6h13m   v1.29.4
ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal   Ready    master   6h13m   v1.29.4

Check whether the status of an etcd pod is either Error or CrashloopBackoff:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd

Example output

etcd-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal                2/3     Error       7          6h9m 1
etcd-ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal                 3/3     Running     0          6h6m
etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal                3/3     Running     0          6h6m

1: Since this status of this pod is Error, then the etcd pod is crashlooping.

If the etcd pod is crashlooping, then follow the Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose etcd pod is crashlooping procedure.

5.2.4. Replacing the unhealthy etcd member

Depending on the state of your unhealthy etcd member, use one of the following procedures:

5.2.4.1. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready

This procedure details the steps to replace an etcd member that is unhealthy either because the machine is not running or because the node is not ready.

Note

If your cluster uses a control plane machine set, see "Recovering a degraded etcd Operator" in "Troubleshooting the control plane machine set" for a more simple etcd recovery procedure.

Prerequisites

You have identified the unhealthy etcd member.
You have verified that either the machine is not running or the node is not ready.
Important
You must wait if the other control plane nodes are powered off. The control plane nodes must remain powered off until the replacement of an unhealthy etcd member is complete.
You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have taken an etcd backup.
Important
It is important to take an etcd backup before performing this procedure so that your cluster can be restored if you encounter any issues.

Procedure

Remove the unhealthy member.

Choose a pod that is not on the affected node:

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd

Example output

etcd-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal                3/3     Running     0          123m
etcd-ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal                 3/3     Running     0          123m
etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal                3/3     Running     0          124m

Connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that is not on the affected node:
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal
```

View the member list:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |             NAME             |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| 6fc1e7c9db35841d | started | ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal | https://10.0.131.183:2380 | https://10.0.131.183:2379 |
| 757b6793e2408b6c | started |  ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.164.97:2380 |  https://10.0.164.97:2379 |
| ca8c2990a0aa29d1 | started | ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal | https://10.0.154.204:2380 | https://10.0.154.204:2379 |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

Take note of the ID and the name of the unhealthy etcd member, because these values are needed later in the procedure. The $ etcdctl endpoint health command will list the removed member until the procedure of replacement is finished and a new member is added.

Remove the unhealthy etcd member by providing the ID to the etcdctl member remove command:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member remove 6fc1e7c9db35841d

Example output

Member 6fc1e7c9db35841d removed from cluster ead669ce1fbfb346

View the member list again and verify that the member was removed:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |             NAME             |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| 757b6793e2408b6c | started |  ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.164.97:2380 |  https://10.0.164.97:2379 |
| ca8c2990a0aa29d1 | started | ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal | https://10.0.154.204:2380 | https://10.0.154.204:2379 |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

You can now exit the node shell.

Turn off the quorum guard by entering the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": {"useUnsupportedUnsafeNonHANonProductionUnstableEtcd": true}}}'
```
This command ensures that you can successfully re-create secrets and roll out the static pods.
Important
After you turn off the quorum guard, the cluster might be unreachable for a short time while the remaining etcd instances reboot to reflect the configuration change.
Note
etcd cannot tolerate any additional member failure when running with two members. Restarting either remaining member breaks the quorum and causes downtime in your cluster. The quorum guard protects etcd from restarts due to configuration changes that could cause downtime, so it must be disabled to complete this procedure.

Delete the affected node by running the following command:

$ oc delete node <node_name>

Example command

$ oc delete node ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Remove the old secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

List the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

$ oc get secrets -n openshift-etcd | grep ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal 1

1: Pass in the name of the unhealthy etcd member that you took note of earlier in this procedure.

There is a peer, serving, and metrics secret as shown in the following output:

Example output

etcd-peer-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal              kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m
etcd-serving-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal           kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m
etcd-serving-metrics-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m

Delete the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

Delete the peer secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-peer-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Delete the serving secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-serving-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Delete the metrics secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-serving-metrics-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Delete and re-create the control plane machine. After this machine is re-created, a new revision is forced and etcd scales up automatically.

If you are running installer-provisioned infrastructure, or you used the Machine API to create your machines, follow these steps. Otherwise, you must create the new master using the same method that was used to originally create it.

Obtain the machine for the unhealthy member.

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output

NAME                                        PHASE     TYPE        REGION      ZONE         AGE     NODE                           PROVIDERID                              STATE
clustername-8qw5l-master-0                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h37m   ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-0ec2782f8287dfb7e   stopped 1
clustername-8qw5l-master-1                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h37m   ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-096c349b700a19631   running
clustername-8qw5l-master-2                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h37m   ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1c/i-02626f1dba9ed5bba   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1a-wbtgd   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h28m   ip-10-0-129-226.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-010ef6279b4662ced   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1b-lrdxb   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h28m   ip-10-0-144-248.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-0cb45ac45a166173b   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1c-pkg26   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h28m   ip-10-0-170-181.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1c/i-06861c00007751b0a   running

1: This is the control plane machine for the unhealthy node, ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal.

Delete the machine of the unhealthy member:
```
$ oc delete machine -n openshift-machine-api clustername-8qw5l-master-0 1
```
1
Specify the name of the control plane machine for the unhealthy node.
A new machine is automatically provisioned after deleting the machine of the unhealthy member.

Verify that a new machine has been created:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output

NAME                                        PHASE          TYPE        REGION      ZONE         AGE     NODE                           PROVIDERID                              STATE
clustername-8qw5l-master-1                  Running        m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h37m   ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-096c349b700a19631   running
clustername-8qw5l-master-2                  Running        m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h37m   ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1c/i-02626f1dba9ed5bba   running
clustername-8qw5l-master-3                  Provisioning   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   85s     ip-10-0-133-53.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1a/i-015b0888fe17bc2c8   running 1
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1a-wbtgd   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h28m   ip-10-0-129-226.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-010ef6279b4662ced   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1b-lrdxb   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h28m   ip-10-0-144-248.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-0cb45ac45a166173b   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1c-pkg26   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h28m   ip-10-0-170-181.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1c/i-06861c00007751b0a   running

1: The new machine, clustername-8qw5l-master-3 is being created and is ready once the phase changes from Provisioning to Running.

It might take a few minutes for the new machine to be created. The etcd cluster Operator will automatically sync when the machine or node returns to a healthy state.

Turn the quorum guard back on by entering the following command:

$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": null}}'

You can verify that the unsupportedConfigOverrides section is removed from the object by entering this command:
```
$ oc get etcd/cluster -oyaml
```

If you are using single-node OpenShift, restart the node. Otherwise, you might encounter the following error in the etcd cluster Operator:

Example output

EtcdCertSignerControllerDegraded: [Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-peer-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-metrics-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again]

Verification

Verify that all etcd pods are running properly.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd
```
Example output
```
etcd-ip-10-0-133-53.ec2.internal                 3/3     Running     0          7m49s
etcd-ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal                 3/3     Running     0          123m
etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal                3/3     Running     0          124m
```
If the output from the previous command only lists two pods, you can manually force an etcd redeployment. In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge 1
```
1
The forceRedeploymentReason value must be unique, which is why a timestamp is appended.

Verify that there are exactly three etcd members.

Connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that was not on the affected node:
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal
```

View the member list:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |             NAME             |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| 5eb0d6b8ca24730c | started |  ip-10-0-133-53.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.133.53:2380 |  https://10.0.133.53:2379 |
| 757b6793e2408b6c | started |  ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.164.97:2380 |  https://10.0.164.97:2379 |
| ca8c2990a0aa29d1 | started | ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal | https://10.0.154.204:2380 | https://10.0.154.204:2379 |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

If the output from the previous command lists more than three etcd members, you must carefully remove the unwanted member.

Warning

Be sure to remove the correct etcd member; removing a good etcd member might lead to quorum loss.

Additional resources

Recovering a degraded etcd Operator

5.2.4.2. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose etcd pod is crashlooping

This procedure details the steps to replace an etcd member that is unhealthy because the etcd pod is crashlooping.

Prerequisites

You have identified the unhealthy etcd member.
You have verified that the etcd pod is crashlooping.
You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have taken an etcd backup.
Important
It is important to take an etcd backup before performing this procedure so that your cluster can be restored if you encounter any issues.

Procedure

Stop the crashlooping etcd pod.
1. Debug the node that is crashlooping.
  In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc debug node/ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal 1
```
  1
  Replace this with the name of the unhealthy node.
2. Change your root directory to /host:
```
sh-4.2# chroot /host
```
3. Move the existing etcd pod file out of the kubelet manifest directory:
```
sh-4.2# mkdir /var/lib/etcd-backup
```
```
sh-4.2# mv /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd-pod.yaml /var/lib/etcd-backup/
```
4. Move the etcd data directory to a different location:
```
sh-4.2# mv /var/lib/etcd/ /tmp
```
  You can now exit the node shell.

Remove the unhealthy member.

Choose a pod that is not on the affected node.

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd

Example output

etcd-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal                2/3     Error       7          6h9m
etcd-ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal                 3/3     Running     0          6h6m
etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal                3/3     Running     0          6h6m

Connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that is not on the affected node.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal
```

View the member list:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |             NAME             |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| 62bcf33650a7170a | started | ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal | https://10.0.131.183:2380 | https://10.0.131.183:2379 |
| b78e2856655bc2eb | started |  ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.164.97:2380 |  https://10.0.164.97:2379 |
| d022e10b498760d5 | started | ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal | https://10.0.154.204:2380 | https://10.0.154.204:2379 |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

Take note of the ID and the name of the unhealthy etcd member, because these values are needed later in the procedure.

Remove the unhealthy etcd member by providing the ID to the etcdctl member remove command:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member remove 62bcf33650a7170a

Example output

Member 62bcf33650a7170a removed from cluster ead669ce1fbfb346

View the member list again and verify that the member was removed:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |             NAME             |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| b78e2856655bc2eb | started |  ip-10-0-164-97.ec2.internal |  https://10.0.164.97:2380 |  https://10.0.164.97:2379 |
| d022e10b498760d5 | started | ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal | https://10.0.154.204:2380 | https://10.0.154.204:2379 |
+------------------+---------+------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

You can now exit the node shell.

Turn off the quorum guard by entering the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": {"useUnsupportedUnsafeNonHANonProductionUnstableEtcd": true}}}'
```
This command ensures that you can successfully re-create secrets and roll out the static pods.

Remove the old secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

List the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

$ oc get secrets -n openshift-etcd | grep ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal 1

1: Pass in the name of the unhealthy etcd member that you took note of earlier in this procedure.

There is a peer, serving, and metrics secret as shown in the following output:

Example output

etcd-peer-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal              kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m
etcd-serving-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal           kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m
etcd-serving-metrics-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   kubernetes.io/tls                     2      47m

Delete the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

Delete the peer secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-peer-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Delete the serving secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-serving-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Delete the metrics secret:

$ oc delete secret -n openshift-etcd etcd-serving-metrics-ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal

Force etcd redeployment.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "single-master-recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge 1
```
1
The forceRedeploymentReason value must be unique, which is why a timestamp is appended.
When the etcd cluster Operator performs a redeployment, it ensures that all control plane nodes have a functioning etcd pod.

Turn the quorum guard back on by entering the following command:

$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": null}}'

You can verify that the unsupportedConfigOverrides section is removed from the object by entering this command:
```
$ oc get etcd/cluster -oyaml
```

If you are using single-node OpenShift, restart the node. Otherwise, you might encounter the following error in the etcd cluster Operator:

Example output

EtcdCertSignerControllerDegraded: [Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-peer-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-metrics-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again]

Verification

Verify that the new member is available and healthy.

Connect to the running etcd container again.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-ip-10-0-154-204.ec2.internal
```

Verify that all members are healthy:

sh-4.2# etcdctl endpoint health

Example output

https://10.0.131.183:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 16.671434ms
https://10.0.154.204:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 16.698331ms
https://10.0.164.97:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 16.621645ms

5.2.4.3. Replacing an unhealthy bare metal etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready

This procedure details the steps to replace a bare metal etcd member that is unhealthy either because the machine is not running or because the node is not ready.

If you are running installer-provisioned infrastructure or you used the Machine API to create your machines, follow these steps. Otherwise you must create the new control plane node using the same method that was used to originally create it.

Prerequisites

You have identified the unhealthy bare metal etcd member.
You have verified that either the machine is not running or the node is not ready.
You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.
You have taken an etcd backup.
Important
You must take an etcd backup before performing this procedure so that your cluster can be restored if you encounter any issues.

Procedure

Verify and remove the unhealthy member.

Choose a pod that is not on the affected node:

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd -o wide

Example output

etcd-openshift-control-plane-0   5/5   Running   11   3h56m   192.168.10.9   openshift-control-plane-0  <none>           <none>
etcd-openshift-control-plane-1   5/5   Running   0    3h54m   192.168.10.10   openshift-control-plane-1   <none>           <none>
etcd-openshift-control-plane-2   5/5   Running   0    3h58m   192.168.10.11   openshift-control-plane-2   <none>           <none>

Connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that is not on the affected node:
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-openshift-control-plane-0
```

View the member list:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------+
| ID               | STATUS  | NAME                      | PEER ADDRS                  | CLIENT ADDRS                | IS LEARNER |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------+
| 7a8197040a5126c8 | started | openshift-control-plane-2 | https://192.168.10.11:2380/ | https://192.168.10.11:2379/ | false |
| 8d5abe9669a39192 | started | openshift-control-plane-1 | https://192.168.10.10:2380/ | https://192.168.10.10:2379/ | false |
| cc3830a72fc357f9 | started | openshift-control-plane-0 | https://192.168.10.9:2380/ | https://192.168.10.9:2379/   | false |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------+

Take note of the ID and the name of the unhealthy etcd member, because these values are required later in the procedure. The etcdctl endpoint health command will list the removed member until the replacement procedure is completed and the new member is added.

Remove the unhealthy etcd member by providing the ID to the etcdctl member remove command:
Warning
Be sure to remove the correct etcd member; removing a good etcd member might lead to quorum loss.
```
sh-4.2# etcdctl member remove 7a8197040a5126c8
```
Example output
```
Member 7a8197040a5126c8 removed from cluster b23536c33f2cdd1b
```

View the member list again and verify that the member was removed:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
| ID               | STATUS  | NAME                      | PEER ADDRS                  | CLIENT ADDRS                | IS LEARNER |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
| cc3830a72fc357f9 | started | openshift-control-plane-2 | https://192.168.10.11:2380/ | https://192.168.10.11:2379/ | false |
| 8d5abe9669a39192 | started | openshift-control-plane-1 | https://192.168.10.10:2380/ | https://192.168.10.10:2379/ | false |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+

You can now exit the node shell.

Important

After you remove the member, the cluster might be unreachable for a short time while the remaining etcd instances reboot.

Turn off the quorum guard by entering the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": {"useUnsupportedUnsafeNonHANonProductionUnstableEtcd": true}}}'
```
This command ensures that you can successfully re-create secrets and roll out the static pods.

Remove the old secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed by running the following commands.

List the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

$ oc get secrets -n openshift-etcd | grep openshift-control-plane-2

Pass in the name of the unhealthy etcd member that you took note of earlier in this procedure.

There is a peer, serving, and metrics secret as shown in the following output:

etcd-peer-openshift-control-plane-2             kubernetes.io/tls   2   134m
etcd-serving-metrics-openshift-control-plane-2  kubernetes.io/tls   2   134m
etcd-serving-openshift-control-plane-2          kubernetes.io/tls   2   134m

Delete the secrets for the unhealthy etcd member that was removed.

Delete the peer secret:

$ oc delete secret etcd-peer-openshift-control-plane-2 -n openshift-etcd

secret "etcd-peer-openshift-control-plane-2" deleted

Delete the serving secret:

$ oc delete secret etcd-serving-metrics-openshift-control-plane-2 -n openshift-etcd

secret "etcd-serving-metrics-openshift-control-plane-2" deleted

Delete the metrics secret:

$ oc delete secret etcd-serving-openshift-control-plane-2 -n openshift-etcd

secret "etcd-serving-openshift-control-plane-2" deleted

Obtain the machine for the unhealthy member.

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output

NAME                              PHASE     TYPE   REGION   ZONE   AGE     NODE                               PROVIDERID                                                                                              STATE
examplecluster-control-plane-0    Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-0   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-0/da1ebe11-3ff2-41c5-b099-0aa41222964e   externally provisioned 1
examplecluster-control-plane-1    Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-1   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-1/d9f9acbc-329c-475e-8d81-03b20280a3e1   externally provisioned
examplecluster-control-plane-2    Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-2   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-2/3354bdac-61d8-410f-be5b-6a395b056135   externally provisioned
examplecluster-compute-0          Running                          165m    openshift-compute-0         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-0/3d685b81-7410-4bb3-80ec-13a31858241f         provisioned
examplecluster-compute-1          Running                          165m    openshift-compute-1         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-1/0fdae6eb-2066-4241-91dc-e7ea72ab13b9         provisioned

1: This is the control plane machine for the unhealthy node, examplecluster-control-plane-2.

Ensure that the Bare Metal Operator is available by running the following command:

$ oc get clusteroperator baremetal

Example output

NAME        VERSION   AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE   MESSAGE
baremetal   4.16.0    True        False         False      3d15h

Remove the old BareMetalHost object by running the following command:

$ oc delete bmh openshift-control-plane-2 -n openshift-machine-api

Example output

baremetalhost.metal3.io "openshift-control-plane-2" deleted

Delete the machine of the unhealthy member by running the following command:
```
$ oc delete machine -n openshift-machine-api examplecluster-control-plane-2
```
After you remove the BareMetalHost and Machine objects, then the Machine controller automatically deletes the Node object.
If deletion of the machine is delayed for any reason or the command is obstructed and delayed, you can force deletion by removing the machine object finalizer field.
Important
Do not interrupt machine deletion by pressing Ctrl+c. You must allow the command to proceed to completion. Open a new terminal window to edit and delete the finalizer fields.
A new machine is automatically provisioned after deleting the machine of the unhealthy member.
1. Edit the machine configuration by running the following command:
```
$ oc edit machine -n openshift-machine-api examplecluster-control-plane-2
```
2. Delete the following fields in the Machine custom resource, and then save the updated file:
```
finalizers:
- machine.machine.openshift.io
```
  Example output
```
machine.machine.openshift.io/examplecluster-control-plane-2 edited
```

Verify that the machine was deleted by running the following command:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output

NAME                              PHASE     TYPE   REGION   ZONE   AGE     NODE                                 PROVIDERID                                                                                       STATE
examplecluster-control-plane-0    Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-0   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-0/da1ebe11-3ff2-41c5-b099-0aa41222964e   externally provisioned
examplecluster-control-plane-1    Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-1   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-1/d9f9acbc-329c-475e-8d81-03b20280a3e1   externally provisioned
examplecluster-compute-0          Running                          165m    openshift-compute-0         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-0/3d685b81-7410-4bb3-80ec-13a31858241f         provisioned
examplecluster-compute-1          Running                          165m    openshift-compute-1         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-1/0fdae6eb-2066-4241-91dc-e7ea72ab13b9         provisioned

Verify that the node has been deleted by running the following command:

$ oc get nodes

NAME                     STATUS ROLES   AGE   VERSION
openshift-control-plane-0 Ready master 3h24m v1.29.4
openshift-control-plane-1 Ready master 3h24m v1.29.4
openshift-compute-0       Ready worker 176m v1.29.4
openshift-compute-1       Ready worker 176m v1.29.4

Create the new BareMetalHost object and the secret to store the BMC credentials:

$ cat <<EOF | oc apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: openshift-control-plane-2-bmc-secret
  namespace: openshift-machine-api
data:
  password: <password>
  username: <username>
type: Opaque
---
apiVersion: metal3.io/v1alpha1
kind: BareMetalHost
metadata:
  name: openshift-control-plane-2
  namespace: openshift-machine-api
spec:
  automatedCleaningMode: disabled
  bmc:
    address: redfish://10.46.61.18:443/redfish/v1/Systems/1
    credentialsName: openshift-control-plane-2-bmc-secret
    disableCertificateVerification: true
  bootMACAddress: 48:df:37:b0:8a:a0
  bootMode: UEFI
  externallyProvisioned: false
  online: true
  rootDeviceHints:
    deviceName: /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>
  userData:
    name: master-user-data-managed
    namespace: openshift-machine-api
EOF

Note

The username and password can be found from the other bare metal host’s secrets. The protocol to use in bmc:address can be taken from other bmh objects.

Important

If you reuse the BareMetalHost object definition from an existing control plane host, do not leave the externallyProvisioned field set to true.

Existing control plane BareMetalHost objects may have the externallyProvisioned flag set to true if they were provisioned by the OpenShift Container Platform installation program.

After the inspection is complete, the BareMetalHost object is created and available to be provisioned.

Verify the creation process using available BareMetalHost objects:

$ oc get bmh -n openshift-machine-api

NAME                      STATE                  CONSUMER                      ONLINE ERROR   AGE
openshift-control-plane-0 externally provisioned examplecluster-control-plane-0 true         4h48m
openshift-control-plane-1 externally provisioned examplecluster-control-plane-1 true         4h48m
openshift-control-plane-2 available              examplecluster-control-plane-3 true         47m
openshift-compute-0       provisioned            examplecluster-compute-0       true         4h48m
openshift-compute-1       provisioned            examplecluster-compute-1       true         4h48m

Verify that a new machine has been created:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output

NAME                                   PHASE     TYPE   REGION   ZONE   AGE     NODE                              PROVIDERID                                                                                            STATE
examplecluster-control-plane-0         Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-0   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-0/da1ebe11-3ff2-41c5-b099-0aa41222964e   externally provisioned 1
examplecluster-control-plane-1         Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-1   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-1/d9f9acbc-329c-475e-8d81-03b20280a3e1   externally provisioned
examplecluster-control-plane-2         Running                          3h11m   openshift-control-plane-2   baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-control-plane-2/3354bdac-61d8-410f-be5b-6a395b056135   externally provisioned
examplecluster-compute-0               Running                          165m    openshift-compute-0         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-0/3d685b81-7410-4bb3-80ec-13a31858241f         provisioned
examplecluster-compute-1               Running                          165m    openshift-compute-1         baremetalhost:///openshift-machine-api/openshift-compute-1/0fdae6eb-2066-4241-91dc-e7ea72ab13b9         provisioned

1: The new machine, clustername-8qw5l-master-3 is being created and is ready after the phase changes from Provisioning to Running.

It should take a few minutes for the new machine to be created. The etcd cluster Operator will automatically sync when the machine or node returns to a healthy state.

Verify that the bare metal host becomes provisioned and no error reported by running the following command:

$ oc get bmh -n openshift-machine-api

Example output

$ oc get bmh -n openshift-machine-api
NAME                      STATE                  CONSUMER                       ONLINE ERROR AGE
openshift-control-plane-0 externally provisioned examplecluster-control-plane-0 true         4h48m
openshift-control-plane-1 externally provisioned examplecluster-control-plane-1 true         4h48m
openshift-control-plane-2 provisioned            examplecluster-control-plane-3 true          47m
openshift-compute-0       provisioned            examplecluster-compute-0       true         4h48m
openshift-compute-1       provisioned            examplecluster-compute-1       true         4h48m

Verify that the new node is added and in a ready state by running this command:

$ oc get nodes

Example output

$ oc get nodes
NAME                     STATUS ROLES   AGE   VERSION
openshift-control-plane-0 Ready master 4h26m v1.29.4
openshift-control-plane-1 Ready master 4h26m v1.29.4
openshift-control-plane-2 Ready master 12m   v1.29.4
openshift-compute-0       Ready worker 3h58m v1.29.4
openshift-compute-1       Ready worker 3h58m v1.29.4

Turn the quorum guard back on by entering the following command:

$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": null}}'

You can verify that the unsupportedConfigOverrides section is removed from the object by entering this command:
```
$ oc get etcd/cluster -oyaml
```

If you are using single-node OpenShift, restart the node. Otherwise, you might encounter the following error in the etcd cluster Operator:

Example output

EtcdCertSignerControllerDegraded: [Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-peer-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again, Operation cannot be fulfilled on secrets "etcd-serving-metrics-sno-0": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again]

Verification

Verify that all etcd pods are running properly.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd
```
Example output
```
etcd-openshift-control-plane-0      5/5     Running     0     105m
etcd-openshift-control-plane-1      5/5     Running     0     107m
etcd-openshift-control-plane-2      5/5     Running     0     103m
```
If the output from the previous command only lists two pods, you can manually force an etcd redeployment. In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc patch etcd cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge 1
```
1
The forceRedeploymentReason value must be unique, which is why a timestamp is appended.
To verify there are exactly three etcd members, connect to the running etcd container, passing in the name of a pod that was not on the affected node. In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:
```
$ oc rsh -n openshift-etcd etcd-openshift-control-plane-0
```

View the member list:

sh-4.2# etcdctl member list -w table

Example output

+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |        NAME        |        PEER ADDRS         |       CLIENT ADDRS        |    IS LEARNER    |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| 7a8197040a5126c8 | started | openshift-control-plane-2 | https://192.168.10.11:2380 | https://192.168.10.11:2379 |   false |
| 8d5abe9669a39192 | started | openshift-control-plane-1 | https://192.168.10.10:2380 | https://192.168.10.10:2379 |   false |
| cc3830a72fc357f9 | started | openshift-control-plane-0 | https://192.168.10.9:2380 | https://192.168.10.9:2379 |     false |
+------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------+

Note

If the output from the previous command lists more than three etcd members, you must carefully remove the unwanted member.

Verify that all etcd members are healthy by running the following command:

# etcdctl endpoint health --cluster

Example output

https://192.168.10.10:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 8.973065ms
https://192.168.10.9:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 11.559829ms
https://192.168.10.11:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 11.665203ms

Validate that all nodes are at the latest revision by running the following command:

$ oc get etcd -o=jsonpath='{range.items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'

AllNodesAtLatestRevision

5.2.5. Additional resources

Quorum protection with machine lifecycle hooks

5.3. Disaster recovery

5.3.1. About disaster recovery

The disaster recovery documentation provides information for administrators on how to recover from several disaster situations that might occur with their OpenShift Container Platform cluster. As an administrator, you might need to follow one or more of the following procedures to return your cluster to a working state.

Important

Disaster recovery requires you to have at least one healthy control plane host.

Restoring to a previous cluster state

This solution handles situations where you want to restore your cluster to a previous state, for example, if an administrator deletes something critical. This also includes situations where you have lost the majority of your control plane hosts, leading to etcd quorum loss and the cluster going offline. As long as you have taken an etcd backup, you can follow this procedure to restore your cluster to a previous state.

If applicable, you might also need to recover from expired control plane certificates.

Warning

Restoring to a previous cluster state is a destructive and destablizing action to take on a running cluster. This procedure should only be used as a last resort.

Prior to performing a restore, see About restoring cluster state for more information on the impact to the cluster.

Note

If you have a majority of your masters still available and have an etcd quorum, then follow the procedure to replace a single unhealthy etcd member.

Recovering from expired control plane certificates

This solution handles situations where your control plane certificates have expired. For example, if you shut down your cluster before the first certificate rotation, which occurs 24 hours after installation, your certificates will not be rotated and will expire. You can follow this procedure to recover from expired control plane certificates.

5.3.2. Restoring to a previous cluster state

To restore the cluster to a previous state, you must have previously backed up etcd data by creating a snapshot. You will use this snapshot to restore the cluster state.

5.3.2.1. About restoring cluster state

You can use an etcd backup to restore your cluster to a previous state. This can be used to recover from the following situations:

The cluster has lost the majority of control plane hosts (quorum loss).
An administrator has deleted something critical and must restore to recover the cluster.

Warning

Restoring to a previous cluster state is a destructive and destablizing action to take on a running cluster. This should only be used as a last resort.

If you are able to retrieve data using the Kubernetes API server, then etcd is available and you should not restore using an etcd backup.

Restoring etcd effectively takes a cluster back in time and all clients will experience a conflicting, parallel history. This can impact the behavior of watching components like kubelets, Kubernetes controller managers, SDN controllers, and persistent volume controllers.

It can cause Operator churn when the content in etcd does not match the actual content on disk, causing Operators for the Kubernetes API server, Kubernetes controller manager, Kubernetes scheduler, and etcd to get stuck when files on disk conflict with content in etcd. This can require manual actions to resolve the issues.

In extreme cases, the cluster can lose track of persistent volumes, delete critical workloads that no longer exist, reimage machines, and rewrite CA bundles with expired certificates.

5.3.2.2. Restoring to a previous cluster state

You can use a saved etcd backup to restore a previous cluster state or restore a cluster that has lost the majority of control plane hosts.

Note

If your cluster uses a control plane machine set, see "Troubleshooting the control plane machine set" for a more simple etcd recovery procedure.

Important

When you restore your cluster, you must use an etcd backup that was taken from the same z-stream release. For example, an OpenShift Container Platform 4.7.2 cluster must use an etcd backup that was taken from 4.7.2.

Prerequisites

Access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role through a certificate-based kubeconfig file, like the one that was used during installation.
A healthy control plane host to use as the recovery host.
SSH access to control plane hosts.
A backup directory containing both the etcd snapshot and the resources for the static pods, which were from the same backup. The file names in the directory must be in the following formats: snapshot_<datetimestamp>.db and static_kuberesources_<datetimestamp>.tar.gz.

Important

For non-recovery control plane nodes, it is not required to establish SSH connectivity or to stop the static pods. You can delete and recreate other non-recovery, control plane machines, one by one.

Procedure

Select a control plane host to use as the recovery host. This is the host that you will run the restore operation on.
Establish SSH connectivity to each of the control plane nodes, including the recovery host.
kube-apiserver becomes inaccessible after the restore process starts, so you cannot access the control plane nodes. For this reason, it is recommended to establish SSH connectivity to each control plane host in a separate terminal.
Important
If you do not complete this step, you will not be able to access the control plane hosts to complete the restore procedure, and you will be unable to recover your cluster from this state.
Copy the etcd backup directory to the recovery control plane host.
This procedure assumes that you copied the backup directory containing the etcd snapshot and the resources for the static pods to the /home/core/ directory of your recovery control plane host.
Stop the static pods on any other control plane nodes.
Note
You do not need to stop the static pods on the recovery host.
1. Access a control plane host that is not the recovery host.
2. Move the existing etcd pod file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running:
```
$ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd-pod.yaml /tmp
```
3. Verify that the etcd pods are stopped by using:
```
$ sudo crictl ps | grep etcd | egrep -v "operator|etcd-guard"
```
  If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.
4. Move the existing kube-apiserver file out of the kubelet manifest directory by running:
```
$ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver-pod.yaml /tmp
```
5. Verify that the kube-apiserver containers are stopped by running:
```
$ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-apiserver | egrep -v "operator|guard"
```
  If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.
6. Move the existing kube-controller-manager file out of the kubelet manifest directory by using:
```
$ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml /tmp
```
7. Verify that the kube-controller-manager containers are stopped by running:
```
$ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-controller-manager | egrep -v "operator|guard"
```
  If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.
8. Move the existing kube-scheduler file out of the kubelet manifest directory by using:
```
$ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler-pod.yaml /tmp
```
9. Verify that the kube-scheduler containers are stopped by using:
```
$ sudo crictl ps | grep kube-scheduler | egrep -v "operator|guard"
```
  If the output of this command is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.
10. Move the etcd data directory to a different location with the following example:
```
$ sudo mv -v /var/lib/etcd/ /tmp
```
11. If the /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml file exists and the node is deleted, follow these steps:
  1. Move the /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml file out of the kubelet manifest directory:
    $ sudo mv -v /etc/kubernetes/manifests/keepalived.yaml /tmp
  2. Verify that any containers managed by the keepalived daemon are stopped:
    $ sudo crictl ps --name keepalived
    The output of this command should be empty. If it is not empty, wait a few minutes and check again.
  3. Check if the control plane has any Virtual IPs (VIPs) assigned to it:
    $ ip -o address | egrep '<api_vip>|<ingress_vip>'
  4. For each reported VIP, run the following command to remove it:
    $ sudo ip address del <reported_vip> dev <reported_vip_device>
12. Repeat this step on each of the other control plane hosts that is not the recovery host.
Access the recovery control plane host.
If the keepalived daemon is in use, verify that the recovery control plane node owns the VIP:
```
$ ip -o address | grep <api_vip>
```
The address of the VIP is highlighted in the output if it exists. This command returns an empty string if the VIP is not set or configured incorrectly.
If the cluster-wide proxy is enabled, be sure that you have exported the NO_PROXY, HTTP_PROXY, and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables.
Tip
You can check whether the proxy is enabled by reviewing the output of oc get proxy cluster -o yaml. The proxy is enabled if the httpProxy, httpsProxy, and noProxy fields have values set.

Run the restore script on the recovery control plane host and pass in the path to the etcd backup directory:

$ sudo -E /usr/local/bin/cluster-restore.sh /home/core/assets/backup

Example script output

...stopping kube-scheduler-pod.yaml
...stopping kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
...stopping etcd-pod.yaml
...stopping kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
Waiting for container etcd to stop
.complete
Waiting for container etcdctl to stop
.............................complete
Waiting for container etcd-metrics to stop
complete
Waiting for container kube-controller-manager to stop
complete
Waiting for container kube-apiserver to stop
..........................................................................................complete
Waiting for container kube-scheduler to stop
complete
Moving etcd data-dir /var/lib/etcd/member to /var/lib/etcd-backup
starting restore-etcd static pod
starting kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-pod-7/kube-apiserver-pod.yaml
starting kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-controller-manager-pod-7/kube-controller-manager-pod.yaml
starting kube-scheduler-pod.yaml
static-pod-resources/kube-scheduler-pod-8/kube-scheduler-pod.yaml

The cluster-restore.sh script must show that etcd, kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, and kube-scheduler pods are stopped and then started at the end of the restore process.

Note

The restore process can cause nodes to enter the NotReady state if the node certificates were updated after the last etcd backup.

Check the nodes to ensure they are in the Ready state.

Run the following command:

$ oc get nodes -w

Sample output

NAME                STATUS  ROLES          AGE     VERSION
host-172-25-75-28   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-38   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-40   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-65   Ready   master         3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-74   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-79   Ready   worker         3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-86   Ready   worker         3d20h   v1.29.4
host-172-25-75-98   Ready   infra,worker   3d20h   v1.29.4

It can take several minutes for all nodes to report their state.

If any nodes are in the NotReady state, log in to the nodes and remove all of the PEM files from the /var/lib/kubelet/pki directory on each node. You can SSH into the nodes or use the terminal window in the web console.

$  ssh -i <ssh-key-path> core@<master-hostname>

Sample pki directory

sh-4.4# pwd
/var/lib/kubelet/pki
sh-4.4# ls
kubelet-client-2022-04-28-11-24-09.pem  kubelet-server-2022-04-28-11-24-15.pem
kubelet-client-current.pem              kubelet-server-current.pem

Restart the kubelet service on all control plane hosts.
1. From the recovery host, run:
```
$ sudo systemctl restart kubelet.service
```
2. Repeat this step on all other control plane hosts.

Approve the pending Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs):

Note

Clusters with no worker nodes, such as single-node clusters or clusters consisting of three schedulable control plane nodes, will not have any pending CSRs to approve. You can skip all the commands listed in this step.

Get the list of current CSRs by running:

$ oc get csr

Example output

NAME        AGE    SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR                                                                   CONDITION
csr-2s94x   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending 1
csr-4bd6t   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending 2
csr-4hl85   13m    kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending 3
csr-zhhhp   3m8s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending 4
...

1 2: A pending kubelet serving CSR, requested by the node for the kubelet serving endpoint.
3 4: A pending kubelet client CSR, requested with the node-bootstrapper node bootstrap credentials.

Review the details of a CSR to verify that it is valid by running:
```
$ oc describe csr <csr_name> 1
```
1
<csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs.
Approve each valid node-bootstrapper CSR by running:
```
$ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
```
For user-provisioned installations, approve each valid kubelet service CSR by running:
```
$ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
```

Verify that the single member control plane has started successfully.

From the recovery host, verify that the etcd container is running by using:

$ sudo crictl ps | grep etcd | egrep -v "operator|etcd-guard"

Example output

3ad41b7908e32       36f86e2eeaaffe662df0d21041eb22b8198e0e58abeeae8c743c3e6e977e8009                                                         About a minute ago   Running             etcd                                          0                   7c05f8af362f0

From the recovery host, verify that the etcd pod is running by using:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd

Example output

NAME                                             READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
etcd-ip-10-0-143-125.ec2.internal                1/1     Running     1          2m47s

If the status is Pending, or the output lists more than one running etcd pod, wait a few minutes and check again.

If you are using the OVNKubernetes network plugin, you must restart ovnkube-controlplane pods.
1. Delete all of the ovnkube-controlplane pods by running:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes delete pod -l app=ovnkube-control-plane
```
2. Verify that all of the ovnkube-controlplane pods were redeployed by using:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes get pod -l app=ovnkube-control-plane
```
If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin, restart the Open Virtual Network (OVN) Kubernetes pods on all the nodes one by one. Use the following steps to restart OVN-Kubernetes pods on each node:
Important
Restart OVN-Kubernetes pods in the following order
1. The recovery control plane host
2. The other control plane hosts (if available)
3. The other nodes
Note
Validating and mutating admission webhooks can reject pods. If you add any additional webhooks with the failurePolicy set to Fail, then they can reject pods and the restoration process can fail. You can avoid this by saving and deleting webhooks while restoring the cluster state. After the cluster state is restored successfully, you can enable the webhooks again.
Alternatively, you can temporarily set the failurePolicy to Ignore while restoring the cluster state. After the cluster state is restored successfully, you can set the failurePolicy to Fail.
1. Remove the northbound database (nbdb) and southbound database (sbdb). Access the recovery host and the remaining control plane nodes by using Secure Shell (SSH) and run:
```
$ sudo rm -f /var/lib/ovn-ic/etc/*.db
```
2. Restart the OpenVSwitch services. Access the node by using Secure Shell (SSH) and run the following command:
```
$ sudo systemctl restart ovs-vswitchd ovsdb-server
```
3. Delete the ovnkube-node pod on the node by running the following command, replacing <node> with the name of the node that you are restarting:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes delete pod -l app=ovnkube-node --field-selector=spec.nodeName==<node>
```
4. Verify that the ovnkube-node pod is running again with:
```
$ oc -n openshift-ovn-kubernetes get pod -l app=ovnkube-node --field-selector=spec.nodeName==<node>
```
  Note
  It might take several minutes for the pods to restart.

Delete and re-create other non-recovery, control plane machines, one by one. After the machines are re-created, a new revision is forced and etcd automatically scales up.

If you use a user-provisioned bare metal installation, you can re-create a control plane machine by using the same method that you used to originally create it. For more information, see "Installing a user-provisioned cluster on bare metal".
Warning
Do not delete and re-create the machine for the recovery host.

If you are running installer-provisioned infrastructure, or you used the Machine API to create your machines, follow these steps:

Warning

Do not delete and re-create the machine for the recovery host.

For bare metal installations on installer-provisioned infrastructure, control plane machines are not re-created. For more information, see "Replacing a bare-metal control plane node".

Obtain the machine for one of the lost control plane hosts.

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output:

NAME                                        PHASE     TYPE        REGION      ZONE         AGE     NODE                           PROVIDERID                              STATE
clustername-8qw5l-master-0                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h37m   ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-0ec2782f8287dfb7e   stopped 1
clustername-8qw5l-master-1                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h37m   ip-10-0-143-125.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-096c349b700a19631   running
clustername-8qw5l-master-2                  Running   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h37m   ip-10-0-154-194.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1c/i-02626f1dba9ed5bba  running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1a-wbtgd   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h28m   ip-10-0-129-226.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-010ef6279b4662ced   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1b-lrdxb   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h28m   ip-10-0-144-248.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-0cb45ac45a166173b   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1c-pkg26   Running   m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h28m   ip-10-0-170-181.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1c/i-06861c00007751b0a   running

1: This is the control plane machine for the lost control plane host, ip-10-0-131-183.ec2.internal.

Delete the machine of the lost control plane host by running:
```
$ oc delete machine -n openshift-machine-api clustername-8qw5l-master-0 1
```
1
Specify the name of the control plane machine for the lost control plane host.
A new machine is automatically provisioned after deleting the machine of the lost control plane host.

Verify that a new machine has been created by running:

$ oc get machines -n openshift-machine-api -o wide

Example output:

NAME                                        PHASE          TYPE        REGION      ZONE         AGE     NODE                           PROVIDERID                              STATE
clustername-8qw5l-master-1                  Running        m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h37m   ip-10-0-143-125.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-096c349b700a19631   running
clustername-8qw5l-master-2                  Running        m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h37m   ip-10-0-154-194.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1c/i-02626f1dba9ed5bba  running
clustername-8qw5l-master-3                  Provisioning   m4.xlarge   us-east-1   us-east-1a   85s     ip-10-0-173-171.ec2.internal    aws:///us-east-1a/i-015b0888fe17bc2c8  running 1
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1a-wbtgd   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1a   3h28m   ip-10-0-129-226.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1a/i-010ef6279b4662ced   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1b-lrdxb   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1b   3h28m   ip-10-0-144-248.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1b/i-0cb45ac45a166173b   running
clustername-8qw5l-worker-us-east-1c-pkg26   Running        m4.large    us-east-1   us-east-1c   3h28m   ip-10-0-170-181.ec2.internal   aws:///us-east-1c/i-06861c00007751b0a   running

1: The new machine, clustername-8qw5l-master-3 is being created and is ready after the phase changes from Provisioning to Running.

It might take a few minutes for the new machine to be created. The etcd cluster Operator will automatically sync when the machine or node returns to a healthy state.

Repeat these steps for each lost control plane host that is not the recovery host.

Turn off the quorum guard by entering:

$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": {"useUnsupportedUnsafeNonHANonProductionUnstableEtcd": true}}}'

This command ensures that you can successfully re-create secrets and roll out the static pods.

In a separate terminal window within the recovery host, export the recovery kubeconfig file by running:

$ export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/static-pod-resources/kube-apiserver-certs/secrets/node-kubeconfigs/localhost-recovery.kubeconfig

Force etcd redeployment.
In the same terminal window where you exported the recovery kubeconfig file, run:
```
$ oc patch etcd cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge 1
```
1
The forceRedeploymentReason value must be unique, which is why a timestamp is appended.
The etcd redeployment starts.
When the etcd cluster Operator performs a redeployment, the existing nodes are started with new pods similar to the initial bootstrap scale up.

Turn the quorum guard back on by entering:

$ oc patch etcd/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"unsupportedConfigOverrides": null}}'

You can verify that the unsupportedConfigOverrides section is removed from the object by running:
```
$ oc get etcd/cluster -oyaml
```
Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run:
```
$ oc get etcd -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
```
Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition for etcd to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update:
```
AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7 1
```
1
In this example, the latest revision number is 7.
If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.
After etcd is redeployed, force new rollouts for the control plane. kube-apiserver will reinstall itself on the other nodes because the kubelet is connected to API servers using an internal load balancer.
In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run:
1. Force a new rollout for kube-apiserver:
```
$ oc patch kubeapiserver cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
```
  Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision.
```
$ oc get kubeapiserver -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
```
  Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update:
```
AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7 1
```
  1
  In this example, the latest revision number is 7.
  If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.
2. Force a new rollout for the Kubernetes controller manager by running the following command:
```
$ oc patch kubecontrollermanager cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
```
  Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision by running:
```
$ oc get kubecontrollermanager -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
```
  Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update:
```
AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7 1
```
  1
  In this example, the latest revision number is 7.
  If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.
3. Force a new rollout for the kube-scheduler by running:
```
$ oc patch kubescheduler cluster -p='{"spec": {"forceRedeploymentReason": "recovery-'"$( date --rfc-3339=ns )"'"}}' --type=merge
```
  Verify all nodes are updated to the latest revision by using:
```
$ oc get kubescheduler -o=jsonpath='{range .items[0].status.conditions[?(@.type=="NodeInstallerProgressing")]}{.reason}{"\n"}{.message}{"\n"}'
```
  Review the NodeInstallerProgressing status condition to verify that all nodes are at the latest revision. The output shows AllNodesAtLatestRevision upon successful update:
```
AllNodesAtLatestRevision
3 nodes are at revision 7 1
```
  1
  In this example, the latest revision number is 7.
  If the output includes multiple revision numbers, such as 2 nodes are at revision 6; 1 nodes are at revision 7, this means that the update is still in progress. Wait a few minutes and try again.
Monitor the platform Operators by running:
```
$ oc adm wait-for-stable-cluster
```
This process can take up to 15 minutes.

Verify that all control plane hosts have started and joined the cluster.

In a terminal that has access to the cluster as a cluster-admin user, run the following command:

$ oc -n openshift-etcd get pods -l k8s-app=etcd

Example output

etcd-ip-10-0-143-125.ec2.internal                2/2     Running     0          9h
etcd-ip-10-0-154-194.ec2.internal                2/2     Running     0          9h
etcd-ip-10-0-173-171.ec2.internal                2/2     Running     0          9h

To ensure that all workloads return to normal operation following a recovery procedure, restart all control plane nodes.

Note

On completion of the previous procedural steps, you might need to wait a few minutes for all services to return to their restored state. For example, authentication by using oc login might not immediately work until the OAuth server pods are restarted.

Consider using the system:admin kubeconfig file for immediate authentication. This method basis its authentication on SSL/TLS client certificates as against OAuth tokens. You can authenticate with this file by issuing the following command:

$ export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig

Issue the following command to display your authenticated user name:

$ oc whoami

5.3.2.3. Additional resources

5.3.2.4. Issues and workarounds for restoring a persistent storage state

If your OpenShift Container Platform cluster uses persistent storage of any form, a state of the cluster is typically stored outside etcd. It might be an Elasticsearch cluster running in a pod or a database running in a StatefulSet object. When you restore from an etcd backup, the status of the workloads in OpenShift Container Platform is also restored. However, if the etcd snapshot is old, the status might be invalid or outdated.

Important

The contents of persistent volumes (PVs) are never part of the etcd snapshot. When you restore an OpenShift Container Platform cluster from an etcd snapshot, non-critical workloads might gain access to critical data, or vice-versa.

The following are some example scenarios that produce an out-of-date status:

MySQL database is running in a pod backed up by a PV object. Restoring OpenShift Container Platform from an etcd snapshot does not bring back the volume on the storage provider, and does not produce a running MySQL pod, despite the pod repeatedly attempting to start. You must manually restore this pod by restoring the volume on the storage provider, and then editing the PV to point to the new volume.
Pod P1 is using volume A, which is attached to node X. If the etcd snapshot is taken while another pod uses the same volume on node Y, then when the etcd restore is performed, pod P1 might not be able to start correctly due to the volume still being attached to node Y. OpenShift Container Platform is not aware of the attachment, and does not automatically detach it. When this occurs, the volume must be manually detached from node Y so that the volume can attach on node X, and then pod P1 can start.
Cloud provider or storage provider credentials were updated after the etcd snapshot was taken. This causes any CSI drivers or Operators that depend on the those credentials to not work. You might have to manually update the credentials required by those drivers or Operators.
A device is removed or renamed from OpenShift Container Platform nodes after the etcd snapshot is taken. The Local Storage Operator creates symlinks for each PV that it manages from /dev/disk/by-id or /dev directories. This situation might cause the local PVs to refer to devices that no longer exist.
To fix this problem, an administrator must:
1. Manually remove the PVs with invalid devices.
2. Remove symlinks from respective nodes.
3. Delete LocalVolume or LocalVolumeSet objects (see Storage Configuring persistent storage Persistent storage using local volumes Deleting the Local Storage Operator Resources).

5.3.3. Recovering from expired control plane certificates

5.3.3.1. Recovering from expired control plane certificates

The cluster can automatically recover from expired control plane certificates.

However, you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. For user-provisioned installations, you might also need to approve pending kubelet serving CSRs.

Use the following steps to approve the pending CSRs:

Procedure

Get the list of current CSRs:

$ oc get csr

Example output

NAME        AGE    SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR                                                                   CONDITION
csr-2s94x   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending 1
csr-4bd6t   8m3s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving                 system:node:<node_name>                                                     Pending
csr-4hl85   13m    kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending 2
csr-zhhhp   3m8s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending
...

1: A pending kubelet service CSR (for user-provisioned installations).
2: A pending node-bootstrapper CSR.

Review the details of a CSR to verify that it is valid:
```
$ oc describe csr <csr_name> 1
```
1
<csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs.
Approve each valid node-bootstrapper CSR:
```
$ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
```
For user-provisioned installations, approve each valid kubelet serving CSR:
```
$ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name>
```

Chapter 5. Control plane backup and restore

5.1. Backing up etcd

5.1.1. Backing up etcd data

5.1.2. Additional resources

5.1.3. Creating automated etcd backups

5.1.3.1. Creating a single etcd backup

5.1.3.2. Creating recurring etcd backups

5.2. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member

5.2.1. Prerequisites

5.2.2. Identifying an unhealthy etcd member

5.2.3. Determining the state of the unhealthy etcd member

5.2.4. Replacing the unhealthy etcd member

5.2.4.1. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready

5.2.4.2. Replacing an unhealthy etcd member whose etcd pod is crashlooping

5.2.4.3. Replacing an unhealthy bare metal etcd member whose machine is not running or whose node is not ready

5.2.5. Additional resources

5.3. Disaster recovery

5.3.1. About disaster recovery

5.3.2. Restoring to a previous cluster state

5.3.2.1. About restoring cluster state

5.3.2.2. Restoring to a previous cluster state

5.3.2.3. Additional resources

5.3.2.4. Issues and workarounds for restoring a persistent storage state

5.3.3. Recovering from expired control plane certificates

5.3.3.1. Recovering from expired control plane certificates

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