Chapter 3. Getting started

3.1. Getting started with OpenShift Virtualization

You can explore the features and functionalities of OpenShift Virtualization by installing and configuring a basic environment.

Note

Cluster configuration procedures require cluster-admin privileges.

3.1.1. Planning and installing OpenShift Virtualization

Plan and install OpenShift Virtualization on an OpenShift Container Platform cluster:

Planning and installation resources

3.1.2. Creating and managing virtual machines

Create a virtual machine (VM):

Create a VM from a Red Hat image.
You can create a VM by using a Red Hat template or an instance type.
Create a VM from a custom image.
You can create a VM by importing a custom image from a container registry or a web page, by uploading an image from your local machine, or by cloning a persistent volume claim (PVC).

Connect a VM to a secondary network:

Linux bridge network.
Open Virtual Network (OVN)-Kubernetes secondary network.
Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) network.
Note
VMs are connected to the pod network by default.

Connect to a VM:

Connect to the serial console or VNC console of a VM.
Connect to a VM by using SSH.
Connect to the desktop viewer for Windows VMs.

Manage a VM:

3.1.3. Next steps

3.2. Using the CLI tools

You can manage OpenShift Virtualization resources by using the virtctl command line tool.

You can access and modify virtual machine (VM) disk images by using the libguestfs command line tool. You deploy libguestfs by using the virtctl libguestfs command.

3.2.1. Installing virtctl

To install virtctl on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 9, Linux, Windows, and MacOS operating systems, you download and install the virtctl binary file.

To install virtctl on RHEL 8, you enable the OpenShift Virtualization repository and then install the kubevirt-virtctl package.

3.2.1.1. Installing the virtctl binary on RHEL 9, Linux, Windows, or macOS

You can download the virtctl binary for your operating system from the OpenShift Container Platform web console and then install it.

Procedure

Navigate to the Virtualization Overview page in the web console.
Click the Download virtctl link to download the virtctl binary for your operating system.
Install virtctl:
- For RHEL 9 and other Linux operating systems:
  1. Decompress the archive file:
    $ tar -xvf <virtctl-version-distribution.arch>.tar.gz
  2. Run the following command to make the virtctl binary executable:
    $ chmod +x <path/virtctl-file-name>
  3. Move the virtctl binary to a directory in your PATH environment variable.
    You can check your path by running the following command:
    $ echo $PATH
  4. Set the KUBECONFIG environment variable:
    $ export KUBECONFIG=/home/<user>/clusters/current/auth/kubeconfig
- For Windows:
  1. Decompress the archive file.
  2. Navigate the extracted folder hierarchy and double-click the virtctl executable file to install the client.
  3. Move the virtctl binary to a directory in your PATH environment variable.
    You can check your path by running the following command:
    C:\> path
- For macOS:
  1. Decompress the archive file.
  2. Move the virtctl binary to a directory in your PATH environment variable.
    You can check your path by running the following command:
    echo $PATH

3.2.1.2. Installing the virtctl RPM on RHEL 8

You can install the virtctl RPM package on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 by enabling the OpenShift Virtualization repository and installing the kubevirt-virtctl package.

Prerequisites

Each host in your cluster must be registered with Red Hat Subscription Manager (RHSM) and have an active OpenShift Container Platform subscription.

Procedure

Enable the OpenShift Virtualization repository by using the subscription-manager CLI tool to run the following command:
```
# subscription-manager repos --enable cnv-4.16-for-rhel-8-x86_64-rpms
```
Install the kubevirt-virtctl package by running the following command:
```
# yum install kubevirt-virtctl
```

3.2.2. virtctl commands

The virtctl client is a command-line utility for managing OpenShift Virtualization resources.

Note

The virtual machine (VM) commands also apply to virtual machine instances (VMIs) unless otherwise specified.

3.2.2.1. virtctl information commands

You use virtctl information commands to view information about the virtctl client.

Table 3.1. Information commands
Command	Description
`virtctl version`	View the `virtctl` client and server versions.
`virtctl help`	View a list of `virtctl` commands.
`virtctl <command> -h\|--help`	View a list of options for a specific command.
`virtctl options`	View a list of global command options for any `virtctl` command.

3.2.2.2. VM information commands

You can use virtctl to view information about virtual machines (VMs) and virtual machine instances (VMIs).

Table 3.2. VM information commands
Command	Description
`virtctl fslist <vm_name>`	View the file systems available on a guest machine.
`virtctl guestosinfo <vm_name>`	View information about the operating systems on a guest machine.
`virtctl userlist <vm_name>`	View the logged-in users on a guest machine.

3.2.2.3. VM manifest creation commands

You can use virtctl create commands to create manifests for virtual machines, instance types, and preferences.

Table 3.3. VM manifest creation commands
Command	Description
`virtctl create vm`	Create a `VirtualMachine` (VM) manifest.
`virtctl create vm --name <vm_name>`	Create a VM manifest, specifying a name for the VM.
`virtctl create vm --instancetype <instancetype_name>`	Create a VM manifest that uses an existing cluster-wide instance type.
`virtctl create vm --instancetype=virtualmachineinstancetype/<instancetype_name>`	Create a VM manifest that uses an existing namespaced instance type.
`virtctl create instancetype --cpu <cpu_value> --memory <memory_value> --name <instancetype_name>`	Create a manifest for a cluster-wide instance type.
`virtctl create instancetype --cpu <cpu_value> --memory <memory_value> --name <instancetype_name> --namespace <namespace_value>`	Create a manifest for a namespaced instance type.
`virtctl create preference --name <preference_name>`	Create a manifest for a cluster-wide VM preference, specifying a name for the preference.
`virtctl create preference --namespace <namespace_value>`	Create a manifest for a namespaced VM preference.

3.2.2.4. VM management commands

You use virtctl virtual machine (VM) management commands to manage and migrate virtual machines (VMs) and virtual machine instances (VMIs).

Table 3.4. VM management commands
Command	Description
`virtctl start <vm_name>`	Start a VM.
`virtctl start --paused <vm_name>`	Start a VM in a paused state. This option enables you to interrupt the boot process from the VNC console.
`virtctl stop <vm_name>`	Stop a VM.
`virtctl stop <vm_name> --grace-period 0 --force`	Force stop a VM. This option might cause data inconsistency or data loss.
`virtctl pause vm <vm_name>`	Pause a VM. The machine state is kept in memory.
`virtctl unpause vm <vm_name>`	Unpause a VM.
`virtctl migrate <vm_name>`	Migrate a VM.
`virtctl migrate-cancel <vm_name>`	Cancel a VM migration.
`virtctl restart <vm_name>`	Restart a VM.

3.2.2.5. VM connection commands

You use virtctl connection commands to expose ports and connect to virtual machines (VMs) and virtual machine instances (VMIs).

Table 3.5. VM connection commands
Command	Description
`virtctl console <vm_name>`	Connect to the serial console of a VM.
`virtctl expose vm <vm_name> --name <service_name> --type <ClusterIP\|NodePort\|LoadBalancer> --port <port>`	Create a service that forwards a designated port of a VM and expose the service on the specified port of the node. Example: `virtctl expose vm rhel9_vm --name rhel9-ssh --type NodePort --port 22`
`virtctl scp -i <ssh_key> <file_name> <user_name>@<vm_name>`	Copy a file from your machine to a VM. This command uses the private key of an SSH key pair. The VM must be configured with the public key.
`virtctl scp -i <ssh_key> <user_name@<vm_name>:<file_name> .`	Copy a file from a VM to your machine. This command uses the private key of an SSH key pair. The VM must be configured with the public key.
`virtctl ssh -i <ssh_key> <user_name>@<vm_name>`	Open an SSH connection with a VM. This command uses the private key of an SSH key pair. The VM must be configured with the public key.
`virtctl vnc <vm_name>`	Connect to the VNC console of a VM. You must have `virt-viewer` installed.
`virtctl vnc --proxy-only=true <vm_name>`	Display the port number and connect manually to a VM by using any viewer through the VNC connection.
`virtctl vnc --port=<port-number> <vm_name>`	Specify a port number to run the proxy on the specified port, if that port is available. If a port number is not specified, the proxy runs on a random port.

3.2.2.6. VM export commands

Use virtctl vmexport commands to create, download, or delete a volume exported from a VM, VM snapshot, or persistent volume claim (PVC). Certain manifests also contain a header secret, which grants access to the endpoint to import a disk image in a format that OpenShift Virtualization can use.

Table 3.6. VM export commands
Command	Description
`virtctl vmexport create <vmexport_name> --vm\|snapshot\|pvc=<object_name>`	Create a `VirtualMachineExport` custom resource (CR) to export a volume from a VM, VM snapshot, or PVC. `--vm`: Exports the PVCs of a VM. `--snapshot`: Exports the PVCs contained in a `VirtualMachineSnapshot` CR. `--pvc`: Exports a PVC. Optional: `--ttl=1h` specifies the time to live. The default duration is 2 hours.
`virtctl vmexport delete <vmexport_name>`	Delete a `VirtualMachineExport` CR manually.
`virtctl vmexport download <vmexport_name> --output=<output_file> --volume=<volume_name>`	Download the volume defined in a `VirtualMachineExport` CR. `--output` specifies the file format. Example: `disk.img.gz`. `--volume` specifies the volume to download. This flag is optional if only one volume is available. Optional: `--keep-vme` retains the `VirtualMachineExport` CR after download. The default behavior is to delete the `VirtualMachineExport` CR after download. `--insecure` enables an insecure HTTP connection.
`virtctl vmexport download <vmexport_name> --<vm\|snapshot\|pvc>=<object_name> --output=<output_file> --volume=<volume_name>`	Create a `VirtualMachineExport` CR and then download the volume defined in the CR.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest`	Retrieve the manifest for an existing export. The manifest does not include the header secret.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest --vm=example`	Create a VM export for a VM example, and retrieve the manifest. The manifest does not include the header secret.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest --snap=example`	Create a VM export for a VM snapshot example, and retrieve the manifest. The manifest does not include the header secret.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest --include-secret`	Retrieve the manifest for an existing export. The manifest includes the header secret.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest --manifest-output-format=json`	Retrieve the manifest for an existing export in json format. The manifest does not include the header secret.
`virtctl vmexport download export --manifest --include-secret --output=manifest.yaml`	Retrieve the manifest for an existing export. The manifest includes the header secret and writes it to the file specified.

3.2.2.7. VM memory dump commands

You can use the virtctl memory-dump command to output a VM memory dump on a PVC. You can specify an existing PVC or use the --create-claim flag to create a new PVC.

Prerequisites

The PVC volume mode must be FileSystem.
The PVC must be large enough to contain the memory dump.
The formula for calculating the PVC size is (VMMemorySize + 100Mi) * FileSystemOverhead, where 100Mi is the memory dump overhead.

You must enable the hot plug feature gate in the HyperConverged custom resource by running the following command:

$ oc patch hyperconverged kubevirt-hyperconverged -n openshift-cnv \
  --type json -p '[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/featureGates", \
  "value": "HotplugVolumes"}]'

Downloading the memory dump

You must use the virtctl vmexport download command to download the memory dump:

$ virtctl vmexport download <vmexport_name> --vm|pvc=<object_name> \
  --volume=<volume_name> --output=<output_file>

Table 3.7. VM memory dump commands
Command	Description
`virtctl memory-dump get <vm_name> --claim-name=<pvc_name>`	Save the memory dump of a VM on a PVC. The memory dump status is displayed in the `status` section of the `VirtualMachine` resource. Optional: `--create-claim` creates a new PVC with the appropriate size. This flag has the following options: `--storage-class=<storage_class>`: Specify a storage class for the PVC. `--access-mode=<access_mode>`: Specify `ReadWriteOnce` or `ReadWriteMany`.
`virtctl memory-dump get <vm_name>`	Rerun the `virtctl memory-dump` command with the same PVC. This command overwrites the previous memory dump.
`virtctl memory-dump remove <vm_name>`	Remove a memory dump. You must remove a memory dump manually if you want to change the target PVC. This command removes the association between the VM and the PVC, so that the memory dump is not displayed in the `status` section of the `VirtualMachine` resource. The PVC is not affected.

3.2.2.8. Hot plug and hot unplug commands

You use virtctl to add or remove resources from running virtual machines (VMs) and virtual machine instances (VMIs).

Table 3.8. Hot plug and hot unplug commands
Command	Description
`virtctl addvolume <vm_name> --volume-name=<datavolume_or_PVC> [--persist] [--serial=<label>]`	Hot plug a data volume or persistent volume claim (PVC). Optional: `--persist` mounts the virtual disk permanently on a VM. This flag does not apply to VMIs. `--serial=<label>` adds a label to the VM. If you do not specify a label, the default label is the data volume or PVC name.
`virtctl removevolume <vm_name> --volume-name=<virtual_disk>`	Hot unplug a virtual disk.
`virtctl addinterface <vm_name> --network-attachment-definition-name <net_attach_def_name> --name <interface_name>`	Hot plug a Linux bridge network interface.
`virtctl removeinterface <vm_name> --name <interface_name>`	Hot unplug a Linux bridge network interface.

3.2.2.9. Image upload commands

You use the virtctl image-upload commands to upload a VM image to a data volume.

Table 3.9. Image upload commands
Command	Description
`virtctl image-upload dv <datavolume_name> --image-path=</path/to/image> --no-create`	Upload a VM image to a data volume that already exists.
`virtctl image-upload dv <datavolume_name> --size=<datavolume_size> --image-path=</path/to/image>`	Upload a VM image to a new data volume of a specified requested size.

3.2.3. Deploying libguestfs by using virtctl

You can use the virtctl guestfs command to deploy an interactive container with libguestfs-tools and a persistent volume claim (PVC) attached to it.

Procedure

To deploy a container with libguestfs-tools, mount the PVC, and attach a shell to it, run the following command:
```
$ virtctl guestfs -n <namespace> <pvc_name> 1
```
1
The PVC name is a required argument. If you do not include it, an error message appears.

3.2.3.1. Libguestfs and virtctl guestfs commands

Libguestfs tools help you access and modify virtual machine (VM) disk images. You can use libguestfs tools to view and edit files in a guest, clone and build virtual machines, and format and resize disks.

You can also use the virtctl guestfs command and its sub-commands to modify, inspect, and debug VM disks on a PVC. To see a complete list of possible sub-commands, enter virt- on the command line and press the Tab key. For example:

Command	Description
`virt-edit -a /dev/vda /etc/motd`	Edit a file interactively in your terminal.
`virt-customize -a /dev/vda --ssh-inject root:string:<public key example>`	Inject an ssh key into the guest and create a login.
`virt-df -a /dev/vda -h`	See how much disk space is used by a VM.
`virt-customize -a /dev/vda --run-command 'rpm -qa > /rpm-list'`	See the full list of all RPMs installed on a guest by creating an output file containing the full list.
`virt-cat -a /dev/vda /rpm-list`	Display the output file list of all RPMs created using the `virt-customize -a /dev/vda --run-command 'rpm -qa > /rpm-list'` command in your terminal.
`virt-sysprep -a /dev/vda`	Seal a virtual machine disk image to be used as a template.

By default, virtctl guestfs creates a session with everything needed to manage a VM disk. However, the command also supports several flag options if you want to customize the behavior:

Flag Option	Description
`--h` or `--help`	Provides help for `guestfs`.
`-n <namespace>` option with a `<pvc_name>` argument	To use a PVC from a specific namespace. If you do not use the `-n <namespace>` option, your current project is used. To change projects, use `oc project <namespace>`. If you do not include a `<pvc_name>` argument, an error message appears.
`--image string`	Lists the `libguestfs-tools` container image. You can configure the container to use a custom image by using the `--image` option.
`--kvm`	Indicates that `kvm` is used by the `libguestfs-tools` container. By default, `virtctl guestfs` sets up `kvm` for the interactive container, which greatly speeds up the `libguest-tools` execution because it uses QEMU. If a cluster does not have any `kvm` supporting nodes, you must disable `kvm` by setting the option `--kvm=false`. If not set, the `libguestfs-tools` pod remains pending because it cannot be scheduled on any node.
`--pull-policy string`	Shows the pull policy for the `libguestfs` image. You can also overwrite the image’s pull policy by setting the `pull-policy` option.

The command also checks if a PVC is in use by another pod, in which case an error message appears. However, once the libguestfs-tools process starts, the setup cannot avoid a new pod using the same PVC. You must verify that there are no active virtctl guestfs pods before starting the VM that accesses the same PVC.

Note

The virtctl guestfs command accepts only a single PVC attached to the interactive pod.

3.2.4. Using Ansible

To use the Ansible collection for OpenShift Virtualization, see Red Hat Ansible Automation Hub (Red Hat Hybrid Cloud Console).

Chapter 3. Getting started

3.1. Getting started with OpenShift Virtualization

3.1.1. Planning and installing OpenShift Virtualization

Planning and installation resources

3.1.2. Creating and managing virtual machines

3.1.3. Next steps

3.2. Using the CLI tools

3.2.1. Installing virtctl

3.2.1.1. Installing the virtctl binary on RHEL 9, Linux, Windows, or macOS

3.2.1.2. Installing the virtctl RPM on RHEL 8

3.2.2. virtctl commands

3.2.2.1. virtctl information commands

3.2.2.2. VM information commands

3.2.2.3. VM manifest creation commands

3.2.2.4. VM management commands

3.2.2.5. VM connection commands

3.2.2.6. VM export commands

3.2.2.7. VM memory dump commands

3.2.2.8. Hot plug and hot unplug commands

3.2.2.9. Image upload commands

3.2.3. Deploying libguestfs by using virtctl

3.2.3.1. Libguestfs and virtctl guestfs commands

3.2.4. Using Ansible

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