Chapter 2. Logging 6.0
2.1. Logging 6.0.0
This release includes Logging for Red Hat OpenShift Bug Fix Release 6.0.0
Logging is provided as an installable component, with a distinct release cycle from the core OpenShift Container Platform. The Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Life Cycle Policy outlines release compatibility.
logging Version | Component Version | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operator |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 3.1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.37.1 |
2.1.1. Removal notice
-
With this release, logging no longer supports the
ClusterLogging.logging.openshift.io
andClusterLogForwarder.logging.openshift.io
custom resources. Refer to the product documentation for details on the replacement features. (LOG-5803) - With this release, logging no longer manages or deploys log storage (such as Elasticsearch), visualization (such as Kibana), or Fluentd-based log collectors. (LOG-5368)
In order to continue to use Elasticsearch and Kibana managed by the elasticsearch-operator, the administrator must modify those object’s ownerRefs before deleting the ClusterLogging resource.
2.1.2. New features and enhancements
-
This feature introduces a new architecture for logging for Red Hat OpenShift by shifting component responsibilities to their relevant Operators, such as for storage, visualization, and collection. It introduces the
ClusterLogForwarder.observability.openshift.io
API for log collection and forwarding. Support for theClusterLogging.logging.openshift.io
andClusterLogForwarder.logging.openshift.io
APIs, along with the Red Hat managed Elastic stack (Elasticsearch and Kibana), is removed. Users are encouraged to migrate to the Red HatLokiStack
for log storage. Existing managed Elasticsearch deployments can be used for a limited time. Automated migration for log collection is not provided, so administrators need to create a new ClusterLogForwarder.observability.openshift.io specification to replace their previous custom resources. Refer to the official product documentation for more details. (LOG-3493) - With this release, the responsibility for deploying the logging view plugin shifts from the Red Hat OpenShift Logging Operator to the Cluster Observability Operator (COO). For new log storage installations that need visualization, the Cluster Observability Operator and the associated UIPlugin resource must be deployed. Refer to the Cluster Observability Operator Overview product documentation for more details. (LOG-5461)
- This enhancement sets default requests and limits for Vector collector deployments' memory and CPU usage based on Vector documentation recommendations. (LOG-4745)
- This enhancement updates Vector to align with the upstream version v0.37.1. (LOG-5296)
- This enhancement introduces an alert that triggers when log collectors buffer logs to a node’s file system and use over 15% of the available space, indicating potential back pressure issues. (LOG-5381)
- This enhancement updates the selectors for all components to use common Kubernetes labels. (LOG-5906)
- This enhancement changes the collector configuration to deploy as a ConfigMap instead of a secret, allowing users to view and edit the configuration when the ClusterLogForwarder is set to Unmanaged. (LOG-5599)
- This enhancement adds the ability to configure the Vector collector log level using an annotation on the ClusterLogForwarder, with options including trace, debug, info, warn, error, or off. (LOG-5372)
- This enhancement adds validation to reject configurations where Amazon CloudWatch outputs use multiple AWS roles, preventing incorrect log routing. (LOG-5640)
- This enhancement removes the Log Bytes Collected and Log Bytes Sent graphs from the metrics dashboard. (LOG-5964)
- This enhancement updates the must-gather functionality to only capture information for inspecting Logging 6.0 components, including Vector deployments from ClusterLogForwarder.observability.openshift.io resources and the Red Hat managed LokiStack. (LOG-5949)
- This enhancement improves Azure storage secret validation by providing early warnings for specific error conditions. (LOG-4571)
2.1.3. Technology Preview features
- This release introduces a Technology Preview feature for log forwarding using OpenTelemetry. A new output type,` OTLP`, allows sending JSON-encoded log records using the OpenTelemetry data model and resource semantic conventions. (LOG-4225)
2.1.4. Bug fixes
-
Before this update, the
CollectorHighErrorRate
andCollectorVeryHighErrorRate
alerts were still present. With this update, both alerts are removed in the logging 6.0 release but might return in a future release. (LOG-3432)
2.1.5. CVEs
2.2. Logging 6.0
The ClusterLogForwarder
custom resource (CR) is the central configuration point for log collection and forwarding.
2.2.1. Inputs and Outputs
Inputs specify the sources of logs to be forwarded. Logging provides built-in input types: application
, infrastructure
, and audit
, which select logs from different parts of your cluster. You can also define custom inputs based on namespaces or pod labels to fine-tune log selection.
Outputs define the destinations where logs are sent. Each output type has its own set of configuration options, allowing you to customize the behavior and authentication settings.
2.2.2. Receiver Input Type
The receiver input type enables the Logging system to accept logs from external sources. It supports two formats for receiving logs: http
and syslog
.
The ReceiverSpec
defines the configuration for a receiver input.
2.2.3. Pipelines and Filters
Pipelines determine the flow of logs from inputs to outputs. A pipeline consists of one or more input refs, output refs, and optional filter refs. Filters can be used to transform or drop log messages within a pipeline. The order of filters matters, as they are applied sequentially, and earlier filters can prevent log messages from reaching later stages.
2.2.4. Operator Behavior
The Cluster Logging Operator manages the deployment and configuration of the collector based on the managementState
field:
-
When set to
Managed
(default), the operator actively manages the logging resources to match the configuration defined in the spec. -
When set to
Unmanaged
, the operator does not take any action, allowing you to manually manage the logging components.
2.2.5. Validation
Logging includes extensive validation rules and default values to ensure a smooth and error-free configuration experience. The ClusterLogForwarder
resource enforces validation checks on required fields, dependencies between fields, and the format of input values. Default values are provided for certain fields, reducing the need for explicit configuration in common scenarios.
2.2.5.1. Quick Start
Prerequisites
- Cluster administrator permissions
Procedure
-
Install the
OpenShift Logging
andLoki
Operators from OperatorHub. Create a
LokiStack
custom resource (CR) in theopenshift-logging
namespace:apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: managementState: Managed size: 1x.extra-small storage: schemas: - effectiveDate: '2022-06-01' version: v13 secret: name: logging-loki-s3 type: s3 storageClassName: gp3-csi tenants: mode: openshift-logging
Create a service account for the collector:
$ oc create sa collector -n openshift-logging
Create a
ClusterRole
for the collector:apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: logging-collector-logs-writer rules: - apiGroups: - loki.grafana.com resourceNames: - logs resources: - application - audit - infrastructure verbs: - create
Bind the
ClusterRole
to the service account:$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user logging-collector-logs-writer -z collector
- Install the Cluster Observability Operator.
Create a
UIPlugin
to enable the Log section in the Observe tab:apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1alpha1 kind: UIPlugin metadata: name: logging spec: type: Logging logging: lokiStack: name: logging-loki
Add additional roles to the collector service account:
$ oc project openshift-logging $ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-application-logs -z collector $ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-audit-logs -z collector $ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-infrastructure-logs -z collector
Create a
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to configure log forwarding:apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: collector namespace: openshift-logging spec: serviceAccount: name: collector outputs: - name: default-lokistack type: lokiStack lokiStack: target: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging authentication: token: from: serviceAccount tls: ca: key: service-ca.crt configMapName: openshift-service-ca.crt pipelines: - name: default-logstore inputRefs: - application - infrastructure outputRefs: - default-lokistack
- Verify that logs are visible in the Log section of the Observe tab in the OpenShift web console.
2.3. Upgrading to Logging 6.0
Logging v6.0 is a significant upgrade from previous releases, achieving several longstanding goals of Cluster Logging:
- Introduction of distinct operators to manage logging components (e.g., collectors, storage, visualization).
- Removal of support for managed log storage and visualization based on Elastic products (i.e., Elasticsearch, Kibana).
- Deprecation of the Fluentd log collector implementation.
-
Removal of support for
ClusterLogging.logging.openshift.io
andClusterLogForwarder.logging.openshift.io
resources.
The cluster-logging-operator does not provide an automated upgrade process.
Given the various configurations for log collection, forwarding, and storage, no automated upgrade is provided by the cluster-logging-operator. This documentation assists administrators in converting existing ClusterLogging.logging.openshift.io
and ClusterLogForwarder.logging.openshift.io
specifications to the new API. Examples of migrated ClusterLogForwarder.observability.openshift.io
resources for common use cases are included.
2.3.1. Using the oc explain
command
The oc explain
command is an essential tool in the OpenShift CLI oc
that provides detailed descriptions of the fields within Custom Resources (CRs). This command is invaluable for administrators and developers who are configuring or troubleshooting resources in an OpenShift cluster.
2.3.1.1. Resource Descriptions
oc explain
offers in-depth explanations of all fields associated with a specific object. This includes standard resources like pods and services, as well as more complex entities like statefulsets and custom resources defined by Operators.
To view the documentation for the outputs
field of the ClusterLogForwarder
custom resource, you can use:
$ oc explain clusterlogforwarders.observability.openshift.io.spec.outputs
In place of clusterlogforwarder
the short form obsclf
can be used.
This will display detailed information about these fields, including their types, default values, and any associated sub-fields.
2.3.1.2. Hierarchical Structure
The command displays the structure of resource fields in a hierarchical format, clarifying the relationships between different configuration options.
For instance, here’s how you can drill down into the storage
configuration for a LokiStack
custom resource:
$ oc explain lokistacks.loki.grafana.com $ oc explain lokistacks.loki.grafana.com.spec $ oc explain lokistacks.loki.grafana.com.spec.storage $ oc explain lokistacks.loki.grafana.com.spec.storage.schemas
Each command reveals a deeper level of the resource specification, making the structure clear.
2.3.1.3. Type Information
oc explain
also indicates the type of each field (such as string, integer, or boolean), allowing you to verify that resource definitions use the correct data types.
For example:
$ oc explain lokistacks.loki.grafana.com.spec.size
This will show that size
should be defined using an integer value.
2.3.1.4. Default Values
When applicable, the command shows the default values for fields, providing insights into what values will be used if none are explicitly specified.
Again using lokistacks.loki.grafana.com
as an example:
$ oc explain lokistacks.spec.template.distributor.replicas
Example output
GROUP: loki.grafana.com KIND: LokiStack VERSION: v1 FIELD: replicas <integer> DESCRIPTION: Replicas defines the number of replica pods of the component.
2.3.2. Log Storage
The only managed log storage solution available in this release is a Lokistack, managed by the loki-operator. This solution, previously available as the preferred alternative to the managed Elasticsearch offering, remains unchanged in its deployment process.
To continue using an existing Red Hat managed Elasticsearch or Kibana deployment provided by the elasticsearch-operator, remove the owner references from the Elasticsearch
resource named elasticsearch
, and the Kibana
resource named kibana
in the openshift-logging
namespace before removing the ClusterLogging
resource named instance
in the same namespace.
Temporarily set ClusterLogging to state
Unmanaged
$ oc -n openshift-logging patch clusterlogging/instance -p '{"spec":{"managementState": "Unmanaged"}}' --type=merge
Remove ClusterLogging
ownerReferences
from the Elasticsearch resourceThe following command ensures that ClusterLogging no longer owns the Elasticsearch resource. Updates to the ClusterLogging resource’s
logStore
field will no longer affect the Elasticsearch resource.$ oc -n openshift-logging patch elasticsearch/elasticsearch -p '{"metadata":{"ownerReferences": []}}' --type=merge
Remove ClusterLogging
ownerReferences
from the Kibana resourceThe following command ensures that ClusterLogging no longer owns the Kibana resource. Updates to the ClusterLogging resource’s
visualization
field will no longer affect the Kibana resource.$ oc -n openshift-logging patch kibana/kibana -p '{"metadata":{"ownerReferences": []}}' --type=merge
-
Set ClusterLogging to state
Managed
$ oc -n openshift-logging patch clusterlogging/instance -p '{"spec":{"managementState": "Managed"}}' --type=merge
2.3.3. Log Visualization
The OpenShift console UI plugin for log visualization has been moved to the cluster-observability-operator from the cluster-logging-operator.
2.3.4. Log Collection and Forwarding
Log collection and forwarding configurations are now specified under the new API, part of the observability.openshift.io
API group. The following sections highlight the differences from the old API resources.
Vector is the only supported collector implementation.
2.3.5. Management, Resource Allocation, and Workload Scheduling
Configuration for management state (e.g., Managed, Unmanaged), resource requests and limits, tolerations, and node selection is now part of the new ClusterLogForwarder API.
Previous Configuration
apiVersion: "logging.openshift.io/v1" kind: "ClusterLogging" spec: managementState: "Managed" collection: resources: limits: {} requests: {} nodeSelector: {} tolerations: {}
Current Configuration
apiVersion: "observability.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: managementState: Managed collector: resources: limits: {} requests: {} nodeSelector: {} tolerations: {}
2.3.6. Input Specifications
The input specification is an optional part of the ClusterLogForwarder specification. Administrators can continue to use the predefined values of application, infrastructure, and audit to collect these sources.
2.3.6.1. Application Inputs
Namespace and container inclusions and exclusions have been consolidated into a single field.
5.9 Application Input with Namespace and Container Includes and Excludes
apiVersion: "logging.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: inputs: - name: application-logs type: application application: namespaces: - foo - bar includes: - namespace: my-important container: main excludes: - container: too-verbose
6.0 Application Input with Namespace and Container Includes and Excludes
apiVersion: "observability.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: inputs: - name: application-logs type: application application: includes: - namespace: foo - namespace: bar - namespace: my-important container: main excludes: - container: too-verbose
application, infrastructure, and audit are reserved words and cannot be used as names when defining an input.
2.3.6.2. Input Receivers
Changes to input receivers include:
- Explicit configuration of the type at the receiver level.
- Port settings moved to the receiver level.
5.9 Input Receivers
apiVersion: "logging.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: inputs: - name: an-http receiver: http: port: 8443 format: kubeAPIAudit - name: a-syslog receiver: type: syslog syslog: port: 9442
6.0 Input Receivers
apiVersion: "observability.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: inputs: - name: an-http type: receiver receiver: type: http port: 8443 http: format: kubeAPIAudit - name: a-syslog type: receiver receiver: type: syslog port: 9442
2.3.7. Output Specifications
High-level changes to output specifications include:
- URL settings moved to each output type specification.
- Tuning parameters moved to each output type specification.
- Separation of TLS configuration from authentication.
- Explicit configuration of keys and secret/configmap for TLS and authentication.
2.3.8. Secrets and TLS Configuration
Secrets and TLS configurations are now separated into authentication and TLS configuration for each output. They must be explicitly defined in the specification rather than relying on administrators to define secrets with recognized keys. Upgrading TLS and authorization configurations requires administrators to understand previously recognized keys to continue using existing secrets. Examples in the following sections provide details on how to configure ClusterLogForwarder secrets to forward to existing Red Hat managed log storage solutions.
2.3.9. Red Hat Managed Elasticsearch
v5.9 Forwarding to Red Hat Managed Elasticsearch
apiVersion: logging.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogging metadata: name: instance namespace: openshift-logging spec: logStore: type: elasticsearch
v6.0 Forwarding to Red Hat Managed Elasticsearch
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: instance namespace: openshift-logging spec: outputs: - name: default-elasticsearch type: elasticsearch elasticsearch: url: https://elasticsearch:9200 version: 6 index: <log_type>-write-{+yyyy.MM.dd} tls: ca: key: ca-bundle.crt secretName: collector certificate: key: tls.crt secretName: collector key: key: tls.key secretName: collector pipelines: - outputRefs: - default-elasticsearch - inputRefs: - application - infrastructure
In this example, application logs are written to the application-write
alias/index instead of app-write
.
2.3.10. Red Hat Managed LokiStack
v5.9 Forwarding to Red Hat Managed LokiStack
apiVersion: logging.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogging metadata: name: instance namespace: openshift-logging spec: logStore: type: lokistack lokistack: name: lokistack-dev
v6.0 Forwarding to Red Hat Managed LokiStack
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: instance namespace: openshift-logging spec: outputs: - name: default-lokistack type: lokiStack lokiStack: target: name: lokistack-dev namespace: openshift-logging authentication: token: from: serviceAccount tls: ca: key: service-ca.crt configMapName: openshift-service-ca.crt pipelines: - outputRefs: - default-lokistack - inputRefs: - application - infrastructure
2.3.11. Filters and Pipeline Configuration
Pipeline configurations now define only the routing of input sources to their output destinations, with any required transformations configured separately as filters. All attributes of pipelines from previous releases have been converted to filters in this release. Individual filters are defined in the filters
specification and referenced by a pipeline.
5.9 Filters
apiVersion: logging.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: pipelines: - name: application-logs parse: json labels: foo: bar detectMultilineErrors: true
6.0 Filter Configuration
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder spec: filters: - name: detectexception type: detectMultilineException - name: parse-json type: parse - name: labels type: openShiftLabels openShiftLabels: foo: bar pipelines: - name: application-logs filterRefs: - detectexception - labels - parse-json
2.3.12. Validation and Status
Most validations are enforced when a resource is created or updated, providing immediate feedback. This is a departure from previous releases, where validation occurred post-creation and required inspecting the resource status. Some validation still occurs post-creation for cases where it is not possible to validate at creation or update time.
Instances of the ClusterLogForwarder.observability.openshift.io
must satisfy the following conditions before the operator will deploy the log collector: Authorized, Valid, Ready. An example of these conditions is:
6.0 Status Conditions
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder status: conditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T03:28:44Z" message: 'permitted to collect log types: [application]' reason: ClusterRolesExist status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/Authorized - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T12:16:45Z" message: "" reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/Valid - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T12:16:45Z" message: "" reason: ReconciliationComplete status: "True" type: Ready filterConditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T13:02:59Z" message: filter "detectexception" is valid reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/ValidFilter-detectexception - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T13:02:59Z" message: filter "parse-json" is valid reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/ValidFilter-parse-json inputConditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T12:23:03Z" message: input "application1" is valid reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/ValidInput-application1 outputConditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T13:02:59Z" message: output "default-lokistack-application1" is valid reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/ValidOutput-default-lokistack-application1 pipelineConditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-09-13T03:28:44Z" message: pipeline "default-before" is valid reason: ValidationSuccess status: "True" type: observability.openshift.io/ValidPipeline-default-before
Conditions that are satisfied and applicable have a "status" value of "True". Conditions with a status other than "True" provide a reason and a message explaining the issue.
2.4. Configuring log forwarding
The ClusterLogForwarder
(CLF) allows users to configure forwarding of logs to various destinations. It provides a flexible way to select log messages from different sources, send them through a pipeline that can transform or filter them, and forward them to one or more outputs.
Key Functions of the ClusterLogForwarder
- Selects log messages using inputs
- Forwards logs to external destinations using outputs
- Filters, transforms, and drops log messages using filters
- Defines log forwarding pipelines connecting inputs, filters and outputs
2.4.1. Setting up log collection
This release of Cluster Logging requires administrators to explicitly grant log collection permissions to the service account associated with ClusterLogForwarder. This was not required in previous releases for the legacy logging scenario consisting of a ClusterLogging and, optionally, a ClusterLogForwarder.logging.openshift.io resource.
The Red Hat OpenShift Logging Operator provides collect-audit-logs
, collect-application-logs
, and collect-infrastructure-logs
cluster roles, which enable the collector to collect audit logs, application logs, and infrastructure logs respectively.
Setup log collection by binding the required cluster roles to your service account.
2.4.1.1. Legacy service accounts
To use the existing legacy service account logcollector
, create the following ClusterRoleBinding:
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-application-logs system:serviceaccount:openshift-logging:logcollector $ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-infrastructure-logs system:serviceaccount:openshift-logging:logcollector
Additionally, create the following ClusterRoleBinding if collecting audit logs:
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user collect-audit-logs system:serviceaccount:openshift-logging:logcollector
2.4.1.2. Creating service accounts
Prerequisites
-
The Red Hat OpenShift Logging Operator is installed in the
openshift-logging
namespace. - You have administrator permissions.
Procedure
- Create a service account for the collector. If you want to write logs to storage that requires a token for authentication, you must include a token in the service account.
Bind the appropriate cluster roles to the service account:
Example binding command
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user <cluster_role_name> system:serviceaccount:<namespace_name>:<service_account_name>
2.4.1.2.1. Cluster Role Binding for your Service Account
The role_binding.yaml file binds the ClusterLogging operator’s ClusterRole to a specific ServiceAccount, allowing it to manage Kubernetes resources cluster-wide.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: manager-rolebinding roleRef: 1 apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io 2 kind: ClusterRole 3 name: cluster-logging-operator 4 subjects: 5 - kind: ServiceAccount 6 name: cluster-logging-operator 7 namespace: openshift-logging 8
- 1
- roleRef: References the ClusterRole to which the binding applies.
- 2
- apiGroup: Indicates the RBAC API group, specifying that the ClusterRole is part of Kubernetes' RBAC system.
- 3
- kind: Specifies that the referenced role is a ClusterRole, which applies cluster-wide.
- 4
- name: The name of the ClusterRole being bound to the ServiceAccount, here cluster-logging-operator.
- 5
- subjects: Defines the entities (users or service accounts) that are being granted the permissions from the ClusterRole.
- 6
- kind: Specifies that the subject is a ServiceAccount.
- 7
- Name: The name of the ServiceAccount being granted the permissions.
- 8
- namespace: Indicates the namespace where the ServiceAccount is located.
2.4.1.2.2. Writing application logs
The write-application-logs-clusterrole.yaml file defines a ClusterRole that grants permissions to write application logs to the Loki logging application.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: cluster-logging-write-application-logs rules: 1 - apiGroups: 2 - loki.grafana.com 3 resources: 4 - application 5 resourceNames: 6 - logs 7 verbs: 8 - create 9 Annotations <1> rules: Specifies the permissions granted by this ClusterRole. <2> apiGroups: Refers to the API group loki.grafana.com, which relates to the Loki logging system. <3> loki.grafana.com: The API group for managing Loki-related resources. <4> resources: The resource type that the ClusterRole grants permission to interact with. <5> application: Refers to the application resources within the Loki logging system. <6> resourceNames: Specifies the names of resources that this role can manage. <7> logs: Refers to the log resources that can be created. <8> verbs: The actions allowed on the resources. <9> create: Grants permission to create new logs in the Loki system.
2.4.1.2.3. Writing audit logs
The write-audit-logs-clusterrole.yaml file defines a ClusterRole that grants permissions to create audit logs in the Loki logging system.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: cluster-logging-write-audit-logs rules: 1 - apiGroups: 2 - loki.grafana.com 3 resources: 4 - audit 5 resourceNames: 6 - logs 7 verbs: 8 - create 9
- 1 1
- rules: Defines the permissions granted by this ClusterRole.
- 2 2
- apiGroups: Specifies the API group loki.grafana.com.
- 3 3
- loki.grafana.com: The API group responsible for Loki logging resources.
- 4 4
- resources: Refers to the resource type this role manages, in this case, audit.
- 5 5
- audit: Specifies that the role manages audit logs within Loki.
- 6 6
- resourceNames: Defines the specific resources that the role can access.
- 7 7
- logs: Refers to the logs that can be managed under this role.
- 8 8
- verbs: The actions allowed on the resources.
- 9 9
- create: Grants permission to create new audit logs.
2.4.1.2.4. Writing infrastructure logs
The write-infrastructure-logs-clusterrole.yaml file defines a ClusterRole that grants permission to create infrastructure logs in the Loki logging system.
Sample YAML
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: cluster-logging-write-infrastructure-logs rules: 1 - apiGroups: 2 - loki.grafana.com 3 resources: 4 - infrastructure 5 resourceNames: 6 - logs 7 verbs: 8 - create 9
- 1
- rules: Specifies the permissions this ClusterRole grants.
- 2
- apiGroups: Specifies the API group for Loki-related resources.
- 3
- loki.grafana.com: The API group managing the Loki logging system.
- 4
- resources: Defines the resource type that this role can interact with.
- 5
- infrastructure: Refers to infrastructure-related resources that this role manages.
- 6
- resourceNames: Specifies the names of resources this role can manage.
- 7
- logs: Refers to the log resources related to infrastructure.
- 8
- verbs: The actions permitted by this role.
- 9
- create: Grants permission to create infrastructure logs in the Loki system.
2.4.1.2.5. ClusterLogForwarder editor role
The clusterlogforwarder-editor-role.yaml file defines a ClusterRole that allows users to manage ClusterLogForwarders in OpenShift.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: clusterlogforwarder-editor-role rules: 1 - apiGroups: 2 - observability.openshift.io 3 resources: 4 - clusterlogforwarders 5 verbs: 6 - create 7 - delete 8 - get 9 - list 10 - patch 11 - update 12 - watch 13
- 1
- rules: Specifies the permissions this ClusterRole grants.
- 2
- apiGroups: Refers to the OpenShift-specific API group
- 3
- obervability.openshift.io: The API group for managing observability resources, like logging.
- 4
- resources: Specifies the resources this role can manage.
- 5
- clusterlogforwarders: Refers to the log forwarding resources in OpenShift.
- 6
- verbs: Specifies the actions allowed on the ClusterLogForwarders.
- 7
- create: Grants permission to create new ClusterLogForwarders.
- 8
- delete: Grants permission to delete existing ClusterLogForwarders.
- 9
- get: Grants permission to retrieve information about specific ClusterLogForwarders.
- 10
- list: Allows listing all ClusterLogForwarders.
- 11
- patch: Grants permission to partially modify ClusterLogForwarders.
- 12
- update: Grants permission to update existing ClusterLogForwarders.
- 13
- watch: Grants permission to monitor changes to ClusterLogForwarders.
2.4.2. Modifying log level in collector
To modify the log level in the collector, you can set the observability.openshift.io/log-level
annotation to trace
, debug
, info
, warn
, error
, and off
.
Example log level annotation
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: collector annotations: observability.openshift.io/log-level: debug # ...
2.4.3. Managing the Operator
The ClusterLogForwarder
resource has a managementState
field that controls whether the operator actively manages its resources or leaves them Unmanaged:
- Managed
- (default) The operator will drive the logging resources to match the desired state in the CLF spec.
- Unmanaged
- The operator will not take any action related to the logging components.
This allows administrators to temporarily pause log forwarding by setting managementState
to Unmanaged
.
2.4.4. Structure of the ClusterLogForwarder
The CLF has a spec
section that contains the following key components:
- Inputs
-
Select log messages to be forwarded. Built-in input types
application
,infrastructure
andaudit
forward logs from different parts of the cluster. You can also define custom inputs. - Outputs
- Define destinations to forward logs to. Each output has a unique name and type-specific configuration.
- Pipelines
- Define the path logs take from inputs, through filters, to outputs. Pipelines have a unique name and consist of a list of input, output and filter names.
- Filters
- Transform or drop log messages in the pipeline. Users can define filters that match certain log fields and drop or modify the messages. Filters are applied in the order specified in the pipeline.
2.4.4.1. Inputs
Inputs are configured in an array under spec.inputs
. There are three built-in input types:
- application
-
Selects logs from all application containers, excluding those in infrastructure namespaces such as
default
,openshift
, or any namespace with thekube-
oropenshift-
prefix. - infrastructure
-
Selects logs from infrastructure components running in
default
andopenshift
namespaces and node logs. - audit
- Selects logs from the OpenShift API server audit logs, Kubernetes API server audit logs, ovn audit logs, and node audit logs from auditd.
Users can define custom inputs of type application
that select logs from specific namespaces or using pod labels.
2.4.4.2. Outputs
Outputs are configured in an array under spec.outputs
. Each output must have a unique name and a type. Supported types are:
- azureMonitor
- Forwards logs to Azure Monitor.
- cloudwatch
- Forwards logs to AWS CloudWatch.
- elasticsearch
- Forwards logs to an external Elasticsearch instance.
- googleCloudLogging
- Forwards logs to Google Cloud Logging.
- http
- Forwards logs to a generic HTTP endpoint.
- kafka
- Forwards logs to a Kafka broker.
- loki
- Forwards logs to a Loki logging backend.
- lokistack
- Forwards logs to the logging supported combination of Loki and web proxy with OpenShift Container Platform authentication integration. LokiStack’s proxy uses OpenShift Container Platform authentication to enforce multi-tenancy
- otlp
- Forwards logs using the OpenTelemetry Protocol.
- splunk
- Forwards logs to Splunk.
- syslog
- Forwards logs to an external syslog server.
Each output type has its own configuration fields.
2.4.4.3. Pipelines
Pipelines are configured in an array under spec.pipelines
. Each pipeline must have a unique name and consists of:
- inputRefs
- Names of inputs whose logs should be forwarded to this pipeline.
- outputRefs
- Names of outputs to send logs to.
- filterRefs
- (optional) Names of filters to apply.
The order of filterRefs matters, as they are applied sequentially. Earlier filters can drop messages that will not be processed by later filters.
2.4.4.4. Filters
Filters are configured in an array under spec.filters
. They can match incoming log messages based on the value of structured fields and modify or drop them.
Administrators can configure the following types of filters:
2.4.4.5. Enabling multi-line exception detection
Enables multi-line error detection of container logs.
Enabling this feature could have performance implications and may require additional computing resources or alternate logging solutions.
Log parsers often incorrectly identify separate lines of the same exception as separate exceptions. This leads to extra log entries and an incomplete or inaccurate view of the traced information.
Example java exception
java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "String.toString()" because "<param1>" is null at testjava.Main.handle(Main.java:47) at testjava.Main.printMe(Main.java:19) at testjava.Main.main(Main.java:10)
-
To enable logging to detect multi-line exceptions and reassemble them into a single log entry, ensure that the
ClusterLogForwarder
Custom Resource (CR) contains adetectMultilineErrors
field under the.spec.filters
.
Example ClusterLogForwarder CR
apiVersion: "observability.openshift.io/v1" kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: <log_forwarder_name> namespace: <log_forwarder_namespace> spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> filters: - name: <name> type: detectMultilineException pipelines: - inputRefs: - <input-name> name: <pipeline-name> filterRefs: - <filter-name> outputRefs: - <output-name>
2.4.4.5.1. Details
When log messages appear as a consecutive sequence forming an exception stack trace, they are combined into a single, unified log record. The first log message’s content is replaced with the concatenated content of all the message fields in the sequence.
The collector supports the following languages:
- Java
- JS
- Ruby
- Python
- Golang
- PHP
- Dart
2.4.4.6. Configuring content filters to drop unwanted log records
When the drop
filter is configured, the log collector evaluates log streams according to the filters before forwarding. The collector drops unwanted log records that match the specified configuration.
Procedure
Add a configuration for a filter to the
filters
spec in theClusterLogForwarder
CR.The following example shows how to configure the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to drop log records based on regular expressions:Example
ClusterLogForwarder
CRapiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> filters: - name: <filter_name> type: drop 1 drop: 2 - test: 3 - field: .kubernetes.labels."foo-bar/baz" 4 matches: .+ 5 - field: .kubernetes.pod_name notMatches: "my-pod" 6 pipelines: - name: <pipeline_name> 7 filterRefs: ["<filter_name>"] # ...
- 1
- Specifies the type of filter. The
drop
filter drops log records that match the filter configuration. - 2
- Specifies configuration options for applying the
drop
filter. - 3
- Specifies the configuration for tests that are used to evaluate whether a log record is dropped.
- If all the conditions specified for a test are true, the test passes and the log record is dropped.
-
When multiple tests are specified for the
drop
filter configuration, if any of the tests pass, the record is dropped. - If there is an error evaluating a condition, for example, the field is missing from the log record being evaluated, that condition evaluates to false.
- 4
- Specifies a dot-delimited field path, which is a path to a field in the log record. The path can contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (
a-zA-Z0-9_
), for example,.kubernetes.namespace_name
. If segments contain characters outside of this range, the segment must be in quotes, for example,.kubernetes.labels."foo.bar-bar/baz"
. You can include multiple field paths in a singletest
configuration, but they must all evaluate to true for the test to pass and thedrop
filter to be applied. - 5
- Specifies a regular expression. If log records match this regular expression, they are dropped. You can set either the
matches
ornotMatches
condition for a singlefield
path, but not both. - 6
- Specifies a regular expression. If log records do not match this regular expression, they are dropped. You can set either the
matches
ornotMatches
condition for a singlefield
path, but not both. - 7
- Specifies the pipeline that the
drop
filter is applied to.
Apply the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR by running the following command:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
Additional examples
The following additional example shows how you can configure the drop
filter to only keep higher priority log records:
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> filters: - name: important type: drop drop: - test: - field: .message notMatches: "(?i)critical|error" - field: .level matches: "info|warning" # ...
In addition to including multiple field paths in a single test
configuration, you can also include additional tests that are treated as OR checks. In the following example, records are dropped if either test
configuration evaluates to true. However, for the second test
configuration, both field specs must be true for it to be evaluated to true:
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> filters: - name: important type: drop drop: - test: - field: .kubernetes.namespace_name matches: "^open" - test: - field: .log_type matches: "application" - field: .kubernetes.pod_name notMatches: "my-pod" # ...
2.4.4.7. Overview of API audit filter
OpenShift API servers generate audit events for each API call, detailing the request, response, and the identity of the requester, leading to large volumes of data. The API Audit filter uses rules to enable the exclusion of non-essential events and the reduction of event size, facilitating a more manageable audit trail. Rules are checked in order, and checking stops at the first match. The amount of data that is included in an event is determined by the value of the level
field:
-
None
: The event is dropped. -
Metadata
: Audit metadata is included, request and response bodies are removed. -
Request
: Audit metadata and the request body are included, the response body is removed. -
RequestResponse
: All data is included: metadata, request body and response body. The response body can be very large. For example,oc get pods -A
generates a response body containing the YAML description of every pod in the cluster.
The ClusterLogForwarder
custom resource (CR) uses the same format as the standard Kubernetes audit policy, while providing the following additional functions:
- Wildcards
-
Names of users, groups, namespaces, and resources can have a leading or trailing
*
asterisk character. For example, the namespaceopenshift-\*
matchesopenshift-apiserver
oropenshift-authentication
. Resource\*/status
matchesPod/status
orDeployment/status
. - Default Rules
Events that do not match any rule in the policy are filtered as follows:
-
Read-only system events such as
get
,list
, andwatch
are dropped. - Service account write events that occur within the same namespace as the service account are dropped.
- All other events are forwarded, subject to any configured rate limits.
-
Read-only system events such as
To disable these defaults, either end your rules list with a rule that has only a level
field or add an empty rule.
- Omit Response Codes
-
A list of integer status codes to omit. You can drop events based on the HTTP status code in the response by using the
OmitResponseCodes
field, which lists HTTP status codes for which no events are created. The default value is[404, 409, 422, 429]
. If the value is an empty list,[]
, then no status codes are omitted.
The ClusterLogForwarder
CR audit policy acts in addition to the OpenShift Container Platform audit policy. The ClusterLogForwarder
CR audit filter changes what the log collector forwards and provides the ability to filter by verb, user, group, namespace, or resource. You can create multiple filters to send different summaries of the same audit stream to different places. For example, you can send a detailed stream to the local cluster log store and a less detailed stream to a remote site.
You must have a cluster role collect-audit-logs
to collect the audit logs. The following example provided is intended to illustrate the range of rules possible in an audit policy and is not a recommended configuration.
Example audit policy
apiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: name: <log_forwarder_name> namespace: <log_forwarder_namespace> spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> pipelines: - name: my-pipeline inputRefs: audit 1 filterRefs: my-policy 2 filters: - name: my-policy type: kubeAPIAudit kubeAPIAudit: # Don't generate audit events for all requests in RequestReceived stage. omitStages: - "RequestReceived" rules: # Log pod changes at RequestResponse level - level: RequestResponse resources: - group: "" resources: ["pods"] # Log "pods/log", "pods/status" at Metadata level - level: Metadata resources: - group: "" resources: ["pods/log", "pods/status"] # Don't log requests to a configmap called "controller-leader" - level: None resources: - group: "" resources: ["configmaps"] resourceNames: ["controller-leader"] # Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or services - level: None users: ["system:kube-proxy"] verbs: ["watch"] resources: - group: "" # core API group resources: ["endpoints", "services"] # Don't log authenticated requests to certain non-resource URL paths. - level: None userGroups: ["system:authenticated"] nonResourceURLs: - "/api*" # Wildcard matching. - "/version" # Log the request body of configmap changes in kube-system. - level: Request resources: - group: "" # core API group resources: ["configmaps"] # This rule only applies to resources in the "kube-system" namespace. # The empty string "" can be used to select non-namespaced resources. namespaces: ["kube-system"] # Log configmap and secret changes in all other namespaces at the Metadata level. - level: Metadata resources: - group: "" # core API group resources: ["secrets", "configmaps"] # Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level. - level: Request resources: - group: "" # core API group - group: "extensions" # Version of group should NOT be included. # A catch-all rule to log all other requests at the Metadata level. - level: Metadata
2.4.4.8. Filtering application logs at input by including the label expressions or a matching label key and values
You can include the application logs based on the label expressions or a matching label key and its values by using the input
selector.
Procedure
Add a configuration for a filter to the
input
spec in theClusterLogForwarder
CR.The following example shows how to configure the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to include logs based on label expressions or matched label key/values:Example
ClusterLogForwarder
CRapiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> inputs: - name: mylogs application: selector: matchExpressions: - key: env 1 operator: In 2 values: ["prod", "qa"] 3 - key: zone operator: NotIn values: ["east", "west"] matchLabels: 4 app: one name: app1 type: application # ...
Apply the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR by running the following command:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
2.4.4.9. Configuring content filters to prune log records
When the prune
filter is configured, the log collector evaluates log streams according to the filters before forwarding. The collector prunes log records by removing low value fields such as pod annotations.
Procedure
Add a configuration for a filter to the
prune
spec in theClusterLogForwarder
CR.The following example shows how to configure the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to prune log records based on field paths:ImportantIf both are specified, records are pruned based on the
notIn
array first, which takes precedence over thein
array. After records have been pruned by using thenotIn
array, they are then pruned by using thein
array.Example
ClusterLogForwarder
CRapiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder metadata: # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> filters: - name: <filter_name> type: prune 1 prune: 2 in: [.kubernetes.annotations, .kubernetes.namespace_id] 3 notIn: [.kubernetes,.log_type,.message,."@timestamp"] 4 pipelines: - name: <pipeline_name> 5 filterRefs: ["<filter_name>"] # ...
- 1
- Specify the type of filter. The
prune
filter prunes log records by configured fields. - 2
- Specify configuration options for applying the
prune
filter. Thein
andnotIn
fields are specified as arrays of dot-delimited field paths, which are paths to fields in log records. These paths can contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (a-zA-Z0-9_
), for example,.kubernetes.namespace_name
. If segments contain characters outside of this range, the segment must be in quotes, for example,.kubernetes.labels."foo.bar-bar/baz"
. - 3
- Optional: Any fields that are specified in this array are removed from the log record.
- 4
- Optional: Any fields that are not specified in this array are removed from the log record.
- 5
- Specify the pipeline that the
prune
filter is applied to.
NoteThe filters exempts the
log_type
,.log_source
, and.message
fields.Apply the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR by running the following command:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
2.4.5. Filtering the audit and infrastructure log inputs by source
You can define the list of audit
and infrastructure
sources to collect the logs by using the input
selector.
Procedure
Add a configuration to define the
audit
andinfrastructure
sources in theClusterLogForwarder
CR.The following example shows how to configure the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to defineaudit
andinfrastructure
sources:Example
ClusterLogForwarder
CRapiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> inputs: - name: mylogs1 type: infrastructure infrastructure: sources: 1 - node - name: mylogs2 type: audit audit: sources: 2 - kubeAPI - openshiftAPI - ovn # ...
- 1
- Specifies the list of infrastructure sources to collect. The valid sources include:
-
node
: Journal log from the node -
container
: Logs from the workloads deployed in the namespaces
-
- 2
- Specifies the list of audit sources to collect. The valid sources include:
-
kubeAPI
: Logs from the Kubernetes API servers -
openshiftAPI
: Logs from the OpenShift API servers -
auditd
: Logs from a node auditd service -
ovn
: Logs from an open virtual network service
-
Apply the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR by running the following command:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
2.4.6. Filtering application logs at input by including or excluding the namespace or container name
You can include or exclude the application logs based on the namespace and container name by using the input
selector.
Procedure
Add a configuration to include or exclude the namespace and container names in the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR.The following example shows how to configure the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR to include or exclude namespaces and container names:Example
ClusterLogForwarder
CRapiVersion: observability.openshift.io/v1 kind: ClusterLogForwarder # ... spec: serviceAccount: name: <service_account_name> inputs: - name: mylogs application: includes: - namespace: "my-project" 1 container: "my-container" 2 excludes: - container: "other-container*" 3 namespace: "other-namespace" 4 # ...
NoteThe
excludes
field takes precedence over theincludes
field.Apply the
ClusterLogForwarder
CR by running the following command:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
2.5. Storing logs with LokiStack
You can configure a LokiStack
CR to store application, audit, and infrastructure-related logs.
2.5.1. Prerequisites
- You have installed the Loki Operator by using the CLI or web console.
-
You have a
serviceAccount
in the same namespace in which you create theClusterLogForwarder
. -
The
serviceAccount
is assignedcollect-audit-logs
,collect-application-logs
, andcollect-infrastructure-logs
cluster roles.
2.5.1.1. Core Setup and Configuration
Role-based access controls, basic monitoring, and pod placement to deploy Loki.
2.5.2. Authorizing LokiStack rules RBAC permissions
Administrators can allow users to create and manage their own alerting and recording rules by binding cluster roles to usernames. Cluster roles are defined as ClusterRole
objects that contain necessary role-based access control (RBAC) permissions for users.
The following cluster roles for alerting and recording rules are available for LokiStack:
Rule name | Description |
---|---|
|
Users with this role have administrative-level access to manage alerting rules. This cluster role grants permissions to create, read, update, delete, list, and watch |
|
Users with this role can view the definitions of Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) related to |
|
Users with this role have permission to create, update, and delete |
|
Users with this role can read |
|
Users with this role have administrative-level access to manage recording rules. This cluster role grants permissions to create, read, update, delete, list, and watch |
|
Users with this role can view the definitions of Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) related to |
|
Users with this role have permission to create, update, and delete |
|
Users with this role can read |
2.5.2.1. Examples
To apply cluster roles for a user, you must bind an existing cluster role to a specific username.
Cluster roles can be cluster or namespace scoped, depending on which type of role binding you use. When a RoleBinding
object is used, as when using the oc adm policy add-role-to-user
command, the cluster role only applies to the specified namespace. When a ClusterRoleBinding
object is used, as when using the oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user
command, the cluster role applies to all namespaces in the cluster.
The following example command gives the specified user create, read, update and delete (CRUD) permissions for alerting rules in a specific namespace in the cluster:
Example cluster role binding command for alerting rule CRUD permissions in a specific namespace
$ oc adm policy add-role-to-user alertingrules.loki.grafana.com-v1-admin -n <namespace> <username>
The following command gives the specified user administrator permissions for alerting rules in all namespaces:
Example cluster role binding command for administrator permissions
$ oc adm policy add-cluster-role-to-user alertingrules.loki.grafana.com-v1-admin <username>
2.5.3. Creating a log-based alerting rule with Loki
The AlertingRule
CR contains a set of specifications and webhook validation definitions to declare groups of alerting rules for a single LokiStack
instance. In addition, the webhook validation definition provides support for rule validation conditions:
-
If an
AlertingRule
CR includes an invalidinterval
period, it is an invalid alerting rule -
If an
AlertingRule
CR includes an invalidfor
period, it is an invalid alerting rule. -
If an
AlertingRule
CR includes an invalid LogQLexpr
, it is an invalid alerting rule. -
If an
AlertingRule
CR includes two groups with the same name, it is an invalid alerting rule. - If none of the above applies, an alerting rule is considered valid.
Tenant type | Valid namespaces for AlertingRule CRs |
---|---|
application |
|
audit |
|
infrastructure |
|
Procedure
Create an
AlertingRule
custom resource (CR):Example infrastructure
AlertingRule
CRapiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: AlertingRule metadata: name: loki-operator-alerts namespace: openshift-operators-redhat 1 labels: 2 openshift.io/<label_name>: "true" spec: tenantID: "infrastructure" 3 groups: - name: LokiOperatorHighReconciliationError rules: - alert: HighPercentageError expr: | 4 sum(rate({kubernetes_namespace_name="openshift-operators-redhat", kubernetes_pod_name=~"loki-operator-controller-manager.*"} |= "error" [1m])) by (job) / sum(rate({kubernetes_namespace_name="openshift-operators-redhat", kubernetes_pod_name=~"loki-operator-controller-manager.*"}[1m])) by (job) > 0.01 for: 10s labels: severity: critical 5 annotations: summary: High Loki Operator Reconciliation Errors 6 description: High Loki Operator Reconciliation Errors 7
- 1
- The namespace where this
AlertingRule
CR is created must have a label matching the LokiStackspec.rules.namespaceSelector
definition. - 2
- The
labels
block must match the LokiStackspec.rules.selector
definition. - 3
AlertingRule
CRs forinfrastructure
tenants are only supported in theopenshift-*
,kube-\*
, ordefault
namespaces.- 4
- The value for
kubernetes_namespace_name:
must match the value formetadata.namespace
. - 5
- The value of this mandatory field must be
critical
,warning
, orinfo
. - 6
- This field is mandatory.
- 7
- This field is mandatory.
Example application
AlertingRule
CRapiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: AlertingRule metadata: name: app-user-workload namespace: app-ns 1 labels: 2 openshift.io/<label_name>: "true" spec: tenantID: "application" groups: - name: AppUserWorkloadHighError rules: - alert: expr: | 3 sum(rate({kubernetes_namespace_name="app-ns", kubernetes_pod_name=~"podName.*"} |= "error" [1m])) by (job) for: 10s labels: severity: critical 4 annotations: summary: 5 description: 6
- 1
- The namespace where this
AlertingRule
CR is created must have a label matching the LokiStackspec.rules.namespaceSelector
definition. - 2
- The
labels
block must match the LokiStackspec.rules.selector
definition. - 3
- Value for
kubernetes_namespace_name:
must match the value formetadata.namespace
. - 4
- The value of this mandatory field must be
critical
,warning
, orinfo
. - 5
- The value of this mandatory field is a summary of the rule.
- 6
- The value of this mandatory field is a detailed description of the rule.
Apply the
AlertingRule
CR:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
2.5.4. Configuring Loki to tolerate memberlist creation failure
In an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, administrators generally use a non-private IP network range. As a result, the LokiStack memberlist configuration fails because, by default, it only uses private IP networks.
As an administrator, you can select the pod network for the memberlist configuration. You can modify the LokiStack
custom resource (CR) to use the podIP
address in the hashRing
spec. To configure the LokiStack
CR, use the following command:
$ oc patch LokiStack logging-loki -n openshift-logging --type=merge -p '{"spec": {"hashRing":{"memberlist":{"instanceAddrType":"podIP"},"type":"memberlist"}}}'
Example LokiStack to include podIP
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: # ... hashRing: type: memberlist memberlist: instanceAddrType: podIP # ...
2.5.5. Enabling stream-based retention with Loki
You can configure retention policies based on log streams. Rules for these may be set globally, per-tenant, or both. If you configure both, tenant rules apply before global rules.
If there is no retention period defined on the s3 bucket or in the LokiStack custom resource (CR), then the logs are not pruned and they stay in the s3 bucket forever, which might fill up the s3 storage.
Schema v13 is recommended.
Procedure
Create a
LokiStack
CR:Enable stream-based retention globally as shown in the following example:
Example global stream-based retention for AWS
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: limits: global: 1 retention: 2 days: 20 streams: - days: 4 priority: 1 selector: '{kubernetes_namespace_name=~"test.+"}' 3 - days: 1 priority: 1 selector: '{log_type="infrastructure"}' managementState: Managed replicationFactor: 1 size: 1x.small storage: schemas: - effectiveDate: "2020-10-11" version: v13 secret: name: logging-loki-s3 type: aws storageClassName: gp3-csi tenants: mode: openshift-logging
- 1
- Sets retention policy for all log streams. Note: This field does not impact the retention period for stored logs in object storage.
- 2
- Retention is enabled in the cluster when this block is added to the CR.
- 3
- Contains the LogQL query used to define the log stream.spec: limits:
Enable stream-based retention per-tenant basis as shown in the following example:
Example per-tenant stream-based retention for AWS
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: limits: global: retention: days: 20 tenants: 1 application: retention: days: 1 streams: - days: 4 selector: '{kubernetes_namespace_name=~"test.+"}' 2 infrastructure: retention: days: 5 streams: - days: 1 selector: '{kubernetes_namespace_name=~"openshift-cluster.+"}' managementState: Managed replicationFactor: 1 size: 1x.small storage: schemas: - effectiveDate: "2020-10-11" version: v13 secret: name: logging-loki-s3 type: aws storageClassName: gp3-csi tenants: mode: openshift-logging
- 1
- Sets retention policy by tenant. Valid tenant types are
application
,audit
, andinfrastructure
. - 2
- Contains the LogQL query used to define the log stream.
Apply the
LokiStack
CR:$ oc apply -f <filename>.yaml
NoteThis is not for managing the retention for stored logs. Global retention periods for stored logs to a supported maximum of 30 days is configured with your object storage.
2.5.6. Loki pod placement
You can control which nodes the Loki pods run on, and prevent other workloads from using those nodes, by using tolerations or node selectors on the pods.
You can apply tolerations to the log store pods with the LokiStack custom resource (CR) and apply taints to a node with the node specification. A taint on a node is a key:value
pair that instructs the node to repel all pods that do not allow the taint. Using a specific key:value
pair that is not on other pods ensures that only the log store pods can run on that node.
Example LokiStack with node selectors
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: # ... template: compactor: 1 nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" 2 distributor: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" gateway: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" indexGateway: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" ingester: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" querier: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" queryFrontend: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" ruler: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" # ...
Example LokiStack CR with node selectors and tolerations
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: # ... template: compactor: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved distributor: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved indexGateway: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved ingester: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved querier: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved queryFrontend: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved ruler: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved gateway: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra: "" tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved - effect: NoExecute key: node-role.kubernetes.io/infra value: reserved # ...
To configure the nodeSelector
and tolerations
fields of the LokiStack (CR), you can use the oc explain
command to view the description and fields for a particular resource:
$ oc explain lokistack.spec.template
Example output
KIND: LokiStack VERSION: loki.grafana.com/v1 RESOURCE: template <Object> DESCRIPTION: Template defines the resource/limits/tolerations/nodeselectors per component FIELDS: compactor <Object> Compactor defines the compaction component spec. distributor <Object> Distributor defines the distributor component spec. ...
For more detailed information, you can add a specific field:
$ oc explain lokistack.spec.template.compactor
Example output
KIND: LokiStack VERSION: loki.grafana.com/v1 RESOURCE: compactor <Object> DESCRIPTION: Compactor defines the compaction component spec. FIELDS: nodeSelector <map[string]string> NodeSelector defines the labels required by a node to schedule the component onto it. ...
2.5.6.1. Enhanced Reliability and Performance
Configurations to ensure Loki’s reliability and efficiency in production.
2.5.7. Enabling authentication to cloud-based log stores using short-lived tokens
Workload identity federation enables authentication to cloud-based log stores using short-lived tokens.
Procedure
Use one of the following options to enable authentication:
-
If you use the OpenShift Container Platform web console to install the Loki Operator, clusters that use short-lived tokens are automatically detected. You are prompted to create roles and supply the data required for the Loki Operator to create a
CredentialsRequest
object, which populates a secret. If you use the OpenShift CLI (
oc
) to install the Loki Operator, you must manually create aSubscription
object using the appropriate template for your storage provider, as shown in the following examples. This authentication strategy is only supported for the storage providers indicated.Example Azure sample subscription
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1 kind: Subscription metadata: name: loki-operator namespace: openshift-operators-redhat spec: channel: "stable-6.0" installPlanApproval: Manual name: loki-operator source: redhat-operators sourceNamespace: openshift-marketplace config: env: - name: CLIENTID value: <your_client_id> - name: TENANTID value: <your_tenant_id> - name: SUBSCRIPTIONID value: <your_subscription_id> - name: REGION value: <your_region>
Example AWS sample subscription
apiVersion: operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1 kind: Subscription metadata: name: loki-operator namespace: openshift-operators-redhat spec: channel: "stable-6.0" installPlanApproval: Manual name: loki-operator source: redhat-operators sourceNamespace: openshift-marketplace config: env: - name: ROLEARN value: <role_ARN>
-
If you use the OpenShift Container Platform web console to install the Loki Operator, clusters that use short-lived tokens are automatically detected. You are prompted to create roles and supply the data required for the Loki Operator to create a
2.5.8. Configuring Loki to tolerate node failure
The Loki Operator supports setting pod anti-affinity rules to request that pods of the same component are scheduled on different available nodes in the cluster.
Affinity is a property of pods that controls the nodes on which they prefer to be scheduled. Anti-affinity is a property of pods that prevents a pod from being scheduled on a node.
In OpenShift Container Platform, pod affinity and pod anti-affinity allow you to constrain which nodes your pod is eligible to be scheduled on based on the key-value labels on other pods.
The Operator sets default, preferred podAntiAffinity
rules for all Loki components, which includes the compactor
, distributor
, gateway
, indexGateway
, ingester
, querier
, queryFrontend
, and ruler
components.
You can override the preferred podAntiAffinity
settings for Loki components by configuring required settings in the requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution
field:
Example user settings for the ingester component
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: # ... template: ingester: podAntiAffinity: # ... requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: 1 - labelSelector: matchLabels: 2 app.kubernetes.io/component: ingester topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname # ...
2.5.9. LokiStack behavior during cluster restarts
When an OpenShift Container Platform cluster is restarted, LokiStack ingestion and the query path continue to operate within the available CPU and memory resources available for the node. This means that there is no downtime for the LokiStack during OpenShift Container Platform cluster updates. This behavior is achieved by using PodDisruptionBudget
resources. The Loki Operator provisions PodDisruptionBudget
resources for Loki, which determine the minimum number of pods that must be available per component to ensure normal operations under certain conditions.
2.5.9.1. Advanced Deployment and Scalability
Specialized configurations for high availability, scalability, and error handling.
2.5.10. Zone aware data replication
The Loki Operator offers support for zone-aware data replication through pod topology spread constraints. Enabling this feature enhances reliability and safeguards against log loss in the event of a single zone failure. When configuring the deployment size as 1x.extra-small
, 1x.small
, or 1x.medium
, the replication.factor
field is automatically set to 2.
To ensure proper replication, you need to have at least as many availability zones as the replication factor specifies. While it is possible to have more availability zones than the replication factor, having fewer zones can lead to write failures. Each zone should host an equal number of instances for optimal operation.
Example LokiStack CR with zone replication enabled
apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: replicationFactor: 2 1 replication: factor: 2 2 zones: - maxSkew: 1 3 topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone 4
- 1
- Deprecated field, values entered are overwritten by
replication.factor
. - 2
- This value is automatically set when deployment size is selected at setup.
- 3
- The maximum difference in number of pods between any two topology domains. The default is 1, and you cannot specify a value of 0.
- 4
- Defines zones in the form of a topology key that corresponds to a node label.
2.5.11. Recovering Loki pods from failed zones
In OpenShift Container Platform a zone failure happens when specific availability zone resources become inaccessible. Availability zones are isolated areas within a cloud provider’s data center, aimed at enhancing redundancy and fault tolerance. If your OpenShift Container Platform cluster is not configured to handle this, a zone failure can lead to service or data loss.
Loki pods are part of a StatefulSet, and they come with Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) provisioned by a StorageClass
object. Each Loki pod and its PVCs reside in the same zone. When a zone failure occurs in a cluster, the StatefulSet controller automatically attempts to recover the affected pods in the failed zone.
The following procedure will delete the PVCs in the failed zone, and all data contained therein. To avoid complete data loss the replication factor field of the LokiStack
CR should always be set to a value greater than 1 to ensure that Loki is replicating.
Prerequisites
-
Verify your
LokiStack
CR has a replication factor greater than 1. - Zone failure detected by the control plane, and nodes in the failed zone are marked by cloud provider integration.
The StatefulSet controller automatically attempts to reschedule pods in a failed zone. Because the associated PVCs are also in the failed zone, automatic rescheduling to a different zone does not work. You must manually delete the PVCs in the failed zone to allow successful re-creation of the stateful Loki Pod and its provisioned PVC in the new zone.
Procedure
List the pods in
Pending
status by running the following command:$ oc get pods --field-selector status.phase==Pending -n openshift-logging
Example
oc get pods
outputNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE 1 logging-loki-index-gateway-1 0/1 Pending 0 17m logging-loki-ingester-1 0/1 Pending 0 16m logging-loki-ruler-1 0/1 Pending 0 16m
- 1
- These pods are in
Pending
status because their corresponding PVCs are in the failed zone.
List the PVCs in
Pending
status by running the following command:$ oc get pvc -o=json -n openshift-logging | jq '.items[] | select(.status.phase == "Pending") | .metadata.name' -r
Example
oc get pvc
outputstorage-logging-loki-index-gateway-1 storage-logging-loki-ingester-1 wal-logging-loki-ingester-1 storage-logging-loki-ruler-1 wal-logging-loki-ruler-1
Delete the PVC(s) for a pod by running the following command:
$ oc delete pvc <pvc_name> -n openshift-logging
Delete the pod(s) by running the following command:
$ oc delete pod <pod_name> -n openshift-logging
Once these objects have been successfully deleted, they should automatically be rescheduled in an available zone.
2.5.11.1. Troubleshooting PVC in a terminating state
The PVCs might hang in the terminating state without being deleted, if PVC metadata finalizers are set to kubernetes.io/pv-protection
. Removing the finalizers should allow the PVCs to delete successfully.
Remove the finalizer for each PVC by running the command below, then retry deletion.
$ oc patch pvc <pvc_name> -p '{"metadata":{"finalizers":null}}' -n openshift-logging
2.5.12. Troubleshooting Loki rate limit errors
If the Log Forwarder API forwards a large block of messages that exceeds the rate limit to Loki, Loki generates rate limit (429
) errors.
These errors can occur during normal operation. For example, when adding the logging to a cluster that already has some logs, rate limit errors might occur while the logging tries to ingest all of the existing log entries. In this case, if the rate of addition of new logs is less than the total rate limit, the historical data is eventually ingested, and the rate limit errors are resolved without requiring user intervention.
In cases where the rate limit errors continue to occur, you can fix the issue by modifying the LokiStack
custom resource (CR).
The LokiStack
CR is not available on Grafana-hosted Loki. This topic does not apply to Grafana-hosted Loki servers.
Conditions
- The Log Forwarder API is configured to forward logs to Loki.
Your system sends a block of messages that is larger than 2 MB to Loki. For example:
"values":[["1630410392689800468","{\"kind\":\"Event\",\"apiVersion\":\ ....... ...... ...... ...... \"received_at\":\"2021-08-31T11:46:32.800278+00:00\",\"version\":\"1.7.4 1.6.0\"}},\"@timestamp\":\"2021-08-31T11:46:32.799692+00:00\",\"viaq_index_name\":\"audit-write\",\"viaq_msg_id\":\"MzFjYjJkZjItNjY0MC00YWU4LWIwMTEtNGNmM2E5ZmViMGU4\",\"log_type\":\"audit\"}"]]}]}
After you enter
oc logs -n openshift-logging -l component=collector
, the collector logs in your cluster show a line containing one of the following error messages:429 Too Many Requests Ingestion rate limit exceeded
Example Vector error message
2023-08-25T16:08:49.301780Z WARN sink{component_kind="sink" component_id=default_loki_infra component_type=loki component_name=default_loki_infra}: vector::sinks::util::retries: Retrying after error. error=Server responded with an error: 429 Too Many Requests internal_log_rate_limit=true
Example Fluentd error message
2023-08-30 14:52:15 +0000 [warn]: [default_loki_infra] failed to flush the buffer. retry_times=2 next_retry_time=2023-08-30 14:52:19 +0000 chunk="604251225bf5378ed1567231a1c03b8b" error_class=Fluent::Plugin::LokiOutput::LogPostError error="429 Too Many Requests Ingestion rate limit exceeded for user infrastructure (limit: 4194304 bytes/sec) while attempting to ingest '4082' lines totaling '7820025' bytes, reduce log volume or contact your Loki administrator to see if the limit can be increased\n"
The error is also visible on the receiving end. For example, in the LokiStack ingester pod:
Example Loki ingester error message
level=warn ts=2023-08-30T14:57:34.155592243Z caller=grpc_logging.go:43 duration=1.434942ms method=/logproto.Pusher/Push err="rpc error: code = Code(429) desc = entry with timestamp 2023-08-30 14:57:32.012778399 +0000 UTC ignored, reason: 'Per stream rate limit exceeded (limit: 3MB/sec) while attempting to ingest for stream
Procedure
Update the
ingestionBurstSize
andingestionRate
fields in theLokiStack
CR:apiVersion: loki.grafana.com/v1 kind: LokiStack metadata: name: logging-loki namespace: openshift-logging spec: limits: global: ingestion: ingestionBurstSize: 16 1 ingestionRate: 8 2 # ...
- 1
- The
ingestionBurstSize
field defines the maximum local rate-limited sample size per distributor replica in MB. This value is a hard limit. Set this value to at least the maximum logs size expected in a single push request. Single requests that are larger than theingestionBurstSize
value are not permitted. - 2
- The
ingestionRate
field is a soft limit on the maximum amount of ingested samples per second in MB. Rate limit errors occur if the rate of logs exceeds the limit, but the collector retries sending the logs. As long as the total average is lower than the limit, the system recovers and errors are resolved without user intervention.
2.6. Visualization for logging
Visualization for logging is provided by installing the Cluster Observability Operator.